Kenneth's Ch 17 Euro Outline, Pt 1

Kenneth Li Euro Hist. 9-28-07 6th Period Ch. 17 pg 449-470 VIII. The Age of Reformation and Religious Wars A. Introduction 1) Protestant reformers led revolt against medieval church. 2) Thought that it lead to stupid beliefs. 3) Challenged many aspects of the Renaissance, but also embraced others. 4) Inside church itself had a reformation. 5) People either joined sides with Protestantism or Catholicism. 6)100 years of opposition between the 2 groups occurred. 7) Also had a lot of territorial expansion. 8) Many colonies permanently established in America. 9) Many slaves were traded. IX. On the Eve of Reformation A. The Discovery of the New World 1) Discovery of America greatly expanded maps. 2) Set new cultural and economic forces in motion. 3) Commercial supremacy shifted from Mediterranean and Baltic to Atlantic. B. Gold and Spices 1) Mercenary motives inspired Prince Henry to sponsor Portuguese exploration. 2) Mainly interested in gold. 3) By late 15th century, Guinea enters Europe on ports Lisbon and Antwerp. 4) Rush for gold quickly expanded into rush for spices. 5) Europeans ate dull food; needed enhanced tastes. 6) Dias opened Portuguese empire in the East. 7) Portuguese controlled Goa and Calcutta later on. 8) Challenged Arabs and Venetians for control of spice trade. C. The Voyages of Columbus 1) After 33 days of voyaging, Columbus reached Bahamas in October 12, 1492. 2) Thought that it was Japan, b/c he based it on Marco Polo’s adventures. 3) Taino Indians met with Columbus and his crew. 4) Extremely nice, gave Columbus w/e he wanted. 5) Also was easy to enslave. 6) Vespucci and Magellan followed Columbus. 7) They explored the Americas, and said they were not the Indies. 8) Magellan sailed to Philippines, where he died. D. Impact on Europe and America 1) Columbus’ voyages set more than 3 centuries of warfare and conquest. 2) Spain had spurred largest trading economy, inspiring other countries. 3) In America, they were being in battles over and over again.

4) Set long line of conquest in America, plus many new diseases. X. Religion and Society 1) Protestant Reformation occurred when nation-states wanted independence. 2) Kings mostly control all power over land, so local laws are powerless. 3) Many cities were sensitive to loss to traditional rights and freedoms. 4) Many thought the Reformation as struggle to remain free. A. Social and Political Conflict 1) Reformation broke out first in cities of Germany and Switzerland. 2) Most had Protestant movements. 3) Some stayed Protestant, others only for a little while. 4) Struggles between princely and royal authorities weren’t only problems. 5) Internally there were political and social divisions. 6) Some people were being pushed around by higher authority. 7) Martin Luther and comrades wrote and sang about priesthood. 8) Talked about how bad and corrupt government was. 9) Many political and religious people were angered by his words. B. Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church 1) Reformation couldn’t have happened without crisis in medieval church. 2) Laity and clerics were now seeking more and more idealistic piety. 3) Heretical in the eyes of the pope. 4) Late Middle Ages marked independent efforts to reform religious practice. 5) More and more laity travel around and become smarter about the world. C. The Modern Devotion 1) Brothers of the Common Life was religious movement. 2) Known as Modern Devotion. 3) Fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical. 4) Established by Gerard Groote, centered at Zwolle and Deventer. 5) Brother and sister houses spread rapidly throughout Europe. D. Secular Control over Religious Life 1) On the eve of Reformation, Rome’s international network’s falling apart. 2) Many complained about maladministration, concubinage and fiscalism. 3) Governments want to restrict growth of church properties. 4) Instead, they would improve local religious life. XI. The Northern Renaissance 1) Northern humanism initially stimulated by importation of Italian learning. 2) Johann Gutenberg invented printing with movable type. 3) Many books were printed b/c of the need for knowledge. 4) Desiderius Erasmus was the “prince of the humanists.” 5) He was idealist and pacifist. 6) The philosophia Christi was a summarization of his beliefs. 7) Promoted his own beliefs by editing works of the Church Father, and made Greek edition of New Testament. 8) Catholic and Lutheran authorities turned against his theology and piety. 9) By mid-century, all of his books were placed in Index of Forbidden Books. 10) Lutherans accused Erasmus of hypocrisy and cowardice. 11) He dismissed the teachings of Lutherans.

