Inetedn 3 Mar 2009

]p-kv-X-I-w- A-©- v- / e-°w- H-º-Xv- / 2009 am¿-®v- -/ 1430 d-_o-D¬- A-∆¬-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw-

]-T-\wapX-em-fnØhpw kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wnbpw Hcp Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jWw F.F. A_vZp¿d-ln-am≥ ...........................................................................

6

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWØns‚ aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw F.-F≥. A_vZp¬Jm-Zn¿ ...........................................................................

10

Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n: Ncn-{Xhpw Imc-W-ßfpw F.-Fw. JZoP ...........................................................................................

20

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-Iam-µyw CkvemanI ]cnt{]£yw Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿- .....................................................................................

28

A-Sp-Ø- e-°-Øn¬...B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw]-T-\w‹ ‹ ‹

am¿-I-vkv- Xn-cn-®p- h-cp-tam?sh¬s^-b¿- F-°-tWm-an-Iv-kpw- C-kv-em-an-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- \n-b-a-ß-fpwam¿-°-‰nw-Kv- h-gn- X-I-cp-∂- bp-h- k-aq-lw-

Internet Edition: http://www.nicheoftruth.org/samvadam owned by Printed Published and Owned by M.Mohammed M.Mohammed Akbar. Akbar. Printed Printed at at Screen Screen Offset Offset printers, Printers, Cochin-18. Cochin-18. Published Published atat Cochin-18. Cochin-18. Editor M.Mohammed Akbar, Niche of Truth, Kalabhavan Road, Cochin-18.

XS-h-d-bmb \c-I-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]Xn-]mZn-°m-\p-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS- kw-hm-Zw-

Bfl-l-XybpsS ImcWß-ƒtXSp-tºmƒ... Bfl- l - X y- b n¬ ap≥]- ¥ n- b n¬ \n¬°p∂ kwÿm- \ - a mWv tIcfw. h¿j-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 2300 apX¬ 2900 hsc Bfl-lX - yIfpw 72000 apX¬ 90000 hsc Bfl-lX - ym-{i-aß - fpw ChnsS \S°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv dnt∏m¿´pI-ƒ kqNn-∏n°p-∂-Xv. h¿jm-h¿jw Cu \nc°v Ipdbp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√; t_m[-h¬°-cW {ia-ßsfbpw Iu¨knenwKpI-sfbpw F√mw Aÿm-\-Øm°n IpXn®p Ibdp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

dn®v Adn-bm≥ {ian°p∂p≠v 2009 P\phcnbnse tIkcn hmcnI. Bfl-lXym \nc-°p-Iƒ°-∏pdw kptcjv Ipam-dns‚ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´nse Nne {it≤-b-amb kmaq-ly-{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ FSpØp tN¿°p∂p≠v AXn¬. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp- X ¬ Bfl- l - X y- I ƒ dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v sNbv X Pn√ CSp- ° nbpw G‰hpw Ipdhv ae-∏pdØp--amWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfl-lXy lnµp-a-X-Ønepw G‰hpw Ipdhv Ckveman-ep-am-sW-∂ hkvXpX {]tXyIw FSpØp tN¿°pIbpw sNøp-∂p≠v tIkcn hmcn-I. CkvemwaX hnizm-kn-I-fnse Ipd™ Bfl-lXym \nc°v hni-I-e\w sNøs∏-tS-≠XmWv F∂ {]kvXm-h-\tbmSv IqSn- b mWv teJ- I ≥ tIc- f - Ø nse Bfl-l-Xym-{]-h-WX F∂ io¿jIw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ckveman-sebpw lnµp-a-X-Øn-sebpw Bfl-l-Xym-\n-c°nse Cu A¥cw hni-I-e\w sNøs∏- S msX teJ\w Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n® ÿnXn°v A°mcyw A¬]-sam∂v hniZo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse Bfl-l-XyIsf°pdn®v \S∂ ]T-\-߃ Hmtcm ImeØpw hyXy-kvX -Im-c-W-ßsf B[m-c-am-°nbmWv ]ptcm-K-an°mdp-≈Xv F∂p-≈Xv sIm≠v Xs∂ AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbn¬ tIcfkaqlw Xr]vX-c-√. hb\m´nse I¿j-Im-fl-l-Xy-bpsS ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ ap≥h¿j-sØ Bfl-l-XyI- s f√mw Im¿jn- I - Ø - I ¿®- b n¬ FgpXnØ≈n-sb-¶n¬ AXn-\p-apºsØ h¿j-Øn¬ D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Cc-I-sf-bmWv Bfl-l-Xym-]-´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. Imc-W-߃ F¥p-Xs∂-bm-bmepw AsX√mw HSp-hn¬ hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv icn-bmb ssZh-hn-izm-ka - n-√mbvab - p-sSbpw AXp-hgn hcp∂ ss\cm-iyt_m-[Ø - n-s‚bpw Dt]m¬]-∂ß - f - mWv Bfl-lX - y-Is - f√mw F∂p-≈X - m-Wv.

Hcp bYm¿Yhnizmkn £Wn-I-amb Pohn-XØ - ns‚ {]bmkßfnepw {]Xn-k‘n-I-fnepw PohnXbm{X Ah-km-\n-∏n°m-sa∂v Nn¥n°p∂-Xn-\-∏pdw ]mc-{XnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-Øn\v AXv Imc-W-amIpsa∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ BÀmZn-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-I. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ap≈p Xd-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw hnizm-knsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\p-{K-l-amWv F∂v ]Tn-∏n® {]hm-N-Is‚ A\p-bm-bnIƒ°v Hcn-°epw kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp°m≥ km[y-a-√. CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa Bfl-lXy sImSpw ]mX-I-am-sW∂pw ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \jvSw am{Xta AXv hcp-Øn-sh°q F∂pap≈ CkvemanI A[zm-]-\-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp hnizm-knsb B sImSpw-]m-]Ø - n¬ \n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ t{]c-I-hp-amW-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse Bfl-l-Xy-kw-_-‘ambn tUm. kptcjv Ipam-dns‚ t\XrXz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]T-\Ø - ns‚ shfn-®Ø - n¬ Bfl-l-Xy-bpsS {]h-W-X-Isf-°p-

Jp¿-B\ - ns‚ \s√mcp `mKw Cu ]ctemIPohn-XsØ-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-°m\pw AXnse A\p-{K-ß-fpsS `h-\-amb kz¿K-sØ-°p-dn®pw Xm]-tIm-]-ß-fpsS

2009 am¿-®v-

4

adn-®v, {]am-W-ßsf Xa-kvI-cn®v, ap÷∑ I¿a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv Hcmƒ Cu temIØv Pohn-°p-∂sX∂pw htc-Wy-h¿K-Øns‚ Zmky-the-bmWv ]p\¿P-∑-Øn\v tlXp-sh∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ sslµh ]ptcm-ln-Xm-[ym]-\ß - ƒ Pohn-Xm-¥y-sØ-°p-dn®v hy‡amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ß-tfm ImgvN-∏m-SpIfpw \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]cm-P-bamWv. am{X-a-√, Kpcp-\n-µy°v ]cn-lm-cambn Dan-Øo-bn¬ Zln®v Bfl-lXy sNbv X ap\n- I p- a m- c kw`hw sNdp- ∏ Ønte kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-bn-eqsS tI´phf¿∂v cmh-Wm-]-am-\-Øm¬ Xo-bn-secn™v Bfl-lXy sNbvX Im\-\-Ipamcn IYbpw, hmKvZØ ewL\w aqew kcbq\Zn-bn¬ NmSnb e£-a-Wm-¥yhpw ic-iø - s - bm-cp°n Poh-XymKw sNbvX `ojva-cpsS i]-Yhpsa√mw lrØ-SØn¬ hocm-cm-[-\-°p≈ kvac-W-I-fmbn a\- n¬ kq£n®v PohnXw Icp-]nSn--∏n® Hcp lnµp-hn-izmkn Bfl-lXy Ip‰-I-c-ambn ImWm≥ {ian-®n-s√∂ am{X-a√; AsXmcp ]p\¿P∑ tam£Øn\p≈ D]m-[n-bm°n a\- n-em-°n-bn´p-s≠-¶n-¬ t]mepw Ahsc Ip‰w ]dbm≥ H°ptam? am{X-a√; ]e-t∏mgpw ]e BNm- c y- ∑ mcpw tam£- { ]m- ] v X n°p≈ D]m-[n-bm°nbn-´p-≈Xv Bfl-km£m¬°mcw F∂p t]cn´p hnfn-°p∂ CØcw hnebw {]m]n-°-en-eq-sS-bmWvXm\pw. aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-Sb - nse Bfl-lXym-{]-h-W-X-I-ƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ teJ-I≥ BZyw ]T-\hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠Xv CØcw Imcy-ß-fmsW- ∂ p- W ¿Øp- I - b m- W v . icn- b mb Cuizc ⁄m\-Øn-eqsS am{Xta PohnX-Øn-¬ im¥nbpw kam-[m-\hpw ssIhcq AXp-ap-tJ\ am{Xta AXy-¥nI PohnX e£yamb ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-XØn¬ imizXkam-[m\w ssIh-cn-I-bp≈p. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™-sX{X icn. ""{i≤n-°p-I; A√m-lp-sh∏‰nbp≈ kvac-W-sIm≠s{X a\- p-Iƒ im¥-ambn-Øo-cp-∂Xv''(13:28) ˛ap-Po-_v- d-l-vam≥-.- ]n-

]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v- ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv-

BtKm-f- km-ºØnIamµyw-˛]-T\w BtKmf kmº-ØnIamµy-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ 2009 Zpcn-X-h¿j-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv sFIycmjv{S-k-`-bpsS sk{I-´dn P\-d¬ _m≥ In aq¨ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. aen\oI-cWw krjvSn-°-p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Zp-cn-X-߃ t]td≠n hcp∂ A¥m-cmjv{Skaqlw aps∂m-cp-°ß - ƒ - \S-Øp-Ibpw {i≤-tbmsS Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´ns√-¶n¬ hºn® Zpcn-X-ß-fmWv D≠mIp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX-∂mWv At±lw 2009 P\phcn 23\v \S-Ønb {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv (www.un.org/sg). C¥y-bpsS kmºØnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v HºXv iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Ggv iX-am-\-Øn-te°v Xmgv∂Xv \sΩ CsXm∂pw _m[n-°p-hm≥ t]mIp-∂n-s√∂ k¿°m¿ \ne-]mSv icn-bs√∂mWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. Poh-\° - msc ]ncn-®p-hn´pw iºfw sh´n-°p-d-®p-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bnse kzImcy Iº-\n-Iƒ kzoI-cn°phm≥ XpS-ßn°-gn™p. {]hmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xo£-bmb Zp_mbnbn¬ \n∂v \n¿am-WsØm-gn-em-fnIsf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ Bcw`n®n-´p-≠v. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ZpcnXw G‰hpw A-[nIw A\p`-hn-t°≠n hcnI {]hm-k-k-º-Øp-sIm≠v Poh-k-‘m-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw D]-t`mKPzcw hgn [mcm-fnØw ioen®p Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvX tIc-f-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hnZ-Kv[¿ ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In°gn™p. {]iv\w \ΩpsS kPo-h-amb ]cn-K-W\°v htc-≠Xv AXym-h-iyamsW-∂mWv CsX√mw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnIamµy-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØbpw Imc-W-ßs-fbpw CkvemanI ]cn-t{]-£yØn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂Xn\v th≠n-bp≈ kvt\l-kw-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]tXyI ]Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv. {]Xn-k‘n-bpsS hyXykvX am\-߃ N¿® sNøp∂ teJ-\ßfmWv CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. {]tXyI ]Xn-∏m-b-Xn-\m¬ ÿncw ]w‡n-I-sfm∂pw tN¿°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-an-√. C\nbpw th≠{X N¿® sNø-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ kmº-ØnIamµyw CkvemanI {]am-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Kuc-h-Xc-ambn N¿® -sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v F∂ t_m[y-amWv CØcw Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn-∏n\v ]n∂nep≈ t{]cIw. km-ºØ -- nI {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒs°√map≈ imizX]cn-lmcw Ckveman-em-Wp-≈-Xv. AXv ]Tn-°p-hm\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv. ASpØ e°-Øn¬ Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn® Xpd∂ N¿®-bp-≠m-Ipw (C≥im-A-√m-lv). hmb-\-°m¿, hnti-jn®v kmº-ØnI imkv{X-cw-KØv ]nSn-]m-Sp-≈-h¿ N¿®-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]¶p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂v A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. A√mlp A\p-{Kln-°-s´. 2009 am¿-®v-

5

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w

apX-em-fnØhpw kzX Hcp ISw hmßnbpw sImSpØpw ]en-i-hy-h-ÿ-sb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-am-bs- X√mw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]uc-∑m-cn¬ ]e-scbpw Zcn-{Z-cpw at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fm-°p-sa-∂-dn{¥-ssew-Kn-I-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw hn]-W\w \ne-\n¬-∏n\v Xs∂bpw amc-I-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂v Iº-

F.F. A_vZp¿d-ln-am≥

■-

kl-h¿Øn-ØØn-eq-sS-bmWv a\pjy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v. hyXy-kvX -Xcw hn`-h-ßfpw hkvXp-°fpw \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ XΩn¬ Ah ]¶psh-°p-tºm-gmWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Bh-iy-ambsX√mw e`n°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp≠m-hp-I. "X\n°v Xm≥ am{Xw aXn'-sb∂v Icp-Xm≥ B¿°pw Xs∂ \nhr-Ønbn-√mØ cq]-Øn-ep≈-XmWv a\pjy kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]v. [m\y-Ir-jn°m-c\pw ]g-Ir-jn-°m-c\pw \mbm-´p-Imc-\p-sa√mw X߃°v e`n® hn`-h-߃ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn-s°m-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w BZna-k-aq-l-߃ \ne-\n-∂-Xv. e`n-®sX√mw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dp-∂-Xn-ep-]-cnbmbn F¥v F¥n-s\√mw ]I-c-ambn Fßs\ ssIam-d-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ BZn-a-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂ hyh-ÿbm-bn-cn-°Ww kmº-ØnI {Ib-hn-{I-bß-fpsS G‰hpw {]mIr-X-amb cq]w. {InkvXp-hn\v HºXv kl-{km-_vZ-߃°p apsº-¶nepw CØcw {Ib-hn-{I-b-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂mWv D¬J-\\ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn-ep≈ \nK-a-\w. Nc°p ssIam-‰-hy-h-ÿn-Xn (Barter System)bn¬ \n∂m-Wv kmº-Øn-Iimkv { Xw XpS- ß p- ∂ Xv F∂¿Yw. _m¿´¿ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn-ep≈ IrXy-amb kmº-ØnI \nb-a-߃ sak-s∏-t´m-an-b-bnepw _m_n-temWn-ep-sa√mw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv a\ nem-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Nc°p ssIam‰hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS {]bm-kß - ƒ eLq-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn, s]mXp{I-b-hn-{I-tbm-]m-[n-bmbn BZyw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´Xv Hcp Xcw iwJp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂psh∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. iwJp-Iƒ B`-c-W-ß-fmbn kl-{km-_vZ߃°p apºp Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\m-cw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. kuØv B{^n°-bnse t{_mwt_mkv Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v 75000 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ iwJv B`c-W߃ Is≠Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ F∂v apX-emWv iwJv Hcp {Ib-hn-{Itbm]m-[nbmbnØo¿∂sX∂v IrXy-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. InkvXp-hn\v aq∂v kl-{km-_vZ-߃°v apºpXs∂ sak-t∏m-t´-an-bbn¬ _m¿en-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn-ep≈ "sj°¬' (Shekel) ssIam‰hyhÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. 180 _m¿en [m\ya-W-an-I-fmbncp∂p Hcp sj°¬. Bdmw _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ lapd-_n-bpsS \nb-a-ß-fnepw(_n.-kn. 1760) AXn\p apºp Xs∂-bp≈ D¿\map \nba-kw-ln-X-bnepw(_n.-kn. 2050) Fjv\p∂ \nb-a-ß-fn-ep(_n.-kn.1930)sa√mw "sj°¬' ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw {Ib-hn-{Ib-߃°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw hnI-kn®p h∂p. HutZym-KnI koep-Iƒ ]Xn® teml-\m-W-b-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®Xv Xp¿°n-bnse enUn-b (Lydia)bnem-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p≈-Xv. {InkvXp-hn\v 650 h¿j-߃°v apºv enUn-b-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ko¬ sNbvX \mW-b-߃ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Dc-°-√ns‚ (Touchstone) I≠p-]n-SpØw teml-\m-W-b-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-I-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. e`n-°p∂ \mW-bØnse ASn-ÿm-\-tem-l-Øns‚ Afhv F{X-bm-sW∂v Dc-I-√p-]-tbm-Kn®v a\ n-em-°m-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ F√m {Ib-hn-{I-b-߃°pw teml-\m-W-b-߃ D]-bp‡-am-bn. \mW-b-ß-fn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-tem-l-Øns‚ AfhpIm-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ cmP-Iob koep-Iƒ ]Xn™ \mW-b-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-tXmsS Ah-bpsS hnizmky-Xbpw D]-tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw h¿[n-®p. Atd-_y-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv t]¿jy-°m-cpsS sh≈n Zn¿lapw tdma-°m-cpsS kz¿W Zn¿l-ap-am-bn-cp-∂p. Da¿s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Ahsb HutZym-KnI CkvemanI \mW-b-ß-fmbn kzoIcn-°-s∏-´p. Jeo^ DYvam≥ s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv apkvenwIƒ Xs∂ \mW-b-߃ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. {InkvXm_vZw 695 ¬ (lnPvd 75¬) Jeo^ A_vZp¬ 2009 am¿-®v-

6

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w ØnIhyhÿ cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. IS-emkv Id≥kn°v hne-bp-≠mIp-∂Xv AXv \¬In-bm¬ e`n-°p∂ kzbw aqey-h-Ømb hkvXp-hns‚ hne-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Id≥kn-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ t]mepw cq]-s∏-´Xv CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv. Hcp Sh¿ ]u≠v sÿ-enwKv kn¬hdn∂v(95.5% ip≤ -sh-≈n-tbm-sSm∏w sNtºm a‰p teml-ßtfm tN¿Øp-≠m-°p∂ teml-°q´v) Xpey-amWv {_n´ojv Id≥knbmb Hcp ]u≠v sÿenw-Kv. CtX-t]mseØs∂ ]sØm-≥]Xv Ccp-]Xv \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Id≥kn-If - n¬ an°-Xpw kz¿WØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep-≈h - b - m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ Ata-cn-°≥ t\m´pI-fn¬ "kn¬h¿ tUmf-dp-Iƒ' F∂m-bn-cp∂p A®-Sn-®n-cp-∂Xv t]mepw. ]W-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ AXn\v Bh-iy-°mcpap-≠mbn. ]W-°m-c≥ Bh-iy-°m-cs\ NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ am¿K-ß-fp-≠m-°n. Aßs\-bmWv ]en-i-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]W-°m-c≥ ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ NqjWw sNøm≥ _m¶p-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ ]q¿W-amb kzm-X{¥yw sNøm-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kwhn-[m-\-amWv ]enihyh-ÿ. AXp™n´pw NqXm´tI{µ-߃°v ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂p. kzXsIm≠v Xs∂ am\-hn-I-X-sbbpw [m¿anIXsbbpw Ipdn®v kwkmsNøp-∂-Xn\p t\sc IÆ-S-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°pw `qan-bpsS cn-®h-sc√mw ]en-isb X≈n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. ]m›m-XyXØz-im-kv{XØns‚ ASn-Ød ]WnX tπt‰m-bpsS Zo¿L-amb "kwhmZ'amb \n-Isf XS-bm≥ A-h-scm-´p- sa\-s°-Sp-∂p-an√. (Dialogue) "\nb-a-ß-fn¬' (Laws 5:742) hkvXp-°-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-s°Xn-cmWv ]en-i-sb∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {Ko°v XØz⁄m\n-bmb Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ "cmjv{Sob'(Politics 1:10:11)Ønepw {Ko°v {KŸ- o-kns‚ taL-ßf - nepw (The Clouds aen- ° p_v \ p a¿hms‚ Ime- Ø mWv Im-c\pw kmaq-ly-hn-a¿iI-\p-amb AcntÃm-^\ CkvemanI cmjv{Sw kz¥-ambn Zn¿l- 1283) ]eni i‡-ambn Xs∂ hna¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. tdma≥cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-∑map-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw AXv cmjv{S-Øn- cm-bn-cp∂ tIt‰m Hm´o-sk≥knkpw (De otticiis 2:25) A∂m-bqkv sk\n-°bpw s‚ HutZym-KnI {Ib-hn-{I-tbm-]m-[n-bm- (De Beneficiis 7:10) ]enisb Xpe\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv sIme-]m-X-I-tØm-SmWv. bn {]Jym-]n°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. aX-Z¿i-\-ß-fm-I-s´, ]en-i-s°-Xnsc i‡-amb \nb-a-ß-fmWv apt∂m´v sh®n- v. blq-Zc - psS ASn-ÿm-\{- ]-am-Wa - mb "tXmd' ]eni hmßp-∂X - ns\ i‡]W-ap-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ AXp kq£n-°p- cn-°p-∂X ∂-Xn-\p≈ CS-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn. BZy-Im- am-bn-Øs∂ hna¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. ""\nß-fpsS CS-bn-ep≈ Fs‚ P\-Øn¬ Zcn-{Ze-sØ√mw kºØv kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cp- c\mb Hcph\p ]Ww hmbv] sImSp-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]W-hym-]m-cnsbt∏mse s]cp∂Xv Bcm-[\ - m-eb-ßf - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. kz- am-d-cp-Xv. Ah-\n¬ \n∂pw ]eni CuSm-°-cpXv''(]pd-∏mSv 22:25) ¿W-Øn-s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sS-bpw \mW\ymb-{]-am-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ckvdmbo¬ P\-Xsb \bn-°p-hm-\mbn b-߃ {]Nm-c-Øn-em-b-tXmsS A[nIw \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ {InkvXp (aØmbn: 5:17, 15:24) Xs‚ ]c-ky-ip-{iq-jm-Im-eØv hcp∂ \mW-b-߃ kq£n-°p-hm≥ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sh®v ]en-i-°-®-hSw \S-Øn-b-hsc B´n-tbm-Sn-®-Xmbn ImWm≥ teml-∏-Wn-°msc G¬∏n°p∂ k{º- Ignbpw(aØmbn: 21:12). ]en-isb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v At±-lw ]d-™p. Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn. Cßs\ kq£n-°m-t\""aS-°n-Ø-cp-sa∂v \n߃°v hnizm-k-ap-≈-h¿°v hmbv]-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn¬ ¬∏n® teml-∏W - n-°m¿ G¬]n-°s - ∏´ \n߃°v F¥mWv A`n-am-\n-°m-\p-≈Xv? ]m]n-Iƒt]mepw Xo¿Øpw Xncn-®pkz¿W-Øn-s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sS-bp-sa√mw In-´p-sa∂v {]Xo-£-tbmsS ]m]n-Iƒ°v hmbv]-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p'' (eq-t°mkv: 6:34, 35) Afhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb cko-Xp-Iƒ \nAXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, ss{IkvX-h-k` BZy-Imew apX¬t° ]en-i-s°-Xnsc t£-]-I¿°v \¬In. Cu cko-Xp-I-fn¬ i‡amb \ne-]m-SmWv FSpØp t]m∂n-cp-∂Xv. ss{IkvXh Ncn-{X-Øn-se H∂mF¥mtWm \nt£-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv AXnasØ Iu¨kn-emb \nInb kp\-l-tZmkv ]en-i-bp-ambn Hcp Xc-Ønepw ]ptcms\°pdn® ]q¿W-hn-h-cßfp-≈-Xn-\m¬ lnX ∑ m¿ _‘-s∏-´p-Iq-Sm-sb∂v \njvI¿jn-®p. {InkvXm_vZw 345se H∂mw {ItaW hkvXp-°ƒ°v ]I-ca - mbn {]kvIm¿tØPv Iu¨kn-en-s‚ ]{¥≠mw Imt\m\pw 789se Fbn-Ivkv Iu¨knXpX cko-Xp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ssIam‰w sNens‚ 36˛mw Imt\m\pw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]en-i-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p øm≥ XpS-ßn. Cu cko-Xp-Iƒ teml\n¬°m≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-I-sf-SpØ ∏-Wn-°m-cs‚ ASp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn Xocpa m\ ß f ns e√ mw ]enih - n-tcm-[Ø - ns‚ \ng-ep-Iƒ ImWm-\m-hpw. 1179 ¬ \S∂ Ft∏mgpw am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ch \mW-b-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n- s¢a‚nse aq∂mw Iu¨kn¬ ]en-i hmßp-∂-h¿°v IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬I-cp-sX∂pw Ifpw ssIam-‰Ø - n\v Ffp-∏a - p-≈X - p-amb ss{IkvX-h-co-Xn-bn¬ ihkwkvImcw \S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw hsc \njvI¿jn-®p. 1311¬ hkvXp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m- A∂sØ am¿∏m-∏-bm-bn-cp∂ s¢a‚ v A©m-a≥ ]eni icn-bm-sW∂v hniz-knh-ap≈ CØcw t\m´p-Iƒ, HutZym-Kn- °p-∂Xp Xs∂ aX-{`-jvSn\v Im-c-W-am-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXv I-ambn k¿°m-dp-Iƒ Xs∂ ]pd-Øn-d- A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ F√m cmjv-{S LS-\-I-sfbpw X≈n-∏-dbpIbpw sN-bvXp. 1590 ¬ °m-≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv Id≥kn- A¥-cn® t]m∏v knIvÃkv A©m-a-\m-Is´ ]en-i-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-™Xv ""ssZhbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ kmº- Øn\pw a\p-jy¿°pw G‰-hpw shdp-°-s∏-´Xpw hnip≤ Imt\m\p-Ifm¬ hna¿in-

