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Република Србија Министарство животне средине и просторног планирања
2007
ИЗВЕШТАЈ О СТАЊУ ЖИВОТНЕ СРЕДИНЕ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ
Агенција за заштиту животне средине
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,
,
7 411 569
,
. .
(
)
,
.
60%
,
Corine Land Cover
; ; ; . 9. CORINE LAND COVER
1990.
1990
CLC
2000.
2000 (h )
(h )
(%)
(h )
(%)
301
0.004
0
301
0.004
209627
2.700
3976
213603
2.7536
17393
0.224
425
17818
0.230
4214
0.054
-27
4187
0.054
1990.-2000. , 2.928% 2.987%, 0.05%. , ,
Corina land cover 0.07%.
:
,
2003.
. .
37
,
, 2007. 2007.
48
(99.8%),
a
.
, (99.4%).
(88.8%) , 83.2%
. , (11%).
, . 29.1%
,
,
: 98.2%
,
, (7%)
(
95.2%
( 1%).
(
5%).
57.1%)
. 18.2%. 10.
38
, 2007.
1.2 30.3
( m 2)
1.1 29.3
1.3 31.9
% 99.8 95.2 92.2 85.3
99.9 99.4 98.2 93.3
99.6 88.8 83.2 73.4
% 85.6 90.5 87.9
90.3 97.3 94.2 % 36.2 12.5 34.3 8.3
21.8 8.6 54.2 7.1
8.6%
38
, .
(54.2%)
-
. , 7.1%
2002.-2007.
,
78.6 80.3 78.5 0.3 2.7 84.1 5.3
(21.8%),
, 2007.
49
1%.
.
7.2%
22%
7%
9% 7% ,
1%
) 54% 47.
. ,
39
2007.
(
).
,
(17.4%) 2.3%
,
; 40%
(26%)
.
.
11.
(
93.6 0.3 6.1 -
)
,
,
.
3%
39
26.1 40.1 2.1 9.3 17.4 2.6 2.2 0.1 0.1 .
,
.
44.4%
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.
97%
24 .
(55.6%)
.
,
–
.
2002.-2007. 2007.
, 50
; .40
,
,
56.9 43.1
48.7 51.3
. 12.
77.8 22.2
. (
,
41.7 58.3
52.1 47.9
76% 3.2%, 3%, .).
.
88%
.
3%
,
,
2%,
,
56.6 43.4
1.4%,
,
, 12%
3%
,
40%
. ,
21%
27%
46%
,
48.
40 41
– ,
(
2002.-2007. 72 11 310308 2007.
)
2007.
41
, 51
5%
1% 2%
4%
3% 40%
10%
4% 5%
15%
5%
6%
,
,
,
,
49.
181
.
( ,
(
3.84%
,
2007.
42
)
60%
3%
,
)
. (
)
,
. .
, .
42
,
72
.
11 310308 2007.
52
(
.
)
.
.
,
. 2002.
25%.
2007.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
. 2000.
. .43
Corina land cover (CLC) CLC
,
1990.
,
,
,
0,40 0,35 0,30
0,20
%
0,25
0,15 0,10 0,05
-0,05
11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14
0,00
CLC 11 12 13 14
, , 50.
43
CORINA LAND COVER
Urban sprawl in Europe, EEA Report, No 10/2006. 2007.
53
,
,
,
.44
,
,
.
51.
, -1950.
,
44
,
( %)
,
, .
, 1990.)
.
, ,
,
. ,
Urban sprawl in Europe, EEA Report, No 10/2006. 2007.
54
%
,
52.
2005.
45
45
Sustainable consumption and production in South East Europe and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, report, 2007. 2007.
55
2007.
56
2007.
57
2007.
58
-
.
PALIC
46.0
KIKINDA
SOMBOR
;
45.5 ZRENJANIN N.SAD VRSAC B.Karlovac
45.0
. ,
, INC
SR.MITR.
BEOGRAD
-
44.5
S.PALANKA
VALJEVO 44.0
UNFCCC;
V.GRADISTE
LOZNICA
43.5
NEGOTIN
ZAJECAR
POZEGA ZLATIBOR KRALJEVO
KRUSEVAC NIS
KOPAONIK
SJENICA 43.0
;
C.VRH
Kragujevac CUPRIJA
DIMITR.
LESKOVAC PEC
42.5
PRISTINA VRANJE
-
PRIZREN 42.0
,
.19.0
19.5
0
.
2
20.0
4
6
20.5
8
21.0
10
7.
12
21.5
14
22.0
16
18
22.5
20
22
NO2, Gg, , 1999-2003.
53. ,
23.0
1999 - 2006. P
46
47
Gg
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
SOx
46
Pollution;
NOx
; EMEP protocol-Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
47
2007.
59
GHG Pollution-CLRTAP(1986. (2007. : 1. , 6.
, 10. .
,
. )
, 4.
EMEP ). CLRTAP , 2. , 7.
.
: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air (1987. ) UNFCCC (1997. ) , 3.
, 5. , 8.
11.
, 9.
.
UNFCCC
8.
SO2 ,
2006.
. .
INC
UNFCCC,
48
, , ,
INC.
. 48
UNFCCC,
10 X 10 km
, 2007.
60
CLRTAP
UNFCCC. ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
CLRTAP UNFCCC
. :
, ,
.
,
.
.
2007.
61
2007.
62
;
,
,
:
;
;
9.
3
3751
m
,
87% ,
.
(
).
54.
8%
92%
2007.
63
101/2005;
.
”,
("
. 59)
.
. . 39)
,
("
2002.
2010.
,
25 000
,
,
.
75%
16
1991. ,
.
75%
,
. 46/91, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 54/96 ,
. 135/04, , .
.49
",
9% 50% 75%. , ,
(
, ,
,
. , 25 000
. 7 227 km . 50
2.3 m
49 50
" 2004.
.
90%
, 250 000 , .
),
,
, 2001. ", The EU's CARDS Programme, European Agency for Reconstruction,
2007.
64
25%
35%
40%
55.
–
65%
1970.
1971. 1990.
.
,
. 1990. .
7 227 km
17% .
20% 35%
20% 25% PVC
56.
,
. .
389
m3
3362
.51
51
2005.
,
m
3
,
2007.
,
, 2005.
. 2007.
65
m3/
300 250 200
245
150 100 50 0
11,3 11,3
8
53,4
41
7,3
11
57.
(1998)
77500
N t/ P t/
t/
5 t/
11000
15300
12400 2800 1800
500
1900
650
58.
(1998)
N t/ P t/
4000
4000
5 t/ 2800
t/
2200
2000
1750
600
440 150
300 100
332 150
475 153
59.
(1998)52,
52
,
(1998)
,
,
, .
,
(Danube River Basin Pollution Reduction), , UNDP, 1998. 2007.
66
,
,
:
, ,
; .
,
. .
(Direktiva 91/271/EEC) , 20.
53
5 ( t/
700000
)
600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
1990
1995
2000
60.
(
1990. :
,
,
,
2000. ,
,
;
5)
1998. ;
:
:
,
,
,
,
.
.
53
Changes in organic matter emissions from all sources in regions of Europe between 1990 and 2000. EEA ETC/WTR based on Member States data reported to OECD / EUROSTAT Joint Questionnaire 2002. 2007.
67
2007.
68
1.73
, 2006.
1.04
; ;
60%;
0.63 kg,
2006.
230 kg;
;
,
10.
.
61.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 -100
101 -500
501 - 1000
1000 -
N.P.
(m)
2007.
69
2007. ,
,
,
.
. ,
.
31.
95 %
,
.
2007.
. :
1.73 ,
, 2006.
;
1.04
; 60%; 2006. 230 kg.
0.63 kg,
,
.
. .
,
.
. ,
.
2007.
70
11.
12.
2007.
71
13.
14.
2007.
72
, 2006.
,
2
oko 4
800
700
.
60%. 2006. 220 kg. ,
,
,
.
15.
2006.
. ,
0.6 kg,
,
,
,
220 kg
(kg/
/god.)
54
, .
54
2007.
73
2007.
74
. ,
; ( ) 1990. 1.1% ;
- 2000.
,
, 3 947 ha. 8
473 ha. 1 975 ha. ha.
2 343
16. CLC2000 62.
55
CLC
2000.
; 1%
; 0%
; 3%
; 38%
; 57%
55
2007.
75
Corine 2000.
) (Eionet). IMAGE2000 . ,
,
. Corine Land Cover 2000 (CLC2000)
.
.
Corine Land Cover CLC2000
.
44
Corine Land Cover CARDS "
, "
,
.
,
.
.
2005.-2006.
. 13. CORINE LAND COVER
2000.
ha
%
1 111 112 121 122 123 124 131 132 133 141 142
301 213 603 17 818 1 078 208 1 910 8 089 968 414 4 187 2 128
0.0039 2.7536 0.2297 0.0139 0.0027 0.0246 0.1043 0.0125 0.0053 0.0540 0.0274
1 988 398 11 813 10 882 194 888 1 228 139
25.6330 0.1523 0.1403 2.5124 15.8323
983 344
12.6766
2 211 221 222 231 242 243 3 2007.
76
ha 311 312 313 321 324 331 332
,
,
333 334
%
2 068 418 81 797 116 118 217 690 474 503 1 964 163 20 176 642
26.6646 1.0545 1.4969 2.8063 6.1170 0.0253 0.0021 0.2601 0.0083
21 176
0.2730
62 132 24 234
0.8010 0.3124
4 411 5 511 512
)
.
884 ha
29
44
(
Corine Land Cover 56% , (1%)
40%
3%,
CLC2000 ,
1.1%
1990. Corine Land Cover )
.
(
.
2000. 1990.
. 83 .
(ha) 7000 2000 -3000
112 121 122 131 132 133 141 142 211 221 222 231 242 243 311 312 313 321 324 331 334 411 511 512
-8000
(ha) -13000 63.
ha. 1975 ha, 1990.-2000.
CLC
,
3 947 ha. . .
1990-2000.
8473
, 119 ha 2 343 ha,
. 2007.
77
Corine Land Cover .A
1990.
,
.
)
1.1%
CLC2000 224 ha
2000. ( .
23 1990.-2000.
, .
48 %
917
0.3 %
.
1990.-2000.
23 .
2007.
,
36 %
78
(
,
,
);
, ,
,
.
17.
.
, , 1195
30
, 203 .
,
,
2.
2007.
79
,
,
,
.
(
,
, :
,
).
,
; , ,
; ;
,
,
;
; ; ,
,
,
,
.
.
, 56
,
).
(
,
,
, .
,
, .
,
.
.
. ,
, .
,
.
,
. : ;
56
B.Karadži , and A.Mijovi (eds) 2007. Environment in Serbia, an indicator based review. Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection – Environment Protection Agency. 2007.
80
,
,
,
; ,
; .
,
700
, ,
19%
,
279
14%
,
. 420
.57
8%
14% 72%
6%
64.
,
, .
4000
,
,
12000. 58
, , .
,
.
,
, .
89 , Lamiaceae ( 41 ), Asteraceae (40), Apiaceae (20), Ranunculaceae (19), Scrophulariaceae (17), Malvaceae (15), Rosaceae (15), Brassicaceae (10), Polygonaceae (10).
57
58
, .,
, .,
, . 2000.
,
Donnelly, R, Helberg, U.,
.
: Flora and Fauna International , . 2003. – 1: . Southeast Europe Enterprise Development (SEED) i Corporate Citizenship Facility (CCF) 2007.
.
81
, ,
,
.
.
,
14.
Lamiaceae Asteraceae Apiaceae Ranunculaceae Scrophulariaceae Malvaceae Rosaceae Brassicaceae Polygonaceae (1993.
, .
, 644
. 59
,3
"
: Petasites hybridus ( Vaccinium myrtillus (
, 15 ,
10
,
,
I 427
, .60 .
,
2007.
94 ,
.61
) – 68.000 kg; ) – 23.500 kg; ) – 39.472 kg;
Althaea officinalis (
) – 7.000 kg;
Rana esculenta (
) – 1.000 kg.
91
122
182
Lactarius deliciosus (
2007.
, 215
2005.
. 22/07).
2007.
), ,
, ("
41 40 20 19 17 15 15 10 10
.
2007.
,
.
59
(1993)
60 61
2007.
.
: 2007.
82
,
,
,
,
,
,
; ,
; ;
.
. .
,
. 1992.
,
, ,
2001.
.
.