12) Even though he did that harshly, many were inspired by his writings. 13) Best known early English humanist was Sir Thomas More. 14) Erasmus met More and wrote a book named The Praise of Folly. 15) Humanism in England paved the way for the English Reformation. 16) Humanism helped the Catholic Church in Spain. 17) Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros was a confessor to Queen Isabella. 18) Was a passage for humanist scholarship and learning. 19) Printed Greek edition for New Testament. 20) He wrote the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, six volume book. 21) Had Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions. XII. The Reformation A. Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525 1) Medieval Germany didn’t have political unity to enforce religious reforms. 2) Many cities in Germany grew to hate clerical immunities and church abuse. 3) Unorganized “national” opposition to Rome formed. 4) Luther was son of a successful Thuringian miner. 5) Attended University of Erfurt from 1501-1505. 6) Registered for Law Faculty, but never took those courses. 7) Instead, he entered the Order of the Hermits. 8) Studied the Bible and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. 9) Was transferred to the Augustine monastery in Wittenberg, got his doctorate degree. B. The Attack on Indulgences 1) Many people couldn’t reach full satisfaction; they still had sins to rid. 2) He thought that nobody can reach the perfection God wants them to. 3) So he said, “Justification by faith alone.” Means you only have to believe. 4) But according to priests, you had to work for satisfaction. 5) This makes indulgences unacceptable and unworkable. 6) Now indulgences were changed into reasonable prices, with better rewards. 7) A Jubilee indulgence was called for Pope Julius II to raise funds. 8) The profits were to be split, half for Albrecht, half for the pope. 9) Luther posted his 95 theses against indulgences on Castle Church. 10) Said that indulgences were useless, that they remitted sins instead. C. Election of Charles V and the Diet of Worms 1) Humanists and reformists supported the 95 theses. 2) Emperor Maximilian I died. 3) Shifted the attention from heresy to a contest for the new emperor. 4) Pope supported the French king Francis I. 5) 19 year old Charles V succeeded to the throne. 6) Luther got into argument; wrote three books that made him be proclaimed as heretic. 7) 3 books were Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and Freedom of a Christian. 8) Had 60 days to retract from his heretical ways. 9) Presented his view of the empire as a diet in Worms. 10) Was ordered to stop, he said he wouldn’t.

11) Named an outlaw; was hidden by his friends in Wartburg Castle. 12) During his stay, he translated New Testament to German. 13) Reformation was greatly assisted by the war in France. 14) Charles V needed German troops; made alliance with German princes. 15) Spain and France fought 4 major wars. 16) In 1526, the Turks invaded Hungary and beat them. 17) Emperor agreed to let Germans enforce Edict of Worms. 18) Now Luther is able to answer in good conscience to God and the emperor. 19) Gave German princes territorial sovereignty in religious matters. D. The Peasants’ Revolt 1) Protestant movement suffered more internal division in the 1st century. 2) Now, people protest about Luther as much as the pope. 3) Many German peasants believed Luther as an ally at first. 4) Many peasant leaders took his side, and openly spoke their opinions. 5) When peasants revolted though, Luther told the princes to stop them without mercy. 6) 70-100 thousand peasants died b/c of this. XIII. Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation 1) Luther’s was the first reform, but Switzerland and France had their own. 2) Some areas became Protestant, some Catholic, some compromised. A. The Reformation in Zurich 1) Zwingli was the leader of the Swiss Reformation. 2) Strongly influenced by Erasmus. 3) To him, w/e lacked literal support to Scripture shouldn’t be believed. 4) Zurich became center of Protestant cities in Switzerland b/c Zwingli was there. B. The Marburg Colloquy 1) Philip of Hesse wanted to unite Swiss and German Protestants. 2) Couldn’t do it though b/c Luther and Zwingli disagreed about some points. 3) Philip had the two leaders meet in his castle, but couldn’t work out their differences. XIV. Anabaptists and Radical Protestants 1) Many people wanted the two leaders to speed up the implementations. 2) One of these groups was called Anabaptists. 3) Only supports baptism for adults. 4) Separated themselves from rest of society to form what they think is better. 5) The Lutherans and Zwinglians joined themselves with Catholics b/c of these Anabaptists. 6) Many were executed b/c they baptized themselves as adults. XV. John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation 1) Calvinism was religious ideology that inspired much resistance in France. 2) Believed strongly in divine predestination and responsibility. 3) Max Weber said that this religious confidence and self-disciplined activism will bring Calvinists and Puritans together. A. Political Revolt and Religious Reform in Geneva 1) Genevians successfully revolted against House of Savoy and prince-bishop.