{- ¥-hn-]W - nbpw Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jWw

2009 am¿-®v-

7

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w °-s∏-´Xpw ss{IkvXh [m¿an-I-X°v FXn-cp-am-WXv'' F∂mbn-cp-∂p (Catholic Encyclopedia). F∂m¬ Bh¿Ø\]pkvXIw 23:19 se ]en-i-hn-cp-≤-amb \nb-a-Øn\p-tijw ""hntZ-in-tbmSv \n\°v thW-sa-¶n¬ ]eni hmßmw''(Bh 23:20) F∂v FgpXn-t®¿Øv˛temIsØ ]en-i-hym-]m-cØns‚ D∂-X-ÿm-\o-b-cmb ssjtem°p-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ blq-Z-∑m-cpsS ]mX ]n≥]-‰n-s°m≠v˛ss{IkvX-hcpw sas√ sas√ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Abhp hcp-Øp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. 1290 ¬ ]en-i-°-®-hSw \SØn-sb∂v Btcm-]n®v tdman¬ \n∂v blq-Z-∑msc B´n-tbm-Sn-®-h¿ Xs∂ aq∂p \q‰m≠pIƒ°v tijw \nb-a-ßfn¬ Ab-hp-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v ]en-i-°®-hS- Ø - n¬ PqX-∑m¿°v ]n∂n¬ \S-°m≥ XpS-ßn. 1509 apX¬ 1547 hsc Cw•≠nse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ sl≥{Sn F´mas‚ Ime-ØmWv ]en-i-°-\p-Iq-e-ambn ss{IkvX-h-temIw Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ XpSßnb-Xv. ]en-i-sbbpw (Interest) Aan-X]- e n- i - s bbpw (Usuary) th¿Xn- c n- ® psIm≠v, Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n ]Øp iX-am\w hsc ]eni hmßm-sa∂ \nbaw sIm≠p h∂Xv 1545 embn-cp-∂p. ]eni A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW∂pw AanX]en-ib - mWv k`m-]nXm°∑mcm¬ hna¿in-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂s - X-∂p-ap≈ cmP-Iob DØ-ch - n\v A\p-kr-Xa - mbn aX-\n-ba - ß - fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p k`mt\-Xr-Xzw. F¶n-epw, 1179 se s¢a‚ v kp\-lt- Zm-kn¬ FSpØ Xocp-am-\sØ Xncp-Øn-s°m≠v ]en-i-°-\p-Iq-e-ambn Imt\m≥ \nb-a-ß-sfm∂pw Xs∂ CXphsc ItØm-en°m k` D≠m-°n-bn-´n-√. Ckvemw ]en-isb tæ—-am-bn-°mWp-Ibpw AXn-√m-sX-bm-°p-hm-\p≈ \nb-a-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p-≠v. ""]eni Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv_m[ \nanØw adn™phogp∂h≥ Fgpt∂¬°p∂Xv t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂¬°pIbn√. I®hShpw ]eni t]mseØs∂bmWv F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚ ^eas{X AXv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤am°pIbpamWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv. '' (Jp¿B≥ 2:275) ]eni Hcp Xn∑-bm-sW∂ am\-hnIhpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb s]mXp-\n-e-]m-Sn\v Ab-hp-≠m-bXv sl≥{Sn F´m-as‚

DØ-ct- hm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. s{]m´-Â v ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ tPm¨ sI¬hn-\mWv (1509˛1564) ]en-i°v A\p-Iqe-ambn kwkm-cn® BZysØ ss{IkvX-h ]fin-X≥. At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥I-fm-Wv sas√ ss{IkvX-h-temIw samØw AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. ]en-i-bn¬ A[njvSn-X-amb kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ°v k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw AwKo-Im-c-ap-≠m-b-tXmsS _m¶p-Iƒ hym]-I-am-bn. C‰m-en-b≥ ]Z-amb "_mt¶m'(Banco)bn¬ \n∂mWv _m¶ns‚ D¬]-Øn. tdma≥ km{am-Py-Ønse ]W-

]n-°-s∏´p. `qan-bpsS \men-sem-∂n-s‚bpw (36,260,000 km2) temI-P-\-kw-JybpsS \men-sem-∂nt‚bpw(46 tImSn P\߃) A[oiXz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp∂ {_n´o-jp-Im¿°v Xß-fpsS ]enihyh-ÿbn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb _m¶nwKv k{º-Zm-bsØbpw kmº-ØnI{Ia-sØbpw temI-Øns‚ ta¬ sI´n-tb¬∏n-°m≥ ]dbp-∂-Xmhpw icn. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠p ]nd-∂-t∏m-tg°v temIw GXm≠v ]q¿WambnØs∂ ]en-i-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmº-ØnI {Ib-hn-{I-bß - ƒ kzoI-cn®p Ign-™n-

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-I-sf-SpØ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-se-√mw ]en-i-hn-tcm-[-Øns‚ \ngep-Iƒ ImWm-\m-hpw. 1179 ¬ \S∂ s¢a‚nse aq∂mw Iu¨kn¬ ]en-i hmßp-∂-h¿°v IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬I-cpsX∂pw ss{IkvX-h-co-Xnbn¬ ihkwkvImcw \S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw hsc \njvI¿jn-®p.

an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ s_©ns‚ t]cmb _m¶p-(Bancu)hn¬ \n∂mWv Cu t]cp-≠m-b-sX∂mWv Icp-X-∏Sp-∂Xv. B[p-\n-I-amb A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ BZysØ _m¶v ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv 1406 ¬ C‰-en-bnse P\o-h-bn-emWv; _m¶v Hm^v sk‚ v tPm¿Pv-˛-C-‰m-en-b-\n¬ _mt¶m Un km≥ tPm¿Pntbm (Banko di san Giorgio) F∂v t]cv. sl≥{Sn 8˛mas‚ ]enib\p-Iq-e DØ-c-hn-\p-tijw Cw•≠nse hyXy-kvX- `m-K-ß-fn¬ _m¶p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°s - ∏-´p. 1694 ¬ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m¶v Bb _m¶v Hm^v Cw•≠v ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m≠v apX¬ {_n´ojv tImf-\n-h¬°c-Ww Bcw-`n-®t- XmsS temI-Øns‚ hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ _m¶v Hm^v Cw•≠ns‚ amXr-Ib - n-ep≈ _m¶p-Iƒ ÿm-

2009 am¿-®v-

8

cp-∂p; apkvenw temIw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\v A]-hmZw. Xß-fpsS tImf-\nItfm kJy-cm-jv{S-ßtfm Bbn-°-gn™ Ad_v \mSp-I-fnepw ]en-i-bn-e-[n-jvTnX-amb _m¶p-Isf hnP-bn-∏n-s®-Sp°m≥ sh≈-°m¿ ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an®p sIm≠n-cp-∂p. ]en-im-[n-jvTnX kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xnsb ka-{K-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fp-≠m-bXv ]Xns\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn-emWv. hymh-km-bnI hnπ-h-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ kvtIm´njv XØz-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ BZw kvanØns‚ (1723-- -˛1790) "tZi-ß-fpsS kºØv' (The Wealth of Nations) BWv Cu cwKsØ ka-{K-amb {]Ya kwcw`w. {_n´ojv cmjv{Sob [\-X-{¥-⁄\pw ]m¿e-sa‚wK-hp-am-bn-cp∂ tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w (1772˛1823)bpsS "cmjv{S kº-Øn-s‚bpw \nIp-Xn-bp-sSbpw XØz-ß-sf-∏‰n' (On the Principles of Political Econ-omy and Taxation) Cw•ojv P\-kw-Jym-hn-ZKvZ- \ m- b n- c p∂ tXmakv tdm_¿´v am¬Øq-kns‚(1766˛1834) "P\-kw-JymX-Øz-sØ-°p-dn® Hcp D]-\ymkw' (An Essay On the Principle of Population) {_n´ojv XØz-⁄\pw cmjv{Sob km-ºØnI Imcy-hn-Z-Kv[\pw {_n´ojv ]m¿ensa‚ v saº-dp-ambncp∂ tPm¨ Ãph¿´v an√ns‚ (1806˛1873) "kzmX-{¥y-sØ--∏‰n' (On liberty) F∂o {KŸ-ßfpw ¢m-kn°¬ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn\v ASnØ-db - p-≠m-°p-∂X - n¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶ph-ln® cN-\-I-fmWv. Ch-bp-sS-sb-√mw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]wsIm≠ km-ºØnI hyh-ÿn-XnsbbmWv \mw apX-emfnØw (Capatilism) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv. 1854 ¬ Cw•ojv t\mh-en-Ãmb hn-eyw sabvIv ]okv Xm°-sd-bmWv "Im∏n-‰-enkw' F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ DS-am-h-Imiw F∂pam-{X-amWv At±lw AXp-sIm≠v hnh£n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn-sbbpw kºZvhyh-ÿ-sbbpw Ipdn®v Fgp-Xm-dp-≠mbn-cp∂ "B¿X¿ bwKv' Xs‚ "{^m≥knse bm{X-Iƒ' (Travels in France) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ 1792 ¬ Xs∂ "Im∏n-‰enÃv' F∂ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. At±l-hpw 1848 ¬ ]pd-Øn-dß - nb "Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^tÃm'bn¬ am¿Iv-kpw FwK¬kpsa√mw "Im∏n-‰-enÃv' F-∂p {]tbmKn-®Xv "kzIm-cykzØv ssI-h-i-ap-≈bmƒ' F∂ A¿YØn¬ am{X-am-Wv. apX-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-bs - ∏Sp∂ BZw kvanØv Xs‚ "Zn sh¬Øv Hm^v \mj≥kv' (An Inquiry in to the Nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations' F∂mWv ]q¿W-cq]w) Fgp-Xp∂Xv 1776 emWv. "Im∏n-‰-en-k-' Øns‚ ]nXm- h mbn Adn- b - s ∏- S p∂ BZw kvanØn\v {]kvXpX "Ck'sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂¿Yw. "Im∏n-‰nenÃv' F∂v BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏Sp-∂-Xn\v c≠p h¿j-߃°p aptº At±lw ac-Ws - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. At±-lØ - n\v tijw Bdc∏Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-™mWv "Im∏n-‰e - nkw' F∂ ]Zw X-s∂ temIw tIƒ°p- ∂ - X v . Hcp kmº- Ø nI Z¿i\w F∂ \ne°v Im∏n-‰-en-k-sa∂v {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-I-s´ C-cp-]Xmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ am{X-hpw. "Cd-®n-°m-c\pw sdm´n-°m-c\pw hm‰pIm-c\pw Ah-cpsS kzm¿Y-Xm¬]-cy-ßfp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv hkvXp-°fpw tkh\-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-sh-°p-∂-Xv; sXm-gn¬ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Bkq-{Xn-X-a√mØ Cu hn`-P\w ImcWw aq∂p-t]¿°pw \√ coXn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ignbp∂p' Hmtcm tPmen sNøp-∂-h-s\bpw \bn-°p∂ "kzm¿YX'sb∂ "AZr-iy-Ic' (Invisible Hand)sØ°p-dn®v BZw kvanØns‚ {]kvXm-h\ Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. kzØns‚ kzIm-cyh¬°-c-WsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv kvanØv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw kzIm-cy-kzØv F∂ "Xn∑'bn¬ \n∂v am\-h-cmin Ic-I-b-dmsX Ah¿°v tamN-\-ap-≠m-hpI-bn-s√∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ At±lw am\-h-hn-tcm-[n-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ a´nemWv am¿Ivknb≥ `qan-I-bn¬ \n∂psIm≠v kvanØns\ hna¿in-®-h-cpsS hmZw. "kzm¿YX'sb \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ib-√; {]XypX hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°p∂ Hcp hkvXp-Xsb \nco-£n-°pI am{X-amWv kvanØv Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿Yyw hnkva-cn-®psIm-≠mWv Cu hna¿i\w. am{X-hp-a√, kzm¿YX F√m-bvt∏mgpw KpW-I-c-amsW∂ hmZ-Øn\v ]Icw ]e-t∏mgpw AXv tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°m-dp-s≠∂ hkvXp-Xbpw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p-≠v. Xs‚ kºm-Zy-Øns‚ `qcn-`mKhpw kmaq-ly-t£-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn \o°n-sh® BZw kvanØm-Wv kzm¿Y-X-bpsS XØz-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂sX∂ hkvX - pX F¥p-am-{Xw henb sshcp-[y-a√! cmjv{Sw hn]-Wn-bn¬ CS-s]-´p-Iq-Smsb∂v ]d-™Xv BZw kvanØ√; {]XypX ]n¬°me kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄∑m-cm-Wv. kzX-{¥-am¿°‰v kn≤m-¥-ßsf s]mXp-hmbn sebvsk-^n-b¿ (Laissezfair) F∂mWv Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. "sN øm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°pI' sb∂m-Wv Cu {^©v hmKvZz-bØ - n-\¿Yw. hn]-Wnsb kzX{¥-ambn kzbw hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Isb-∂mWv CXv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. bmsXmcphn[ CS-s]-Se - p-an-√mØ hn]-Wn-°v kzbw hf-cp-hm\pw \ne\n¬°p-hm\pw Aßs\ F√m-h¿°pw Xr]vX-amb tkh-\-߃ sNøp-hm\pw Ignbp-sa∂v se-

2009 am¿-®v-

9

bvsk-^n-b¿ kn≤m-¥° - m¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. ]q¿W-amb A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-sb∂ apX-em-fn-ØØ - n-s‚ Bi-bw {]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ CXp-hsc Ign-™n-´n-√. Im∏n-‰e - n-kØ - n-s‚ ]dp-Zo-kbmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Ata-cn-°b - n¬ t]mepw hn]-Wnsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ k¿-°m¿ \nb-a-ß-fp≠v F∂-Xm-Wv hmkvX-hw. F¶nepw, kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-sb∂ Bi-bsØ {]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂ cmjv{S-amWv Ata-cn-°. AhnsS F√mw I®-h-S-abamWv; [¿ahpw A[¿ahpw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv hn]-Wn°v F¥v t\´hpw tIm´-hp-ap-≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-Wv. hn]-Wnsb tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-°psa∂v tXm∂p∂ Xocp-am-\-sam-∂p-sa-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m¿ k∂≤-am-hp-∂n-√. hn]-Wnsb kv\nKv[a - m-°p∂-Xn-∂mbn P\-ß-fn¬ D]-t`m-K-{`aw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-sX√mw sNøm≥ k¿°m¿ Iq´p \n¬°p-∂p. ]cam-h[n Bkz-Zn-°p-I-bmWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ [¿a-sa∂ a´n-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-aØn-emWv hnZym-`ym-k-k-{º-Zm-b-a-S°w F√mw tI{µo-Ic - n-°∏ - ´n-cn-°p-∂X - v. ISw hmßnbpw sImSpØpw ]en-i-hy-h-ÿsb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-sX√mw sNøm≥ _m¶p-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amb kzmX{¥yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]uc-∑m-cn¬ ]e-scbpw Zcn-{Z-cpw at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fm-°psa- ∂ - d n- ™ n´pw NqXm´tI{µ- ß ƒ°v k¿°m¿ ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂p. IpSpw_-ÿm-]-Øns‚ XI¿® henb kmaqly-hn-]-Øm-sW-∂-dn-™n´pw kzX-{¥ssew-Kn-I-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. ]uc-∑msc XI¿°p-Ibpw Xf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ab-°p-ac - p-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p t\sc IÆ-S°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°pw `qan-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v Xs∂bpw amc-I-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂v Iº-\n-Isf XS-bm≥ k¿°m¿ sa\-s°-Sp-∂p-an√; AXym¿Ønbpw t`mKm-kvXnbpw hf¿Øp∂ ]c-ky-߃ kmaq-ly-{I-asØØs∂ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-sa∂v a\- n-em-°n-bn´pw Ahsb \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√... Aß-s\-bß - s\... Ch Xs∂-bmWv Ct∏m-gp-≠mb {]Xn--k‘ - n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\Imc-Whpw!