. ,
,
2010.
. , ,
,
,
, 2001.
. .
,
, .
, .
2007.
( .
),
1971. )
1979.
,
,
,
)
,
.
,
, . 1992.
, , .
2007.
2000,
83
2007.
84
POP ,
, ; ,
,
,
;
,
. ;
,
IPPC
IPPC
)/
IPPC
18. PCB
; ,
180.000
-
kg
65.
160.000 140.000 120.000
;
100.000
-
80.000 60.000 40.000
,
20.000
.
,
0
2007.
85
(Persistent Organic Pollutants - POPs) , , , . . . , .
,
.
,
( - United Nations GEF (Global Environmental Facility),
Environmental Programme), "
- POP
",
.
POP
,
. .
,
,
,
POP
,
. ,
:
,
(PCDD)
;
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(PAH); (PCB); (HCB). ,
,
,
, (PCDD)
p-
. 2.3.7.8-TCDD.
.
, PAH PAH
,
10
, 75
(PCDF) PCDD 135
(PAH)
,
.
.
PCDF.
,
.
. .
(PCB)
. 2007.
209 86
-
,
(
10 ,
.
. PCB ,
(HCB)
,
, PCP, ,
).
.
284.79. , .).
HCB
1945.
, HCB .
,
C6Cl6, (
.
,
.
,
.
15.
. .
,
– .
– . ,
PCDD/F
-
/
28.517 58.017
0.107 0.102
0.000 30.116
0.650 0.054
25.411 107.130
54.685 195.419
32.534
0.208
0.116
0.653
128.541
162.046
86.534
0.208
30.116
0.704
132.541
250.103
,
,
. .
,
164 .
PAH 2006.
PAH-
.
16.
-
) 13905 17 39 13961 2007.
87
PAH-
.
PCB PCB
.
2006.
17.
PCB
2006.
) 144 0 0 144 PCB
,
.
HCB HCB
2006. 18.
HCB
2006.
) 81.50 0.01 0.23 81.74
,
.
, ,
.
. PCB-
PCB,
C12H(10-x)Clx.
XIX o
,
130
,
.
(1864.
)
,
, 209
.
.
,
,
, 90 %
PCB-
.
PCB- .
. PCB- .
(
2007.
) .
, , 88
,
,
2007.
,
),
,
.
"
PCB.
,
(
.
-
PCB.
"
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,
, ",
"
.
.
,
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", "
",
PCB
.
PCB
.
19.
PCB
(t) 1 2 3
767 4394 41
3.304 172 3.2
,
.
PCB 20.
PCB
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3
,
%).
. . . PCB-
,
,
,
PCB- .
90 121
/
50
,
PCB-
. PCB ,
27 4003
,
. (
(
),
PCB- ,
PCB- . PCB-
2003.
,
,
1
11.3 %
,
PCB
.
,
.
2007.
89
,
. .
,
.
.
,
, .
. ,
. .
,
. 60.000 t/g (
). 13.000-14.000 t/g.
. , (
,
,
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,
,
.
,
(C6H6Cl6)
. DD 9 ,
,
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:
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. ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
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):
; ; ; ; ; ; 2007.
90
. ,
119 (
,
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,
65
,
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,
1kg/m3)
. 21.
(kg) 2.310 122.371 36.415 161.096
(l)
kg
3.940 45.009 6.520 55.469
6.250 167.380 42.935 216.565
14
.
22.
(kg)
(l)
250 2.060 2.310
kg
200 3.740 3.940
.
450 5.800 6.250 .
12
2 12 14
23.
. 1 2 3
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"
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4 5 6
"
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,
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,
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, ,
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." "
"
" " " "
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. kg 1
80
0
80
8
0
8
166
0
166
4
560
564
47
0
47
3.200
0
3.200
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0 0 0 1.500 0 2.060
16 1 17 1.500 200 5.800 91
2
.
. 24.
. 1 2
" ,
(kg) 0 200 200
. ,
39.350
(l) 250 0 250
. kg 250 200 450
. ,
128
.
. ,
. ,
, 15 kg,
a
,
, 0.1-5 kg. 27.193
(
,
112 t.
1944-1989.
.
,
. ,
. ,
2
DD
12
.
,
.
,
: ,
, ,
; ,
,
,
;
. .
POP
.
2007.
92
,
. ,
, .
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,
. PCB-
. PCB-
,
PCB- .
.
P
,
, /
,
,
.
20
4500
,
1986.
,
. .
2000 g ,
, .
,
4000 g ,
,
.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
66. E
2007.
93
2007.
94
2007.
95
2007.
96
,% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
2007. , 80 %
,
. , 43% ; 2007. 9.3%,
2.4%, ,
,
;
,
-
SO2
NO2
,
.
67.
2007. AQI_S_07
,
2007. ,
, 80 % ,
;
,
2007. , ,
,
,
, ;
.
3
(85 µg/m ),
,
,
2007.
, 51
,
;
68.
; 2002.
.
;
,
Ambrosia artemisifolia.
,
,
,
2007.
100 Kum. ver., %
;
-
,
2007.
,
,
43 % .
,
DS- ,
,
,
10 1 0,1
0,01 1
GVI-NO2
2007.
10
100 µg/m3 GVISO2
1000
10000
NO2 GVI-SO2
97
. ("
"
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2006.
23/2006).
2006. 2007.
,
(" ,
.
: ; ; .
2007. 2007.
2007.
g/m3, 262 g/m3,
, 182 g/m3
10 (
),
. , 50 g/m3,
) 53 g/m3.
( 109 8
) 356 g/m3, 225 g/m3),
.
,
, 150 g/m3, 17 ,
(
279 g/m3, 190 g/m3.
2007.
2007.
, 1635 (
.
98
25.
SO2, SO2
3
. .
. . 54 .
. .
.
62
1–
-
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j ;6-
.
SO2( g/m3)
.
SO2( g/m3)
1
62
( g/m ) 2007.
1
4
0
33
1
16
0
52
3
5
0
83
6
182
109
1635
3
9
0
52
6
200
151
957
3
24
0
144
2
8
0
61
1
4
0
28
1
16
0
98
3
22
0
96
2
12
0
59
1
5
0
28
2
14
2
190
1
4
0
34
2
25
1
176
1
14
0
76
2
14
0
36
3
14
0
71
2
3
0
44
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11
0
36
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5
0
38
4
44
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9
0
81
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24
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152
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15
0
66
4
31
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142
1
17
0
65
1
35
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163
1
17
0
83
1
53
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356
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13
0
84
1
33
2
225
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15
0
113
1
15
0
86
1
13
0
60
2
34
8
279
1
13
0
66
1
23
1
174
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5
0
30
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15
0
60
1
11
0
52
1
32
0
79
1
18
0
84
.
.
.
,2–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
;4-
99
.
. .
.
54
-
-
.
1
-
.
.
-
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
( g/m3) 3
69.
(
SO2 ( g/m )
2007.
) (
2007. ( (
- 72 g/m3,
2007. ) 198
,
- 53 g/m3) (
.
) (
2007.
. , 50 g/m3, ) 52 g/m3.
) (
.
, 50 g/m3,
) 145. .
–
384 g/m3, 306 g/m3.
–
. .
2007. 333 g/m3,
2007.
(
) -
399 g/m3, 323 g/m3,
100
26.
(
),
63
( g/m3) 2007.
. .
. . 54
.
.
63
1–
-
j
"3-
.
( g/m3)
.
( g/m3)
1
7
1
74
6
7
1
55
3
14
6
118
1
8
1
79
3
26
60
130
2
26
30
173
1
7
0
47
2
19
30
173
1
8
1
67
2
27
60
207
1
6
0
49
2
53
97
384
1
5
0
44
2
72
198
399
1
5
0
37
2
21
29
116
3
22
26
96
2
26
52
149
3
26
39
134
2
32
63
176
4
52
145
175
1
13
14
92
1
23
31
333
1
5
0
39
1
26
43
323
1
18
19
178
1
11
3
73
1
12
10
120
1
3
0
21
1
14
20
201
2
35
51
306
1
2
0
15
1
14
19
136
1
9
16
107
1
8
1
63
2
24
34
202
1
18
15
145
1
8
2
69
1
7
0
33
1
12
12
100
.
,2–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
;4-
101
.
-
-
.
.
. .
-
-
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
( g/m3) 3
70.
( g/m )
2007.
2007. 2007. 60 g/m3. –
NO2 ,
2007. ,
–
52 g/m3 .
20
,
.
– –
–
54 g/m3, 47 g/m3. 27 17
.
2007.
, 85 g/m3, ,
6
.
102
27.
NO2, NO2
3
. 54
.
.
.
NO2( g/m3)
.
NO2( g/m3)
1
64
( g/m ) 2007.
3
23
1
100
1
6
0
18
3
3
0
20
1
12
0
48
3
18
0
49
2
54
20
192
3
8
1
133
2
38
7
200
3
20
6
65
1
12
0
46
3
26
0
63
1
5
0
11
4
42
17
110
1
17
1
93
4
47
27
206
1
14
0
63
4
52
16
239
1
11
0
66
1
20
0
66
1
5
0
19
1
20
0
59
1
10
0
61
1
7
0
35
2
14
0
67
1
12
1
95
1
6
0
23
1
7
0
30
1
12
0
67
1
24
0
84
. 3
g/m3. 64
1–
239 g/m ,
-
j
"3-
2007. 206 g/m3,
–
,2–
–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
– 200
;4-
103
. .
54 -
.
.
-
1
0
10
20 ( g/m3)
30
40
50
3
71.
NO2 ( g/m ) 2007.
2007. 28.
65
j
"
E
60
. 2
E
(mg/m 2007.
)
65
2007 91.0 306.1 165.5
2007 149.0 711.5 246.4
213.2
109.7
339.3 284.8 378.5 188.0 218.0 196.8 218.2 185.6 100.0 141.3
95.1 238.9 108.3 84.6 112.3 237.4 301.7 114.1 182.2 133.9
.
2007.
" 104
. ,
2007.
,
200 mg/m2
,
- 306.1 mg/m2 ,
),
.
,
,
(
22 ,
,
2007. AQI_S_07 . ,
,
.
.
,
2007. 1 ,
10. ,
,
AQI
,
AQI.
1
.
AQI, ,
,
,
"
.
, AQI,
.
AQI.
"
2007. .
"
".
, ", "
". " S_07".
0-25 0-35 0-20 0-12
26-50 36-75 21-43 13-25
", " , (
29.
AQI_S_07 SO2 NO2
AQI_S_07
", " .
,
µg/m3 150 85 50
6
AQI,
,
.
5, .
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
AQI_S_07.
" 29). AQI_S_07
51-75 76-150 44-85 26-50
2007.
76-100 151-250 86-150 51-100
>100 > 250 > 150 > 100
105
2007. , 2007.
,
,
.
Kum. ver., %
100 10 1 0,1 0,01 1
10
100 µg/m3
1000
GVISO2
GVI-NO2
10000
NO2 GVI-SO2
72. ,
2007.
AQI_S_07, 2007. , 80 % , 43 %
:
.
, ,
4.4 %,
, ,
. 11.6 % 9.3 2.4 %. 1.9 2.6 %.
19.5 %
,
-
.
,% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
SO2
73.
NO2
2007.
2007.
AQI_S_07
106
30.
9.3%, , 2007.
2007.
2.4%,
AQI_S_07
SO2
NO2
80.1
53.9
43.3
11.0
33.2
25.5
4.4
11.6
19.5
2.0
1.1
9.3
2.6
0.2
2.4
66
2007.
.
,
.
,
,
-
. 2007.
.
,
2007.
.
a ,
,
.
, (
)
.
,
.
. 2006.
2007.
2006.
".
,
2007.
,
2007.
,
, .
.
11_
66
, %,
,
,
.
, AQI_S_07
2007. 2007.
107
(
.
2007.
).
.
.
1.5 m/s,
2.5 m/s.
,
, 2007.
8.3 %.
0.3 m/s.
. ,
.
.
, .
,
.
,
.1_
. ,
, 2.3 %,
360 340
10
20
6.0 5.0
320 310
330
40 50 60
280 270
90
260
100
250
200
190
170
160
50 60 70
1.0
80
270
0.0
90
260
100
250
110
240
120
230 220
130 140 210
40
0.5
120
230 220
30
280
110
240
20
1.5
290
80
10
2.0
70
2.0 1.0 0.0
2007.
