Lab Repot 3
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OBJECTIVES: 1. To calibrate the oscilloscope. 2. Understand the functions of the front panels of the oscilloscope. 3. To measure, read and record DC voltages in series and parallel resistance circuit. 4. To measure, read and record DC current in series and parallel circuit using standard resistor, 1 ohm. THEORY: The oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device that can draws a graph of an electrical signal. In most application, the graph shows how signals change over time. The graph can show other things from one signal. It can determine the time and voltage, frequency, moving parts of a circuit; the malfunctioning component is distorting in the circuit and also finds out the signal of the DC and also AC current. Calibration of the oscilloscope is an important task that is done by making any measurements using oscilloscope. Buttons of the front panel of the oscilloscope have their specific function that affected the measurement being made. By choosing the correct button, the measurements taken will be precise and correct. Analog and digital oscilloscope is two types of electronic equipment. Analog oscilloscope is design directly applying a voltage being measured to an electron beam. The wave shown when the voltage deflected the beam up and down proportionally, that can give the immediate picture. The digital oscilloscope work on the analog system but they transfer all the data into digital using analog-to digital converter(ADC) to convert the voltage being measured into digital information. Waveform of the oscilloscope can measured voltage. The waves that represent in the oscilloscope are the voltage waveform. The waveform that represent are in x axis and y axis. In x axis, it represented the time and in y axis it shows the voltage values. They are various shapes of waves that will represent on the oscilloscope. It depends on the types of voltage. They types of waves are sine waves, square and rectangular waves sawtooth
and triangular waves and also step and pulsed shapes. But many of the operation are using the sinew waves because AC power produces sine waves.
DATA ANALYSIS: 1.2 DC MEASUREMENT FOR SERIES RESISTORS CIRCUIT Without 1Ω resistor. R1
R2
1kΩ
470Ω R3 270Ω
20 V
FIGURE 1 Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 12.0V 5.4V 3.2V
VOLTS/DIV 5V 5V 5V
TABLE 1
With 1Ω resistor. R1
R2
1kΩ
470Ω R3 270Ω
20 V R4 1Ω
FIGURE 2
Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω 1Ω
Voltage across resistor 12.0V 5.5V 3.0V 12.0mV TABLE 2
Calculation: Refer to the series circuit in figure 1.
By using Ohm’s Law:
Refer to the series circuit in figure 2.
By using Ohm’s Law:
VOLTS/DIV 5V 5V 5V 10mV
1.3 DC MEASUREMENT FOR PARALLEL RESISTORS CIRCUIT Without 1Ω resistor.
FIGURE 3 Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 18.0V 2.5V 2.5V
VOLTS/DIV 10V 2V 2V
TABLE 3 With 1Ω resistor.
FIGURE 4
-The 1Ω resistor is added and series with 1kΩ. Then the current total, I is measured.
The standard resistor 1Ω is then connected in series with 270Ω and 470Ω resistor to measure and
. Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 18.0V 2.0V 2.0V TABLE 4
Refer to the circuit in figure 3
By using current divider rule:
Current, I 17mA 7.5mA 14mA
VOLTS/DIV 10V 10V 5V
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
The oscilloscopes are in calibration when we get the graft 0.5 msec/div of the horizontal part and 1V/div of VOLTS/DIV selector in the vertical part. When we add the 1Ω in series with resistor, and measure the voltage, we actually get the current too. This is because the voltage at the 1Ω resistor equal to the current circuit. It can prove by the Ohm’s formula: V=IR When the R=1Ω, the equation become: V=I. So, it prove that the voltage at the 1Ω resistor equal to the voltage. The oscilloscope’s graft shows us the straight line. The straight line means our source is direct current. The voltage value can measure from the cross line in the oscilloscope’s graft.
CONCLUSION: In this lab, we have to carry out 3 experiments. Experiment 1, we have calibration of an oscilloscope, for the experiment 2 we have to measure value of current in series circuit and for the experiment 3, we have to measure value of current in parallel circuit. For the experiment 1, we follow step 1 until step 7 in lab sheet. We choose 0.5 msec/div of the horizontal part and 5 V/div of VOLTS/DIV selector in the Vertical part and X1 probe input in channel then select AC and coupling to DC. Calibration of an oscilloscope is an important task before making experiment 2 and experiment 3. Oscilloscope has their specific function on buttons in the front panel of the oscilloscope and by choosing the correct button, the measurement in experiment 3 and experiment 3 will be precise and correct. For the experiment 2 and experiment 3, we make series and parallel circuit follow the circuit in the lab sheet. Then we use 1Ω resistor connect with other resistor and put the probe across the 1Ω resistor and record the reading. Value that we record using oscilloscope is voltage value for the circuit and we can assume that it also value of current. This is because, by using
Ohm’s Law (V=IR) when 1Ω resistor is connected the equation can be voltage value is equal current value (V=I). The value on the screen in the circuit for experiment 2(series circuit) is mV and it also can be the value of current 12 mA. For the experiment 3, the value on the screen in the parallel circuit is the total value of current is 17.07 mA. Throughout this experiment, we can conclude that we have learned some of the basic of the oscilloscope before making the measurement using oscilloscope. The measurement ranges are stimulating the graph that shows onto the oscilloscope screen. The 1 ohm is functional to analyze the current that flow the circuit. Using the formula V=IR. When the R is equal to 1, then the current value are same with the voltage. Experiment successful.