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w c≠mw temIalm-bp-≤-Øn\v tijw- A-ta-cn-°bpw djybpw XΩn-ep≈ ioX-k-a-c-am-bncp∂p GI-tZiw Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-tØmfw temI cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp∂Xv. A-°m-esØ- ap-gp-h≥- tem-I- cm-jv-{So-b- kw-L-´-\-ß-fpw- C-Xn-s‚- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv.C-Xm-h-s´- B-bp-[-hym--]-m-cn-I-fn¬- {]-ap-J-cm-b- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sSbpw- d-jy-bp-sS-bpw- km-ºØn-I- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.- 1991¬- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- X-I¿-®tbm-sS- A-ta-cn-°- B- cw-K-sØ- G-Im-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn;- C-∂pw- B- \n-e- Xp-S-cp-∂p.-

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWØns‚ aXhpw

cmjv{So-bhpw F.-F≥. A_vZp¬Jm-Zn¿

kmº- Ø nI DZm- c o- I - c - W - Ø n\v s]mXp-hmbn {]tbmKn-°s - ∏´ "sebvsk s^b¿' (Laissez fair ) F∂ BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv 1609 ¬ A∂sØ {^©v kmºØnIImcy- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Po≥ _mÃnÃv tImƒ_¿´v BsW-∂mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øntem kmºØnI Imcyßfntem k¿°m¿ CS-s]S-ep-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-°W - s - a-∂m-hi - ys∏-Sp∂ XØz-im-kv{X-ßsf s]mXphmbn "sebvsks^b¿' kn≤m-¥-߃ F∂mWv ]d™p hcm-dp-≈-Xv. kzX{¥hn]Wn (Free Market) F∂ sebvsk s^b¿ kmº-ØnI hyhÿ Bkq-{XnX kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ°pw (Planned economy) \nb- { ¥nX hn]- W n°pw (Regulated market)FXn¿ \n¬°p∂ hn]-Wn-\-b-am-Wv. k¿°mtcm sXmgn-enS-ß-fn¬ B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ sXmgn-em-fn Iq´m-bvatbm \nb-{¥n-°p∂ kºZv hyhÿ-bmWv Bkq-{XnX kmº-ØnI hyhÿ. k¿°m¿ \n›-bn® kan-Xn-bpsS \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n¬ Nc- ° p- I - f p- s Sbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {Ib-hn-{Ibw \SØp∂ hn]Wnsb "\nb-{¥nX hn]-Wn'sb∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. Ch c≠n\pw FXncmWv "kzX-{¥-hn-]Wn''F∂v ]d-bp-

tºmƒ Xs∂ {]kvXpX hn]WnbpsS \nb-a-߃ \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv k¿°mcs√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°≥ hn]Wn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\\nb-a-߃ \n¿an°p-∂Xpw \S∏m-°p-∂Xpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂-Xp-sa√mw AhnsS Bÿm-\-am-°n-bn´p≈ BtKm- f - I p- Ø I`oa≥amcm- W v . CØcw IpØ- I - ` o- a - ∑ msc√mw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnse sjbdpIƒ°v- apI-fn-em-Wv; tIm¿∏-td‰v `oa∑m-cmWv Ata-cn°≥ am¿°-‰p-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-ß-ƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂v A¿Yw. k¿°m¿ AXn¬ t\cn´v CS-s]Sp-∂n-√; F∂m¬ F√m-Øn\pw ta¬t\m´w hln®v sIm≠v \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c≠mw temIalm-bp-≤Ø - n\v tijwA-ta-cn-°bpw djybpw XΩn-ep≈ ioXk-ac - a - m-bn-cp∂p GI-tZiw Ac-\q-‰m-≠pIm-e-tØmfw temI cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp∂Xv. 1948 Pq¨ 24 apX¬ 1949 sabv 11 hsc \o≠p\n∂ tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs‚ s_¿en≥ D]-tcm[w, 1950 Pq¨ 25 apX¬ 1953 Pqsse 27 h-sc \S∂ sImdn-b≥ bp≤w, 1961 Pq¨ 4 apX¬ \hw-_¿ 9 hsc \o≠ _¿en≥ {]Xnk-‘n, 1987 BKÃv 7 apX¬ 1989 s^-

2009 am¿-®v-

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{_p-hcn 15 hsc \S∂ A^vKm≥ bp≤w, 1960 IfpsS XpS-°-Ønse Iyq-_≥ anssk¬ {]Xn-k‘n, XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu ioX-k-a-c-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]iv\-߃s°√mw ]n∂n¬ A∂sØ Bbp-[-hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ {]apJ-cm-bn-cp∂ Ata-cn°bpsS-bpw tkmhnb‰v bqWn-bs - ‚bpw kmº-ØnI Xm¬]cy-߃ IqSnbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1991¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ XI¿-∂-tXmSp IqSn C\n Ata-cn-°-bp-ambn a’-cn-°p-hm≥ Bcp-an-s√∂ Ahÿ kwPm-Xa - m-bn. Ata-cn-°-bpsS A[o-i-Xz-Øn-ep≈ "GI{[p-h-temIw' (Unipolar world) ]nd-°pI-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v. {_n´ojv am¿IvknÃv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb FdnIv tlm_vkv _mw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´Xv tkmhn-b‰v bqWnbs‚ XI¿®-tbmsS Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v Ah-km-\n-®p-sh-∂m-Wv- (Eric Hobsbawm: The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991(1994) k±mw lpss-ks‚ IpsshØv A[n-\nth-i-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v 1990 sk]vXw_¿ 11\v hmjnw-ßvS¨ Un.-kn.-bn¬ sh®v \S∂ bpssW-‰Uv tÉvkv tIm¨{K-kn¬ {]kn-U≠v tPm¿Pv _pjv H∂m-a≥ sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn (http://

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w bushlibrary-tamu.edu) s‚ Xe-s°´v' Hcp ]pXnbtemI {Ia-Øn-te-°v (Toward New World Order) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1990 HmsS ]pXn-b-tem-I-{Iaw XpS-ßn-sb∂v Ata-cn-°bpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw Htc kzcØn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. \h- t emI{Ia- s Ø- ° p- d n® N¿® FÆ-bpsS cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v hgn-amdp-∂Xv Chn-sS-bmWv. {InkvXm_vZw 387 apX¬ Xs∂ ssN\-°m¿ FÆ D¬]mZn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\v tcJ-I-fp-s≠-¶nepw 1856¬ Im\-U° - m-c\ - mb F{_lmw ]n\ntbm sP≥kI¬°-cn-bn¬ \n∂v asÆÆ (Kerosene) th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-ØX - p apX¬°mWv s]t{Sm-fn-b-Øn‚ B-[p\nI Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1861 ¬ ÿm]n- ° - s ∏´ Ak¿ss_- P m- \ nse _°p-hnse dnss^-\d - n-bmWv BZysØ FÆip≤o-I-c-W-ime. 1885 ¬ kpam-{Xbnepw 1863 ¬ s]dp-hnepw 1908 ¬ Cdm\nepw 1910 ¬ Im\-U-bnepw FÆ-°nW-dp-Ifpw ip≤o-Ic - W - i - m-eI - fpw ÿm]n°-s∏-´p. C∂v temIØv \n¿an°-s∏Sp∂ s]t{Sm-fn-bØ - ns‚ 62.5%hpw D¬]mZn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv Ad_v cmPy- ß - f m- W v . ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv kDuZy Atd_y Xs∂(25%). CdmJpw bp.-F.-Cbpw IpsshØpw JØdpsa√mw ]n∂n¬ Xs∂bp≠v. 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬, temIsØ Du¿Pm-h-iy-ß-fn¬ \mepiX-am\-amWv s]t{Sm-fnbw hgn ]q¿ØoI-cn-®ncp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂Xv 40% BWv. KXm- K - X - Ø n- \ mbn D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ Du¿P-Øns‚ 90% hpw s]t{Sm-fn-bØ - n¬ \n∂p-≈-Xp-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ImesØ FÆ- D¬]m-Z\w XpS-ßn-bXv apX¬ temIw 875 _ney¨ _mc¬ FÆ-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn®v Xo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIØv C∂v D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ s]t{Sm-fn-b-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw D]-tbmKn®p Xo¿°p-∂Xv Ata-cn-°b - m-Wv. 2006 se IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw Hcp Znh-kap≈ Ata-cn-°-bnse FÆ D]-t`mKw 20.68742 aney¨ _mc-ep-I-fm-Wv. Atacn-°-bpsS \men-c´n P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ C¥y-bn¬ CXv 2.5719 aney≥ _mc-epIƒ am{X-amWv F∂v Hm¿°p-I. Ata-cn°-°m-cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw FÆ F{X-am{Xw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v a\ n-em-°m≥ CXv Xs∂ [mcmfw aXn. 1908 ¬ t]¿jy-bn-emWv (C∂sØ Cdm≥) a[y-]u-ckvXytZisØ BZy-

sØ FÆ-°n-W¿ Ipgn-®-Xv. kDuZy Atd-_y-bnse FÆJ\n-Iƒ I≠p-]nSn-®Xv 1938 emWv. 1944 ¬ {]apJ s]t{Smfnbw `qanim-kv{X-⁄\ - mb Fh-dÃv Un tKmbve¿ Ata-cn-°≥ k¿°m-cn\v \¬Inb dnt∏m¿´n¬ a[y-]u-c-kvXy- tZ-iØv Npcp-ßn-bXv 25 _ney¨ {IqUv Hmbn-se-¶nepap≠mIp-sa∂pw AXn¬ 5 _ney¨ kDuZn Atd-_y°v Iogn-emsW∂pw kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu tZiØv Npcp-ßn-bXv 300 _ney¨ _mc¬ {IqUv Hmbn-ep-s≠∂pw AXnse aq∂n-sem∂pw kDuZn Atd-_y-bn-em-sW∂pambn-cp-∂p At±- l - Ø ns‚ A\u- t Zym- K n- I - a mb

]pXnb ÿm]-\-ap-≠m°n Kth-jWw XpS¿∂p. 1938 ¬ Zlvdm-\n¬ cmPysØ BZysØ FÆ-∏mSw Is≠-Øn. 1944 emWv Iº-\n-bpsS t]cv am‰n ""Atd-_y≥ Ata-cn-°≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n'' (ARAMCO) F∂ t]cn¬ FÆ-bp¬]mZ\w hym]-Ia - m-°n-bX - .v 1973¬ AdmwtIm Iº\n-bpsS 25%hpw 1964¬ 60%hpw Hml-cnIƒ kDuZn k¿°m¿ hmßn. 1980 ¬ Iº\n ]q¿W-ambn k¿°m-cns‚ Iønem-bn. 1988 ¬ Iº-\n-bpsS t]cv am‰n kDuZn Atd- _ y≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n (SAUDI ARAMCO) F∂m°nØo¿-Øv G‰-hpw henb FÆZmXm-hmbn \ne-\n-

1967¬ \S∂ BdpZn\ Ad-_v˛CkvdmCu¬ bp≤-tØm-S-\p-_‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb FÆ D]-tcm[w hgn Xs∂ FÆ Hcp Bbp-[-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂psh∂v a\- n-em-°n-°-gn-™hcm-bn-cp∂p H∂mw tem-I-cm-jv{S-ß-fnse cmPy-X-{¥-PvR≥am¿. F´v Ad-_v cm-jv{S-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m°nb Jm¿Øpw {]ta-b-Øn\v BD-]-tcm-[w- \nan-Ø-am-bn. A`n-{]mbw. ""Ncn-{X-Øn¬ e`n-®n-´p≈ G‰-hpw henb H‰ kΩm-\-amWv Cu {]tZ-isØ FÆ'' F∂mWv At±lw Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. A∂v temIØv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ FÆbpsS 60% hpw Ata-cn-°-bn-ep¬]m-Zn-∏n°p- ∂ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p. a[y]uckv X y tZiØv \n∂v hcp∂ tIhew 5% am{Xw! c≠mw temIalm-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-tºm-gmWv kDuZn Atd-_y-bn¬ hyh-km-bn-Ia - mbn FÆ D¬]m-Z\w XpSßn-bXv. AXn\v h¿j-߃°p apºv Xs∂ hym]mc°pØ-IIƒ FÆ-bn¬ IÆpw \´v Atd-_y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D¬J-\\ Kth-j-W-߃ XpSßn°gn™n-cp-∂p. 1933 sabv 23 \mWv Ata-cn-°-bnse "Ãm¿tU¿Uv Hmbn¬ Hm^v Imen-t^m¿Wnb'bpambn kDuZybn¬ FÆ Kthj-W-߃°mbp≈ Icm-dn¬ kDuZn k¿°m¿ H∏psh°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ "Iment^m¿Wnb Atd_y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv Hmbn¬ Iº-\n'bp≠m°n AXns‚ Iogn¬ Kth-j-W-߃ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw FÆ Is≠Øp-∂Xn¬ hnP-bn-®n-√. 1936¬ "sSIvkmkv Hmbn¬ Iº\n' "Imen-t^m¿Wnb Atd-_y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv Hmbn¬ Iº\n'bpambn tN¿∂v "Imen-t^m¿Wnb sSIvkmkv Hmbn¬ Iº\n' F∂

2009 am¿-®v-

11

∂psIm≠v temI-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb s]t{Sm-fn-b-Øns‚ Im¬`mKhpw \¬Int∏m-cp-I-bm-Wv Cu Iº\n. 1989 ¬ dnbmZn\v sX°p`m-KØv \n∂v Db¿∂ KpW\n- e - h m- c - a p≈ FÆbpw hmX- I hpw I≠p]nSn-®-tXmsS Iº-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\taJe Gsd hep-Xm-bn. HcpZn-hkw Hcp tImSn _mc¬ hsc {IqUv Hmbn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m\mIp-sa∂ Ah-ÿbn¬ 1994 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw Iº\n FØn. 2003 ¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw-`n® "A¬ l¿Yv' {]IrXnhmXI \n¿amWbqWn‰pw 2001 se "A¬l-hnø' s{]mPIvSpw {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI\n¿am-W-cw-KØpw IqSn kDu-Znsb ta¬t°m-bva-bn-te°v \bn°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1945 am¿®v 22 \mWv Ad_v cmPyß- f psS sFIy- t h- Z n- b mb ""Pman- A Øp±ph-en¬ Ad-_nø''(Leage of Arab States) F∂ HutZym- K n- I - \ m- a - Ø n¬ Ad_v eoKv {]h¿Ø-\a - m-cw-`n-®X - v. XpS°-Øn¬ kDuZn Atd_y, kndnb, e_\m≥, CuPn]vXv, Cdm-Jv, tPm¿Zm≥ F∂o Bdp cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ad_v eoKn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1945 ¬ ba\pw 1953 en_n-bbpw 1956 ¬ kpUm\pw 1958 ¬ samtdmt°mbpw SpWo-jybpw 1961 ¬ IpsshØpw 1982 ¬ A¬Po-cn-bbpw 1972 ¬ bpF-Cbpw 1971 ¬ _l-ssd\pw

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w JØdpw Ham\pw 1973 ¬ audnØm-\n-bbpw 1974 ¬ tkmam-en-bbpw 1974 ¬ ^ekvXo\pw 1977 ¬ Pn_vbqØnbpw 1993 ¬ tImwtdmwkpw Ad-_v eo-Kn¬ AwKß-fm-bn. H∂mw temIa-lm-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ 1917 \hw-_¿ 2\v {_n´ojv kntbm-WnÃv s^U-td-js‚ D∂-X\mb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ tdm_vvkv ssN¬Uv {]`p-hn\v {_n´ojv hntZiImcy sk{I´dn B - ¿X¿ sPbnwkv _mƒ^¿ FgpXnb Hcp IØnemWv ""temI-sØ-ßpap≈ PqX-∑m-cpsS tZi-Kr-l-ambn ^ekvXo-\ns\ am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂X - n-t\mSv {_n´ojv k¿°m-cn\v A\p-Iqe kao-]-\-amWp-≈Xv'' F∂ Ip{]-kn-≤a - mb {]kvXmh-\b - p-≈X - v. "1917 se _mƒ^u¿ {]Jym]\w' (Balfour Declaration of 1917) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bmWv ]n∂oSv \S∂ ^e-kvXo≥ A[n-\n-thi-Øn\pw C∂v temIØv \S-°p-∂ G‰hpw henb `oI-c-Xbmb CkvdmCu¬ `oI-cX°psa√mw ASn-Ød ]WnX-Xv. H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-tØmsS DYvam-\nb km{amPyw inYn-e-amIp-Ibpw ^e-kvXo\n¬ `cWw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ssI-h-i-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ kntbm-WnÃpIƒ°v \¬Inb Dd∏v ]men°p-hm≥ {_n´ojv k¿°m¿ k∂-≤-ambn. temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ PqX-∑m¿ sas√ ^e-kvXo-\n¬ h∂v IpSn-tb‰w XpS-ßn. 1935 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw ^e-kX v o-\n-se-Øn IpSn-tb-dnb PqX-∑m-cpsS FÆw 6000 Ihn-™p. PqX-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ ÿm]\w e£y-am-°n-s°m≠mWv Cu IpSn-tb-‰sa∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-tXmsS ^e-kvXo\nse Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ AXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. AXv Iem]-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-™p. 1936 apX¬ 1939 hsc \nc-h[n Iem-]-߃ \S-∂p. Cu Iem-]-߃ {_n´ojv k¿°mcpw PqX`o-I-c-∑mcpw IqSn ASn-®-a¿Øn. 5000 e[nIw ^e-kvXo-\n-Ifpw 400 PqX-∑cpw 200 {_n´o-jp-Imcpw ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw 15000 e[nIw ^e-kvXo-\n-Iƒ°v amc-Iambn ]cn-t°¬°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu Iem-]-ß-fpsS ]cn-WnXnsb∂hÆw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw sFIy- c m- j v { S- k - ` - b psS Xe- b n- e m- b nØo¿∂p. sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`- b - psS Ncn-{XØnse H∂m-asØ GI-]-£obamb

Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn. 1948 sabv 14 CkvdmCu¬ F∂ cmjv{Sw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. 1947\h-º¿ 29\v ]mkm-°nb "sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS ^e-kvXo≥ ]≤Xn' {]Imcw cq]-s∏´ CkvdmCu¬ cmjv{SsØ Ab¬]°- c m- j v { S- ß - s fm∂pw AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. CXns‚ ^e-am-bmWv BZy-sØ Ad_n˛CkvdmCu¬ bp≤-ap≠m-b-Xv. 1948 ¬ XpS-ßnb bp≤w 1949 \v Xm¬°m-enI bp≤-hn-cma Icm-tdm-sSbmWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. bp≤-hn-cm-a-Øn\v a[yÿw hln-°m-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°s - ∏´v sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` a[y-ÿ≥ kzo-Unjv cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ t^mƒ°v _¿Wm- t Um´v ^e- k v X o\v A¬]w A\p-Iq-e-sa∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ \n¿tZi-ß-fmWv apt∂m´v sh®Xv F∂Xn\m¬ 1948 sk]vXw-_¿ 17 PqX-`o-Ic - ∑ - m-cm¬ {Iqc-ambn sIme sNø-s∏-´p. kntbm-WnÃv `oI-c-kw-L-S-\-bmb "teln' bpsS t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ bnkvlmJv jao¿ (1983˛84 epw 1986˛92 epw Ckvdmbo¬ {][m-\-a{¥n), \mYm≥ sb√n≥ tam¿, Ckv d mCu¬ F¬ZmZv F∂n- h - c m- b ncp∂p h[-Øn\v ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® {][m-\n-Iƒ. CkvdmCu-en-t\mSv Ifn®m¬ Fß-s\-bmbn-cn-°p-sa∂v temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p "teln' Cu sIme-]m-X-I-Øn-eqsS sNbvX-Xv. 1948 apX¬ 1952 hsc F´c e£tØmfw blq-Z-∑m¿ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[-`m-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂pw CkvdmCu-en-te°v IpSn-tb‰w \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ A{X-tØmfw ^e- k v X o- \ n- I ƒ°v kz¥w cmjv { Sw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-߃ A`-bm-¿∞nI-fmbn Ae-tb≠ Ah-ÿb - a - ≠ - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂mbn-cp∂p BZy Ad_v˛CkvdmCu¬ bp≤-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^ew. 1960 sk]vXw-_¿ 14 \mWv FÆ-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ 13 cmjv{S-ßfpsS sFIyth-Zn-bmb "Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ Hm-^v Zn s]t{Sm-fnbw FIvkvt]m¿´nwKv I¨{Sokv' (OPEC) cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1971¬ Ata-cn-°≥ Kh¨-sa‚ v GI-]-£o-bambn tUmf-dns‚ kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød FSpØp If-™Xv FÆ-hn-esb kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ AXphscbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmfdn¬ FÆ-hne \n›-bn-°p∂ k{ºZmbw \n¿Øn kz¿W-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn am{Xw FÆ \¬In-bm¬ aXnsb∂v H-

2009 am¿-®v-

12

s]Iv Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv apX¬°mWv A¥¿tZ-iob cwKØv FÆ-bpsS cm{j-{Sobw N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \mem-aXv Ad-_v˛-CkvdmCu¬ kwL-´\ - ambn Adn-bs - ∏Sp∂ 1973 se -tbmw-In]q¿ bp≤-tØm-S\p-_‘ - n®v FÆ-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Ad_v cmjv{S-ß-sf-SpØ i‡-amb Xocpam- \ - ß ƒ A- t ∏m- t g°pw temIsØ H∂m-asØ FÆ D]-t`m-K-cm-jv{S-ß-fmbn amdn-°gn-™n-cp∂ Ata-cn-°, {_n´≥ XpS-ßnb cmjv{S-ßsf Gsd {]bm-ks∏-Sp-Øn. 1967 ¬ \S∂ BdpZn\ Ad_v ˛ Ckv d mCu¬ bp≤- t Øm- S - \ p- _ ‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb FÆ D]-tcm[w (1967 Oil Embargo) hgn Xs∂ FÆ Hcp Bbp-[-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂psh∂v a\- n-em°n-°-gn-™hcm-bn-cp∂p H∂mw tem-Icm-jv{S-ß-fnse cmPy-X-{¥-PvR≥am¿. CkvdmCu-ens\ klm-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v FÆ \¬Ip-Ib - n-s√∂ FÆ-bp¬]m-Z\ cmjv{S-ßfpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ ]c-kv]cw `n∂n-∏n®psIm≠v s]mfn-°m\p≈ Atacn-°≥˛{_n´ojv ]cn-{i-a-߃ Ipd-s®√mw ^ew I≠p-sh-¶nepw CkvdmCuen-s\-Xnscbp≈ i‡-amb \ne-]m-Sn¬ Dd®p \n¬°p-hm\pw A°m-cy-Øn¬ tbmPn®v \oßp-hm\pw F´v Ad-_v cmjv{S-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m°nb Jm¿Øpw {]ta-b-Øn\v AXv \nan-Ø-am-bn. AXv Hcp cm{„ob hnPbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1973 HIvtSm-_¿ 17 \v Ad-_v cm-Py-ß-ƒ Ata-cn-°°v ta¬ FÆ D]-tcm[w G¿s∏-Sp-ØnbXmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXv ]n≥h-en-°Wsa-¶n¬ tbmwIn-∏q¿ bp≤Øn¬ CkvdmCu-ens\ ]n¥p-W-°p∂Xv \n¿Ø-Ws - a∂ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ FÆsb∂ Bbp-[-Øns‚ i‡n Ata-cn-°°pw icn°v a\- nem-bn. Hs∏Ivv cmjv{S-߃ FÆ hne Iq´m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv H∂mw temI cmjv{S-ßf - n-se√mw henb {]Xn-k‘n krjvSn®p. Ata-cn-°-bpsS CjvS-Zm-k\pw CkvdmCu-ens\ A∂p Xs∂ AwKo-Icn-®n-cp∂ cmjv{S-am-bn-cp∂ Cdm-\ns‚ cmPm-hp-ambncp∂ apl-ΩZv dkm ]lvehn t]mepw Ifwamdn®hn-´n. 1973 Unkw_¿ 12\v \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn\v \¬Inb A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ At±lw Xpd-∂-Sn®p. ""AsX! FÆhne IqSm≥ t]mIpI-bm-Wv. \n߃ ]m›m-Xy¿ R߃°v \¬Ip∂ tKmX-ºns‚ hne aq∂n-c´n h¿[n-∏n-®p. kna‚n-s‚bpw ]©-km-cb - p-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w sSbpsa√mw hne Iq´n. Rß-fpsS ASp°¬ \n∂v {IqtUm-bn¬ hmßn kwkvIcn-s®-SpØv s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬kv B°nsb-SpØv 100 C-c´n hne°v R߃°v Xs∂ hn¬-°p-∂phcmWv \n߃, AXpsIm-≠v Xs∂ FÆ°v IqSp-X¬ hne thW-sa-∂Xv \ymbw am{X-am-Wv; ]Ønc-´n-sb-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ thW-sa∂v \ap°v ]d-bmw'' FÆsb Bbp-[-am°nbp]-tbm-Kn°p-hm≥ Hs]Iv cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬ \S-∂Xv kDuZn Atd-_y-bnse `c-Wm[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ ss^k¬_v\pA_vZn¬ Akokv A¬ kDuZv cmPm-hm-bncp-∂p. At±lw A¿≤-tlm-Zc - ] - p{X-\mb ss^k¬ _v\p apssk-Zn-\m¬ Xs‚ aPvenkn¬ sh®v sIm√-s∏-´Xv FÆ D]tcm[w XpSßn c≠v h¿j-߃°v tijw 1975 am¿®v 25 \mbn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn°-bn¬ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw Atacn-°≥ Imap-In-tbm-sSm∏w IgnbpIbpw Ata-cn-°bn¬ sh®v ab°pacp-∂p-I-fp]-tbm-Kn®v ioen-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ss^k¬ apsskZv Xs‚ AΩm-h\ - mb ss^k¬ cmPm-hns\ h[n-°p-∂Xn\v apºv P¿a\n kµ¿in-®X - mbn tcJ-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p-sh-¶nepw AsX¥n-\msW∂vv B¿°pw Adn-bn-s√∂mWv ]d-bs∏Sp∂Xv. hy‡n-hn-tcm-[a - mWv h[-Øn\v ]n∂n-se∂mWv HutZym-KnI `mjyw. "RßtfmSv Ifn-°-cpXv' F∂ ktµiw {]kvXpX h[-Øn\p ]n∂nep≠mbn-cp-t∂msb∂v \ap-°n∂v Adn-bn-√. AXv Ncn{Xw sXfnbn°psa∂v {]Xo-£n°p-I. {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI-ß-fp-sSbpw FÆ-bpsSbpw tiJ-c-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ temIsØ c≠m-asØ cmPy-amWv Cdm≥. 1901 sabv 28 \v JP¿ km{am-Py-Ønse apk-^v^d - p-≤o≥ jm {_n´ojpIm-c\ - mb hneyw sI Unbm¿Iy°v Cdm-\n¬ FÆ Is≠Øp-hm≥ \¬Inb A\p-hmZØn¬ \n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂p Cdm-\nse FÆ-bpsS Ncn-{Xw. 1908 sabv amk-Øn-emWv Cdm-\nse FÆ \nt£]߃ Is≠-Ønb-Xv. 1909 G{]nen¬ Xs∂ e≠-\n¬ sh®v Bt•m-˛t- ]¿jy≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n cq]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´p. 1914 sabv 20 \v Iº-\nbpsS 51% Hml-cn-Iƒ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚n\m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂ Icm¿ H∏p-sh-°s∏-´p. 1925 ¬ JP¿ km{amPyw XI-cp-Ibpw Unkw-_¿ 15 \v ]lvehn km{aymPyw A[n-Imcw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-