2.5
300
3.0
290
340
360 350 3.0
320 310
30
4.0
300
. .1_
2007.
3507.0
,
.
, 16.5 %,
330
,
130 140 210
150
C = 8.3 %
200
190
170
160
150
180
180
74.
36
;
1_
, 2007.
3 -3_
.
,
25 %. .
,
(
). :
. 18. 2007.
. 4. 108
31. -3
PM10, µg/m3 .
.
Ben, µg/m3
42 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
94
-
-
52.3
. %
.
.
.
.
, > 120
.
. . %
143 115 73 61 40 41 31 70 92 133
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84
28.7 48.5 85.6 86.4 92.1 72.1 34.4 29.1 30.8 43.8 44.5
40 67 135 136 129 126 57 56 63 98 118
0 0 12 16 21 16 0 0 0 2 2
55 97 81 100 52 100 71 100 57 100 63 45
402 395 395 388 382 403 -
432 413 420 401 411 439 -
75 84 77 94 100 97 100 100 94 100 100
67.2 148 64.5 190 46.7 79 36.1 62 35.9 59 37.9 75 39.1 75 35.0 64 59.3 137 63.9 203 78.0 212
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3
39 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 53 68 100 100
4.5 5.5 8.0 7.0 8.2 9.1 8.2 4.4 4.2
9 11 11 10 10 15 12 10 13
146
0
93
53.1
136
69
80
389
439
85
50.8
11
87
6.5
15
100.6 146
88.5 77.3 42.5 28.0 25.6 27.3 21.3 41.1 61.2 66.5
%
.
.
.
.
, > 85
%
.
.
.
.
, > 150
%
.
.
.
.
,
.
CO2, ppm
.
NO2, µg/m3
.
SO2, µg/m3
2007.
.
212
,
10.
32007.
, .
. m-
).
4%
,
(
10
2007. 3_
,
20 %.
.
,
10, .
2007.
.
.
.
2007.
109
70
3
,%
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
SO2
NO2
PM10
75. 3_
:
,
2007.
,
.
. 150 µg/m3.
2007.
,
)
,
.
N
.
(
.
,
.
,
,
2
. 85 µg/m3,
,
(150 µg/m3).
:
.
,
,
),
,
. ,
.
2007.
110
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
mg/m3
2007
76.
(
2003.-2007.
. 70
)
mg/m3
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
77.
. , .
2007.
7
2003.-2007.
,
.
,
.
, .
2007.
,
111
mg/m3 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 h 1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 NO2
O3 78.
(N 2)
,
,
.
N
.
32.
2007. µg/m3)
0 0 0 1 0 0
42 70 76 132 102 78 ,
(85 µg/m3). 18.07.2007.
2
,
.
Ma . 1h µg/m³
2
N
.
3>85 µg/m³
2
(NMVOC) .
. 3
2007.
N
3
2007.
3>85 µg/m³ 1 0 0 8 0 0
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 142 143 147 277 149 128
3>85 µg/m³ 1 0 0 0 0 0
51
2007.
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 109 70 52 51 41 58
3>85 µg/m³ 2 6 4 12 15 1
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 92 94 92 245 265 136
(277 .
112
substances)
,
1990-
.
CSI 006 (Core set indicators)
(European Environment Agency) . DS- ,
.
CFC 1211, H-1301
1995-1997.
( DS-Ozone depleting -
, H-2402 ) 2010.
. .
,
5., I ( R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, R-115 ) 2009. . , , , .
5.,
,
II ( H-
,
,
,
,
2010.
,
: 1999.
"
;
2005.
,
2007.
,
420
125
2010.
(
2010. (45 ).
50 % (
);
,
01. ) 2009.
(85
"
85 %
(
);
,
, ."
- 2008.
" (Essential use exemptions). , , ).
, .
,
, , 1995.
. 2007.
,
CFC
,
(Chlorofluorocarbons)
,
.
2007.
113
t 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
0
1995
100
79.
CFC
2002. . . 20
.
, 50 km
.
.
3.
2007.
114
33.
2007. .
m3
,
,
45 43
61 51
45 34
58 55
429 127
955 214
215 61
812 189
41 11
95 20
28 5
119 13
132
116
97
114
5835
3715
1533
2036
573
601
152
221
33 67 76 69 91 76 44 23 38 59 97 75 181 57 101 63 149
51 62 35 65 100 65 37 38 43 46 66 54 188 45 112 53 185
48 48 52 51 74 47 42 23 36 77 43 59 146 50 68 102 106
77 63 58 56 82 79 40 27 31 38 62 92 174 27 81 49 160
130 806 661 1382 1163 2035 455 308 752 385 767 399 2363 163 332 124 4387
179 5234 1935 2612 1416 3449 647 3031 322 1051 542 259 1927 198 374 95 4983
60 609 234 439 240 737 52 107 238 205 340 444 1012 98 126 337 1522
771 1348 377 599 438 2460 379 217 196 299 631 869 1059 42 127 68 3618
6 81 40 117 63 276 57 70 98 32 93 47 104 27 16 10 191
18 566 680 462 219 430 168 540 36 223 71 17 76 35 11 5 199
3 56 21 36 26 98 25 21 28 14 55 38 96 15 7 35 74
77 157 28 70 30 240 90 34 29 28 111 44 50 4 5 5 195
122
107
76
112
585
572
204
819
27
24
17
40
92 122 46
85 93 33
69 81 35
68 100 33
697 4209 5119
649 6618 2805
189 826 782
502 8514 2718
39 217 1236
39 552 264
13 70 89
81 604 496
,
,
,
,
, je jo 15
20%
( ,
,
,
) ,
" ,
,
:
.
(
),
,
.
" ,
/m3
,
,
,
,
. ).
(
, ,
.
24 ,
,
,
).
( ,
,
,
2007.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
115
o je
(IAA). )
).
1.
(
(
,
. 34. 4
5
,
6
7
2
1
3
1
8
9
,2007.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
1 3
5
3
6
4
3 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
2 7 5 6
1
1
2 6 2 6
2 2 2 6
4
1 4
2
3
3
1 1
4
7
2
7
5
1
2
3
2
1
3
7
7
7
3
2
1
6
5
2
2 6
6
7
2
7
7
5
3
: ,
4
35.
,
3
4
5
6
4
2
2
2
1
2
5
7
8
9
1 3
4
,2007.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
1 4
2
1
5
6 1
7 4 1
7 3 4 1
2
2
1
1 1 6 6 6
7 4 7
3
3
7
7
1
2
5
1
1
7
1
5
1
7
1 1
1
2
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
6
7
4
3
7
6
2 2
7
4 7
7
5
7
7
4
7
7
7
3
2
:
4
,
,
.
,
,
: ,
,
,
(Hirst, 1952). m3 15
m
3
. .
30 2007.
m3
, 116
: ; .
;
.
. (
Berrckley
)
130
: ''
''.
, ,
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. ,
Ambrosia artemisiifolia. XIX
.
,
.
4. AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA
,
,
.
.
, 1908. 1953.
,
50% 20% 30% 80.
.
,
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 2007.
117
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
. ,
. .
,
.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia .
,
,
: ,
; ;
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
. ,
).
. ,
,
2007.
. ,
2007.
AQI_S_07.
2.4%,
(
, , 80 % , 43 %
AQI_S_07 ,
,
:
.
2007.
,
. 2007.
9.3%,
118
, 2007.
,
.
,
,
-
. 2007.
.
,
2007. 2007.
.
. ,
,
.
, CFC-
1996.
2007.
1990.
.
, .
,
,
. Ambrosia artemisifolia.
,
, 2005. 10
,
19.
.
:
;
-
,
.
,
.
.
-
2007.
119
, . ,
,
E (European Environment Information and Observation Network) , .
EIONET
.
. ( IAA).
2007.
120
,
,
:
;
(
.
, ); "
"; "
,
" ; ''
''.
20. WATER QUALITY INDEX-A
.
SERBIAN WATER QUALITY INDEX 134 . .
SERBIAN 67
2007. WQI .
81.
(2007. SERBIAN WATER QUALITY INDEX
)
16%
2% 7% 17%
eo
58%
67
Web
SWQI
(htto://www.sepa.sr.gov.yu) 2007.
121
,
(Pressure)
(Water Framework Directive, WFD, 2000) (Impact)
,
(Driving force), ,
. ,
,
,
.
, .
1992.
.
,
.
. , : (1) , (5)
(8)
.
, (2)
5, (6)
.68
,
I, IIa, IIb, III IV
, (9) 11
1978.
,
.
, : (12) .
, (15)
, (3) pH, (4)
, (7)
, (10)
, (11)
,
, .
% 2, (13)
,
, (14)
. , 7,
,
24
.
24
68
,
6/78
,
. ,
95%
, 2007.
122
,
24 . 5
95%
%
,
.
, 24
.
2001.-2007. ,
. 69 5
mg/l).
(mg/l),
NH4-N, mg/l),
(
.
5,
(
(N 3-N, mg/l)
,
,
.
, 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
5)
.
,
(P 4-P,
,
.
121
o ,
.
69
.
96
.
.
, 20 (19
5)
21
,
5
, 5
– 3. 2007.
,
56 45
2007.
, 123
1,8 NO3-N (mg/l)
1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (121) (56) (45) (20)
BPK-5 (mg/l)
82.
(2001.-2007.
)
(2001.-2007.
)
(2001.-2007.
)
3,5 3,3 3,1 2,9 2,7 2,5 2,3 2,1 1,9 1,7 1,5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (96) (56) (21) (19)
PO4-P (mg/l)
83.
5
0,15 0,1 0,05 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (121) (56) (45) (20)
84.
2007.
124
NH4-N (mg/l)
0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (121) (56) (45) (20)
85.
(2001.-2007.
,
.
a(
(
(2001.-2007.
)
),
).
Water Quality Index (WQI)
.
,
.
,
.
)
.
(
.
"
. .
.
"
,
,
,
(
, ”
, "
,
”. "
,
).
.
Water Quality Index (WQI ,
-
"
.
Quality Index.
”
. ,
.
,
5,
. , pH 2007.
) ,
Water , 125
,
)
, (qi)
. 70
,
(wi)
(qi x wi)
.
100 ,
: I
84-85;
II
72-78;
III
48-63;
IV
37-38
.
WQI.
WQI
. :
WQI = 0 – 38
;
WQI = 39 – 71
;
WQI = 72 – 83
;
WQI = 84 – 89
;
WQI = 90 – 100
.
(
.
Water Quality Index , )
,
(WFD)
. .
,
75/440/EEC
. 71 : 1( 2(
, ,
,
,
,
. . );
); ,
70
Development of a Water Quality Index, Scottish Development Department, Engineering Division, Edinburgh, 1976. 71 , , , , 2005. 2007.
126
3(
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
, .
,
).
3
,
.
, .
WQI (WQI 1, 2, 3)
( 1, 2, 3).
,
36.
WQI
DIREKTIVA 5/440/EEC
/
WQImax qi x wi
A1
WQIA1 qi x wi
A2
WQIA2 qi x wi
A3
WQIA3 qi x wi
/ % O2 5 / mg/l / mg/l NH4
18 15 12 9 8 8 7 5 6 12 100
> 70 <3 0.05 6.5-8.5 1 0.4 25 22 1000 20
11 11 12 9-7 7 4 4 2 0 12 70
> 50 <5 1 5.5-9 2 0.7 25 22 1000 2000
6 7 3 5 6 1 4 2 0 10 44
> 30 <7 2 5.5-9 3 0.7 25 22 1000 20000
2 4 2 5 5 1 4 2 0 7 32
ph / mg/l N / mg/l P2O5 / mg/l o / C / s/cm E.Coli /MPN/ 100 ml (qi x wi) = WQI
2000.-2007. , Water Quality Index.
.72 (
–
),
, ) ( , 2000.-2006. Eurowaternet – Lakes Aggregation of station data WQI. , .
72
.
1
2 DIREKTIVA 75/440/EEC
).
WQI WQI.
,
– 3.
2007.
2000-2007,
127
100 90
WQI
80 70 60 50 40
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
A1
A2 86.
,
100 90
WQI
80 70 60 50 40 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
A1
A2 87.
WQI
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
A1
A2 88.
,
90 WQI
85 80 75 70
89.
WQI
2007.
2000.-2007.
128
, , II
,
, ,
.
2001.-2007. , , , I,
,
.
: ,
, I II
21.
WQI
134.5 km
2001.-2007.
