Kenneth's Ch 17 Outline, Pt 2

Kenneth Li Euro Hist. 10-5-07 6th period Ch 17 pg. 470-483 XXIII. The Wars or Religion 1) After Council of Trent adjourned, Catholics began counteroffensive against Protestants. 2) Genevan Calvinism and reformed Catholicism were 2 equally aggressive church systems. 3) The high clergy, which were the pope and his bishops, ruled supreme. 4) Calvinism didn’t like kings that completely ruled everything. 5) Catholicism remained supporting one single monarchy. 6) Catholic and Protestant subjects struggled to control France. 7) Outbreak of Thirty Years War in 1618 made international dimensions. XXIV. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) 1) Henry II died accidentally in tournament. 2) Francis II came to throne under regency of the queen. 3) 3 powerful families tried to take France. 4) Guises were the strongest. 5) Louis I, prince of Conde, and Coligny became political leaders of French Protestant resistance. 6) Over 2/5th of French aristocracy became Huguenots. A. Catherine de Medicis and the Guises 1) Francis II dies; Catherine continues regent for second son. 2) Granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns. 3) Protestant congregation worshipping illegally at Vassy. 4) Proceeded to massacre several score. 5) Convinced Charles that Huguenot coup was afoot. 6) Said only swift execution of Protestant leaders could save crown. 7) In august 24, 1572, Coligny and 3,000 others were massacred. 8) Within 3 days, another 20,000 Huguenots were killed. B. Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre 1) Henry III sought to steer a middle course; received support from Catholics. 2) Politiques were prepared to compromise religious creeds. 3) Catholic League was formed in mid-1580s, supported by Spanish. 4) Henry III failed a surprise attack; had to flee to Paris. 5) B/c of this position, assassinated the duke and cardinal of Guise. 6) This made Catholics very mad; Henry forced to ally with Protestant cousin. 7) Henry III assassinated, making Henry of Navarre, which is Protestant cousin, Henry IV. 8) Prepared to place political peace above absolute religious unity. C. The Edict of Nantes 1) In April 13, 1598, Henry IV proclaimed Edict of Nantes. 2) He already insured Huguenots religious freedoms. 3) Used the Edict to lawfully allow that.

4) Their freedoms were only available inside their own localities. 5) Henry IV assassinated by fanatical Catholic, just like Henry III. 6) The grandson of Henry IV, Louis XIV, revoked the Edict of Nantes. XXV. Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556-1598) 1) Philip II of Spain is largest standing person in second half of 16th century. 2) First half of his reign he defeated Turks at Lepanto by Holy League of Spain A. Revolt in the Netherlands 1) Attacked Netherlands, France, and England. 2) Didn’t turn out as Turks did, for Netherlands king put up good defense. 3) Leader of Netherlands was William of Nassau was a politique. 4) Puts politics over religion. 5) First political and religious opposition to Spanish rule. 6) Made Phil enforce Council of Trent throughout Netherlands. 7) He killed duke of Alba to suppress revolt. 8) William of Orange had been in exile; emerged as leader of broad movement 9) Catholic and Protestant provinces combine to oppose against Spain. 10) Catholics truce with Spain after awhile, which made Protestants truce also. 11) Spain’s preoccupation with England and France made the Protestant forces drive out the Spanish soldiers. XXVI. England and Spain (1558-1603) A. Elizabeth I. 1) Repealed anti-Protestant legislation and guided religious settlement. 2) Dealt cautiously and carefully with assassination plots and Puritans. 3) Puritans worked through Parliament to create national church. B. Deterioration of Relations with Spain 1) England signed defense pact with France. 2) England’s seamen attacked Spanish shipping in Americas. 3) Elizabeth reluctantly executed Queen of Scots b/c of assassination attempt. 4) Spain attacked England, but England’s faster ships dispatched of the enemy. 5) When Philip died, none of his successors were as good as him. 6) Spain’s empire whittled away by many enemy attacks. 7) When Elizabeth died, she leaves behind strong empire. XXVII. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) 1) Thirty Year’s War was devastating b/c they would sacrifice all for religion. 2) As conflicts increased, almost all European lands were affected. 3) When wars ended in 1648, map of Europe shaped much like today. A. Fragmented Germany 1) Germany had too many small states. 2) Not unified; many had own systems of government. B. Religious Division 1) Holy Roman Empire was equally divided between Catholics and Protestants. 2) Peace of Augsburg tried to freeze territorial holdings of Lutherans and Catholics. 3) B/c Calvinism wasn’t legal religion, it grew as it pleased. 4) Had a strong foothold when Frederick III made it official religion.

5) Palatine Calvinists made Protestant defensive alliance supported by Spain’s enemies. 6) Jesuits launched successful campaigns throughout the empire. 7) Duke of Bavaria organized Catholic league to oppose Protestant alliance. C. The Treaty of Westphalia 1) Religious warfare permanently changed many European lands. 2) Some people considered human nature. 3) One side was very dark, another was very brilliant. XXVIII. Witch Hunts and Panic 1) Many people believed in witches when dark period occurs. 2) Some believe they are cannibals, some believe they have affairs with Devil. 3) Court sentenced about 70,000-100,000 people to death. A. Village Origins 1) Many have sicknesses and disabilities needed to be cured. 2) Many who pretended they have magic powers were usually the poor. 3) Much like widowed women that are singled. B. Influence of the Clergy 1) Belief in magical powers led to belief in witches. 2) Clergy also had “magical powers” to send away demons. 3) Late 13th century, church said only priests had magical power. 4) People thought God or Devil gave powers like that to the priests. 5) Thought that if you practiced magic inside church it was from God and pure 6) You practice magic outside of church, believed to be evil and from Devil. 7) To attack witches also improved Christian power. C. Why Women? 1) Based on male hatred and sexual fear, they target women. 2) Witch hunts were simply women hunts. 3) Women that were widowed usually needed help, so they lied on magic powers. 4) B/c of this, they set themselves up for being targets. D. Witch Panics 1) Governments wanted to expand and rid them of all competitors. 2) Called competitors “devilish.” 3) Reformation was supposed to have weakened protections against Devil. 4) So executing witches was to defend themselves. E. End of the Witch Hunts 1) More scientific and realistic mind took place, so it was hard to believe in witches. 2) Also anyone can be accused of being a witch and they never know. 3) B/c of God being all supreme, the Devil probably has to serve him. 4) Made less fear of the Devil.