tXmsS apºsØ k¿°m-cp-ambn {_n´\p-≠m-°nb Icm¿ aPven-kn¬ sh®v ]mkm-°n-bn-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hne-bp-≈X-s√∂ hmZw Db¿∂p h∂p. AtX XpS¿∂v \S∂ N¿®-s°m-Sp-hn¬ 1932 \hw_¿ 26\v A∂sØ t]¿jy≥ cmPmhmbn-cp∂ dnkm jm Zlvehn t\c-sØ-bp≠m-°nb IcmdpIƒ d±v sNbvXp. {]iv\Øn¬ eoKv Hm^v \mj≥kv C-S-s]-SpIbpw 1933 G{]n¬ 26\v {_n´\pw t]¿jy-bp-ambn ]pXnb FÆ-°-cm¿ \nehn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠mw temI-

hn-s√∂ ÿnXn kwPm-X-ambn. Cu kab-ØmWv tUm. apl-ΩZv apk-±nJv IayqWn-Ãp-Im-c-\m-sW∂ i‡-amb {]Nm-cW-hp-ambn _n.-_n.-kn. cwKØv h∂-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w P\-d¬ ^fvep≈ ktlZn-bp-sSbpw tIW¬ \nAvaØp≈ \mkn-cn-bpsSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tUm. apl--ΩZv apk-±nJns\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Iem-]ßfpw KqVm-tem-N-Ifpw \S-∂p. Ch°v {_n´s‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS Im¿an-IXzw hln-®Xv Ata-cn-°≥ Nmc-kw-L-S-\mb sk≥{S-¬ C≥U-en-P≥kv GP≥kn

FÆsb Bbp-[-am°m≥ Hs]Iv cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬ \S-∂ kDuZn `c-Wm-[nIm-cn- ss^k¬_v\pA_v-Zn¬- Akokv,- F-Æ- D-]-tcm-[w- Xp-S-ß-n- c-≠p- h¿-j-߃°p- ti-jw-,- ]m-i-vNm-Xy- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-®n-c-p-∂- X-s‚- A¿≤k-tlm-Z-c-]p{X-\mb ss^k¬ _v\p apssk-Zn-\m¬ sIm-e-sN-ø-s∏-´-Xn-se- cm-jv-{So-bw- N-cn-{Xw- sX-fn-bn°p-sa-∂v- {]-Xo-£n-°mw.-..

a-lm-bp-≤-tØmS-\p-_-‘n®v P¿a-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®psh∂v Btcm-]n®p sIm≠v {_n´ojv˛ tkm-hn-b‰v kJyw Cdms\ B{I-an-°pIbpw cmPm-hns\ kuØv B{^n-°-bnte°v \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw 1941 sk]vXw_¿ 16 \v aI≥ apl-Ω-Zv dnjm ]lvehnsb Cdm≥ `cWm[n-Imcnbmbn hmgn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. aplΩZv dnjm ]lvehn-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ Cdm≥ k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ tUm. apl-ΩZv apk±nJv ]mc-ºcyap≈ cmjv{So-b-°m-c\pw tZio-b-hm-Zn-bmb cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-\pam-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ Cdm-\nse FÆJ\n-Iƒ tZ-ikm¬°-cn-°-W-sa∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw P\-ß-fXv Gs‰-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu Bhiyw AwKo-Icn-°msX cmPmhn\v apt∂m´v t]mIm-\m-

2009 am¿-®v-

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(CIA) Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX AhcpsS Xs∂ tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p≠v. BZy-sa√mw tUm.-ap-l-ΩZv apk-±nJn--t\m-sSm∏w D≠m-bn-cp∂ inbm-°f - psS Bflob t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Bb-Øp≈ kønZv A_p¬ Imknw apkvXhn Imim\n \n¿Wm- b IL´- Ø n¬ Iqdp- a m- d pIbpw apk-±n-Jn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-SpIsfSp-°p-I-bpamWv sNbvXXv. inbm-°ƒ kn.--sF.-Fb - psS ]mh-If - mbnØocp-Ibpw Hm∏-td-j≥ APmIvkv (Operation Ajax) F∂ Ata-cn° t]cn´ Cdm-\nse FÆ°n-Wd - p-If - psS ta¬ Ah-Imiw ÿm]n°p-∂X - n\v th≠n-bp≈ {_n´ojv ˛Atacn-°≥ X{¥-߃°v Iq´p\n¬°p-I-bpamWv sNbvX-Xv. Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm apl-ΩZv dnjm ]lvehn°v BZyw C‰-en-bn-te°v ]mem-b\w \S-tØ≠n h∂p. ]s£, DS≥ Xs∂ kn.-sF.F klm-b-tØmsS At±lw tUm. apk-±nJns\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-\m-°n Xncn®p hcn-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w Ibpw P\-d¬ ^Zvep≈ ktl-Znsb {][m- \ - a - { ¥n- b mbn \nb- a n- ° p- I - b pw sNbvXp. 1953 \v BKÃv 19 \v FÆ-bpsS Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n \S-Ø-s∏´ BZysØ kztZin{iasØ Ata-cn-°bpw {_n´\pw IqSn ]cm-P-bs∏-Sp-Øn- CXv Ah¿ sNbvXXv Cdm\nep≠mbn-cp∂ inbm auen-Ih - m-Zn-Isf Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-. Bb-Øp≈ apkvXhn Imim\n kn.sF.-Fb - n¬ \n∂v ]Xn-\m-bncw tUmf-dpw as‰mcp inbm t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Bb-Øp≈ J\m-Xm_n {_n´ojv NmckwL-amb M16 ¬ \n∂v Hcp e£w tUmfdpw Cu Bh-iym¿Yw ssI∏-‰n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hneyw ªw Xs‚ In√nwKv tlmhv bpFkv anen-‰dn kn.-sF.F C‚¿sh≥j≥ kv F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Ão^≥ tUmdn-¬ Xs‚ 16 C≥sskUv Zn Ih¿´v thƒUv Hm^v sl¿ sa-P-Ãokv ko{I´v C‚-enP‚ v k¿hokv -F∂ {KŸ-Ønepw Nmctc-JI - ƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ÿm]n-°p-∂p≠v. (William blum: Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Intervention since World War II(1995) Stephen Dorril: M16-Inside The Covert World of Her Mejestiy's Secret Intelligent Service (2000) 1953 apX¬ jm cm-Pmhv FÆ-°p-taep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°≥ B[n-]XysØ tNmZyw sNømØ cq]-Øn¬ cmP-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1963 apX¬ 15 h¿j-°mew \o≠p \n∂ sh≈-hn-πhw (White Revelution) hgn Cdm-\nse km[m-c-W-°mcpsS \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v th≠nbp≈ i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn apt∂dn jm k¿°m¿. ]W-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw `q{]-`p-°f - n¬ \n∂pw `qan hmßn 15 e£tØmfw ]mh-s∏´ I¿j-I¿°v Ipd™ hne°v hnX-cWw sNbvXXpw HºXn\mbncw tImSn tUmf- d ns‚ \yq¢n- b ¿ Du¿P]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬InbXpw C‰m-en-b≥ FÆ-°-º-\n-bmb C.-F≥.sF-bp-ambn FÆ-°-cmdp≠m-°n-bXpw Idp∏v hym]mcw C√m-sX-bm°p-hm≥ \S]-Sn-I-sf-SpØXpsa√m-am-bn-cp∂p sh≈hn-π-h-Øns‚ {][m-\-s∏´ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ. 1960¬ H-s]Iv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tij-ap≈ cmjv{Sob \o°-ßf - n¬ FÆbp¬]m-Z-I-cm-jv{S-߃ Nne i‡-amb \S-]S- n-Iƒ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- XmsS {]kvXpX -cm-jv{S-ß-fn¬ A∂v ap∂n¬

\n∂n-cp∂ kDuZn Atd-_y-bpsS i‡amb kzm[o\w ImcWw Cdm≥ k¿°mcns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw am‰-߃ D≠mbnØp-S-ßn. FÆ-bpsS taep≈ {_n´ojv˛ A-ta-cn-°≥ B[n-]XyØns\-Xnsc Cdm-\nse jm cmPmhv ]c-ky-ambn Xs∂ kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. 1973 Un-kw_¿ 12\v \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn\v At±lw \¬Inb A`n-ap-JØ - n¬ Xs∂ Cu am‰w {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°bnse {]n≥è b - q-Wn-thgvkn-‰n-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw CkvemanI aX-au-en-I-X-sb-∏‰n ]Tn®p dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-® {_n´ojv Ckvemw Imcy hnZKv[-\mb tUm. s_¿\m¿Uv eqbnkv Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ apkvenw cmjv{S-ßfn¬ hf¿∂p hcp∂ hnaX {Kq∏p-Is - fbpw D]tZ-io-b-X-I-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-IbmWv Ata-cn-°bpw {_n´\pw sNtø≠Xv F∂v \n¿tZ-in-®Xv C°m-eØv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v P¿a≥ Ncn-{X-Imc-\mb hneyw FßvZm¬ \nco-£n-®n-´p≠v. {^m≥kn¬ ]T-\Ø - n\v t]mb tUm.Aen ico-AØn, am¿Ivknb≥ Z¿i-\Ønepw {^m≥kv Imt\m‚ Nn¥-If - nepw Po≥ t]mƒ km¿{Xns‚ XØz-im-kv{XØnepw A\p-c‡ - \ - mbn Cdm-\n¬ aS-ßnsbØp-∂Xv 1964emWv. Cu `uXnIZm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsS Nn¥-Isf Cdm-\nse inbm Nn¥-I-fp-ambn ebn-∏n-®p--sIm-≠p≈ tImf- \ n- h ¬°- c - W - Ø n- s \- X n- s cbp≈ {]`m-j-W-߃ hgn At±lw {it≤-b-\m-bn. AXp-hgn cmjv{S-Øns‚ IÆn¬ Ic-Sm-bn-Øo¿∂p ico-A-Øn. Ch aqew ho´pXS-¶enemb Aen icoAØn 1975 am¿®v 20 \v XS-¶¬ ap‡\m-b- tijw t\sc t]mbXv Cw•-≠nte-°mbncp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. Bb-Øp≈ dqlp√m Jpssa\n Cdm≥ cmjv{So-bØ - n-te°v IS-∂p-hc - p-∂Xv 1963 ¬ jm cmPm-hns‚ sh≈hnπ-h-Øns∂Xnsc P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ ]mh-bmWv jmsb∂v Btcm-]n-®p-sIm≠v Jpssa\n At±-lØ - n-s\-Xnsc P\-ßsf Bthiw sIm≈n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Ata-cn-°bpsSbpw {_n´-s‚bpw B[n-]-XyØn¬ \n∂v Cdm-\nse FÆ-kº - Ø - ns\ kzX{¥-am-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ {Ia-{]hr≤amb {ia-am-cw-`n-®-Xn\v tijambncp∂psh-∂Xv bmZr-—n-Ia - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xm-\m-Iptam? 1977¬ tUm. Aen ico-

2009 am¿-®v-

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A-Øn-bpsS ac-W-tijw jmhn-cp≤ hnπ-hØ - ns‚ kºq¿Wamb \nb-{¥Ww Gs‰-SpØp Jpssa\n. Xs‚ hn{]-hm-kIm-eØv {_n´\pw Ata-cn-°bpambn Nßm-ØØ - n-em-bn-cp∂ ]mco-kn-en-cp-∂psIm≠mbn-cp∂p jmcm-Pm-hn-s\-Xnsc P\-ßsf PmKcw sIm≈n-°p-hm≥ XpSßn-bXv. Jpssa-\n-bpsS t]¿jy-\n-ep≈ {]`m-j-W-߃ _n.-_n.kn \nc-¥cw kwt{]-£Ww sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ Xs∂ X\n-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]W-߃°v adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ jm cm-Pmhn\v Ah¿ Ah-kcw \¬In-btXbn-√. C°mcyw A°m-esØ _n.-_n.-kn-bpsS t]¿jy≥ B‚ v Ad-_nIv k¿ho-kkn¬ tkh-\a - \ - p-jvSn-®n-cp∂ lpssk≥ imlnZn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. Ata-cn-°°mcpw Ah-cpsS ]mh-Ifmbn {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂ a\p-jym-hI - mi kwL-ßfpw 1970 IfpsS Ah-km-\-Øn-¬ Xs∂ ]pd-Øm°m≥ Bh-iy-amb X{¥-߃ Bhn-jI v cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v Xs‚ ac-WØn\v apºv jm cm-Pmhv Xs∂ kqNn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPysØ FÆ-°p- ta-ep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°≥ ta¬t°mbva Ah-km-\n-∏n®v kzbw ]cym-]vX-\m-Im≥ {ian® jmcm-Pm-hnt\mSp≈ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂pthm Cdm\nse Jpssa\n hnπ-hw? kn.-sF.-FbpsSbpw M 16 s‚bpw tcJ-Iƒ shfns∏-Sp-Øp∂ cl-ky-߃ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ft∏msg¶nepw AØcw Hcp km[yXsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sa∂v Xs∂-bmWv kw`-h-߃°nS-bn-eqsS hmbn-°ptºmƒ \ap°v tXm∂p-∂Xv. Zpdm\n km{aym-Py-Øns‚ ÿm]-I\mb AlvaZv jm Zpdm\n 1747 ¬ Xs‚ `cWw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp apX¬°mWv A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\ns‚ A[p-\nI Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´\pw djybpw Xß-fpsS km{am-PyhnIk-\-Øn\v {ian-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ kzm[o\w A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n-ep-≠m-bn. 1978 G{]n¬ 17 \v \q¿ apl-ΩZv XdInbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]o∏nƒkv sUtam-{Im‰nIv ]m¿´n Hm^v A^vKm\n-ÿm≥ (PD PA) `c-WØ - n¬ h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv A^vKm\n-ÿm≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]£-tØ°v amdm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Utam-{Im-‰nIv dn∏ªnIv Hm^v A^vKm-\n-ÿms\ (DRA) tkmhn-b‰v djy Iø-b®v klm-bn-®psIm-≠ncp∂p; H∏w Xs∂ Iayq-Wnkw

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w IpØn-sh®pw aX-hn-cp-≤-amb Bi-b߃ {]N-cn-∏n®pw A^vKm\n-ÿms\ Nph-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw hym]-Iambn \S-∂p. CXn-s\-Xnsc km[m-c-W°m-cmb P\-߃ {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\m-cw`n®p. A^vKm≥ k¿°m-cns\ klm-bn°m-s\∂ `mh-Øn¬ 1979 Unkw-_¿ 25 \v tkmhn-b‰v ]´mfw Im_q-fnseØn-btXmsS Ahn-SpsØ djy≥ A[n-\n-thiw ]q¿W-ambn. Ckveman-s\bpw apkvenwI-sfbpw Ah-tl-fn®pw aX-kzm-X{¥yw l\n-®p- sIm≠pw djy≥ sNºS A^v K m≥ Ip∂p- I sf Nph- ∏ n- ° m≥ Bcw- ` n- ® - t ∏mƒ P\w AXns\Xnsc i‡- a mbn {]Xn- I - c n- ° m≥ XpS- ß n. A^vKm\n-ÿm-\nse apkvenwI-fpsS Poh\pw BZ¿ihpw kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\v th≠n-bp≈ ka-csØ kDuZn Atd_y-bpw a‰p apkvenw cmjv{S-ßfpw klm-bn-®p. Cdm-\n-sebpw kDuZn Atd_y-bn-sebpw FÆ-°n-Wd - p-If - psS B[n]Xyw \jvS-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ Ata-cn°, A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n-semcp ]pXnb X{¥w ]b-‰m-\mWv Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. 1979 apX¬ 1989 hsc \o≠p \n∂ A^vKm≥ bp≤sØ ]n∂n¬ \n∂v klm-bn-°m≥ kn.-sF.F Hm∏-td-j≥ sskt¢m¨ F∂ ]≤Xn Xøm-dm°n. Ah-km\w 1989 s^{_p-hcn 15HmsS tkmhn-b‰v sNº-S°v A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambn Xs∂ ]n≥hm-tß≠n h∂tXmsS A∂sØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bncp∂ apl-ΩZv \Po-_p√ ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-®p-sh-¶nepw A[n-II - mew ]nSn®p \n¬°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign™n-√. 1992 G{]n¬ 18 \v \Po-_p-√b - psS k¿°m¿ \news]mØp-Ibpw s{]m^. knKv_-Øp≈ ap÷-±nZnbpsS t\Xr-XzØnep≈ Pam-AsØ Ckveman A[nIm-cØ - n-te-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠p amkØn\v tijw s{]m. _p¿lm-\p-≤o≥ d∫m-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]ØwK-k¿°m¿ \ne-hn-¬ h∂p-sh-¶nepw At∏m-tg°mw Kp¬_p≤o≥ lnIva-Ønbm-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Ønep≈ B`y-¥cbp≤-Øn-te°v cmPyw hgp-Xn hoWp Ign™n-cp-∂p. 1990 IfpsS XpS°Øn¬ Ata-cn-°bnse bpt\m-°¬ tIm¿∏td-j≥ A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n-eqsS 1600 In.-an.\of-Ønep≈ FÆ-ss∏∏v sse\ns‚ c≠c _ney¨ tUmf¿ sNehv hcp∂ ]≤-

Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Ic-Sp-tc-JI - ƒ N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]m°n-ÿm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ lnIvaXvbmdns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-cØ - n-se-Øn-bm¬ {]kvXpX ss]∏v sse≥ ]≤Xn km£m¬°cn°psa∂m-bn-cp∂p Ata-cn-°-bpsS kz]v\w. AXn-∂mbp≈ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w \S°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb - n-em-Wv A{]-Xo-£n-Xambn 1994 BKÃv apX¬ A^vKm\n-ÿms\ Agn-a-Xn-°mcpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-Ibpw kºq¿W CkvemanI cmjv{S-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ e£yw {]Jym-]n®v sIm≠v Xmen-_m≥ {]ÿm\w kacw XpS-ßp-∂X - v. 1996 ¬ Im_qƒ

tcJ-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cmjv{Sob cwKØpw kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Ifnepw kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØpw kmaq-ln-Icw-K-Øp-sa√mw hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]q¿Wkzm-X{¥yw A\n-hm-cy-amsW∂ Nn¥mK-Xn-°m-cm-bmWv en_-dn-en-Ãp-Iƒ Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bpsS \m¬]-XmasØ {]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ sdmWmƒUv doKs‚ Ime-ØmWv ¢mkn-°¬ dn_dn- e - k - Ø n¬ \n∂v hyXy- k v X - a mbn ]pXnb temI hyhÿ°v A\p-Kp-Wamb coXn-bn-ep-≈s - X∂v hne-bn-cp-Øs - ∏´ \h DZm-co-I-c-W-hmZw (Neo liberalism) i‡-am-bXv. At∏m-tg°pw tUmf-