WQI . .
,
(2007.
125.5 km ,
,
,
,
,
). (2007.
2007.
, .
).
129
WQI 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
WQI 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 2001
) 90.
,
,
,
,
.
( (
) )
114 km (
. 207 km
(2007. ,
,
).
,
I II
,
,
),
(2007.
2007.
.
).
130
WQI 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2004
2005
2006
2007
) WQI 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 2001
2002
91.
2003
,
,
( ,
,
I
.
.
)
. ,
WQI 81.
) (
, WQI
. 2001.-2007. WQI
,
WQI 84, I II,
2007.
. 2001.-2007. 77-84 WQI WQI
78,
77
131
WQI 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 2001
2002
2003
MEDIAN
2004
2005
2006
2007
Linear (MEDIAN)
92.
. 2006.
2007. WQI.
25%
25%
50% 2006. 2006. 2006. 93.
2001.-2007.
(2006.-2007.
,
)
WQI
.
2007.
132
22. WQI
2001.-2007.
, WQI.
,
,
. WQI 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
94.
2007.
. ,
2006
2007
,
, ,
2007.
. 133
WQI 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
) 95.
,
2007. . ( ) 2(
1(
,
,
)
,
).
WQI 86 81 76 71 66 61 56 51 46 41 36 31 26 2001
2002
2003
1(
2004
2005
)
2006
2007
2(
)
96.
,
,
.
1 2007.
(33 WQI). ,
.
,
, (
,
1
2
2
)
2007.
134
78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64
WQI
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
(
2007
)
97.
,
2007.
.
,
WQI 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 2001
2002
2003
Linear (
2004
)
2005
2006
Linear (
2007
)
98.
2001.2007.
WQI
,
(76 WQI).
2007. WQI.
2001.-2007. , . 2007.
2006.
2007.
,
.
135
22%
9%
69% 2006. 2006. 2006. 99.
WQI (2006.-2007.
)
WQI (2006.-2007.
)
8% 0%
92% 2006. 2006. 2006. 100.
-
2007.
.73 WQI. .
73
,
, 2008.
(
) .
WQI 77
2007. 2007.
,
(
1.2.3.4), 136
WQI 74,
2007. ) WQI 78
(
,
.
WQI 72,
23. WQI
,
,
. .
,
. 66 WQI
, ,
,
, ,
,
. .
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,
.
,
2001.-2007.
, ,
WQI 27
. , ,
, ,
.
. 2007.
137
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.
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.
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, ,
.
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.
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. .
)
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).
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.
,
,
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.
,
( 10 km2
20 km
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,
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).
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.
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.
2007.
.
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30
35
40
45 2005
50 2006
101.
55
60
65
70
75
2007 (2005.-2007.
2007.
80
)
139
, ,
.
.
,
,
, WQI 55
. .
3%
54%
43%
2006 2006 2006 102.
WQI
,
,
WQI
.
. 2006.
2007.
,
WQI
.
.
75%
,
m3
(512
m3
600 m
3
,
197 m
2006.
3
2007.
) .
, 659 462 m3
140
(
2021.
.)
.
m3
1.948
24%. 74
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
. ,
74
, 2001; 75
, .
,
7-44 m.
, ,
, -2 , 2005.
.75
6-15 m,
, – 3. 2007.
2007,
. 141
24.
2000.-2007. .
,
14 12 10 8
.
NO3-N (mg/l)
,
6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2007.
142
103.
,
,
( 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
.
42/98),
NO3
(mg/l)
.( 50.0 mg/l)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
104.
200 mg/l , .
(
,
42/98 44/99).
.
.
2007. ).
5
58%
, 1%
2007.
. 41%
2006. (96
143
41% 58% 1% 2006. 2006. 2006. 105.
(121
5 (2006.-2007.
35%
).
).
, 3%
86%
62% , 2%
)
(121
12%
35%
62% 3% 2006. 2006. 2006. 106.
(2006.-2007.
45%
55%
(121
)
).
.
(
5-
588 .
(
5-
96 ;
;
- 906
,
- 121 ;
2007.
; - 1140
- 121
)
)
144
3
-5 (mg/l)
2,5 2
1,5 1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(96) 107.
WCE rivers (588)
-5
(2001.-2007.
)
(2001.-2004. 76 )
PO4-P (mg/l)
0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(121)
WCE rivers (906)
108.
(2001.-2007.
) (2001.-2004.
)
2004.
(2001.)
NO3-N (mg/l)
10 8 6 4 2 0 2001 2002
2003
(121)
2004 2005
WCE rivers (1140)
109.
76
2006 2007
Europe's environment, The fourth assessment, EEA, 2007. (588) : , , , , , , , ,
(2001.-2007.
, 2007.
: ,
,
)
,
,
.
, 145
2007.
146
2007. ;
;
,
; ,
,
. 25.
-
110.
29%
27%
3%
3% 28%
2007.
7% 3%
147
,
. ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
2007. .
, .
VII
”
,
700 000 ha. ,
,
. , ,
,
,
, , -
"-
,
,
, .
,
,
.
: ,
0 – 30 cm.
,
-
.
.
,"
700
),
),
),
–
,
,
, (
,
,
( ("
,
"-
,
.
,
,
.
2007.
148
2.80-7.55,
,
22 %,
(pH<4.5) (pH 5.5-6.5) 27 %
(4.5-5.5) 26 %, (pH>6.5) 25 %.
26.
(pH nKCl)
-
,
). 24 % (8 %)
,
.
,
,
,
.
(
,
(<5% CaCO3)
(> 10% CaCO3)
, .
12%.
.
27.
18% .
49%
3%
CaCO3
0.1-12.72 %,
,
5%
. 2007.
149
28.
(<6 mg/100g), 12% . ,
(
,
10%
40mg/100g). , .
,
29.
.
8%
- 57% (6-10 mg/100g). ,
P2
5
(mg/100g)
( 12 mg/100g),
2007.
150
30.
, (<6.0mg/100g),
2.0).
(pH<4.0),
,
,
.
. . , ,
20 x 106 gr-1
,
,
0.67-63.33 x 106 gr-1 (73%)
,
31. -
Azotobacter-
2007.
58%
,
. .
Azotobacter
(mg/100g)
2
.
,
AZOTOBACTER -
. .
151
Cu Zn
B)
,
(As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, F)
Cr, Cu, Ni Pb .
1% 0.1
7 mg/kg).
1%
,
410 mg/kg (
. Cd 1.9%
Zn Hg
18.1 mg/kg). 3 mg/kg; 8.4%
( 1.7%
.
Cu.
32.
> 50 mg/kg, ,
Ni 100 mg/kg.
0.3 %
. 1.1 % ,
Ni
,
33.
Cr
(
0.6 295.5 mg/kg ( 100 mg/kg)
2007.
Cu (mg/kg)
.
Ni (mg/kg)
27.8 mg/kg). 1% .
152
34.
3 mg/kg,
8.4 %
, (Cd
1.9 %
2-3mg/kg.
Cd
.
Zn),
. (0.9%)
Cr (mg/kg)
.
,
35.
.
Pb (mg/kg)
2 mg/kg, .
2007.
153
36.
, , ,
Zn ( 5.4 %
.
.
, 10 mg/kg).
,
Hg (mg/kg)
Zn
.
37.
(
),
50mg/kg) ,
.
,
(5.4%) (
Zn (mg/kg)
,
1.4%
.
2007.
154
38.
55%
As (mg/kg)
0.1 300-700 mg/kg,
F 300 mg/kg, 42% 700 mg/kg. , ( 700 mg/kg),
1990.2 mg/kg. 3% .
,
. 25% .
,
(<0.5mg/kg), (61%). .
.
,
0.01
5.09 (
5.09 mg/kg).
,
,
,
5%
.
,
.
, VII -HCH, -HCH,
,
,
,
,
. ,
)
.
,
,
: 4.4 DDD, 4.4 DDE, 4.4 DDT, , , 18 ( -HCH,
,
,
. DDT- ( ),
,
13
,
, -HCH, ,
POP-
.
,
. ), , 2007.
HCH/ ,
( . 155
.
.
(
,
, ,
(
,
,
.
,
,
.
39.
..),
.
0.5 %)
.
,
-
, .
. 2007. 60
–
, 30
. 2007.
156
40.
,
,
,
9
,
, (PAU), (PCB).
DDT(60.0 g/kg) 4
6
16
23/1994) . 53.9 - 67.6 mg/kg.
10
,
, , , C10 – C40)
(16 (Ni). 53.9 - 134.6 mg/kg.
,
–
:
, (
32 –
.
,
: 0.10 0.50 m. : pH , ,
,
)
(110.9 mg/kg). 2
:
– (15.0 g/kg).
. 51.4 - 87.8 mg/kg.
(5
) ,
(366.6 mg/kg). (148.9 mg/kg),
(4.7 mg/kg), (8 -
(
)
(81.2 mg/kg) 2007.
157
(Pb 117. 4 mg/kg Zn 537.9 mg/kg). DDT- . (1 .
,
(8574.3 mg/kg -
,
,
:
)
,
,
.
10 cm). 80
%
70
10cm
60
50cm
50 40 30 20 10 U
E
PA
T
111.
DD
DD
Zn
Cd
Cu
Pb
Ni
0
MDK
10 cm
50 cm
2007. , (DDT,
, PAU).
(Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) ,
.
DDT.
2007.
, ”
,
”.
2007.
158
41.
30 cm
,
CaCO3,
a .
,
25-30 0-5 cm.
.
a )
(pH, .
. 37.
pH u KCl
u H2 O
CaCO3 %
1 2 3 4 5
7.31 7.35 7.23 7.43 7.52
8.05 8.27 8.20 8.23 8.32
2.13 16.18 2.55 8.94 13.19
6 7 8 9
7.37 7.22 6.13 6.61
8.15 8.04 7.35 7.72
14.47 12.77 0.57 0.57
AL-P2O5 mg/100g
AL-K2O mg/100g
0.207 0.245 0.213 0.228 0.166
115.5 32.2 84.5 48.6 84.7
22.04 55.93 26.95 19.04 43.18
0.196 0.294 0.206 0.216 ( 0.266 0.314
10.1 6.0 6.2 29.0
5.81 10.72 29.42 30.52
-
-
%
N%
2.78 3.58 2.87 3.32 2.23 2.64 4.58 2.78 3.14
.
-
-
10 11
6.35 7.38
7.43 8.06
1.28 14.47
3.89 4.90
2007.
)
159
,
.
-
23/1994. 38.
Cu mg/kg
Zn mg/kg
Co mg/kg
1 2 3 4 5
100.90 29.01 273.9 56.51 33.32
102.00 85.25 95.80 152.40 106.50
8.99 10.53 12.99 11.25 11.06
6 7 8 9
18.79 25.10 25.19 28.06
56.22 90.03 83.12 92.13
10 11 MDK
21.78 29.11 100.00
77.23 121.80 300.00
(mg/kg)
As mg/kg
Pb mg/kg
Cd mg/kg
Ni mg/kg
Cr mg/kg
8.30 10.90 17.27 11.77 11.82
32.16 21.68 39.47 31.36 98.78
0.41 0.46 0.52 0.60 0.43
27.63 36.14 43.18 47.75 45.07
34.16 42.94 45.87 45.96 45.60
8.84 10.88 13.93 14.96
Mn mg/kg 438.1 570.4 681.3 417.9 653.8 346.5 404.9 629.0 819.2
7.90 10.23 14.00 13.89
17.77 29.52 26.25 28.05
0.36 0.52 0.47 0.55
24.19 33.32 43.22 43.58
28.44 38.88 58.23 54.81
16.79 8.79 /
764.4 379.6 /
17.07 9.43 25.00
0.44 0.55 3.00
84.11 33.40 50.00
85.76 33.30 100.00
(
) 26.86 47.35 100.00
MDK . ,
, MDK
100mg/kg,
98.78 mg/kg.
,
.
, 273.90 mg/kg.
MDK
100mg/kg
. . 84.11 mg/kg. .
,
2007.
160
.
. (
. coli
.
,
,
(MDK)
PCB-
HCH
,
.
,
(0.035 mg/kg). ,
) .
PCB
DDT-
(PAH)
(PCB).
. 0.052 mg/kg.
. (0.039 mg/kg)
PAH-
MDK (0.1 mg/kg) 86 (0.537 mg/kg) DDT0.079 mg/kg.