2) In many places the Protestants triumphed, abolishing other religious practices. 3) The city voted to adopt the Reformation. 4) John Calvin arrived in Geneva; persuaded to stay and help Reformation. 5) He had made articles for new churches, and was about to set up new papacy. 6) Said him and Farel was going too far and fast, so was exiled from the city. 7) Went to Strasbourg; wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. B. Calvin’s Geneva 1) In 1540, Geneva elected officials that were friendly to Calvin. 2) Invited him to stay in Geneva. 3) Calvin said you only need faith, and God will be pleased. 4) His body of power was the elders and pastors of the church. 5) Punishments were carried out harshly. XVI. Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation 1) Reformation in Europe was to stay A. Diet of Augsburg 1) Meeting of Protestant and Catholic reps made to resolve religious divisions. 2) Lutherans were to become Catholic. 3) They formed their own defense, the Schmalkaldic League. B. Expansion of the Reformation 1) Under leadership of Philip they made educational reforms. 2) Reformation also dug in elsewhere. 3) In Sweden, Lutheranism became their religion. 4) Absence of central political authority made Poland model of religious pluralism. C. Reaction Against Protestants: The “Interim” 1) Tried to compromise an agreement between Protestants and Catholics. 2) Didn’t work, so he used military force to crush Schmalkaldic League. 3) Wanted once again to put all Protestants as Catholics. 4) Protestants put up strong resistance; emperor forced to retreat. 5) Calvinism isn’t a legal belief anymore. XVII. The English Reformation to 1553 1) Parliament curtailed payments; judicial appeals to Rome; limits pope’s power. 2) Humanism is extremely widespread. 3) King Henry VIII has unhappy marriage. A. The King’s Affair 1) Henry about to marry Catherine. 2) Only has one heir to throne though, a daughter. 3) Wants to marry Anne instead b/c of the miscarriages Catherine gets. 4) Pope would probably never allow it. 5) King’s advisors say he is declared supreme, so he can settle his own affair. B. Reformation Parliament 1) Reformation Parliament is passed as a flood of legislation. 2) Also harassed and placed royal reins on the clergy. 3) In 1533, Henry married Anne.