]m-i-N v- m-Xyi-‡n-Iƒ-- Xs∂ `-c-W-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ]pd-Øm-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb X{¥-߃ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v ac-W-Øn\v apºv jm cm-Pmhv Xs∂ kqNn∏n--®n-´p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPysØ FÆ-°p- ta-ep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°-≥ ta¬t°mbva Ah-km -\n-∏n®v kzbw ]cym-]vX-\m-Im≥ {ian® jm cm-Pm-hn-t\mSp≈ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂pthm Cdm-\nse Jpssa\n hnπ-hw? Xmen-_ms‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-embn. 2000 HmsS A^vKm\n-ÿms‚ 95 iX-am-\hpw Xmen-_m≥ ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw CkvemanI ico-AØv \S-∏m-°phm\mcw-`n-°pI-bm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXtXmsS Ata-cn-°-bpsS FÆ-°p-g¬ ]≤Xn \S-°p-I-bn-s√∂v GI-tZiw Dd∏mbn. 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 11 \v Ata-cn°-bn¬ thƒUv t{SUv sk‚¿ B{IaWw D≠m-hp-∂Xpw AXns‚ ]nXrXzw Btcm-]n-®p-sIm≠p≈ A¬Jm-bnZm˛ Dkm--am-_n≥em-Z≥ th´ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xpw Aßs\ Xmen-_m≥ k¿°m-cns\ Xmsg-bn-d-°n ]Icw laoZv I¿km-bn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Ata-cn-°≥ ]mh Kh¨sa‚ns\ IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-∂X - p-sa-√mw Aß-s\-bmWv. hy‡nkzmX-{¥y-Øn\v as‰-¥n-t\°mfpa[nIw {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p∂ Z¿i-\-߃°mWv DZm-co-I-c-W-hmZw (Leberalism) F∂v s]mXp-hmbn hyh-lcn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. Cw•-≠nse tPm¨ cmPm- h n\p Iogn- e p≈ {]`p- ° ƒ°v ]tXy-Ia - mbpw {]P-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbpw Nne Ah-Im-iß - s - f√maps≠∂v {]Jym]n-°p∂, 1215 ¬ -em-‰n≥ `mj-bn¬ Xømdm-°-s∏´ tcJ-bmb "am·m-Im¿´'sbbmWv en_-dn-en-k-Øns‚ BZy-Ime

2009 am¿-®v-

15

dns‚ temIm-[n-]Xyw GXm≠v ]q¿Wam-Ip-Ibpw temI-Øp≈ Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xyw sas√ Abbphm≥ XpS-ßpIbpw sNbvXncp-∂p. k¿°m¿ sNe-hpI-fpsS hf¿® \nb-{¥n-°p-I, aqe-[-\Øn¬ \n∂pw tkh-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hcp-am-\-Øn-¬ \nIpXn Npa-Øp-∂Xv Ipd-°p-I, kmº-Øn-Ic - w-KsØ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ Ipd®p sIm≠p-hcnI, ]W-s∏-cp∏w Ipd-°p-hm-\mbn ]W-hn-XcWw \nb-{¥n-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bncp∂p "doK-tWm-anIvkv' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ {]kn-U-≠ns‚ \ntbmen_-denÃv \bß-fpsS \mep XqWp-Iƒ. A-ta-cn-°-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm\pw D¬]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]W-s∏cp∏w \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw doK-tWm-anIvkv hgn Ign-™p-sh∂v A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw tZiobISw sXm≈m- b ncw _ney¨ tUmf-dn¬ \n∂v 2.8 {Sney≥ tUmf-dmbn Xo¿∂-X-√msX as‰mcp t\´hpw AXpsIm≠p≠m-bn-s√-∂v {]XnIq-en-Ifpw hmZn-°p-∂p. \ntbmen_-dn-enkØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°IØv Xs∂ A`n{]mb hyXym-k-ap-s≠∂v kmcw. FÆ- b psS taep≈ Ata- c n- ° - ≥ B[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°ptºm-gmWv 1980IfpsS Ah-km\w apX¬

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w BtKm-fo-I-cWw (Globalisation) F∂ ]Zw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. temI-sØßpw B¿°pw I®-hSw sNøm-\p≈ kml-N-cy-amWv BtKm-fo-I-cWw sIm≠v s]mXp-hmbn hnh- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . kzX- { ¥- h ym- ] mcw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI, cmjv{Sm-¥-cob \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Ipd-°p-Itbm C√m-Xm-°pItbm sNøp-I, kap-{Z-Øn-eqsS-bp≈ kap{Z Nc°v KXm-KXs®e-hp-Iƒ Ipd°p-I, aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Hgp°v \nb-{¥n°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kpK-aa - m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I, {]mtZ-inI hym]m-c-߃°v \¬Ip∂ Cf-hp-Iƒ(Subsides) Ipdbv-°p-Itbm C√m-Xm-°p-Itbm sNøp-I, BtKmf tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ°v Cf-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-I, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imiw kw_‘n® \nb-a-߃°v GIo-I-c-W-ap-≠m°pIbpw \njvIr-jvS-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I, _u≤n-I kzØ-hIm-i\n-b-a-߃ cmjv{So-b-¥-co-b-ambn ]men°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-hpI F∂n-hbpƒs°m- ≈ p∂ "cmjv { So- b m- ¥ - c ob \nIp-Xn-I-sfbpw tkh-\-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® s]mXpIcm¿' (Genarel Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade-GATT ) AwKoI-cn® cmjv{S-ßsf \nco-£n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn 1995 P\p-hcn 1 \v thƒUv {SbnUv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (WTO) ÿm-]n-X-amb-tXm-sS-bmWv BtKm-fo-Ic - Ww {]tbmK-£-a-am-b-sX∂v ]d-bmw. Uªn-bp-.-Sn-.Hbn-ep≈ 153 AwK-cm-jv{S-ßfpw XΩnep≈ kzX-{¥-hym-]mcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂-XmWv Km´v \n_-‘-\-Iƒ F∂m-Wv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-hßfpw am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bp-ap≈ cmPyß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS "_u≤nI Dƒ]-∂߃'hn‰- g n®v ]Icw tkh- \ - ß fpw [mXp-k-ºØpw Xß-fp-tS-Xm°n ]c-amh[n kpJn-°p-I-sb∂ km{am-PyXz X{¥w Xs∂-bm-Wv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-WØn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®-sX∂v Km´v Icm-dns‚ hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS hmbn®m¬ t_m[y-s∏-Spw. kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-bpsS {]tbm-K-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n temI-cm-jv{S-ßsf samØ- Ø n¬ \n¿_- ‘ n- ® p- s Im- ≠ v , FÆ-bpsS tZio-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS kzbw ]cym-]vX-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ Ad_v cmPy-ß-fnse FÆ kº-Øn-s\bpw am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ ssN\-sbbpw C¥y-

sbbpw t]mse-bp≈ cmPy-ßf - nse a\pjym-[zm-\s - Øbpw ka¿Y-ambn NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ sIWn-sbm-cp-°p-I-bm-bncp∂p km{am-PyXzw F∂-Xm-Wv hmkvXhw. Ata-cn-°-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ Nc-°p-Ifn-eqsS P\-ß-sfbpw Xß-fpsS B[n]-XyØn\p Iogn¬ \n¿Øp-I-sb-∂-XmWv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p ]n∂n-ep≈ km{am-PyXz X{¥w. FÆ-°p-]-I-cambn Ad-_n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂Xv kuµcy- h ¿[- I - h - k v X p- ° sft∏m- s e- b p≈ A\m-h-iy-N-c-°p-Ifpw XSn-sbbpw Xesbbpw tISp-h-cp-Øp∂ ^mÃv ^pUpI-fp-sa-√m-am-W.v Bk-‡n-bn¬ A[n-jT v nX-amb ]c-ky-X-{¥-ß-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf Xß-fpsS D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS ASn-a-I-fm°n-Øo¿°m≥ tIm¿∏-td‰v _p≤n-cm-£k-∑m¿°v \∂mbn Adn-bmw. Du¿Phpw am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jnbpw hmßn kz¥w \mSp \∂m-°p-Ibpw A\m-h-iy-km-[-\߃ am¿°‰v sNbvXv D]-t`m-‡r-cm-jv{Sßsf apSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Is - b-∂X - m-Wv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ km{am-PyXz X{¥w. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-Ãp-Iƒ ]co-£n®v kpJ-a-dn™ coXn-bpsS ]pXnb BhnjvImcw am{X-amWv BtKm-fo-I-cWw. 1750Ifn¬ C¥ybpw ssN\-bp-aS- ° - a - p≈ Gjy-\m-{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv. BsI \n¿an-tXm¬]-∂ß - f - psS 73 iX-am-\hpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tImf\n-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS AXv XI¿Øp. 1860 ¬ 60 iX-am-\hpw 1913 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw F´p-iX - a - m-\h - p-ambnØo¿∂p AhcpsS ]¶v. AtX-ka - bw 20 kº-∂c - m-j{v Sß-fpsS ]¶v 1830 ¬ 30 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ 1913 Bb-t∏m-tg°v 80 iXam-\-ambn Db¿∂p. Fß-s\bm-WnXv km[n- ® Xv ? C¥y- b nse DZm- l - c Ww Xs∂-sb-Sp-°p-I. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS hchn\v apºv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v ]cpØn Cd°p-aXn sNøpI-bm-bn-cp∂p bqtdm-∏v. F∂m¬ ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ÿnXn amdn. 1824¬ {_n´-Wn¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn-te°v Cd-°paXn sNø-s∏-´Xv ]Øp e£w bm¿Uv XpWn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1837¬ AXv Bdp-tImSn \m¬]Xv e£w bm¿Umbn Db¿∂p. ]Xn-aq∂v h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Adp-]Øn \mev Cc´n! Cu XpWn-Iƒ \n¿an-®-XmIs´ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v sIm≠pt]mb

2009 am¿-®v-

16

]cp-Øn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®pw. {IqUv Hmbn¬ Xp—hne°v ISØns°m≠p-t]mbn AXn¬ \n∂p-≠m-°p∂ CeIvt{Sm sIan°¬kv ap∂qdv Cc´n hne°v hn¬°p∂ km{am-PyXzX{¥-Øn-s\-Xnsc kwkm-cn®-XmWv Cdm-\nse jm cm-Pmhv Ata-cn°-°v A\-`n-a-X-\m-Ip-hm-\p≈ Imc-Wsa∂v \tS-bp≈ \nco-£-WsØ CtXmSp tN¿Øp hmbn-°p-I. At∏mƒ a\ n-emhpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p ]n∂n-ep≈ KqV-X-{¥-߃. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, Bh-iy-an-√mØ hkvXp-°sf D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v A\n-hm-cyamb Nc-°p-I-fm°nØo¿°p∂ X{¥Øn-\mWv kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS temIØv "am¿°-‰nwKv' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]cky-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]tem-`-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ t_m[hpw Bk‡n-bpw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv apX-em-fnØw Nc-°p-Isf "am¿°‰v' sNøp-∂-Xv. Cßs\ am¿°‰v sNøp-hm≥ hn]-Wn-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv elcn, tem´-dn, kv{Xoku-µcyw, ]en-i, cXn F∂n-h-sbbm-Wv. el-cnbpw cXnbpw am¿°-‰nwKv FIvkn-Iyq-´ohpIsf {]tNmZn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, ]en-ibpw kv{Xokuµcyhpw Bk-‡n-bp-W¿Øp∂ ]c-kyß-fneqsS Nc-°ns\ kzoI-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw th≠n-bm-Wv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv. Bk‡nbpsS Cu ]©hkvXp°-fn-s√-¶n¬ kzX-{¥-hn-]Wn kv\nKv[am-hp-I-bn-s√∂v tIm¿∏-td‰v `oa-∑m¿°v IrXy-ambnØs∂ Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Chsb Fß-s\-sb√mw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-emWv Hmtcm D¬]-∂hpw hn]-Wnbn¬ ]®-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. kzX-{¥-hn-]W - nbpw Ckvemapw XΩn¬ t\¿°p-t\sc G‰p-ap-´p-∂Xv Chn-sSbm-Wv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, kzX-{¥-hn-]WntbmtSm BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-tØmtSm XmØzn-I-ambn Ckvemw FXn-c-√. {InkvXm_vZw F´p-ap-X¬ ]Xnaq∂p hscbp≈ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ apkvenw I®-h-S-°m¿ A∂sØ temI-hym-]m-ctI-{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Bt{^m-bq-td-jy-bn¬ \S-Ønb {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Hcp temI-km-º-ØnI {Iaw cq]-s∏-´ncp--∂p-sh∂XmWv hmkvX-hw. temI-Øns‚ hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AhnsSbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Im¿jn--tIm¬]-∂-߃ hmßp-Ibpw Ah-bn-√m-Øn-S-ß-fn¬

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w hn¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp s - Im-≠p≈ apkvenw lcn-X-hn-π-h-amWv cmjv{Sm-¥-cob hyh-lm-c-߃ Fßs\ am\y-ambn \SØm-sa∂v temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. kzX{¥-hn-]Wn am\y-hpw NqjW-ap-‡hpw kpXm-cy-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ AXn\v CkvemanI {]am-Wß - s - fm∂pw FXncp \n¬°p∂n-√. F∂m¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw Aß-s\-b-√. AXns‚ Aÿn-hmcw Xs∂ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Ønbn-cn-°p-∂Xv Nqj-W-ß-fn¬ taem-Wv. kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ I®-hSw sNø-s∏Sp-∂Xv hkvXp-°-tf-°m-f-[nIw B{K-lßfpw Dul-ßfpw Bk-‡n-bp-am-Wv. Cu hyh-lm-c-ßsf kv\nKv[-am-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - m-Is - ´ XnI®pw A[m¿an-I-amb ]©-h-kvXp-°-fmWpXm\pw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ B`m-k-Øn-e-[njvTn-Xa - mb kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-tbmSpw NqjWm-[n-jvTn-X-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-WtØmSpw cmPn--bm-Ip-hm≥ CkvemanI \oXn-im-kv{X-Øn\v km[n-°p-I-bn-√. FÆ-bv°p]-Icw A\m-h-iy-h-kvXp°sf hn]-W\w sNøp-I-sb∂ apX-emfnØ X{¥-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-h¬°-c-WØn\pth≠n-bmWv BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw F∂ ]´n¬ s]mXn™ NqjWw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ A\m-hiy-h-kvXp-°sf A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂ am¿°-‰nwKn\v apX-em-fn-Ø-ap-]tbm-Kn-°p∂psh∂ ]©-hk - vXp-°t- fmSv Ckvemw Hcp Xc-Øn-epw cmPn-bm-hp-∂ns√∂ hkvXpX kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS B-Nm-cy-∑msc sXs√m-∂p-a√ Ipg-bv°nb-Xv. FÆ-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n--°p∂ cmjv{S-ßfnse P\-a-\- p-Isf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Ckvemw el-cn-sbtbm tem´-dn-sbtbm kv{Xo kuµ-cy-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\s - Ø-tbm ]en-i-sbtbm hnhm-tl-Xc cXn-sbtbm Hcp Imc-Wh - i - mepw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂n-s√∂-Xn-\m¬ {]kvXpX kaq-lØ - ns‚ a\ n-te°v apX-ef - n-ØØ - ns‚ "Nhdp'Isf X≈n-°-b-‰p-hm≥ a‰p am¿K-߃ Bhiy-am-bn-cp-∂p. GsXmcp BZ¿i-amtWm "am¿°- ‰ nwKn's\ A\p- h - Z n- ° m- Ø - X v , {]kvXpX BZ¿isØ Xs∂ Xa-kvIcn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬ A]-I¿jXm t_m[-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw Ah-sc-Øs∂ Ah-c-dn-bmsX AXns‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-fm°nØo¿°pbpw sNøp-Isb∂ X{¥-amWv apX-em-fnØw ]ns∂ sa\-™X - v. "kzX{¥ hn]Wn' Ckveman-

s‚ i{Xp]£-tØ°v {]Xy-£a - mbn \oßp-∂Xv Aß-s\bm-Wv. tkmhn-b‰v djy-bpsS inYn-eo-I-c-WØns‚ ]›mØe-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cnhpamb ]cnWm-aw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sh∂pw {]Xy-bim-k{v X-]c - a - mb ]cnWma-Øn¬ AXns‚ G‰-hpw D∂-X-cq-]-amb ]m›m-Xy≥ DZmcP\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ FØn-°-gn-™psh∂pw C\n Cu hyh-ÿ-bpsS hym]\-amWv D≠m-Ip-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂pw ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v Ata-cn-°≥ cmjv{Sob-km-ºØ - nI hnZ-Kv[\ - mb {^m≥knkv ^p°p-bma "Zn \mj-W¬ C‚-dÃv' ssZz-

s°m≠v AXpw B[p-\nI kwkvIr-XnbpsS hym]-\-Øn-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°p∂ ]m›m-Xy-tem-Ihpw XΩn-emWv C\n kwL-´-\-ap-≠m-hp-I-sb∂pw {]kvXpX kwL´\w IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an® Hcp \√ temI-Øns‚ krjvSn°v A\n-hmcy-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv l≠n-ßvSs‚ ka¿-Y\w. Ckvemans\Xnsc-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥nIhpw Imbn-I-hp-amb ]m›mXy ka-cØn\v XmØzn-I-amb ASn-Ød ]Wn-bpI-bmWv l≠n-ß-vS¨ sNbvX-Xv. CkvemanI `oI-c-hm-Zhpw a-X-au-enI-hmZhpw aoUn-b-bpsS CjvS-hn-j-I-amIp-∂Xv Cu ]›m-e-ØnemWv tIhew

{In-kvXm_vZw F´p-ap-X¬ ]Xnaq∂p hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ apkvenw I®-h-S-°m¿ A∂sØ temI-hym-]m-c-tI-{µ-ßfm-bn-cp∂ Bt{^m-bq-td-jy-bn-¬ \S-Ønb {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Hcp temI-km-º-ØnI {Iaw cq]-s∏-´n-cp--∂p-. Cu- apkv-enw lcn-X-hn-π-h-amWv cmjv{Sm-¥-cob hyh-lm-c-߃ Fßs\ am\y-ambn \S-Øm-sa∂v temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. am-kn-Ib - n¬ 1989¬ Fgp-Xnb "Ncn-{XØns‚ A¥yw' (The End of History) F∂ teJ-\Ø - n-emWv D≠mIp-hm≥ t]mIp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ kmwkvIm-cnI A[n-\n-thi-sØ kqN\Iƒ BZy-ambn \¬Ip-Ibpw AXns\ Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn \ymbo-Icn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - v. Cu teJ\w hnIkn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]n∂oSv 1992 ¬ "Ncn-{XØns‚ A¥yhpw Ah-km-\sØ a\pjy\pw' (The End of History and the Lastman) F∂ ]pkvX-Ihpw ]pdØp h∂p. ^p°p-bm-asb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v, Ncn{Xw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-√, kmwkvImcn-I- kw-L-´-\-ß-fptSXmb ]pXnb Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-IbmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂v ÿm]n-°p-Ib - mWv {]kn≤ Ata-cn-°≥ cmjv { Saoamw- k - I \mb kmap- h ¬ ]n l≠n-ßSv s‚ "kwkvIm-cß - f - psS kwL´-\hpw temI-{I-a-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n¿amWhpw' (The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order) F∂ {KŸw sNøp- ∂ - X v. 1992 ¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥ F‚¿ss{]kv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ sNbvX {]`m-j-Ww hnI-kn-∏n®v 1996¬ ]pkvXIambn ]pdØp hcp-∂X - n\v apºp Xs∂ AXp-kw-_-‘-amb kwhm-Z-߃ \S°m-\m-cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Ckvemans\ {]mIrX-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS KW-Øn¬s∏Sp-Øn-