(0.299 mg/kg). 0.008 mg/kg MDK (0.06 mg/kg) 54 % . HCH HCH
0.193 mg/kg.
,
.
( .
, 22.623 h .
,
e). .
130 895 m. , , 48.227 ha ( 500 m )
835 km2, ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ), .
(1
(2
).
(6
),
2007.
(2
),
. 2007. 14 )
(3
161
42.
,
,
, (PCB).
,
,
,
125.5 mg/kg
,
– ,
,
,
: pH
,
,
, (PAU)
Ni, Cr i Pb. (Ni). 6 . Cr (mg/kg) – 115.32 mg/kg 101.76 mg/kg. 193.86 mg/kg.
2007.
,
,
,
MDK Pb
162
200
mg/kg
150
100
50
0 1
2
3
4
5
Ni
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
Cr
Pb 112.
.
Ni, Cr
Pb
-
–
118.19 mg/kg.
, .
(Ni)
7
,
. ,
.
5.
"
, ".
,
2007.
163
43.
,
Cu
.
0-10, 10-30 ,
MDK
.
,
, ,
,
,
, 30-60 cm.
, ,
,
.
0-10 cm
.
,
.
Zn
.
, .
.
,
. .
2007.
164
2007. ,
,
,
. hot-spot .
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
, (COM 179 (2002)
.
, 2010: , 2002)
"
"(
.
,
.
,
6.
, 22. 2006. : Proposal of Directive of EU Parlament and of the Counciol establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC. 2007.
(Corine Land Cover 2000, ) ,
,
(JRC)
(MEUSIS). .
,
,
,
2007.
165
2007.
166
29 %;
)
35 %; 40 %;
.
44. CORINE LAND COVER
-
.
-
.
113.
.
,
, ;
2007.
167
Corine Land Cover 2000 ) . 37.72% ,
29.1 %
(
.
.
.
ha
3.61%
-
)
(
Cover.
(
,
91.27% (1.5%
(29.66% )
),
81 797
(%)
34.35%
) 1.4% (94.72% ) (3.46%
6.61%
, 2 252 400 ha
114.
(3.73%
29.2%
,
2 068 418 ha 5.12% ).
116 118 ha (1.05%
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
2 266 333 ha 2 126 099 ha 140 234 ha
(91.04% (5.23 % ).
CORINE LAND COVER 2000
)
, 1.97%
). , 0.23%
(
(1.82%
) 9.52%
25 ha, 2007.
6.26% ) 0.12%
Corine Land ) 88 %, 2.48%. Corine Land Cover . 168
.
Corine Land Cover
(
+
+
77
(324) :
; 311+ 312 + 313)
311 + 312 + 313 + 324 = 29.216 + 3.054 + 4.225 + 6.117 = 35.33 %
-
0 50 00 0 10 0 00 00 15 0 00 00 20 0 00 00 25 0 00 00 0
(ha)
115. KATE
2000.
45.17 % ,
9.19 %.
land
forested landscape. ,
,
,
,
. forested . .
: 311+312+313+0.5×324+0.33×243= 26.665+1.054+1.497+3.054+4.225= 36.5% , (
77
243).
(
324),
(311, 312 313)
-
Land accounts for Europe 1990-2000, EEA Report No 11/2006 2007.
169
36,5 63,5 116.
CORINE 2000
; 8,49
; ;
47,02
;
52,98
91,51
117.
CORINE 2000 78
:
,
311+312+313+324+0.33×243= 26.665+1.054+1.497+6.117+4.225= 39.5% 243.
Corine Land Cover
, 50-70 % 324 (0.5 %),
.
324
. 6% .
3xx
.79
38.4%.
,
-
3xx
78
Corine Land Cover 2000 - Germany, 2005, by Manfred Keil, Ralph Kiefl, Gunter Strunz Corine land cover technical guide - Addendum 2000, 2000, Technical report No 40 by M. Bossard, J. Feranec and J. Otahel 79
2007.
170
,
,
118.
)
29%.
( 35 %. 40%. .
80
33%
ha.
800 000 ha ,
, 30
80 81
)
1-2% .
81
.
1990.-2005.
, 38 185
0.4%
. , 10%
2.5
Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests un Europe MCPFE, 2007 The Heritage Council, 2007 2007.
171
60
%
50 40 30 20 10 0
119.
90
Corine Land Cover ha
25 25%. .
2007.
172
,
.
. 3662
),
, (39%
. 51% .
, 40% , 74%
67%
45. IPA (IPA)
(IUCN)
, ,
.
82
. 120. IUCN)
( 83
100 80 60 40 20 0
%
a(
IUCN)
%
(
IUCN)
82
Stevanovi , V. 2005. IPAs in Serbia. In: Important plant areas in Central and Eastern Europe. Plant life International. 83 2007. , . UNDP, . 2007.
,
173
.
(
)
(
)
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
, .
Festuco-Brometea (
1194
2.6%
( )84.
1498
)
. .
.
, .
.
, albae ( ,
84
).
, . 2005. 2.
.
.
,
. 75.105.
, 2007.
. :
.
, Salicion albae Populion ,
(
.):
, 174
6.
, ,
–
. ,
,
500
.
1000 m.
.
,
.
, ,
. ),
(
(
, -
7).
7.
85
, 3662
),
, .
141
, .
766
(39% ,
85
B. Karadži , and A. Mijovi (eds) 2007. Environment in Serbia, an indicator based review. Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection – Environment Protection Agency. , . , . ( ) 1995. , Ecolibri, . 2007.
175
, 1.6%
.
(59
).
,
),
8.06% (287
.
121.
586 3000,
6000
625
.
.
.
51%
. .
110 ,
(
),
,
,
,
122.
, 14
19
,
. 44
(40%
2007.
).
176
123.
360 .
,
94
(67%
74%
124.
),
.
.
125.
2007.
177
.
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
,
.
2.1%
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
, , 2000
,
,
,
.
.
2007.
178
2007.
179
2007.
180
.
PALIC
46.0
KIKINDA
SOMBOR 45.5
.
ZRENJANIN N.SAD
2007.
VRSAC B.Karlovac
45.0 SR.MITR.
,
.
18.
BEOGRAD 44.5
S.PALANKA
VALJEVO
2007.
V.GRADISTE
LOZNICA NEGOTIN
44.0
C.VRH
Kragujevac CUPRIJA
ZAJECAR
POZEGA ZLATIBOR KRALJEVO 43.5
. .
KRUSEVAC
2007.
NIS
KOPAONIK
SJENICA 43.0
42.5
.
VRANJE
42.0
24. 44.9
DIMITR.
LESKOVAC
SEPA_Ti_Pop_'08
. 19.0
2007.
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. .
,
. 15
.
,
,
, 1990-
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.
,
.
,
15. ,
1990.
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,
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%
0
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10
15
20 31.
30
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40 15
2007.
33
2007.
34
2.7
m
2.5
3
2003.
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; "
;
;
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.
4. CORINE LAND COVER 2000 1990.
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m3
0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007.
35
,
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.)
,
,
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,
.),
.).
, .
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2005.
, 2005.
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2006.
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2.609.662 m3, 2004. 95 % .
3
.
(000 m3)
1700 1600 1500 1400
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 33.
2004.
,
( .
,
2003.
2005. .
)
1800
(000 m3)
1700 1600 1500 1400
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 34.
2003. 2003.
) 12 %
(7 % "
"
2003. . 2007.
.
). 2006. . 88 %
2004. 2004. (17 %
36
2007.
.1
15.6 %
3
0.2 m .
2001. .
,
.
,
2006. (0.13 m3) 2003.
0.2 m3
,
.
,
2003.
2006.
CO2
.
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50 .
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.
,
.
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,
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50
.
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1
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2
http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/maaliskuu_en_002.gif 2007.
37
. 35 %.
2005.
0
3
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 %
36.
2005.
,
.
.4
10 %,
3
European forest-ecosystem conditions and sustainable use, 2008, EEA Report, No 3/2008
4
REEEP, Serbia and Montenegro 2007.
38
2007.
2006. 1990. ``
3.7%,
(50.2%); `` 53%; , ,
0.03%
20-30
,
;
; .
, ;
,
,
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.
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)
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.
.
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2007.
39
,
,
).
1990., 2007.
(
35%
60%.
,
2007.
.
2006.
50.2% %
1990=100%
120
1990.
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80
0
60
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40
-20
20
-30
0
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100
% 38.
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1990.
2006.
,
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, ,
,
.
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.
.
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40
39.
,
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, 70%,
,
":
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"
"
53%.
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.
.
. .
,
. .
,
,
30
2001-2007.
2001 100.0 25.6 2.4 3.6 13.9 5.3 7.4 6.8
2006 100.0 30.0 4.7 2.1 12.9 4.2 5.4 10.9
2007 100.0 30.1 4.4 2.3 13.2 4.4 5.2 10.2
,
2001 100.7 97.5 167.7 101.9 112.4 111.9 102.8 90.8
2006 105.3 105.3 103.5 96.1 108.3 95.8 106.6 122.7
) 2007 104.2 105.8 96.8 111.7 105.0 108.0 100.3 98.0
,
31
.
2006.
22.3%. ,
.
.
2001-
35% .
,
100 80
%
60 40 20 0
1990
1994
1998
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
(%) (1990=100) 40.
30 31
2007,
, 2007.
2008. 41
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
, 138 kg ,
,
.
%
12.9%.
.
1 000 US
130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60
. 32 ,
2006=100
2003
2004
2005
2006
41.
2007
,
,
, Development Mechanism - CDM), .
,
, .
, , .
9
6
.
,
,
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,
,
.
,
. "
"
(UNIDO), 2004. 2008.
32
2007.
42
30%,
,
,
60 %, 1 000 000
,
, 2007.
,
. 33
, ISO 14001,
, ,
. .
.
,
,
.
2
-
S. , JUS ISO 14001 ISO 14001
. 90 000
2006.
,
,
,
1000
,
.
.
40 30
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20
21 20
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0
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6
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7
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1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ISO 14001
SRPS ISO 14001
42.
e
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;
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,
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)
BAT
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2007.
43
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( ;
;
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;
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.
,
,
;
;
;
;
.) – 44
2006.
0.3%.
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;
;
. 0.25%, 2007.
,
250,0 197,6
200,0 153,3
150,0 107,2 100,0 50,0 0,0
44,4
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2004
2005
2006
43.
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.
.
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.
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,
.
, ,
.
.
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,
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180
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.
2003
2004
2005
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35
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,
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.
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1990.).
.
, (2007.
2007. 2007.
45
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15
0
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45.
.
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,
.
,
2008. 2007.
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,
, ,
,
,
,
; 3.84% ,
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, ;
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;
2000.
2002.
2007.
CORIN LAND COVER 2000,
25%. ,
,
,
, .
, 46.
2007.
100 80 60 40 20 0
%
2007.
47
, ,
181
, .
)
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,
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37
,
,
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,
. .
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,
.
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Corine Land Cover
; ; ; . 9. CORINE LAND COVER
1990.
1990
CLC
2000.
2000 (h )
(h )
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(h )
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0
301
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:
,
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37
,
, 2007. 2007.
48
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.
, (99.4%).
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. , (11%).
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,
,
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,
, (7%)
(
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( 1%).
(
5%).
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. 18.2%. 10.
38
, 2007.
1.2 30.3
( m 2)
1.1 29.3
1.3 31.9
% 99.8 95.2 92.2 85.3
99.9 99.4 98.2 93.3
99.6 88.8 83.2 73.4
% 85.6 90.5 87.9
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38
, .
(54.2%)
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2002.-2007.
,
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(21.8%),
, 2007.
49
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. ,
39
2007.
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).
,
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.
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,
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.
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.
,
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.
2002.-2007. 2007.
, 50
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,
,
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48.7 51.3
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,
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.
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,
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,
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,
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,
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. ,
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,
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– ,
(
2002.-2007. 72 11 310308 2007.
)
2007.
41
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,
,
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
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Corina land cover (CLC) CLC
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,
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0,00
CLC 11 12 13 14
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CORINA LAND COVER
Urban sprawl in Europe, EEA Report, No 10/2006. 2007.
53
,
,
,
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,
,
.
51.
, -1950.
,
44
,
( %)
,
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, 1990.)
.
, ,
,
. ,
Urban sprawl in Europe, EEA Report, No 10/2006. 2007.
54
%
,
52.
2005.
45
45
Sustainable consumption and production in South East Europe and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, report, 2007. 2007.