and triangular waves and also step and pulsed shapes. But many of the operation are using the sinew waves because AC power produces sine waves.
DATA ANALYSIS: 1.2 DC MEASUREMENT FOR SERIES RESISTORS CIRCUIT Without 1Ω resistor. R1
R2
1kΩ
470Ω R3 270Ω
20 V
FIGURE 1 Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 12.0V 5.4V 3.2V
VOLTS/DIV 5V 5V 5V
TABLE 1
With 1Ω resistor. R1
R2
1kΩ
470Ω R3 270Ω
20 V R4 1Ω
FIGURE 2
Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω 1Ω
Voltage across resistor 12.0V 5.5V 3.0V 12.0mV TABLE 2
Calculation: Refer to the series circuit in figure 1.
By using Ohm’s Law:
Refer to the series circuit in figure 2.
By using Ohm’s Law:
VOLTS/DIV 5V 5V 5V 10mV
1.3 DC MEASUREMENT FOR PARALLEL RESISTORS CIRCUIT Without 1Ω resistor.
FIGURE 3 Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 18.0V 2.5V 2.5V
VOLTS/DIV 10V 2V 2V
TABLE 3 With 1Ω resistor.
FIGURE 4
-The 1Ω resistor is added and series with 1kΩ. Then the current total, I is measured.
The standard resistor 1Ω is then connected in series with 270Ω and 470Ω resistor to measure and
. Resistor 1kΩ 470Ω 270Ω
Voltage across resistor 18.0V 2.0V 2.0V TABLE 4
Refer to the circuit in figure 3
By using current divider rule:
Current, I 17mA 7.5mA 14mA
VOLTS/DIV 10V 10V 5V
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
The oscilloscopes are in calibration when we get the graft 0.5 msec/div of the horizontal part and 1V/div of VOLTS/DIV selector in the vertical part. When we add the 1Ω in series with resistor, and measure the voltage, we actually get the current too. This is because the voltage at the 1Ω resistor equal to the current circuit. It can prove by the Ohm’s formula: V=IR When the R=1Ω, the equation become: V=I. So, it prove that the voltage at the 1Ω resistor equal to the voltage. The oscilloscope’s graft shows us the straight line. The straight line means our source is direct current. The voltage value can measure from the cross line in the oscilloscope’s graft.
CONCLUSION: In this lab, we have to carry out 3 experiments. Experiment 1, we have calibration of an oscilloscope, for the experiment 2 we have to measure value of current in series circuit and for the experiment 3, we have to measure value of current in parallel circuit. For the experiment 1, we follow step 1 until step 7 in lab sheet. We choose 0.5 msec/div of the horizontal part and 5 V/div of VOLTS/DIV selector in the Vertical part and X1 probe input in channel then select AC and coupling to DC. Calibration of an oscilloscope is an important task before making experiment 2 and experiment 3. Oscilloscope has their specific function on buttons in the front panel of the oscilloscope and by choosing the correct button, the measurement in experiment 3 and experiment 3 will be precise and correct. For the experiment 2 and experiment 3, we make series and parallel circuit follow the circuit in the lab sheet. Then we use 1Ω resistor connect with other resistor and put the probe across the 1Ω resistor and record the reading. Value that we record using oscilloscope is voltage value for the circuit and we can assume that it also value of current. This is because, by using
Ohm’s Law (V=IR) when 1Ω resistor is connected the equation can be voltage value is equal current value (V=I). The value on the screen in the circuit for experiment 2(series circuit) is mV and it also can be the value of current 12 mA. For the experiment 3, the value on the screen in the parallel circuit is the total value of current is 17.07 mA. Throughout this experiment, we can conclude that we have learned some of the basic of the oscilloscope before making the measurement using oscilloscope. The measurement ranges are stimulating the graph that shows onto the oscilloscope screen. The 1 ohm is functional to analyze the current that flow the circuit. Using the formula V=IR. When the R is equal to 1, then the current value are same with the voltage. Experiment successful.