2009 am¿-®v-

17

Hcp hm¿Øm-hn-\na--tbm-]m[n F∂-Xne[nI-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn\\pkrX-ambn hm¿Ø-Isf hnI-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Xß-fp-t≤-in-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ t{]£Is\ akvXnjvI{]£m-f\w sNøp-∂X - n\mbn hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ßsf BZy-ambn ka¿Y-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ln‰vedpw \mkn-I-fp-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. Ah-cn-¬ \n∂v km{am-PyXzw IS-sa-Sp-ØXmWv aoUn-bsb Bbp-[-am-°p-I-sb∂ X{¥w. Xß-fp-t±-in-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ P\sØ akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w sNbvXpsIm≠v aoUnb i{Xp-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ amc-Im-bp-[a - mbn km{am-PyXz-Øn\v ]mZtkh sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p-∂p. i{Xp-hns\ Abm-fpsS Xs∂ i{Xp-hm-°n-Øo¿°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv aoUn-b°v \n¿h-ln°phm-\p≈ G‰hpw amc-I-amb ZuXyw. "Ckvemw `oI-c-hm-Z-amWv' F∂ aoUnb {]Nm-cWw i{Xp-hn-s\bpw an{X-sØbpw e£yw sh°p∂ Ccp-Xe aq¿®-bp≈ Bbp-[a - m-Wv. Ckvem-ans\ Xa-kvIc - n-®psIm≠v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]cn-K-W-\bn¬ \n∂v AXns\ _lp-Zqcw AI‰n \n¿Øp-hm≥ CXphgn Ign-bp∂p; Ckvemant\m apkvenwIƒt°m ]cn-N-b-an-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w √mØ `oI-cm-{I-a-W-߃ hgn am{Xsa apkvenw {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hqsb∂ anYym-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°n-s°m≠v apkvenwIsf Iem-]-Im-cn-I-fm°nØo¿°m\pw Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y ZuXyamb kXy-aX{]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n \n¿Øm\pw IqSn CXv \nan-Ø-am-hp∂p. \tS hni-Zo-I-cn® FÆ cmjv{So-bØn¬ Xß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃ kwc£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ apkvenw `oI-c-Xsb Hcp ]®-{h-W-am°n \ne-\n¿Ø-Wsa∂v aoUn-bsb \bn-°p∂ krKm-e_ - p≤n-Iƒ°v IrXyambn Adn-bmw. "apkvenw `oI-cX' Ckveman-s‚tbm apkvenwI-fpsStbm krjvSn-b-s√∂pw km{am-Py-XzØn-s‚bpw AXns‚ Bbp-[-amb aoUnb-bp-sSbpw ]S∏m-sW∂pw `oI-ch - m-ZØ - ne-Is - ∏-Sp-∂h - ¿ i{Xp-hns‚ Cc-I-fm-bnØo-cp-I-bm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv CXpsIm≠m-Wv. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m°ƒ°v Ckvemw Atcm-N-I-am-Ip-∂Xv Ah- c psS am¿°- ‰ nwKv X{¥- ß ƒ°p apºn¬ AXv ad-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂psh-∂Xv sIm≠p-am-{X-a√; {]XypX, "Fß-s\bpw kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Fß-s\bpw sNe-h-gn-°p-I-bpw sNøpI'sb∂ kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-bpsS XØz-im-kv{X-Øn\v AXv FXncp \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂XpsIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv. hn]-Wn°p ]pd-Øp≈ \nb-aß - s - fm∂pw D¬]m-Z\ - s - Øbpw D]-t`m-Ks - Øbpw \nb-{¥n®p IqSm-sb∂ \ntbm-en-_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn°v FXncp \n¬°p∂ Poh-\p≈ GI-Z¿i-\amWv Ckvemw. Ckvemw Poh-t\msS \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ BtKm-f-h¬°c-W-Øn-eqsS ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-s√∂v km{am-Py-Xz-Øn\v \∂mbn Adnbmw. Ckvemans\ Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw Imbn-Iambpw XI¿°p-I-sb∂ km{am-PyXz AP-≠-bpsS a\x-im-kv{X-an-Xm-Wv. hn]-Wnsb X߃ Icp-Xn-bXp t]mse kzX-{¥-am-°-W-sa-¶n¬ i‡n-bp-]tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcpsa∂v icn°pw Adnbm-hp-∂-h-cmWv \ntbm-en-_-d-en-Ãp-Iƒ. 1999 am¿®v 28s‚ \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn¬ tXmakv {^oUvam≥ Xpd-s∂-gpXn "BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\mbn AXn-i-‡\mb Ata-cn° AXns‚ i‡n {]tbmKn-°m≥ hnk-ΩX - n-°c - p-Xv. hn]-Wn-bpsS AZr-iy-Icw Hcp AZr-iy-ap-jvSn-bn-en-√msX {]h¿Øn-°p-Ib - n-√. Ata-cn-°b - psS

Ic-˛-thym-a-˛-\m-hn-I-∏-S-I-fpsS \ma-ØnemWv knen-t°m¨ Xmgvhcbnse kmt¶-XnIhnZy-°p-th≠n temIsØ kpc£n-X-am-°p∂ AZr-iy-Icw Adn-b-s∏Sp-∂Xv' "hn]-Wn-bpsS AZr-iy-I-c-Øn\v ssk\n-I-i-‡n-sb∂ AZr-iy-apjvSn IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\m-hp-I-bns√'∂v t•m_¬ FIvkvtN-©ns‚ ÿm]I-cn-sem-cm-fmb sIhn≥ U\m-ldpw \nco£n-®n-´p-≠v. (News Release November 9, 2001) sImtkmhm bp≤-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d™-t∏mƒ A∂sØ Ata-cn-°≥ {]knU≠mbn-cp∂ _n¬ ¢n‚¨ "tem-IØn¬ apgp-h≥ hym]mcw \S-Øp-hm-\pw i‡-amb kmº-ØnI _‘-Øn-\pw th≠n- b p≈ Xmt°m- e m- W n- s X∂v ' kqNn-∏n®Xmbn s_©-an≥ kvIvhm¿-´vkpw {IntÃm-^¿ sebn\pw IqSn FgpXnb Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬ D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. (The Nation April 19,1999) BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ e£yw Ata-cn-°≥ B[n-]Xyam-sW∂pw AXp t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv ioX-k-a-c-Øn-\p tij-ap≈ ssk\nI \o°-ß-sf-√m-sa∂pw hy‡am°p-∂-h-bmWv Cu {]kvXm-h-\-I-sf-√mw. `oI-c-hmZ hncp-≤-sa∂v sIm´n-tLmjn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ C∂sØ ssk\nI \o°ß-fpsS ]n∂nepw Ata-cn-°-bpsS I®hS Xm¬]- c y- ß - f m- s W∂ hkv X pX Ata-cn-°≥ am[y-a-߃ Xs∂ Xpd∂p Im´n-bn-´p-≠v. 2003 Pqsse 21 s‚ FUnt‰m-dn-b-en¬ "Zn \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkv' FgpXn: "^nen-∏o≥knse an≥U-\mthm Zzo]n¬ IayqWnÃpImcpw CkvemanIv ^≠-sa‚-enÃv Kdn-√I - f - pw [mcm-fa - p≠v. Chn-SpsØ Iem-]-Im-cn-Ifpw A¬Jmbn-Zmbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w aqew Cu Zzo]v {]kn-U≠v _pjns‚ `oI-c-X-s°Xn-sc-bp≈ apt∂-‰-Ønse Hcp cW-`q-anbm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ^nen-∏n≥knse tNmf-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p-`m-Khpw D¬]mZn-∏n-°p∂ an¿Um-t\mhm I¿j-Isc kw_-‘n®n-St- Ømfw Ata-cn-°b - n¬ \n∂v k_vknUn \¬In tNmfw Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-XmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ G‰hpw henb `oj-Wn. ^nen-∏o≥kns\ temIhym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ (WTO) tN¿ØXv F´p h¿j-߃°v apºm-Wv. AXn\p-tijw Ata-cn-°-bnse tNmf-I¿jI¿°v 34.5 _ney¨ tUmf¿ k_vknUn-bmbn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Aº-c-∏p-≠m-

2009 am¿-®v-

18

°p-∂-XmWv Cu henb XpI! D¬]m-Z\- s ®- e - h ns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p XpI°v tNmfw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ Ata-cn-°°v Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v CXv hy‡-am°p-∂p. an≥sUt\mhm-bnse P\-tcmjw Ag-Øn-ep-≈X - m-Wv. "am¿IvknÃv ]o∏nƒkv B¿an'°p≈ ]n¥WbpsS ASnÿm\w I¿j-I-cpsS \ncm-im-t_m-[-amsW-∂m-Wv Ah¿ Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂-Xv... hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ßf - nse Irjn-°m¿s°Xnsc BtKmfhym]m-c-kw-hn-[m\sØ Zpc-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - pa - qew bqtdm∏pw Ata-cn-°bpw P∏m\pw temIsØ ]c-a-Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\sØ XI¿°p-I-bm-Wv. A[m¿an-I-amWnXv. CØcw Ata-cn-°≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew temIsaßpw Zmcn-{Zy-ap-≠m-hp-I-bmWv sNøp∂Xv' "temI hym]mc tI{µ-sØ-bmWv `oI-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ B{I-an-®Xv; temI-hym]m-csØ hnI-kn-∏n®pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n®pw Rß-f-hsc ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØpw' F∂ {]kn-U≠v _pjns‚ {]kvXm-h\ CtXmSv tN¿Øv hmbn-°p-I. sk]vXw-_¿ ]Xn-s\m-∂ns‚ "`oIcm-{I-aWw' hgn Ata-cn-°°v e`n® kmº-Øn-I-˛-hym-]mc t\´-ß-sf-∏‰n kmaqly-\n-co-£-I-\mb PmIzkv˛_n-˛-sP-en\mkv Zo¿L-ambn D]-\y-kn-®n-´p-≠.v AXv Cßs\ kwt£-]n-°mw. 1. a[y˛]uckvXy tZiØv Ata-cn°°pw AXns‚ FÆ°º-\n-Iƒ°pw ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-°m\pw hym]mc t\´-ß-fp≠m-°p-hm\pw km[n-®p. 2. BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw krjvSn® Ak-a-Xz-ßfm¬ s]mdp-Xn--ap-´p∂ hnIkz-cc - m-jv{S-ßf - n¬ AXn-s∂-Xnsc GsX¶nepw cq]-Øn-ep≈ Iem-]ß - f - p-≠m-bm¬ BtcmSpw tNmZn-°msX Ata-cn-°°v Ahn-sS-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-Smsa∂ ÿnXn-bp≠m-bn. 3. ioX-k-acw Ah-km-\n®tijw Bbp[ hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°m≥ klm-bn-®p. 4. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Ønse a’c-Øn¬ Ata-cn° H∂m-aXv FtØ-≠Xv cmjv{S-kp-c-£°v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ [mc-W-bp-≠m-°n-s°m-≠v _lp-cmjv{S tIm¿∏-tdj-\p-Isf klm-bn-t°≠Xv k¿°m-cns‚ _m[y-X-bm-°n-Øo¿Øp. 5. `oI-c-hmZ hncp-≤-sa∂ t]cn¬ cmjv{S-߃°-IØv \S-°p∂ Iem-]ß - -

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w sf \njvIc - pWw ASn-®a - ¿Øm-sa∂ Ahÿ- b p- ≠ m- b n. (Jacques B Gelinas: Juggermant Politics: Understanding Predatory Globalisation Dec 2003) C∂p \ne-\n¬°p∂ BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ \h-en_-d-en-k-Øns‚ Ggv ASn-ÿm\ {]amW-ßs - f-∏‰ - nbpw PmIzkv˛_n˛ sPen-kmkv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah Cß-s\bm-Wv. 1. Fhn-sSbpw Ft∏mgpw Fß-s\bpw \nt£-]ß - f - n-d° - p-hm\pw {Ib-hn-{Ib-߃ \S-Øp-hm\pap≈ kzmX-{¥yamWv as‰-√m-Xn-t\-°mfpw D∂-X-am-b-Xv. cmjv{Sob kzmX{¥yw t]mepw CXn\p Xmsgtb hcq. 2. kºm-Zn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw auen-Ihpw hnip-≤hpw AXn-cp-Iƒ sI´n hyh-t—-Zn-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-amWv. 3. hy‡n-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-fmWv s]mXp-Xm¬]cytØ°mfpw cmjv{S-Xm¬]-cy-tØ-°mfpw D]-cn-bn-ep-≈-Xv. 4. F√m cwK-ß-fnepw \ne-°mØ a’-cw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. 5. kmº-ØnI a’-c-߃°v sXmgn¬ taJe hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw {]kvXpX ka-c-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-߃°\pkr-X-ambn tkh-\-th-X\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ k÷o-I-cn-°pIbpw thWw. 6. Btcm-Kyhpw hnZy`ym-k-hp-a-S°w F√mw Itºm-f-®-c-°p-I-fmWv. 7. A\-¥a - mb hf¿®-bmWv BtKmf kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿb - psS e£yw (Ibid) CXmWv BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw. AXns‚ aXhpw cmjv{So-bh - p-sa√mw Cu {]amW-ß-fn-ep-≠v. Fhn-sSbpw Ft∏mgpw Fß- s \bpw ]W- a p- ≠ m- ° p- h m- \ p≈ kzmX-{¥yamWv AXns‚ apJ-ap-{Z. kºZv { Ia- Ø n- \ - I sØ ss\Xn- I - X - t bm- S √msX ]pdsØ [m¿an-IX - t- bm-Sv AXn\v bmsXmcp hnt[-b-Xz-hp-an-√. Nqj-Whpw A[m¿an-I-XIfpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-I-fpsa√mw AXns‚ IqsS-∏n-d-∏m-Ip-∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. a\p-jys‚ kzm¿YXsb EWm-fl-I-ambn {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂ \h-en-_-dn-k-Øn¬ thcq-∂nb Hcp temI{Ia-Øn¬ Nqj-W-ß-fp-≠m-hm-Xn-cn°m-\m-hn-√. A[m¿an-I-X-I-fn-eq-sS-b√msX AXn\v hf-cm≥ Ign-bn√; ASn®-a¿Ø-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX AXv \ne-

\n¬°p- I - b n- √ . Nqj- W - Ø n\pw A[m¿-an-IX - Iƒ°pw ASn-®a - ¿Ø-epIƒ°pw FXn-cp-\n¬°p∂ Ckvemap-ambn AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ cmPn-bmIp-hm≥ BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v Ign-bn-√. Ckvemw, a\p-jy¿°p≈ Bflob- h pw `uXn- I - h p- a mb hntam- N - \ Øns‚ Z¿-i\ - a - m-Wv. kaq-ltam hn]Wntbm D≠m-°nb \nb-a-߃°∏pdw krjvSn-I¿-Øm-hns‚ hn[n-hne-°p-Iƒ ]men-°p-hm-≥ a\p-jysc {]m]vX-am-°p∂ BZ¿iw. {]kvXpX BZ¿i-Øn\v ka¿∏n-X-ambn Ign™m¬ ]ns∂ kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-bp-sS \nb-a-߃°v Hcmsfbpw ASn-a-s∏-SpØm-\m-hn-√. Cu hkvXpX IrXyambn Adn-bp-∂h - c - mWv kzX{¥ hn]Wn-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ. Ckveman-t\mSp≈ Zm¿i-\nI sshcy-Øns‚ ImcW-an-Xm-Wv. Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Ct∏mƒ XI¿∂psIm≠ncn-°p-∂Xv hn]-Wn-bm-Wv. B-

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ZrwjvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v aq∂mw temI-cmPy߃°v c£-s∏-Sm-≥ ]‰nb Ah-k-c-am-Wn-Xv. X߃°v ]‰nb kmº-ØnI{Iaw krjvSn®v Xß-fp-tS-Xmb D¬]m-Z-\-˛-tk-h\ hyh-ÿ-I-fp-ambn apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ah°v Ign-b-Ww. temI-Øn\v apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ CkvemanI kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ßsf {]tbm-K -h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ad_v cmjv{S-߃ k∂-≤-am-bm¬ am\-hn-I-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v A-Xv hmXn¬ Xpd-°pw. tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Xs∂ AXns‚ CcbmbnØo¿∂Xv ssZhnI CS-s]-Se - p-sIm≠m- h m- \ mWv km[y- X . Ata- c n- ° ≥ hn]Wn XI-cp-tºmƒ temIw XI-cp-sa∂ Ah-ÿb -- p-≠m-°n-bXv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ß-fmWv. X߃ Xs∂ krjvSn® k¿∏w Xncn™v Xß-sf-Øs∂ sImØp∂ ImgvNb - mWv C∂v temIw I≠p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂Xv. hn]-Wn-bpsS A{]-am-Zn-XzsØ-°p-dn® \h-en-_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifp-sS Aÿn-]-RvP-c-amWv H∂c \q‰mt≠m-fw Imew Xe-bpb¿Øn \n∂ telvam≥ {_tZ-gvkns\t∏mse-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]m∏¿ {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬

2009 am¿-®v-

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\ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. BtKm-fh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ZrwjvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v aq∂mw temI-cmPy߃°v c£-s∏-Sm-≥ ]‰nb Ah-kc - a - m-Wn-Xv. X߃°v ]‰nb kmº-ØnI{Iaw krjvSn®v Xß-fp-tSXmb D¬]m-Z-\-˛-tk-h\ hyh-ÿ-I-fpambn apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ah°v Ign-bWw. temI-Øn\v apgp-h≥ amXr-Ib - m-°mhp∂ coXn-bn¬ CkvemanI kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ßsf {]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ad_v cmjv{S-߃ k∂-≤a - m-bm¬ am\hn-I-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v AXv hmXn¬ Xpd-°pw. Nqj-W-ßtfm A[m¿an-I-XItfm ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Itfm C√mØ kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-bpsS hmXn¬.

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w

Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n Ncn-{Xhpw Imc-W-ßfpw ■-

F.-Fw. JZoP

kmº-ØnI{Iaw _m¶v Hm^v Cw•≠ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Ønem-bn-cp-∂p. 1791 s{^{_p-hcn 25 \mWv BZysØ k¿°m¿ AwKo-IrX tI{µo-IrX _m¶v \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. 1837 hsc k¿°m¿ AwKo-IrX _m¶p-Iƒ am{Xta Ata-cn°bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. 1837 se "an®n-K¨ BIvSv' _m¶p-I-fn¬ taep≈ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥Ww FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-Ibpw Ah°v kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. CtXm-Sp-IqSn _m¶p-Iƒ IqWp-Iƒ t]mse apf®p s]m¥m≥ XpS-ßn. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. _m¶p-If - psS icm-icn Bbp v A©p h¿j-am-sW∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn. 1863 s^{_p-hcn 25\v ]mkm-°nb "\mjW¬ _m¶nwKv BIvSv' CØcw _m¶p-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m-\pt±-in®psIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1907 se {]kn-≤-amb "_m¶p-I-fpsS ]cn-{`m¥n' (1907 Bankers Panic) BWv B[p-\nI Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb H∂m-asØ {]Xn-k-‘n. {]kvXpX {]Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv Fß-s\-sb∂ Imcy-Øn¬ A`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ß-fp-≠v. sP.-]n.-tam¿K≥ F∂ _m¶¿ krjvSn® "A\m-h-iy-`oXn'bmWn-Xn\v Imc-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂h-cp-≠v. "Hcp H∂mwInS _m¶v XI-cm≥ t]mIp∂p'sh∂Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX A\m-h-iy-`o-Xn. GXp _m¶mWv XIcm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂v Adn-bmØXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \nt£]-I¿ _m¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Ww ]n≥h-en®p. bpss\-‰Uv tIm∏¿ Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn ]nSn-®S- ° - p-hm-\p≈ {ia-Øns‚ `mK-ambn "\n°¿ t_m°¿ {SÃv Iº\n' (Knicker Boker Trust Company) XI¿∂p-t]m-b-XmWv 1907se "_mt¶gvkv ]m\n°n'\v Imc-W-sa-∂-XmWv HutZym-KnI hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. GXmbn-cp-∂mepw {]kvXpX ]cn-{`m-¥n-tbmsS \yqtbm¿°v tÃm-

{InkvXm_vZw 1493 \hw-_¿ 19\v P\o-h≥ k©m-cn-bmb {InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_k - ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ bm{Xm-kwLw ]yqct‰m dnt°m-bn¬ I∏-en-d-ßn-bXv apX¬°mWv Ata-cn°-bpsS Ncn-{X-am-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\m-em-bncw h¿j-ambn AhnsS Pohn®p h∂n-cp∂ BZn-hm-kn-Isf sIms∂m-Sp°nbpw ASn-®-a¿Ønbpw ASn-a-I-fm-°nbpw sIm≠p≈ bqtdm-]y≥ tImf-\n-h¬°-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1513¬ Pphm≥ t]m¨kv Une-tbm¨ F∂ kv]m\njv k©mcn em ^vtfmdn-U-bn¬ Xº-Sn-°p-∂-Xv apX¬°m-Wv. kvs]-bn≥Im¿°p tijw U®p-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-sa√mw AhnsS tImf-\n-Ifp≠m-°n.1607 Pbnwkv dnh¿ F∂v {_n´o-jpIm-c≥ sPbnwkv SuWn¬ ÿm]n® BZysØ Cw•ojv tImf\n apX¬ XpS-ßp∂p tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw. 1775 ¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Xn-aq∂v tImf-\n-Ifpw {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc kacw XpS-ßn. 1776¬ Ah kzbw kzmX¥yw {]Jym-]n-®p. 1784 G{]n¬ 9\v ]mcokv D®-tIm-S-bn¬ {_n´ojv cmPmhv H∏v sh®-tXmSp IqSn-bm-Wv. "bpss\-‰Uv tÉvkv Hm^v Ata-cn°'sb∂ kzX-{¥-cmjv{Sw ]nd-°p-∂-Xv. 1777 ¬ kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS {]Y-a-`-c-WL-S\bmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Iq´mbvam {]amWw (Article of Confedaration) c≠m-aXv h≥Ic ktΩ-f\w (Second Continental CongreSs) AwKo-I-cn®tXmSv Iq-Sn-bmWv "bpss\-‰Uv tÉvkv Hm^v Ata-cn°'sb∂ cmjv{S-\maw HutZym-Kn-Iambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. {_n´ojv tImf-\n-bmbncp∂ ImeØv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ 2009 am¿-®v-

20

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w °v FIv t N--© nse Hml- c n- h n- e - I ƒ AºXv iX-am-\t- Ømfw Xmtg°v h∂p. {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v _m¶nwKv taJesb c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A∂v Ata-cn°-bn¬ tI{µo-IrX _m-¶nwKv kwhn-[m\-ßs - fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]Xn-k‘n kr-jvSn-®X - mbn Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ sP.]n. tam¿Ks‚ Xs∂ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv A∂sØ {]Xn- k - ‘ n- b n¬ \n∂v IcIb- d p- h m≥ _m¶nwKv taJ- e sb ]cym-]vX-am-°n-b-Xv. "_m¶p- I - f psS ]cn- { `m¥n {]Xnk‘n'bn¬ \n∂mWv Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Hcp tI{µo-IrX _m¶nwKv k{º-Zm-bs - Ø-°pdn® Kuc-hX - c - a - mb N¿®Iƒ \S-°p-∂Xv. AØ-cs - amcp _m¶ns‚ A\n-hm-cyX-sbbpw {]h¿Ø-\c - o-Xn-sbbpw Ipdn®v 1911 P\p-hcn 11\v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® \mjW¬ tamWn-‰dn IΩo-js‚ dnt∏m¿´v IrXy-amb cq]-tcJ \¬In-sb-¶nepw CXp-t]m-ep≈ tI{µo-IrX _m¶pIƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xs∂ c≠pXhW ]cmP-b-s∏´ ]mT-Øn¬ \n∂v CØ-c-samcp \o°sØ ]e {]K¬`cpw FXn¿°p-Ibm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. c≠p h¿jsØ \nc-¥c-amb hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒ°p tijw 1913 Unkw-_¿ 22-\mWv s^U-d¬ dnk¿®v BIvSv ]mkm-°-s∏-´Xv. 28˛maXv Atacn- ° ≥ {]kn- U - ≠ m- b n- c p∂ hqt{Um hn¬k¨ {]kvXp-X BIvSn¬ H∏p-sh® DSs\ AtX Znhkw Xs∂ s^U-d-¬ dnk¿∆v knÃw (The Federal Reserve System) F∂ Ata- c n- ° ≥ tI{µo- I rX _m¶v \ne-hn¬ h∂p. A∂p apX¬ C∂p-hsc Ata-cn-°-bpsS kºZvLS\sb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv bp.-Fkv s^Uv (US Fed) F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ s^Ud¬ dnk¿-hv knÃ-am-Wv. "_m¶nwKv ]cn-{`m¥n' (Banking Panics)-Isf krjvSn-]-c-ambn t\cn-Sp-I, bpss\-‰Uv tÉvkns‚ tI{µ-_m-¶mbn ZuXy-\n¿h-lWw \S-Øp-I, _m¶p-If - psS kzIm-cy-Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw k¿°m-cns‚ tI{µo-IrX DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw XΩnep≈ k¥p-e\w \ne\n¿ØpI, ]c-amh[n sXmgn-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm\pw ]W-s∏-cp-∏s - Øbpw (Inflation) \mWy-®pcp-°-sØbpw (Deflation) t\cn-Sp-hm\pw hne-°-b‰w \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw Zo¿LIme hmbv]-bpsS ]eni \nc°v anX-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw ]‰p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ ]W-e-`yX (Money Supply) Dd∏phcp-

Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI \b߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I, kmº-ØnI kwhn[m-\hpw A]m-bß - ƒ D≠m-Im≥ km[yX-bp≈ kmº-ØnI hn]-Wnbpw XΩnep≈ ÿnXn-ÿn-cX \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I, Ata-cn-°≥ k¿°m-cn\pw hntZ-iØ - p≈ HutZym-KnI ÿm]-\-߃°p-am-h-iyamb kºZvhnX-cWw \S-Øp-I, temIkm-º-ØnI {Ia-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°°v Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°phm-\p≈ i‡n \¬IpI F∂n-h-bmWv s^U-d¬ dnk¿hv knÃ-Øns‚ ZuXy-߃. _m¶nwKv cwKØv A\n-hm-cy-sa-¶n¬ ]W-e-`yX Dd∏phcp-Øm≥ bp.-Fk - v.s - ^-Un\v A[nIm-c-ap-≠v. kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\nhm-cy-am-°psh¶n¬ ]W-e-`y-Xsb hnIkn-∏n-°p-hmt\m kt¶m-Nn-∏n-°p-hmt\m bp.-Fkv s^Un-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-amWv "CemkvXnI ]Ww' (Elastic Currency) sIm≠v hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {]Xn-k‘n- L - ´ - ß - f n¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥ kmºØnI hyh-ÿsb c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ "CemÃnIv Id≥kn' sIm≠v Ign-bp-sa∂m-Wv IW-°p-Iq-´¬. kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS cq]-h¬°c-WØ - n\p apºv kv]m\njv tUmf-dp-Iƒ F∂ sh≈n-\m-Wb - ß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p Atacn-°b - n¬ D]-tbm-KØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. A\-h[n N¿®-Iƒ°p tijw 1786 BKkvXv 8\v kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS HutZym-KnI Id≥kn-bmbn tUmf¿ \n›bn-°-s∏-´p. 1792 G{]n¬ 2\v ]mkm-°s∏´ tImbn-t\Pv BIvSv (Coinage Act of 1792) {]Imcw Ata-cn-°-bpsS Xs∂ kz¥w \mWb\n¿am-W-ime Bcw-`n°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS \n¿an-°p∂ \mW-bß - f - psS ASn-ÿm\ bqWn-‰mbn tUmf¿ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p apX¬ 1874 hsc tUmf-dp-I-fpsS hne \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv kz¿W- Ø n- s ‚tbm sh≈n- b p- s Stbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ch XΩnep≈ A\p-]mXw 15:1 Bbn-cp∂p A∂v. Hcp tUmf-dn\v 24.06 {Kmw sh≈n As√¶n¬ 1.60 {Kmw kz¿Ww F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p IW-°v. kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw XΩn-ep≈ hne hyXymkw h¿[n-®t- ∏mƒ 1834¬ Ah XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw 16:1 F∂m°n \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw tUmf-dns‚ hne kz¿WØns‚ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1.5 {Kmw kz¿W-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp tUmf-dns‚ aqeyw. 1878-

2009 am¿-®v-

21

se {_m≥Uv Aen k¨ BIvSv {]Imcw ho≠pw sh≈n \mW-bß - f - n-te°v Atacn-°≥ kºZv hyhÿ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. ]m›mXy Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sh≈n J\nIƒ Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ sh≈n \mW-b-ßfp-ambn _‘-s∏´ X¿°-ß-fp-≠m-bn. 1896se {]kn-U≠v Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Utam-{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n ÿm\m¿Yn-bm-bncp∂ hneyw sP∂nwKvkv {_vbm≥ 1896 Pqsse 9 \v Nn°m-tKm-bn¬ sh®v \SØnb {]kn-≤a - mb "t{Imkv Hm^v tKmƒUv' {]`m-jWw ]gb kz¿W-Øn-s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ tUmf¿ kwhn-[m-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-®psIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sh≈n-bpsS am{Xw ASn-Ø-d-bn-em-IWw tUmf-dns‚ hne-\n¿W-b-sa∂ HutZym-KnI Utam{Im-‰nIv \ne-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {_vbm\ns‚ {]`m-jWw ]m¿´n-bpsS ]nf¿∏nte-°mWv \bn-®-Xv. 1900 am¿®v 14se "tKmƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv BIvtSm'SpIqSn Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dns‚ aqeyw kz¿WØns‚ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈-XmbnØo¿∂p. BIvSn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv 20:67 tUmf-dns‚ hne Hcp Hu¨kv kz¿Wsa-∂m-Wv. Hcp tUmf-dn\v 1.5 {Kmw F∂ ]gb \nc°p Xs∂-bm-bn-sb-∂¿Yw. H∂mw temIalm-bp-≤Ø - ns‚ ImeØv tUmf-dns‚ kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød ]men-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w °msX bmsXmcp ASn-Ø-d-bp-an-√msX tUmf¿ A®-Sn-°p-hm≥ bp.-Fk - v. s^Uv k∂-≤-am-bn. s^U-d¬ dnk¿∆v knÃØns‚ XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ "Cem-ÃnIv Id≥kn' \bw {]tbm-Kn-t°≠n h∂psh-∂¿Yw. 1920 apX¬ 1929 hsc ]e XhW ]Ww ASn-t°≠n h∂p bp.-Fkv. s^Un\v. A®-Sn® ]Ww P\-ß-fnse-Øn-°p-hm≥ ISw sImSp-°¬ DZm-cam-°n. CXv sNdp-InS _m¶p-Isf XI¿®-bn-te°v \bn-®p. Hmtcm h¿jhpw icm-icn Fgp-]Xv _m¶p-Iƒ hoXw ]cmP-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1929se "almamµy'tØmsS Cu XI¿® ]q¿W-am-bn. 1930 se BZysØ ]Øpamk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ 744 _m¶p-I-fmWv XI¿∂Xv. Hcp ]Xn-‰m≠p Imew \o≠ amµy-tØmSp-IqSn H≥]-Xn-\m-bncw _m¶p-I-fmWv ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xv. 1933se IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw _m¶p XI¿®-I-fn-eqsS \nt£]-I¿°v \jvS-s∏-´Xv 140 _ney¨ tUmf-dmWv; C∂sØ IW-°n\v Adp-]-Ønsb´v e£w tImSn cq]! 1929 HIvtSm_¿ 29 kmº-ØnI Ncn{X-Øn¬ IdpØ sNm∆mgvN (Black Tuesday)bmbmWv Adn-bs∏Sp∂-Xv. hmƒkv{So‰v XI¿® 1929 (Wall Street Crash 1929) F∂p-IqSn hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A∂mWv Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n°v˛ alm-amµyw (The Great Depression) XpS°w Ipdn-°-s∏-´-Xv.

B Htcsbmcp Znhkw am{Xw \yqtbm¿°v tÃm°v FIvkvtN©n¬ 16 e£w Hml-cn-I-fmWv hn¬]\ sNø-s∏-´-Xv. Hscm‰ Znhkw sIm≠v hn]-Wn°v \jvSam-bXv 140 tImSn tUmf-dp-I-fm-Wv; B Hcm-gvN-°p-≈n¬ BsI \jvSw ap∂qdv tImSn tUmf¿˛s^U-d¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hm¿jnI _P-‰ns‚ ]Øn-c´n! Atacn-°-bn¬ XpS-ßnb alm-am-µy-Øns‚ Im‰v temI-sØßpw B™-Sn-®p. sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw AXns‚ ^e-am-bp≈ Zmcn-{Zyhpw hym]-I-ambn alm-am-µy-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\- Im-cW-߃ F¥m-bn-cp-∂psh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿°n-Sb - n¬ C∂pw A`n-{]mbm¥-c-ß-fp-≠v. AsX¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw ]en-i\n-c-°p-Iƒ Ipd-°p-Ibpw kº-Øns‚ B¥-c-L-S\-bn¬ k¿°m¿ apX¬ apS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp sIm≠v almam-µy-sØ t\cnSp-I-sb∂ {_n´ojv kmº-ØnI hnZ-KvZ\mb tPm¨ sabv-\mSv sIbn≥kns‚ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv amµy-Øn¬ \n∂v IcI-b-dp-hm≥ hnI-knX cmjv{S-߃°v XpW-bm-bX - v. sIbv\o-jy≥ kmº-ØnI \n¿tZ-i-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn 1933¬ A∂sØ Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U-≠m-bncp∂ {^m¶vfn≥ dqkvsh¬´v B`-cW Bh-iy-߃°v th≠n-b-√m-sX-bp≈ kz¿W-Øns‚ kzImcy DS-aÿ - X \n-tcm[n-°p-Ibpw kz¿Ww ssIhiw sh-°p-

fn¬ \n∂p≈ 730 {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Atacn-°-bnse {_n´≥ lpUvknse au≠v hmjnwMvS¨ tlm´-en¬ sh®v 1944 Pqembv 1 apX¬ 22 hsc \S-Ønb ktΩf-\a - mWv bpssW-‰Uv \mj≥kv tamWn‰dn ^n\m≥jy¬ tIm¨^-d≥kv AYhm {_n´≥ lpUvkv tIm¨^d≥kv F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ _m¶v t^m¿ do I¨kv{S-£≥ B‚ v sUhe∏vsa‚ v(IBRD), P\-d¬ A{Kn-sa‚ v Hm¨ Xmcn^v B‚ v t{SUv (GATT), C≥‚¿\m-jW - ¬ tamWn-‰dn ^≠v (IMF) F∂nh cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-ap-≠mb-Xv Cu ktΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬ sh®m-bn-cp-∂p. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb cmjv{S Id≥kn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hn\n-ab\nc-°p-Iƒ (Foriegn Exchange Rate or Forex Rate) GtIm-]n-°p∂-Xm-bp≈ {_´≥ hpUvkv hyhÿ (Bretton Woods System) AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏´Xpw Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Xs∂. kz¿W-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ Hmtcm AwKcm-Py-ßf - p-sSbpw Id≥kn-bpsS hnebpw a‰p≈h-bp-am-bp≈ hn\n-ab \nc°pw tbmPn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Hmtcm cmjv{Shpw AXns‚ kmº-ØnI\bw kzoIcn-°-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu hyh-ÿ. AXp-{]-Imcw AwK-cm-PyßfpsS-sb√mw ]W-Øns‚ aqeyw kz¿W-Øns‚ ASn-Ød - b - n¬ Af-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn. {]kn≤ kmºØnI hnZ-KvZ\mb tPm¨ abv\mUv sI-

1930 se BZysØ ]Øpamk-Øn-\p-≈n-¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- 744 _m¶p-I-fmWv XI¿∂Xv. Hcp ]Xn-‰m≠p Imew \o≠ amµy-tØm-Sp-IqSn H≥]-Xn-\m-bncw _m¶p-I-fmWv ]cm-P-bs∏-´-Xv. 1933se IW-°p-Iƒ {]-Imcw _m¶p XI¿®-I-fn-eqsS \nt£-]-I¿°v \jvS-s∏-´Xv 140 _ney¨ tUm-f-dmWv; C∂sØ IW-°n\v Adp-]-Øn-sb´v e£w tImSn cq]! ∂ kzImcy-hy-‡n-Iƒ°v 10 h¿jw hsc XS-hp-in£ \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ \nb-aa - p-≠m°pbpw sNbvXp. alm-am-µy-Øn\v tijhpw kz¿Ww cmjv{S-Øns‚ kz-ØmbnØocp-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tUmf-dns‚ hne \n›-bn-°pI-bpw sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂p. 1939 apX¬ 1945 hsc \S∂ c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v A¥m-cmjv{S kmº-ØnI LS-\b - psS ]cnjvI-c-Whpw {Iao-I-c-Whpw Dt±-in-®psIm≠v kJy-I-£n-I-fmb 44 cmjv{S-ß2009 am¿-®v-

22

bn≥kmbncp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ°v cq]w \¬In-b-h-cn¬ {][m-\n. Ata- c n- ° ≥ {]kn- U - ≠ m- b n- c p∂ dn®m¿Uv \nIvk-\mWv 1971 BKÃv 15 \v s{_´≥ hpUvkv hyhÿ A´n-a-dn-®Xv. 1970 ¬ hnb‰v\mw bp≤w sImSp-ºncn sIm≠-t∏mƒ, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ ]W-s∏cp∏w cq£-am-hp-Ibpw tUmf-¿ A®-Sn°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-{¥-ßsf√mw \jvSs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS tUmfdns‚ kz¿W-]n≥_ew \jvS-s∏-Sp-ØpI \n¿_-‘-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Aß-s\-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w bmWv sF.-Fw.-F-^nse a‰p AwK-ßfp-amtbm kz¥w k¿°m-cnse Xs∂ a‰p≈- h - c p- a mtbm IqSn- b m- t em- N n- ° msX {]kn-U≠v \nIvk¨ tUmf-dns‚ kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød FSp-Øp-I-f-™-Xv. "kz¿WtØ-°mƒ hne-bp-≈XmWv tUmf¿' F∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu \S-]Snsb "\nIvk¨ tjm°v' (Nixon Shock) F∂mWv cmjv{Sob \nco-£-I¿ hnfn-®Xv. Al-¶m-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ B \nIvk¨ \S-]SnbnemWv C∂v temIw A\p`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-Øn-Ia - m-µyØns‚ thcp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-™m¬ AsXm-cn-°epw sX‰m-hp-I-bn-√. Ata-cn-°≥ tUmfdns\ ]n≥]-‰ns°m≠v kn‰vk¿em‚pw, {^m≥kpw, P¿a-\nbpw Cw•-≠p-sa√mw Ah-cpsS Id≥kn-I-fpsS kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød Hgn-hm°n. kz¿Wm-Sn-Ø-dbn-ep≈ Id≥kn°v ]Ic-ambn ^nb‰v Id≥kn (Fiat Currency) bmWv C∂v temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fn-se√mw \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. kz¿W-Øn-s‚tbm sh≈n-bp-tStbm as‰-s¥-¶nepw kzbw aqeyap≈ hkvXp-°-fp-sStbm ]n≥_-e-an-√mØXpw k¿°m-cns‚ Dd-∏n≥ta¬ \n›bn-°-s∏´ hne-bn-epƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xpamb ]W-Øn-\mWv "^nb‰v Id≥kn' F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. kz¿W-Øn\pw sh≈n°p ]I-c-ambn ^nb‰v Id≥knbnep-≈Xv k¿°m-cns‚ imk\ (Fiat)bmWv. {]kvXpX imk-\b - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv ]W-Øns‚ aqeyw \n›-bn-°p-∂X - v. 1930Ifn¬ almamµy-Øns‚ ImeØv Ata-cn-°≥ _m¶p-Iƒ hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\mbn ISw sImSp-°m≥ aSn-®Xv A`y-kvXhn-Zy-cmb bphm-°sf h√msX he-®p. Cu Ah-ÿ°v ]cn-lmcap≠m-°p∂-Xn-\mbn 1938¬ cq]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏´-XmWv "Zn s^U-d¬ \mj-W¬ tamSvtKPv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥' (FNMA), almam-µy-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\mbn {]kn-U≠v {^m¶vfn≥ Un dqkvsh¬´v 1933 apX¬ 1936 hsc \S-∏m°nb "]pXnb CS]mSn' (New Dial)s‚ _m°n ]{X-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂ F^v.-Fw.F Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-°m¿°v Krl-hmbv] \¬In Ata-cn°≥ P\-X-bpsS IÆnep-Æn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. P\w AXns\ "^m\n sa' (Fannie Mae) F∂v hnfn-®p. 1968¬, en≥U≥ s_bvkv tPm¨k¨ Ata-cn-°bpsS 36˛maXv {]kn-U-≠m-bncn- ° p- t ºmƒ ^m\n- sasb kzIm-

cyh¬°-cn®v s]mXp Hml-cn-bpsS ASnÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v \mj-W¬ tamSvtKPv Atkm-kn-tb-j\v Iogn-ep≈ tIm¿∏-td-j\m°n-Øo¿°pIbpw AXns‚ {]h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ s^U-d¬ _P-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1970 ¬ ^m\n- sa-bp-ambn a’-cn-°phm\pw Aßs\ Krl-hm-bv]m-cwKw kPo-h-am-°p-∂Xn\pw th≠n s^U-d¬ tem¨ tamSvtKPv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (Freddie Mac F∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv) F∂ as‰mcp ÿm]\w IqSn k¿°m-cns‚ ta-¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bcw`n-®p. c≠pIq-´cpw IqSn Krl-hm-bv]-Iƒ \¬Im\mbn a’-cn-®p-sIm-≠ncp∂p. dnb¬ FtÉn-\v apºv h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p∂ hne-bn¬ IÆpw \´psIm≠v ]uc-∑m-cm-Is´, hoSp-Iƒ FSp-°m≥ a’-cn-®p. _m¶pIƒ hmbv] \¬Im-\p-≠m-bncn-t°≠ ASn-ÿm-\t- bm-Ky-XI - f - n-√m-Øh¿°v \¬Ip-∂ hmbv]-I-sf-bm-Wv "k_vss{]w temWpIƒ' (SubPrime Loans) F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. 1993 ¬ Ata-cn-°b - n¬ s]mXp-hmb ]eni \nc°v Ipd-hm-bt- ∏mgmWv ]e ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ßfpw k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ sImSp-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv; temWn\v A¿l-cm-Ip-hm\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ß-fn¬ Cfhv sNøp∂XpsIm≠v Xs∂ ]W-an-S] - mSv ÿm]\-߃ ]d-bp∂ ]eni \¬Ip-hm≥ D]t`m-‡m-°ƒ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-bn. CØcw temWp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ sNdp-InS ÿm]\-߃ h≥InS ÿm]-\-߃°v Ah hn‰p. Cßs\ k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn. 1998 se s^U-d¬ t{SUv IΩo-j-s‚ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw ]Øv iX-am\w Im¿ hmbv]-Iƒ k_vss{]w hmbv]-I-fm-Wv. Krl-hm-bv]bmbn \¬In-bn-´p≈ 859 _ney≥ tUmf-dp-I-fn¬ 125 _ney≥ (12500 tImSn ) tUmf-dp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv k_v ss{]w temWp-Ifm-bn-´m-Wv. dnb¬ FtÉv \ne-hmcw IpØs\ Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu hmbv]-Iƒ Xncn-®S°-s∏-Sp-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]W-an-S] - m-Sv ÿm]-\ß - ƒs°m∂pw kwi-bap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXpsIm≠pX- s ∂, hmbv ] sImSp- ° epw hmßepw XpS¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-InS _m¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v k_vss{]w ]W-b-߃ (Subprime Mortgages) h≥InS ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-߃ Ah-bp-

2009 am¿-®v-

23

sS kpc-£°v th≠n h≥InS C≥jq-d≥kv ÿm]-\ß - fn¬ C≥jq¿ sNbvXp. dnb¬ FtÉv hne s]mßn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. hmbv] hmßepw ]Wb hn¬]-\bpw Krl-\n¿am-W-hp-sa√mw s]mSn-s]mSn∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. _m¶p-Iƒ hf¿∂p; dnb¬ FtÉv Iº-\n-Iƒ hf¿∂p; CS-\n-e-°m¿ kº-∂-cmbn; hoSp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp-∂p..... 2005 hsc Krl-\n¿am-W-cw-KsØ Cu {]h-WX A\p-kyqXw XpS-¿-∂psIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. hoSp-If - psS hne AXns‚ ]c-am-h[n hsc FØn. Krl-°p-anf°v (Housing Bubble) C\n ho¿°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. 2005 \hw-_¿ apX¬ Ipanf s]m´m≥ XpS-ßn. hoSp-If - psS hne IpØs\ Xmtgm´v t]mbn. CXp- I-≠-t∏mƒ hoSp-I-fn¬ \nt£]w \S-Øm-sa∂v IcpXn k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ FSp-Ø-h¿°v {]kvXpX \nt£]w em`-I-c-as√∂v a\- n-embn. hoSpIfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw P]vXn sNøp∂-XmWv _m°n AS-hp-Iƒ Xo¿°p-∂Xn-s\-°mƒ \√-sX∂ Ahÿ kwPmX-am-bn. ]ecpw ]q´n Xmt°m¬, hmbv] X∂ _m¶p-Iƒ°v Ab®p sImSp-Øp. ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-߃ hoSp-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v cwKw kPo-h-am°m≥ {ian-®p. 2007 BKÃn\pw 2008 HIvtSm-_-dn\pw CS°v 936439 Ata-cn-°°m-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw _m¶pIƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. CsXm∂pw Xs∂ Krl-hm-bv]m-cw-KsØ kPo-h-am-°p-Itbm hoSp-IfpsS hne-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-√. 2008 a[yam-b-t∏mtg°v Xncn-®-S-°m≥ _m°n-bp≈ ]Wb-ß-fpsS aqeyw 10.6 {Sney¨ (10.6 e£w tImSn) tUmf-dm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Krl-°p-anf s]m´n®o‰n-bn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬ P]vXn sNbvXv Xncn-®p-]n-Sn® hoSp-If - psS aqeyw CXn\pw F{Xtbm Xmsg-bm-bncp--∂p. hoSv {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNøm-\m-hmØ, Poh-\n-√mØ \nt£] (Dead Investment)-amb-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ Bcpw hmßm\n√mØ Ah-ÿb - n¬ Ah-bpsS aqeyw sIm≠v bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an-s√∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn. henb henb ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Iøn¬ D]-tbmK£a-amb kºØv (Liquidity) Xosc-bn-s√∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-bn. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw ]m∏-cmbn {]Jym-]n-°W - s - a-∂mh-iy-s∏´v k¿°m-cns\ kao-]n-®p.