55
2007.
56
2007.
57
2007.
58
-
.
PALIC
46.0
KIKINDA
SOMBOR
;
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45.0
. ,
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KOPAONIK
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Kragujevac CUPRIJA
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.
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6
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8
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53. ,
23.0
1999 - 2006. P
46
47
Gg
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
SOx
46
Pollution;
NOx
; EMEP protocol-Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
47
2007.
59
GHG Pollution-CLRTAP(1986. (2007. : 1. , 6.
, 10. .
,
. )
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EMEP ). CLRTAP , 2. , 7.
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, 5. , 8.
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8.
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2006.
. .
INC
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INC.
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, 2007.
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.
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, ,
.
,
.
.
2007.
61
2007.
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;
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,
:
;
;
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m
,
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.
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).
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2007.
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.
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2010.
,
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,
,
.
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.
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. 135/04, , .
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, ,
,
. , 25 000
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.
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, 250 000 , .
),
,
, 2001. ", The EU's CARDS Programme, European Agency for Reconstruction,
2007.
64
25%
35%
40%
55.
–
65%
1970.
1971. 1990.
.
,
. 1990. .
7 227 km
17% .
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56.
,
. .
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m3
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51
2005.
,
m
3
,
2007.
,
, 2005.
. 2007.
65
m3/
300 250 200
245
150 100 50 0
11,3 11,3
8
53,4
41
7,3
11
57.
(1998)
77500
N t/ P t/
t/
5 t/
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500
1900
650
58.
(1998)
N t/ P t/
4000
4000
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t/
2200
2000
1750
600
440 150
300 100
332 150
475 153
59.
(1998)52,
52
,
(1998)
,
,
, .
,
(Danube River Basin Pollution Reduction), , UNDP, 1998. 2007.
66
,
,
:
, ,
; .
,
. .
(Direktiva 91/271/EEC) , 20.
53
5 ( t/
700000
)
600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
1990
1995
2000
60.
(
1990. :
,
,
,
2000. ,
,
;
5)
1998. ;
:
:
,
,
,
,
.
.
53
Changes in organic matter emissions from all sources in regions of Europe between 1990 and 2000. EEA ETC/WTR based on Member States data reported to OECD / EUROSTAT Joint Questionnaire 2002. 2007.
67
2007.
68
1.73
, 2006.
1.04
; ;
60%;
0.63 kg,
2006.
230 kg;
;
,
10.
.
61.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 -100
101 -500
501 - 1000
1000 -
N.P.
(m)
2007.
69
2007. ,
,
,
.
. ,
.
31.
95 %
,
.
2007.
. :
1.73 ,
, 2006.
;
1.04
; 60%; 2006. 230 kg.
0.63 kg,
,
.
. .
,
.
. ,
.
2007.
70
11.
12.
2007.
71
13.
14.
2007.
72
, 2006.
,
2
oko 4
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700
.
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,
,
.
15.
2006.
. ,
0.6 kg,
,
,
,
220 kg
(kg/
/god.)
54
, .
54
2007.
73
2007.
74
. ,
; ( ) 1990. 1.1% ;
- 2000.
,
, 3 947 ha. 8
473 ha. 1 975 ha. ha.
2 343
16. CLC2000 62.
55
CLC
2000.
; 1%
; 0%
; 3%
; 38%
; 57%
55
2007.
75
Corine 2000.
) (Eionet). IMAGE2000 . ,
,
. Corine Land Cover 2000 (CLC2000)
.
.
Corine Land Cover CLC2000
.
44
Corine Land Cover CARDS "
, "
,
.
,
.
.
2005.-2006.
. 13. CORINE LAND COVER
2000.
ha
%
1 111 112 121 122 123 124 131 132 133 141 142
301 213 603 17 818 1 078 208 1 910 8 089 968 414 4 187 2 128
0.0039 2.7536 0.2297 0.0139 0.0027 0.0246 0.1043 0.0125 0.0053 0.0540 0.0274
1 988 398 11 813 10 882 194 888 1 228 139
25.6330 0.1523 0.1403 2.5124 15.8323
983 344
12.6766
2 211 221 222 231 242 243 3 2007.
76
ha 311 312 313 321 324 331 332
,
,
333 334
%
2 068 418 81 797 116 118 217 690 474 503 1 964 163 20 176 642
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21 176
0.2730
62 132 24 234
0.8010 0.3124
4 411 5 511 512
)
.
884 ha
29
44
(
Corine Land Cover 56% , (1%)
40%
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CLC2000 ,
1.1%
1990. Corine Land Cover )
.
(
.
2000. 1990.
. 83 .
(ha) 7000 2000 -3000
112 121 122 131 132 133 141 142 211 221 222 231 242 243 311 312 313 321 324 331 334 411 511 512
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(ha) -13000 63.
ha. 1975 ha, 1990.-2000.
CLC
,
3 947 ha. . .
1990-2000.
8473
, 119 ha 2 343 ha,
. 2007.
77
Corine Land Cover .A
1990.
,
.
)
1.1%
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2000. ( .
23 1990.-2000.
, .
48 %
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0.3 %
.
1990.-2000.
23 .
2007.
,
36 %
78
(
,
,
);
, ,
,
.
17.
.
, , 1195
30
, 203 .
,
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2.
2007.
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.
.
. ,
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,
.
,
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B.Karadži , and A.Mijovi (eds) 2007. Environment in Serbia, an indicator based review. Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection – Environment Protection Agency. 2007.
80
,
,
,
; ,
; .
,
700
, ,
19%
,
279
14%
,
. 420
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14% 72%
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,
, .
4000
,
,
12000. 58
, , .
,
.
,
, .
89 , Lamiaceae ( 41 ), Asteraceae (40), Apiaceae (20), Ranunculaceae (19), Scrophulariaceae (17), Malvaceae (15), Rosaceae (15), Brassicaceae (10), Polygonaceae (10).
57
58
, .,
, .,
, . 2000.
,
Donnelly, R, Helberg, U.,
.
: Flora and Fauna International , . 2003. – 1: . Southeast Europe Enterprise Development (SEED) i Corporate Citizenship Facility (CCF) 2007.
.
81
, ,
,
.
.
,
14.
Lamiaceae Asteraceae Apiaceae Ranunculaceae Scrophulariaceae Malvaceae Rosaceae Brassicaceae Polygonaceae (1993.
, .
, 644
. 59
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: Petasites hybridus ( Vaccinium myrtillus (
, 15 ,
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,
,
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, .60 .
,
2007.
94 ,
.61
) – 68.000 kg; ) – 23.500 kg; ) – 39.472 kg;
Althaea officinalis (
) – 7.000 kg;
Rana esculenta (
) – 1.000 kg.
91
122
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Lactarius deliciosus (
2007.
, 215
2005.
. 22/07).
2007.
), ,
, ("
41 40 20 19 17 15 15 10 10
.
2007.
,
.
59
(1993)
60 61
2007.
.
: 2007.
82
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,
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.
. .
,
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2001.
.
.
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,
, .
, .
2007.
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.
,
, . 1992.
, , .
2007.
2000,
83
2007.
84
POP ,
, ; ,
,
,
;
,
. ;
,
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IPPC
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IPPC
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; ,
180.000
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kg
65.
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;
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80.000 60.000 40.000
,
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.
,
0
2007.
85
(Persistent Organic Pollutants - POPs) , , , . . . , .
,
.
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Environmental Programme), "
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,
. .
,
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:
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,
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.
, PAH PAH
,
10
, 75
(PCDF) PCDD 135
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,
.
.
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,
.
. .
(PCB)
. 2007.
209 86
-
,
(
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.
. PCB ,
(HCB)
,
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).
.
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.
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. .
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25.411 107.130
54.685 195.419
32.534
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250.103
,
,
. .
,
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PAH 2006.
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.
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-
) 13905 17 39 13961 2007.
87
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.
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.
2006.
17.
PCB
2006.
) 144 0 0 144 PCB
,
.
HCB HCB
2006. 18.
HCB
2006.
) 81.50 0.01 0.23 81.74
,
.
, ,
.
. PCB-
PCB,
C12H(10-x)Clx.
XIX o
,
130
,
.
(1864.
)
,
, 209
.
.
,
,
, 90 %
PCB-
.
PCB- .
. PCB- .
(
2007.
) .
, , 88
,
,
2007.
,
),
,
.
"
PCB.
,
(
.
-
PCB.
"
PCB- ,
,
, ",
"
.
.
,
", "
PCB-
", "
",
PCB
.
PCB
.
19.
PCB
(t) 1 2 3
767 4394 41
3.304 172 3.2
,
.
PCB 20.
PCB
(t) 1 2 (
3
,
%).
. . . PCB-
,
,
,
PCB- .
90 121
/
50
,
PCB-
. PCB ,
27 4003
,
. (
(
),
PCB- ,
PCB- . PCB-
2003.
,
,
1
11.3 %
,
PCB
.
,
.
2007.
89
,
. .
,
.
.
,
, .
. ,
. .
,
. 60.000 t/g (
). 13.000-14.000 t/g.
. , (
,
,
-HCH).
,
,
.
,
(C6H6Cl6)
. DD 9 ,
,
DD .
:
HCH,
. ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
(
):
; ; ; ; ; ; 2007.
90
. ,
119 (
,
DD ) . (
,
65
,
14 -
,
1kg/m3)
. 21.
(kg) 2.310 122.371 36.415 161.096
(l)
kg
3.940 45.009 6.520 55.469
6.250 167.380 42.935 216.565
14
.
22.
(kg)
(l)
250 2.060 2.310
kg
200 3.740 3.940
.
450 5.800 6.250 .
12
2 12 14
23.
. 1 2 3
" "
"
" , PIC "
4 5 6
"
"
,
"
,
"
,
" " ,
"
"
"
7 8 9 10 11 12
, ,
" "
"
. "
"
" -
""
." "
"
" " " "
" " " 2007.
(kg) 1
(l) 0
. kg 1
80
0
80
8
0
8
166
0
166
4
560
564
47
0
47
3.200
0
3.200
16 1 17 0 200 3.740
0 0 0 1.500 0 2.060
16 1 17 1.500 200 5.800 91
2
.
. 24.
. 1 2
" ,
(kg) 0 200 200
. ,
39.350
(l) 250 0 250
. kg 250 200 450
. ,
128
.
. ,
. ,
, 15 kg,
a
,
, 0.1-5 kg. 27.193
(
,
112 t.
1944-1989.
.
,
. ,
. ,
2
DD
12
.
,
.
,
: ,
, ,
; ,
,
,
;
. .
POP
.
2007.
92
,
. ,
, .
PCB
,
. PCB-
. PCB-
,
PCB- .
.
P
,
, /
,
,
.
20
4500
,
1986.
,
. .
2000 g ,
, .
,
4000 g ,
,
.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
66. E
2007.
93
2007.
94
2007.
95
2007.
96
,% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
2007. , 80 %
,
. , 43% ; 2007. 9.3%,
2.4%, ,
,
;
,
-
SO2
NO2
,
.
67.
2007. AQI_S_07
,
2007. ,
, 80 % ,
;
,
2007. , ,
,
,
, ;
.
3
(85 µg/m ),
,
,
2007.
, 51
,
;
68.
; 2002.
.
;
,
Ambrosia artemisifolia.
,
,
,
2007.
100 Kum. ver., %
;
-
,
2007.
,
,
43 % .
,
DS- ,
,
,
10 1 0,1
0,01 1
GVI-NO2
2007.
10
100 µg/m3 GVISO2
1000
10000
NO2 GVI-SO2
97
. ("
"
" 135/04). 16.
2006.
23/2006).
2006. 2007.
,
(" ,
.
: ; ; .
2007. 2007.
2007.
g/m3, 262 g/m3,
, 182 g/m3
10 (
),
. , 50 g/m3,
) 53 g/m3.
( 109 8
) 356 g/m3, 225 g/m3),
.
,
, 150 g/m3, 17 ,
(
279 g/m3, 190 g/m3.
2007.
2007.
, 1635 (
.
98
25.
SO2, SO2
3
. .
. . 54 .
. .
.
62
1–
-
"3-
j ;6-
.
SO2( g/m3)
.
SO2( g/m3)
1
62
( g/m ) 2007.