4) The Act of Supremacy declared Henry the only supreme head on earth. C. The Protestant Reformation Under Edward VI 1) Henry forbade clergy to marry. 2) The 6 Articles of 1539 denied the Eucharistic cup to laity. 3) Edward VI was Henry’s 10 year old son, became king. 4) Under his rule, England had back the Protestant Reformation. 5) Henry’s six laws were repealed. 6) Act of Uniformity imposed Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer. 7) In 1553, Catherine’s daughter, Mary, succeeded to the throne. 8) Went and restored Catholic doctrine and practice. XVIII. Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation A. Sources of Catholic Reform 1) 16th century popes squashed efforts of ambitious proposals. 2) New religious orders sprang up in 16th century; lead to revival of piety. B. Ignatius of Loyola and the Society of Jesus 1) Counter-Reformation group of the Society of Jesus. 2) Very successful. Within a century it had more than 15,000 members. 3) Ignatius of Loyola was heroic figure. 4) Was so impressed with self-sacrifice of the church’s saints that he underwent a profound religious. 5) Applied lessons he has learned to become moral and religious self-discipline 6) In Jesuit eyes, Protestants have made themselves look foolish and rash. 7) Perfect discipline and self-control was essential. C. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) 1) Broad success of Reformation made Pope Paul III to call in council doctrine 2) Pope made a reform commission, whose report was horrible. 3) Paul tried to stop it from making it to the public. 4) Protestants reprinted it and circulated it to make sure people would see it. 5) Long delayed council meeting in 1545. 6) There were 3 sessions, with long interruptions b/c of war, plague, and politics. 7) Trent is now strictly under pope control. 8) Rulers resisted Trent’s reform decrees, fearing a comeback of papal power. But new legislation will come and take hold. XIX. The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe A. Introduction 1) Conservatism led scholars to characterize Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as “magisterial reformers.” 2) Not only were they Protestant leaders, but also succeeded by force of magistrate’s sword. 3) Some argue that willingness to resort to coercion led reformers to compromise their principles. 4) They never contemplated reform outside or against the societies of which they were in. 5) Remained highly sensitive to what was socially and politically possible in their age.

XX. The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions 1) Reformation was politically conservative. 2) But brought about political changes in religious practices. A. Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life 1) Clergy and the religious were everywhere. -made up 6-8% in urban population. -Legislated and taxed; tried cases in special Church courts. 2) One third of year, Christians had to exercise religious celebration. -Christians couldn’t eat eggs, butter, fat, meat without special dispensation. 3) Monasteries and nunneries were prominent and influential institutions. 4) There was booming business at local churches. -many people sought cures and maladies from the churches -clergy were forbidden to marry, but had to pay fees if they did B. Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life 1) After Reformation, clergy numbers fell by 2/3; religious holidays fell by 1/3 2) Monasteries and nunneries turned into hospices. 3) Clergy can marry. 4) Not all Protestant clergy were happy with these new laws. 5) Over half of original converts turned back to Catholic. XXI. The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women 1) Protestant Reformers opposed of the stand degrading women. 2) Praised women that without them, life wouldn’t succeed. 3) Did this partly to overcome the Catholic rule of no marriage. 4) Women have equal right with men to divorce and remarry. 5) Renegade nuns say nunnery was no special woman’s place. 6) Said that all supervisory male clergy were as bad as abusive husbands. 7) Protestants encouraged education of girls. XXII. Family Life in Early Modern Europe 1) Reformation was factor of social and economic pressures for family life. -Not one of the major ones though. 2) Differences in family aren’t in how parents treat kids; it’s the culture and environment they grow up in. A. Later Marriages 1) Men and women now marry in the 20s instead of their teens. 2) Marriage now required parental agreement and public vows. 3) Difficulty of supporting couples independently arose in late marriages. 4) Much population that was lost in the Black Death was regained. 5) People who married in their 30s don’t have time to spend as couples. 6) Also women who had children while older have a higher mortality rate. B. Arranged Marriages 1) Marriages were arranged by parents meeting with each other to discuss. 2) Wealth and social standing wasn’t the only things considered in marriages. 3) Also emotional feeling for each other was important; parents recommend it. 4) Children had right to protest against marriage. C. Family Size

1) Family’s consist of one mother, one father, and 2-4 children that survive. 2) Average wife and husband had 7-8 children; 1/5 dies at before age 5. -half of them die in their teens D. Birth Control 1) Egyptians used alligator dung and other acidic sperm-killers and sponges. 2) Some support coitus interruptus, which is withdrawing before ejaculating. 3) Most birth controls weren’t affective when applied. 4) Church opposed (and still opposes) contraception on moral grounds. 5) According to Saint Thomas Aquinas, only end to sex was birth of a child. E. Wet Nursing 1) Many women hired nurses to suckle their newborn child. 2) As a sign of high ranking women. 3) Wives and husbands disapproved of suckling their own child. 4) Some women prolonged nursing to delay a new pregnancy. F. Loving Families? 1) The family members aren’t very affectionate of each other. 2) When children are from 8-13, they are sent to schools or work to survive on their own.