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11

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13

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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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40

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82

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89

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94

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103

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culture  wGif 0if a&mufaqG;aEG;zkY d jzpfonf/ okYad omf q&mZ0eu twd tus ñTeMf um;xm;jcif;rl

105

r&Sday/ 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG; vku d vnf; aqG;aEG;? raqG;aEG;vkduvnf; aeEkdifygonf [kq\ kd / uRefr jyifqifvmaom tqkv d Tmukdyif wifjy [lívnf;rajym? rwifjyESihf[lívnf; rajymay/ okYa d omf tpnf;ta0;xki d fpOfwGifrl wjcm;wki d f;jynf toD;oD;u tqkv d Tmrsm; wifjyvmygvsuf uRefrwkYd jrefrm jynfrmS bmrS BudKwifjyifqifrIr&Sdvmonfudk uRefr&ifxJ wGif uoduatmuf jzpfrdayonf/ okYa d omf olwkdYtcsif; csif; pum;rsm;aepOf wjcm;wki d f;jynfrS wifvmaom tqkd rsm;ukd uRefr

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106

jrefrmEki d fiHwGif aepOfuyif uRefr cspfjrwfE;kd aom tpk;d &tm; vpf[if;aeonfxifygu uRefruavmifjzifh xkt d csufukd &J0HhpGm wifjycJhygonf/ Oyrm ]]arQmfvifhvYjkd zifh rqH;k Ekdi}f } 0w¦KwGif tajccHOya'\ tcGifhta&;rsm;onf pm&Gufay:rSmwif &Sdonf/ vlxw k i G f wu,frcHpm;&onf ukd wifjycJ\ h / rMumcifuyif tpk;d &u vlwef;pm;vGwf ajrmufa&;twGuf vkyfvmcJh\/ ],Ofaus;rI} trnfcHí ]zsufqD;rI} oabm yg0ifvm aom tar&duef\ pmaytcsKdUESihf taemuf,Ofaus;rI rsm;\ tEÅ&m,fukd uRefr0w¦Krsm;xJwGif azmfjyí ½IwfcscJh onf/ &ifqkdifí wku d fcJhonf/ okYa d omf ]]cifAsm; tar&duef ukd rkef;ovm;}} [k ar;vQif uRefr rrkef;ay/ olwYx kd r H S jrefrmESifh roifhavsmfaom ,Ofaus;rIuo kd m ½Iwfcsypfy,f vku d o f nf/ (Mark Twain) rwfwde G ;f \ pmayukd uRefrjrwfE;kd \/ xkYt d wl t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;wkY d uRefrwkYd tay: wGif jyKrlcJhyu Hk kd uRefr rarhEdik a f tmif emMunf;cJhaomfvnf; aomrwfpf[m'D\ 0w¦Krsm;ukd uRefr jrwfEkd;\/ &S,fvDESifh 0DvD,0 H wf0'f uAsmrsm;ukd uRefr ESpNf cdKuf\/ uRefrwpfoufwi G f uGefjrLepf rjzpfEkdifyg/ okYad omf ½k&Sm;ajray:wGif arG;zGm;vmaom awmfpwGKd if;\ 0w¦Krsm; xJwiG f rl uRefr tdyfpufvkdayonf/ ol\ ]ppfESihf Nidr;f csrf; a&;} 0w¦KBuD;onf uRefr tonf;ESv;Hk ESit fh wl tNrJ&\ Sd / xkYt d wl a&S;cwf w½kwfjynf\ bk&ifacwfrsm;ukd uRefr&GH&Smaomfvnf; uRefronf ][efacwf} uAsmrsm;ukd ESpfNcdKufvSonf/ uRefronf Eki d fiHa&;tm;jzifh rnfokdYyif qefYusifaeyg ap? ,Ofaus;rI pmaya&;&mwdYw k i G frl wpfOD;ESiw fh pfOD; aumif;Ek;d &m&m ES;D aESmzvS,foGm;&ayrnf/ uRefrwkY\ d uavmifrS rifpufrsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&; yef;wdYy k i G fhvef;&eftwGuf oGef;zsef;aom a&pifonfomvQif jzpf&ayrnfwum;/ ,ckawmh ]]vufeufozG,f pGJufi dk & f rnf}} [k tvQHnD; nD;awmufaom rsufESm xm;BuD; rsm;ESifh pum;qkv d maom tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif uRefrum; aep&mr&Sd/ uRefr uavmiftm; xm;p&mr&S/d xkYad Mumifh uRefr&if0,f ykduf xm;vku d f&\/ tpnf;ta0;cef;rS udpöwpfck&í Sd uRefr acwåtjyif xGufoGm;\/ OD;jynfp h HkrSm usef&pfc\ Jh / uRefrjyefvmvQif emrnfwyfNyD;

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107

]]rpöwmtrfyd;k ukd ajymjyyg/ uRefrwkdYtm; trkef;yGm; b,fvdt k oGifey JY Jvmvm? b,folacgif;aqmif acgif;aqmif

p&mudpöawGukd b,fvkdvkyfrvJ/ e,fcsJU0g' e,fcsJUorm; awGukd

qefYusifzkdYq& kd if uRefr tqifoifhyJ/ 'gayr,f h (Particular)  emrnfBuD; azmfjyNyD; olwdkYaMumifhjzpfwm? olwkdY ukd wkdu& f r,f cdkuf&r,fqw kd muawmh raumif;vGef;bl; xifw,f}} pum;jyefrav;url uGduGESifh trfykd;ukd ajymvku d f\/ ]]'Dvkdqkd tJ'e D mrnfawG aemufu ]tp&So d jzif}h vkYd xnfa h y; r,f? oabmwlvm;}} [k trfyd;k u qk\ d / qk& d if;ajym&if;rS wuwnf; pum;jyefrav;u e,fcsJUorm;rnfolrsm;[l aomtrnfaemufu ]tp&So d nfjzifh} xnfhí xdyfqk;H u tar&dueftrnfukd xnfv h y kd gonf[k xajymawmhonf/ *syefu oloabmusoGm;í vufckyfxwD;vkdu\ f / trSef awmh *syefESifh w½kwe f DwYkd aemufydkif;u Zmwfwkdufxm;[ef wlonf/ tm;vH;k axmufcHzYkd twGif;a&;rSL;u ajymaomtcg Eki d fiH 40 u oabmwlnD\/ uRefrurl ]]emrnfawGwyf&if uRefrawmh raxmufcH bl;}} [k w½kwu f , kd p f m;vS,ftm; ajymjyvku d fum xki d fae vku d y f gonf/ uRefrrSm jrefrmtrsKd;orD;yDyD nBuD;oef;acgif uRefr wkYu d dk vmBudKaom rpöwmtrfyd;k ukd txl;tm;emyg\/okdYaomf uRefrum; olUukd raxmufcHEkdifygay/ tcef;jyif bufxGufcgrS

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27

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108

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109

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