1
4
0
33
1
16
0
52
3
5
0
83
6
182
109
1635
3
9
0
52
6
200
151
957
3
24
0
144
2
8
0
61
1
4
0
28
1
16
0
98
3
22
0
96
2
12
0
59
1
5
0
28
2
14
2
190
1
4
0
34
2
25
1
176
1
14
0
76
2
14
0
36
3
14
0
71
2
3
0
44
3
11
0
36
2
5
0
38
4
44
10
262
2
9
0
81
4
24
1
152
1
15
0
66
4
31
0
142
1
17
0
65
1
35
2
163
1
17
0
83
1
53
17
356
1
13
0
84
1
33
2
225
1
15
0
113
1
15
0
86
1
13
0
60
2
34
8
279
1
13
0
66
1
23
1
174
2
5
0
30
1
15
0
60
1
11
0
52
1
32
0
79
1
18
0
84
.
.
.
,2–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
;4-
99
.
. .
.
54
-
-
.
1
-
.
.
-
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
( g/m3) 3
69.
(
SO2 ( g/m )
2007.
) (
2007. ( (
- 72 g/m3,
2007. ) 198
,
- 53 g/m3) (
.
) (
2007.
. , 50 g/m3, ) 52 g/m3.
) (
.
, 50 g/m3,
) 145. .
–
384 g/m3, 306 g/m3.
–
. .
2007. 333 g/m3,
2007.
(
) -
399 g/m3, 323 g/m3,
100
26.
(
),
63
( g/m3) 2007.
. .
. . 54
.
.
63
1–
-
j
"3-
.
( g/m3)
.
( g/m3)
1
7
1
74
6
7
1
55
3
14
6
118
1
8
1
79
3
26
60
130
2
26
30
173
1
7
0
47
2
19
30
173
1
8
1
67
2
27
60
207
1
6
0
49
2
53
97
384
1
5
0
44
2
72
198
399
1
5
0
37
2
21
29
116
3
22
26
96
2
26
52
149
3
26
39
134
2
32
63
176
4
52
145
175
1
13
14
92
1
23
31
333
1
5
0
39
1
26
43
323
1
18
19
178
1
11
3
73
1
12
10
120
1
3
0
21
1
14
20
201
2
35
51
306
1
2
0
15
1
14
19
136
1
9
16
107
1
8
1
63
2
24
34
202
1
18
15
145
1
8
2
69
1
7
0
33
1
12
12
100
.
,2–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
;4-
101
.
-
-
.
.
. .
-
-
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
( g/m3) 3
70.
( g/m )
2007.
2007. 2007. 60 g/m3. –
NO2 ,
2007. ,
–
52 g/m3 .
20
,
.
– –
–
54 g/m3, 47 g/m3. 27 17
.
2007.
, 85 g/m3, ,
6
.
102
27.
NO2, NO2
3
. 54
.
.
.
NO2( g/m3)
.
NO2( g/m3)
1
64
( g/m ) 2007.
3
23
1
100
1
6
0
18
3
3
0
20
1
12
0
48
3
18
0
49
2
54
20
192
3
8
1
133
2
38
7
200
3
20
6
65
1
12
0
46
3
26
0
63
1
5
0
11
4
42
17
110
1
17
1
93
4
47
27
206
1
14
0
63
4
52
16
239
1
11
0
66
1
20
0
66
1
5
0
19
1
20
0
59
1
10
0
61
1
7
0
35
2
14
0
67
1
12
1
95
1
6
0
23
1
7
0
30
1
12
0
67
1
24
0
84
. 3
g/m3. 64
1–
239 g/m ,
-
j
"3-
2007. 206 g/m3,
–
,2–
–
j
;5-
" ;
2007.
– 200
;4-
103
. .
54 -
.
.
-
1
0
10
20 ( g/m3)
30
40
50
3
71.
NO2 ( g/m ) 2007.
2007. 28.
65
j
"
E
60
. 2
E
(mg/m 2007.
)
65
2007 91.0 306.1 165.5
2007 149.0 711.5 246.4
213.2
109.7
339.3 284.8 378.5 188.0 218.0 196.8 218.2 185.6 100.0 141.3
95.1 238.9 108.3 84.6 112.3 237.4 301.7 114.1 182.2 133.9
.
2007.
" 104
. ,
2007.
,
200 mg/m2
,
- 306.1 mg/m2 ,
),
.
,
,
(
22 ,
,
2007. AQI_S_07 . ,
,
.
.
,
2007. 1 ,
10. ,
,
AQI
,
AQI.
1
.
AQI, ,
,
,
"
.
, AQI,
.
AQI.
"
2007. .
"
".
, ", "
". " S_07".
0-25 0-35 0-20 0-12
26-50 36-75 21-43 13-25
", " , (
29.
AQI_S_07 SO2 NO2
AQI_S_07
", " .
,
µg/m3 150 85 50
6
AQI,
,
.
5, .
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
AQI_S_07.
" 29). AQI_S_07
51-75 76-150 44-85 26-50
2007.
76-100 151-250 86-150 51-100
>100 > 250 > 150 > 100
105
2007. , 2007.
,
,
.
Kum. ver., %
100 10 1 0,1 0,01 1
10
100 µg/m3
1000
GVISO2
GVI-NO2
10000
NO2 GVI-SO2
72. ,
2007.
AQI_S_07, 2007. , 80 % , 43 %
:
.
, ,
4.4 %,
, ,
. 11.6 % 9.3 2.4 %. 1.9 2.6 %.
19.5 %
,
-
.
,% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
SO2
73.
NO2
2007.
2007.
AQI_S_07
106
30.
9.3%, , 2007.
2007.
2.4%,
AQI_S_07
SO2
NO2
80.1
53.9
43.3
11.0
33.2
25.5
4.4
11.6
19.5
2.0
1.1
9.3
2.6
0.2
2.4
66
2007.
.
,
.
,
,
-
. 2007.
.
,
2007.
.
a ,
,
.
, (
)
.
,
.
. 2006.
2007.
2006.
".
,
2007.
,
2007.
,
, .
.
11_
66
, %,
,
,
.
, AQI_S_07
2007. 2007.
107
(
.
2007.
).
.
.
1.5 m/s,
2.5 m/s.
,
, 2007.
8.3 %.
0.3 m/s.
. ,
.
.
, .
,
.
,
.1_
. ,
, 2.3 %,
360 340
10
20
6.0 5.0
320 310
330
40 50 60
280 270
90
260
100
250
200
190
170
160
50 60 70
1.0
80
270
0.0
90
260
100
250
110
240
120
230 220
130 140 210
40
0.5
120
230 220
30
280
110
240
20
1.5
290
80
10
2.0
70
2.0 1.0 0.0
2007.
2.5
300
3.0
290
340
360 350 3.0
320 310
30
4.0
300
. .1_
2007.
3507.0
,
.
, 16.5 %,
330
,
130 140 210
150
C = 8.3 %
200
190
170
160
150
180
180
74.
36
;
1_
, 2007.
3 -3_
.
,
25 %. .
,
(
). :
. 18. 2007.
. 4. 108
31. -3
PM10, µg/m3 .
.
Ben, µg/m3
42 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
94
-
-
52.3
. %
.
.
.
.
, > 120
.
. . %
143 115 73 61 40 41 31 70 92 133
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84
28.7 48.5 85.6 86.4 92.1 72.1 34.4 29.1 30.8 43.8 44.5
40 67 135 136 129 126 57 56 63 98 118
0 0 12 16 21 16 0 0 0 2 2
55 97 81 100 52 100 71 100 57 100 63 45
402 395 395 388 382 403 -
432 413 420 401 411 439 -
75 84 77 94 100 97 100 100 94 100 100
67.2 148 64.5 190 46.7 79 36.1 62 35.9 59 37.9 75 39.1 75 35.0 64 59.3 137 63.9 203 78.0 212
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3
39 100 84 100 100 100 100 100 53 68 100 100
4.5 5.5 8.0 7.0 8.2 9.1 8.2 4.4 4.2
9 11 11 10 10 15 12 10 13
146
0
93
53.1
136
69
80
389
439
85
50.8
11
87
6.5
15
100.6 146
88.5 77.3 42.5 28.0 25.6 27.3 21.3 41.1 61.2 66.5
%
.
.
.
.
, > 85
%
.
.
.
.
, > 150
%
.
.
.
.
,
.
CO2, ppm
.
NO2, µg/m3
.
SO2, µg/m3
2007.
.
212
,
10.
32007.
, .
. m-
).
4%
,
(
10
2007. 3_
,
20 %.
.
,
10, .
2007.
.
.
.
2007.
109
70
3
,%
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
SO2
NO2
PM10
75. 3_
:
,
2007.
,
.
. 150 µg/m3.
2007.
,
)
,
.
N
.
(
.
,
.
,
,
2
. 85 µg/m3,
,
(150 µg/m3).
:
.
,
,
),
,
. ,
.
2007.
110
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
mg/m3
2007
76.
(
2003.-2007.
. 70
)
mg/m3
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
77.
. , .
2007.
7
2003.-2007.
,
.
,
.
, .
2007.
,
111
mg/m3 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 h 1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 NO2
O3 78.
(N 2)
,
,
.
N
.
32.
2007. µg/m3)
0 0 0 1 0 0
42 70 76 132 102 78 ,
(85 µg/m3). 18.07.2007.
2
,
.
Ma . 1h µg/m³
2
N
.
3>85 µg/m³
2
(NMVOC) .
. 3
2007.
N
3
2007.
3>85 µg/m³ 1 0 0 8 0 0
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 142 143 147 277 149 128
3>85 µg/m³ 1 0 0 0 0 0
51
2007.
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 109 70 52 51 41 58
3>85 µg/m³ 2 6 4 12 15 1
Ma . 1h µg/m³ 92 94 92 245 265 136
(277 .
112
substances)
,
1990-
.
CSI 006 (Core set indicators)
(European Environment Agency) . DS- ,
.
CFC 1211, H-1301
1995-1997.
( DS-Ozone depleting -
, H-2402 ) 2010.
. .
,
5., I ( R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, R-115 ) 2009. . , , , .
5.,
,
II ( H-
,
,
,
,
2010.
,
: 1999.
"
;
2005.
,
2007.
,
420
125
2010.
(
2010. (45 ).
50 % (
);
,
01. ) 2009.
(85
"
85 %
(
);
,
, ."
- 2008.
" (Essential use exemptions). , , ).
, .
,
, , 1995.
. 2007.
,
CFC
,
(Chlorofluorocarbons)
,
.
2007.
113
t 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
0
1995
100
79.
CFC
2002. . . 20
.
, 50 km
.
.
3.
2007.
114
33.
2007. .
m3
,
,
45 43
61 51
45 34
58 55
429 127
955 214
215 61
812 189
41 11
95 20
28 5
119 13
132
116
97
114
5835
3715
1533
2036
573
601
152
221
33 67 76 69 91 76 44 23 38 59 97 75 181 57 101 63 149
51 62 35 65 100 65 37 38 43 46 66 54 188 45 112 53 185
48 48 52 51 74 47 42 23 36 77 43 59 146 50 68 102 106
77 63 58 56 82 79 40 27 31 38 62 92 174 27 81 49 160
130 806 661 1382 1163 2035 455 308 752 385 767 399 2363 163 332 124 4387
179 5234 1935 2612 1416 3449 647 3031 322 1051 542 259 1927 198 374 95 4983
60 609 234 439 240 737 52 107 238 205 340 444 1012 98 126 337 1522
771 1348 377 599 438 2460 379 217 196 299 631 869 1059 42 127 68 3618
6 81 40 117 63 276 57 70 98 32 93 47 104 27 16 10 191
18 566 680 462 219 430 168 540 36 223 71 17 76 35 11 5 199
3 56 21 36 26 98 25 21 28 14 55 38 96 15 7 35 74
77 157 28 70 30 240 90 34 29 28 111 44 50 4 5 5 195
122
107
76
112
585
572
204
819
27
24
17
40
92 122 46
85 93 33
69 81 35
68 100 33
697 4209 5119
649 6618 2805
189 826 782
502 8514 2718
39 217 1236
39 552 264
13 70 89
81 604 496
,
,
,
,
, je jo 15
20%
( ,
,
,
) ,
" ,
,
:
.
(
),
,
.
" ,
/m3
,
,
,
,
. ).
(
, ,
.
24 ,
,
,
).
( ,
,
,
2007.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
115
o je
(IAA). )
).
1.
