Kenneth's Ch 17 Outline Pt 3

XXIV. Writers and Philosophers 1) By end of 16th century, not many can embrace Catholic/Protestant religion. 2) Instead, embraced science and technical life. 3) Some were aware that they lived in transition society now. A. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) 1) Spanish literature was influenced by Spanish religion. 2) Cervantes was greatest Spanish writer of all time. 3) Only received small education when young, so went and educated himself. 4) Was in prison for conviction of theft when he wrote first part of famous book, Don Quixote. 5) Finished second part in 1615. 6) He wanted readers to know that if you must be truly happy, then you must have dreams. B. William Shakespeare 1) Worked as a schoolteacher for a time, which earned him knowledge of the Renaissance. 2) He accepted social ranking more than social goals. 3) He knew the theater as if it was his life. 4) His work brought original synthesis and dramatic arts together. 5) Made Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear in 3 year time period. C. Blaise Pascal 1) Was a French mathematician and physical scientist. 2) Wrote against Jesuits, and considered atheist and deist. 3) Was influenced by Jansenists, which were 17th century opposers of Jesuits. 4) Jansenists believed in total sinfulness in humans. 5) Believed that reason and science didn’t avail in religion. 6) Humans either had a loving God, or a God thinking humans were unworthy. 7) Thought that belief in God improved earth life even if God didn’t exist. 8) Wanted people to seek self-understanding by “learned ignorance.” D. Burach Spinoza 1) Most controversial thinker in 17th century. 2) In 1670, published Treatise on Religious and Political Philosphy, saying how dogmatic Dutch Calvinists were. 3) Book titled Ethnics found after his death. 4) God and nature so closely identified, there was little room for divine revelation. 5) Also believed in God being one substance that makes everything. E. Thomas Hobbes 1) Most original political philosopher of 17th century. 2) Was urbane and much traveled man. 3) After outbreak of Puritan Revolution, he went into exile in Paris. 4) Harvey was famous for discovering how blood flowed through the body. 5) Hobbes got into that study too. 6) Made the Leviathan, making law over common. 7) Humans defined as collection of material particles.

8) Hobbe’s key to political power is brilliant myth of original state of humankind. 9) Desire for glory begets perpetual quarreling. 10) Hobbes saw humans not as sociable animals but as self-centered beasts. 11) Thinks we should impose restrictions on liberties of others only to degree that we would allow others to restrict our own. F. John Locke 1) Locke is most influential political thinker. 2) Political philosophy came to be Glorious Revolution. 3) His writings were major of Enlightenment, and gave inspiration to France and America. 4) Wrote 2 major works; Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government. 5) Wrote that rulers are also humans, so are vulnerable to God’s/nature’s rules. 6) Believed natural human state was perfect freedom and equality. 7) Different from Hobbes. 8) Humans were possessed of extreme goodwill. XXV. The Renaissance and Reformation 1) During Renaissance, western Europe rediscovered its classical cultural heritage. 2) Owed recovery of heritage to Byzantine and Islamic scholars. 3) mostly regained population it lost. 4) Other countries moved with less speed, but more unity. 5) China more unified in religion, and tolerated different religions from them. 6) Japan government broke down in 1467, new government replaced it. 7) Infantry with spears and muskets replaced mounted Samurais. 8) Japan encouraged Jesuits, but banned it in 1600. 9) By 19th century, it was welcomed again. 10) In opposition to the Ottomans, Shah Abbas I allied with Europeans. 11) Iran isolated itself. 12) India also embraced West’s ways.