(
(
,
. 34. 4
5
,
6
7
2
1
3
1
8
9
,2007.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
1 3
5
3
6
4
3 1
2
2
2
2
1 1
2 7 5 6
1
1
2 6 2 6
2 2 2 6
4
1 4
2
3
3
1 1
4
7
2
7
5
1
2
3
2
1
3
7
7
7
3
2
1
6
5
2
2 6
6
7
2
7
7
5
3
: ,
4
35.
,
3
4
5
6
4
2
2
2
1
2
5
7
8
9
1 3
4
,2007.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
1 4
2
1
5
6 1
7 4 1
7 3 4 1
2
2
1
1 1 6 6 6
7 4 7
3
3
7
7
1
2
5
1
1
7
1
5
1
7
1 1
1
2
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
6
7
4
3
7
6
2 2
7
4 7
7
5
7
7
4
7
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20. WATER QUALITY INDEX-A
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SERBIAN WATER QUALITY INDEX 134 . .
SERBIAN 67
2007. WQI .
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)
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eo
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SWQI
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,
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BPK-5 (mg/l)
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)
(2001.-2007.
)
(2001.-2007.
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3,5 3,3 3,1 2,9 2,7 2,5 2,3 2,1 1,9 1,7 1,5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (96) (56) (21) (19)
PO4-P (mg/l)
83.
5
0,15 0,1 0,05 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (121) (56) (45) (20)
84.
2007.
124
NH4-N (mg/l)
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WQI.
WQI
. :
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;
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;
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;
WQI = 84 – 89
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.
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.
Water Quality Index , )
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WQIA1 qi x wi
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WQIA2 qi x wi
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WQIA3 qi x wi
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11 11 12 9-7 7 4 4 2 0 12 70
> 50 <5 1 5.5-9 2 0.7 25 22 1000 2000
6 7 3 5 6 1 4 2 0 10 44
> 30 <7 2 5.5-9 3 0.7 25 22 1000 20000
2 4 2 5 5 1 4 2 0 7 32
ph / mg/l N / mg/l P2O5 / mg/l o / C / s/cm E.Coli /MPN/ 100 ml (qi x wi) = WQI
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72
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1
2 DIREKTIVA 75/440/EEC
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WQI WQI.
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2007.
2000-2007,
127
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80 70 60 50 40
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
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2000.-2007.
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WQI
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2007.
, .
).
129
WQI 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 2001
2002
2003
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2005
2006
2007
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2003
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2005
2006
2007
WQI 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 2001
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2007.
.
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WQI 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
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2007
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2002
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78,
77
131
WQI 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 2001
2002
2003
MEDIAN
2004
2005
2006
2007
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. 2006.
2007. WQI.
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2001.-2007.
(2006.-2007.
,
)
WQI
.
2007.
132
22. WQI
2001.-2007.
, WQI.
,
,
. WQI 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
94.
2007.
. ,
2006
2007
,
, ,
2007.
. 133
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2007
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2007
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.
1 2007.
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.
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,
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134
78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64
WQI
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2002
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2004
2005
2006
(
2007
)
97.
,
2007.
.
,
WQI 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 2001
2002
2003
Linear (
2004
)
2005
2006
Linear (
2007
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98.
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WQI
,
(76 WQI).
2007. WQI.
2001.-2007. , . 2007.
2006.
2007.
,
.
135
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)
WQI (2006.-2007.
)
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-
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(
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2007. 2007.
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2007. ) WQI 78
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.
.
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. .
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2006 2006 2006 102.
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,
WQI
.
. 2006.
2007.
,
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.
.
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,
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2006.
3
2007.
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2007,
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,
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.
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,
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2007.
142
103.
,
,
( 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
.
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NO3
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
104.
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(
,
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.
.
2007. ).
5
58%
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2007.
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2006. (96
143
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(121
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).
).
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;
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,
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2007.
; - 1140
- 121
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-5 (mg/l)
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1,5 1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(96) 107.
WCE rivers (588)
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(2001.-2007.
)
(2001.-2004. 76 )
PO4-P (mg/l)
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(121)
WCE rivers (906)
108.
(2001.-2007.
) (2001.-2004.
)
2004.
(2001.)
NO3-N (mg/l)
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2003
(121)
2004 2005
WCE rivers (1140)
109.
76
2006 2007
Europe's environment, The fourth assessment, EEA, 2007. (588) : , , , , , , , ,
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, 2007.
: ,
,
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.
, 145
2007.
146
2007. ;
;
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2007.
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147
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.
2007. .
, .
VII
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2007.
148
2.80-7.55,
,
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-
,
). 24 % (8 %)
,
.
,
,
,
.
(
,
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.
27.
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CaCO3
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,
5%
. 2007.
149
28.
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,
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,
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.
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P2
5
(mg/100g)
( 12 mg/100g),
2007.
150
30.
, (<6.0mg/100g),
2.0).
(pH<4.0),
,
,
.
. . , ,
20 x 106 gr-1
,
,
0.67-63.33 x 106 gr-1 (73%)
,
31. -
Azotobacter-
2007.
58%
,
. .
Azotobacter
(mg/100g)
2
.
,
AZOTOBACTER -
. .
151
Cu Zn
B)
,
(As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, F)
Cr, Cu, Ni Pb .
1% 0.1
7 mg/kg).
1%
,
410 mg/kg (
. Cd 1.9%
Zn Hg
18.1 mg/kg). 3 mg/kg; 8.4%
( 1.7%
.
Cu.
32.
> 50 mg/kg, ,
Ni 100 mg/kg.
0.3 %
. 1.1 % ,
Ni
,
33.
Cr
(
0.6 295.5 mg/kg ( 100 mg/kg)
2007.
Cu (mg/kg)
.
Ni (mg/kg)
27.8 mg/kg). 1% .
152
34.
3 mg/kg,
8.4 %
, (Cd
1.9 %
2-3mg/kg.
Cd
.
Zn),
. (0.9%)
Cr (mg/kg)
.
,
35.
.
Pb (mg/kg)
2 mg/kg, .
2007.
153
36.
, , ,
Zn ( 5.4 %
.
.
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,
Hg (mg/kg)
Zn
.
37.
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),
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.
,
(5.4%) (
Zn (mg/kg)
,
1.4%
.
2007.
154
38.
55%
As (mg/kg)
0.1 300-700 mg/kg,
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1990.2 mg/kg. 3% .
,
. 25% .
,
(<0.5mg/kg), (61%). .
.
,
0.01
5.09 (
5.09 mg/kg).
,
,
,
5%
.
,
.
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,
,
,
,
. ,
)
.
,
,
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.
.
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,
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.
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.
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.
,
-
, .
. 2007. 60
–
, 30
. 2007.
156
40.
,
,
,
9
,
, (PAU), (PCB).
DDT(60.0 g/kg) 4
6
16
23/1994) . 53.9 - 67.6 mg/kg.
10
,
, , , C10 – C40)
(16 (Ni). 53.9 - 134.6 mg/kg.
,
–
:
, (
32 –
.
,
: 0.10 0.50 m. : pH , ,
,
)
(110.9 mg/kg). 2
:
– (15.0 g/kg).
. 51.4 - 87.8 mg/kg.
(5
) ,
(366.6 mg/kg). (148.9 mg/kg),
(4.7 mg/kg), (8 -
(
)
(81.2 mg/kg) 2007.
157
(Pb 117. 4 mg/kg Zn 537.9 mg/kg). DDT- . (1 .
,
(8574.3 mg/kg -
,
,
:
)
,
,
.
10 cm). 80
%
70
10cm
60
50cm
50 40 30 20 10 U
E
PA
T
111.
DD
DD
Zn
Cd
Cu
Pb
Ni
0
MDK
10 cm
50 cm
2007. , (DDT,
, PAU).
(Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) ,
.
DDT.
2007.
, ”
,
”.
2007.
158
41.
30 cm
,
CaCO3,
a .
,
25-30 0-5 cm.
.
a )
(pH, .
. 37.
pH u KCl
u H2 O
CaCO3 %
1 2 3 4 5
7.31 7.35 7.23 7.43 7.52
8.05 8.27 8.20 8.23 8.32
2.13 16.18 2.55 8.94 13.19
6 7 8 9
7.37 7.22 6.13 6.61
8.15 8.04 7.35 7.72
14.47 12.77 0.57 0.57
AL-P2O5 mg/100g
AL-K2O mg/100g
0.207 0.245 0.213 0.228 0.166
115.5 32.2 84.5 48.6 84.7
22.04 55.93 26.95 19.04 43.18
0.196 0.294 0.206 0.216 ( 0.266 0.314
10.1 6.0 6.2 29.0
5.81 10.72 29.42 30.52
-
-
%
N%
2.78 3.58 2.87 3.32 2.23 2.64 4.58 2.78 3.14
.
-
-
10 11
6.35 7.38
7.43 8.06
1.28 14.47
3.89 4.90
2007.
)
159
,
.
-
23/1994. 38.
Cu mg/kg
Zn mg/kg
Co mg/kg
1 2 3 4 5
100.90 29.01 273.9 56.51 33.32
102.00 85.25 95.80 152.40 106.50
8.99 10.53 12.99 11.25 11.06
6 7 8 9
18.79 25.10 25.19 28.06
56.22 90.03 83.12 92.13
10 11 MDK
21.78 29.11 100.00
77.23 121.80 300.00
(mg/kg)
As mg/kg
Pb mg/kg
Cd mg/kg
Ni mg/kg
Cr mg/kg
8.30 10.90 17.27 11.77 11.82
32.16 21.68 39.47 31.36 98.78
0.41 0.46 0.52 0.60 0.43
27.63 36.14 43.18 47.75 45.07
34.16 42.94 45.87 45.96 45.60
8.84 10.88 13.93 14.96
Mn mg/kg 438.1 570.4 681.3 417.9 653.8 346.5 404.9 629.0 819.2
7.90 10.23 14.00 13.89
17.77 29.52 26.25 28.05
0.36 0.52 0.47 0.55
24.19 33.32 43.22 43.58
28.44 38.88 58.23 54.81
16.79 8.79 /
764.4 379.6 /
17.07 9.43 25.00
0.44 0.55 3.00
84.11 33.40 50.00
85.76 33.30 100.00
(
) 26.86 47.35 100.00
MDK . ,
, MDK
100mg/kg,
98.78 mg/kg.
,
.
, 273.90 mg/kg.
MDK
100mg/kg
. . 84.11 mg/kg. .
,
2007.
160
.
. (
. coli
.
,
,
(MDK)
PCB-
HCH
,
.
,
(0.035 mg/kg). ,
) .
PCB
DDT-
(PAH)
(PCB).
. 0.052 mg/kg.
. (0.039 mg/kg)
PAH-
MDK (0.1 mg/kg) 86 (0.537 mg/kg) DDT0.079 mg/kg.
(0.299 mg/kg). 0.008 mg/kg MDK (0.06 mg/kg) 54 % . HCH HCH
0.193 mg/kg.
,
.
( .
, 22.623 h .
,
e). .
130 895 m. , , 48.227 ha ( 500 m )
835 km2, ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ), .
(1
(2
).
(6
),
2007.
(2
),
. 2007. 14 )
(3
161
42.
,
,
, (PCB).
,
,
,
125.5 mg/kg
,
– ,
,
,
: pH
,
,
, (PAU)
Ni, Cr i Pb. (Ni). 6 . Cr (mg/kg) – 115.32 mg/kg 101.76 mg/kg. 193.86 mg/kg.
2007.
,
,
,
MDK Pb
162
200
mg/kg
150
100
50
0 1
2
3
4
5
Ni
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Land accounts for Europe 1990-2000, EEA Report No 11/2006 2007.
169
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Corine Land Cover 2000 - Germany, 2005, by Manfred Keil, Ralph Kiefl, Gunter Strunz Corine land cover technical guide - Addendum 2000, 2000, Technical report No 40 by M. Bossard, J. Feranec and J. Otahel 79
2007.
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,
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175
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187
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Lenhardt, M., Hegediš, A., Mi kovi , B., Višnjic Jefti , Ž., Smederevac, M., Jari , I., Cvijanovi , G. and Ga Z. 2006. First record of the North American Paddlefish (Polypodon spathula WALBAUM, 1792) in the Serbian part of the Danube river. Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 58 (3), 27P-28P. 2007.
191
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: Flora and Fauna International , . 2003. – 1: . Southeast Europe Enterprise Development (SEED) i Corporate Citizenship Facility (CCF) (2005) , ., , ., , . 2000. . , 2007.
. 192
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