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v tijw temIsØ Bbp-[-hym-]m-cØns‚ {][m-\-s∏´ KpW-t`m-‡m-hm°n-Øo¿∂p, Ata-cn-°. Bbp[hym-]m-c-Øn-eqsSbp≈ em`-Øn\v th≠n Hmtcm h¿jhpw {]kvXpX hym]m-csØ hnI-kn∏n-°p-∂-Xn\mh-iy-amb coXn-bn-ep≈ A¥m-cmjv{S \b-ß-fmWv Ata-cn-°≥ k¿°m¿ ssIsIm-≈m-dp-≈-Xv. C∂v temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ \S-∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Iem-]-߃°pw a\pjy-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ°p-ap≈ ASn-ÿm\-]-camb Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Bbp[∏¥-bØns‚ kv\nKv[X Dd∏p hcp-Øp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ \b-ß-fm-Wv. 1997 apX¬

kºØv D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ata-cn°≥ hn]Wn Xg®v hf-cp-∂Xv. A¥m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ kºØv B`y-¥c - h - n-]W - n-bn-te°v Hgp-IW - s - a-¶n¬ Nc-°p-I-fpsS D]-t`mKw \S-°-Ww. Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°-fpsS am{Xw D]-t`m-KØn-eqsS hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°m≥ Ign-bn-bn-√. AXn\v Bh-iy-an-√mØ hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ D]-tbmKw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Bh- i y- a m- b n- Ø o- c p- I bpw sNøWw. kuµcyh¿[I hkvXp-°fpw BVw-_c hkvXp-°fpw hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw Ahsb D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Bh-iyam°nØo¿°p∂ Xc-Ønep≈ akvXn-

[-߃ Db¿∂p. Bk-‡nbne-[n-jvTnX-amb kmaq-ly-{I-asØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øns°m-≠mWv CØcw B¥-cn-I-{]-iv\ßsft∏mepw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ k¿°mcp-Iƒ ]cn{i-an-®Xv. Bk‡n hf¿Øp∂ kmaq-ln-I{Ia-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n kpJn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xrjv W Hmtcm- c p- Ø ¿°pap≠mhpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. ]camh[n D]-t`mKw, ]c-am-h[n kpJw! CXn-s\√mw ]Ww thWw. ]W-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ Ffp-∏-h-gnIƒ tXSp-hm≥ ]uc-∑msc t{]cn-∏n-®Xv Cusbmcp kmaq-lnI {Ia-am-Wv. {]kvXpX Ffp-∏-h-gn-Iƒ Ah -Xs∂ krjvSn® {]Xn-k‘ - n-If - n¬ X´n-ØI - ¿∂p-sIm-≠n-

1970¬ hnb‰v\mw bp≤w sImSp-ºncn sIm≠t∏mƒ, "kz¿W-tØ-°mƒ hne-bp-≈XmWv tUmf¿' F∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠v {]kn-U≠v \nIvk¨ tUmf-dns‚ kz¿-Wm-Sn-Ød FSpØp-I-f-™p-. Al-¶m-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ B \nIvk-¨ \S-]SnbnemWv C∂v temIw A\p`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-Øn-I-am-µyØns‚ thcp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-™m¬ A-sXm-cn°epw sX‰m-hp-I-bn-√.

]Øv h¿j-°m-eØn\-Sn¬ BtKmf Bbp-[-hym-]m-c-cw-K-Øp-≠m-b 37 iXam\w h¿[-\-hn\v Ata-cn-°≥ \b-ßf√msX as‰mcp Imc-Whpw ]d-bm-\n-√. A¥m-cm-jv{S-cw-KØv Ata-cn-°bpambn _em-_ew \n∂n-cp∂ tkmhn-b‰v djy 1991 ¬ XI¿∂-tXmsS Bbp[ hym]mc-cw-KØv bpF-kp-ambn a¬k-cn-°m≥ Bcp-an-s√∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn. 2006¬ am{Xw temIØv 1204 {Sney≥ tUmf-dns‚ Bbp-[-hym-]mcw \S-∂n-´p≠v. GI-tZiw 539 tImSn-t°mSn cq]! CXn¬ 46 iX-am\hpw Ata-cn-°-bp-tSXm-Wv. Ata-cn-°b - psS B`y-¥c D¬]mZ\ (GDP)Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂v iX-am-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssk\n-Im-h-iy-߃°m-Wv. {]kvXpX ssk\n-Im-h-iy-ßfn¬ s]´-XmWv Xß-fpsS Bbp-[-߃ a‰p cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ hn¬°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ ]‰p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob ÿnXn krjvSn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv. Bbp-[-hn-]-Wn-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂

jvI {]£m-f-\-Øn\v ]‰nb hmWn` X{¥-߃ (Marketing Technics) cq]-s∏-SpIbpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Ønem-Wv. D]-t`mK Xrjv-Wbpw Bk-‡nbpw hf¿Øn-s°m≠v km[-\-߃ hn‰gn-°m\p≈ \n¿tZißf-S-ßnb kzX{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS h‡m-°-fpsS {]Xybimkv { Xw Ata- c n- ° ≥ k¿°m- c ns‚ Pohhmbp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xß-fpsS D¬]-∂ß - ƒ Fß-s\bpw hn‰-gn-°pI-bmbn D¬]m-Z-I-cpsS e£yw. hn]-Wn-bpsS \nb-aß - ƒ kaq-lØ - ns‚ [m¿an-IX - sb _m[n-®p. Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ s]cp-In; A—\m-cm-sW∂dnbmØ a°-fpsS FÆ-Ønep-≠mb `oa-amb h¿[-\hv kaq-l-Øns‚ ss\Xn-I-Xsb ]nSn®p-e-®p. IpSpw_-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\Øns‚ h¿[-\hpw krjvSn® kmaq-ly{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb Xe-apd elcnbnepw Bfl-l-Xy-bnepw A`bw Is≠Øn. `qan-sbbpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw XI¿Øp- s Im≠p≈ ]ptcm- K - X n- s °- X nsc Ata-cn-°-IØp \n∂p Xs∂ {]Xn-tj-

2009 am¿-®v-

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cn-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw C∂v I≠vsIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xn-aq-∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ C‰-en-bnse sh\okn-ep≈ ]Wan-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ k¿°m¿ IS-∏-{X߃ I®-hSw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xp-apX¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p Hml-cn-°-®-h-S-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw. 1602 ¬ U®v CuÃv C¥ymI-º\n AXns‚ sjb-dp-Iƒ Bwÿ Umw tÃm°v FIvktv- N-©n¬ sh®v I®hSw sNbvX-Xm-Wv BZysØ Hmlcn hmWnPyw. Ahn-Sp∂ntßm´v temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Hml-cn-°-®-hSw hym]-I-ambn. Iº-\n-Iƒ°v ]W-ap-≠m°p-hm\p≈ Ffp-∏-am¿K-am-bn-Øo¿∂p sjb¿ hn¬]\. H∏w Xs∂ km[m-cW-°m¿°v IqSn henb Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hml-cn-I-sf-Sp-°p-hm\pw Ah-bpsS em`Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-If - m-Ip-hm\pw tÃm°v am¿°-‰p-Iƒ hgn km[n-®p. sNdnb hcp-am\-°m¿°pw Xß-fpsS A[nI hcp-am-\Øn\v em`-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v kao-]n-°mhp∂ tI{µ-ß-fmbn Hmlcn am¿°-‰p-Iƒ amdn-b-tXmsS AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w ss\Xn-IX - bpw \nb-aßfpw kmº-ØnIimkv{X-hp-sa√mw D≠mbn h∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb Hmlcn-hn-]-Wn-bmb \yqtbm¿°v tÃm°v FIvkvtN©v (NYSE) ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv Ata-cn-°-bnse am≥l-´m-\nse hmƒkv{So‰vv sXcp-hn-emWv. 1792 sabv 13\v ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Cu tÃm°v FIvkvtN©mWv C∂sØ BtKmf Hmlcn hn]Wnsb "AZr-iy-Icß'fneqsS \nb-{¥n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C∂v Hcp-hn[w F√m cmPy-ß-fnepw Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hml-cn-hn-]W - n-Iƒ hym]-Ia - m-bt- XmsS AtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-®p≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. km[m-cW Hmlcn {Ib-hn-{I-b-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ ]cn-an-X-amb em`-Øn\v ]Icw Fßs\ tÃm°v FIvtk©pIƒ hgn ]cam-h[n ]W-ap-≠m-°m-sa∂ Nn¥ hym]I-am-bn. Aß-s\-bmWv Hml-cn-hn-]-Wnbn¬ Dul-°-®-hS°mcpsS (Speculators) X≈n-°-b-‰-ap-≠m-b-Xv. hn]-Wn-km[yX {]h-Nn®v AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nep≈ Hmlcn{I-b-hn-{I-b-߃ hy‡ambpw NqXm-´- kz-`m-h-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv. tÃm°v FIvtk-©p-Iƒ tI{µo-I-cn®v am\y-amb Hml-cn-{I-b-hn-{I-b-ß-f√ {][m-\-ambpw Dul-°-®-h-Shpw NqXm-´-hpamWv \S-°p-∂sX∂ Ahÿ kwPmX-am-bn. D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw Bk-‡nbpw {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ apX-em-fnØ temI-{I-aØ - nse km[m-cW ]uc-∑m¿ Ffp∏-Øn¬ ]W-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ am¿K߃ tXSn-bXv kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS {][m-\ {]Xo£ Hmlcn hn]Wn-bnem-bn. Dul-°-®-h-S-Ønepw Hmlcn C≥UIvkv NqXm-´-ß-fnepw Ah¿ Znh-kß - ƒ X≈n-\o°n. Hmlcn hn]-WnbpsS C≥U-Ivkn-em-bn-Øo¿∂p ]uc∑m-cpsS Bibpw {]Xo-£b - p-sa√mw. DuXn-ho¿∏n-°s - ∏´Xpw IrXy-amb ASn-Ød-bn-√m-ØX - p-amb GXp Ipan-fbpw s]m´nt∏m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. F{X s]m´nbmepw AXns‚ _en-bm-Sp-Iƒ ]mTw ]Tn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂mWv NqXm´ a\x-imkv{Xw. 1929 HIvtSm_¿ 29se hmƒkv{So‰v XI¿®-bn¬ \n∂pw AtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®p-≠mb alm-am-µyØn¬ \n∂pw ]mTw ]Tn-°m-ØX - p-sIm-≠m-Wt√m ]ns∂bpw Dul-°-®-h-S-°m-scbpw C≥sUIvkv

NqXm-´°mscbpw Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ btYjvSw hnl-cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-hZ- n-®X - v. Aßs\ BtKmf Hmlcn hn]-Wn°v as‰mcp Idp-Ø-Zn-hkw IqSn ImtW≠nh∂p. 1987 HIvtSm-_¿ 19 \v Xn¶-fmgvN-bmWv kmº-ØnI Ncn-{X-Ønse IdpØ Xn¶-fmgvN (Black monday). A∂v tlmßvtImßv tÃm°v FIvtk-©n¬ \n∂v XpS-ßnb Hml-cn-Ø-I¿®- bqtdm∏n-s\bpw Ata-cn-°-sb-bp-sa√mw Gsd\mƒ ]nSn®p Ipep-°n. Hmlcn hn]-WnbpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠mb G‰hpw henb GI-Zn\ØI¿®bp≠m-bXv IdpØ Xn¶-fm-gvN-bm-Wv. H‰ Znh-kw -sIm≠v tlmßvtImßn¬ 48% hpw Hmkvt{S-en-bb - n¬ 41.8%hpw kvs]bv\n¬ 31%hpw {_n´-\n¬ 26.4%hpw Ata-cn-°b - n¬ 22.68%hpw Im\U-bn¬ 22.5%hpw \yqkn-em‚n¬ 60%hpw CSn-hm-Wp≠mb-Xv. {]Xo-£I - ƒ°v hn]co-X-amb A]q¿h-kw-`hw˛ Idp-Ø-lwk-kw-`hw (Blackswan event)˛BWv CsX∂p ]d™v c£-s∏-Sp-Ib - mWv kmºØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXXv. Dul-°-®-hShpw C≥UIvkv NqXm-´hpw Ah-bpsS ]c-aI - mjvT {]m]n®XmWv "IdpØ Xn¶fm-gvN'°v Imc-W-am-b-sX∂ hkvXpX ad-®p-sh-°-s∏-´p. ]Ww A®Sn®v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ {ian® bp.-F-kv. s^Uns\ A\p-Ic - n®p-sIm-≠mWv a‰p cmPyß-sf√mw Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v Xe-bq-cn-b-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\amb-t∏m-tg°pw hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bnep-≠mb BtKm-f-ap-t∂-‰sØ Fßs\ ]c-am-h[n em`w sImøp∂ I®-hS- a - m-°nØo¿°m- s a∂v Dul- ° - ® - h - S - ° mcpw C≥UIvkv NqXm-´-°mcpw Nn¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. \nc-h[n sF.Sn. Iº-\n-Iƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ apf®p s]m¥n. Bh-iy-s∏Sp-∂-h¿s°√mw ISw sImSp-°m≥ k∂-

≤-cmb \nc-h[n ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iº-\n-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp ]-™-hp-ap-≠m--bn-cp-∂n-√. Gsd km[y-XI - fp≈-sX∂v sIm´ntLmjn°-s∏´ sF.Sn. Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hml-cn-Iƒ°v th≠n P\w ]c°w ]m™p. hn]Wn-bn¬ AØcw Iº-\n-If - psS kqNnI apt∂m´v IpXn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 2000 am¿®v 10\mWv Cu tUmSvtImw Ipanf (Dotcom Bubble) ]c-am-h[n hen-∏Ø - n-emb-Xv. Hcp h¿jw apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hmlcn-hn-e-bpsS Cc´nbmbn-cp∂p A∂sØ hne. DuXn ho¿∏n-®p-≠m-°p∂ at‰sXmcp Ipan-f-sbbpw t]mse tUmSvtImw Ipan-fbpw s]m´m≥ XpS-ßn. am¿®v 10\v tijw Hmtcm Znh-khpw Ipanf sNdp-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. 113 tUmf¿ hscsb-Ønb tUm´v tImw Hml-cn-If - psS hne shdpw Hcp tUmf¿ am{X-am-bn. 2000 am¿®v apX¬ 2002 HIvtSm-_¿ hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ 5 {Sney≥ tUmf-dns‚(500 tImSn tUmf¿) \jvS-amWv tUmSvtImw Ipan-f-bpsS XI¿®-aqew Ata-cn-°-°p≠m-b-Xv. a‰p tÃm°v am¿°‰v XI¿®I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ CXns‚ Imc-WsØ-°p-dn®pw IrXyambn A]-{K-Yn®v hnh-cw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿°v Ign-™n-´n-√. Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-am-bt- ∏mtg°pw temIkmº-ØnI hyhÿ ^nb‰v Id≥kn-bpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nep-≈-Xmbn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ ]pXnb hn]Wokw-kvImcw krjvSn® D]-t`m-KP - z-chpw Bk-‡nbp-sa√mw km[m-cW ]uc-∑msc IogS°pIbpw sNbvXp. Bfp-I-sf√mw D]t`m-KX¬-]-c-cmbn. {]kvXpX Xm¬]-cysØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am¿°-‰nwKv X{¥-ßfpw ]c-ky-ßfpw hym]-I-ambn. Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂v P\-Øn\v tXm∂nb

Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-se- G‰hpw henb GIZn\ØI¿®bp≠m-bXv IdpØ Xn-¶-fm-gvN-bm-Wv. H‰ Znh-kw sIm≠v tlm-ßvtImßn¬ 48%hpw Hmkvt{S-en-b-bn¬ 41.8%hpw kvs]bv\n¬ 31%hpw {_n´-\n¬ 26.4%hpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ 22.68%hpw Im\-U-bn¬ 22.5%hpw \yqkn-em‚n¬ 60%hpw CSnhm-Wp≠mb-Xv. {]Xo-£-Iƒ°v hn]-co-X-amb A]q¿h-kw`hw˛ Idp-Ø-lw-k-kw-`hw (Blackswan event)˛BWv C-sX∂p ]d™v c£-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXXv.

2009 am¿-®v-

25

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w hkvXp-°ƒ hmßm≥ Ah-cpsS Iøn-¬ ]W- a n- √ m- s X- b mbn. At∏mƒ Ah¿ ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ßsf kao-]n-®p. _m¶p-I-fm-I-s´, hmbv]m- hy-hvk-Y-Iƒ DZm-ca - m-°n-s°m≠v P\-ßsf ]c-am-h[n ISw hmßp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂p. 1990 Iƒ Bb-t∏m-tg°v Atacn-°≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ F¥pw IS-ambn e`n-°p-sa∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. ISw-hmßn ISaS-°epw ISw hn¬°-ep-sa√mw hym]-I-ambn. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hmßm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-StØmfw ISw hmßn-s°m-≠ncp-∂p. P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m\m-bn-cp-∂n√ _m¶p-Iƒ IS-߃ \¬Inb-Xv; {]XypX Ahbv°v Xg®p hf-cp-∂Xn\v th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p. P\w ISw hmßpwtXmdpw _m¶p-Iƒ IS߃ krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. hmbv]m-kr-jvSn∏n (Credit Creation)eqsS Cc´n°n-c´n ]eni t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ssIhiw D≈-Xn-e[nIw XpI ISw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\mWv "AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ hmbv]mkrjvSn∏v' F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. hyXykvX hy‡n-Iƒ°v Htc kabw Htc kº-Øn¬ \n∂v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂-XmWnXv. Hcp tImSn tUmf¿ ssIh-i-ap≈ _m¶v AºXv e£w hoXw 5 t]¿°v ISw \¬Ip-∂p. ISw ]mkm-°n-°-gn-™mepw Bh-iym\p- k r- X - a mbn am{Xta D]- t `m- ‡ mhv ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°q- F∂-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ _m¶v tcJ-bn¬ am{X-ap≈ Hcm-fpsS ]W-sa-SpØv as‰m-c mƒ°v \¬Im≥ _m¶n\v Ign-bpw. Cßs\ aq∂pw \mepw Cc´n ]eni e`n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ _m¶pƒ hmbv]m-kr-jvSn∏v XpS¿∂p-sImt≠-bn-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp ASn-ÿm-\-aq-ey-hp-an-√mØ ^nb‰v Id≥kn-bpsS {]hmlw, k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´v sIm≠p-≠mb kmºØnI {]Xn-k‘n Dul-°® - h - Sw aqew Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®, _m¶p-I-

fpsS hmbv]m krjvSn∏v aqe-ap-≠mb D]tbmK£a-amb ]W-Øns‚ Zu¿e`yw F∂n-hsb√mw tN¿∂mWv C∂sØ kmº-ØnI amµy-Øn\v \nZm-\-amb ASn-ÿm-\a - q-eI - ß - ƒ krjvS® - n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ sas√ Zriy-ambnØpS-ßn-bn-cp∂ {]Xn-k‘n ad-\o°n ]pd-Øp-hc - m≥ XpSßn-bXv 2007 s^{_p-h-cn-tbmSv IqSn-bmWv. AXmWv temIsØ G‰hpw h-enb _m¶mbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ HSBC AXns‚ 10.5(1050 tImSn) _ney≥ tUmf¿ aqeyap≈ k_vss{]w hmbv]m-]-W-b-߃ (MBS-Mortgage Backed Security) Fgp-XnØ-≈n-b-Xv. B Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ \qtdmfw `h\ hmbv]m-I-º-\n-Iƒ {]h¿Ø\w \n¿Øn-sh-®p. 2008 BKÃnse IW-°p-I-ƒ {]Imcw temI-ØmI-am-\-ap≈ kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-߃ Fgp-Xn-Ø-≈n-bXv 501 _ney≥ (50100 tImSn) tUmf-dmWv 1850 apX¬ Ata-cn°-bpsS D¬]m-Z\˛km-º-ØnI taJ-eI-fn¬ \nd-™ncp∂ "elvam≥ {_tZgvk'v (Lehman Brothers) ]m∏-cmbn {]Jym-]n°-∏-´Xv 2008 sk]vXw-_¿ 22\mWv. A¥m-cmjv{S {]ikvX-amb kmº-ØnI ÿm]- \ - a mb sadn¬ en©n (Merill Lynch)\v _m¶v Hm^v Ata-cn-°-bp-ambn ebn-t°≠n h∂p. Aßs\ am≥l-´m\n¬ Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ temIkmºØnI tI{µ (World Financial Centre)Ønse 32 \ne-I-fnepw {]h¿Ø\ k÷-am-bn-cp∂p sadn≥ en©v F∂ ÿm]\w Xs∂ 2008 Unkw-_¿ 5\v \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. temIsØ ]ªnIv Iº- \ n- I - f n¬ ]Xn- s \- ´ m- a - s Ø- X mbn Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ C≥U¿\mj-W¬ {Kq∏v F∂v C≥jq-d≥kv Iº\nbpsS ISØn-te°v 85 _ney≥ tUmf¿ \¬In s^U-d¬ dnk¿hv knÃw AXns‚ 79.9 iX-am-\-Øns‚ Ah-Imin-I-fm-bn. XI¿∂p-t]mb ÿm]-\-ßsf c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn 700 _ney≥

2008 Unkw-_-dnse IW-°p-Iƒ {]-Imcw kmº-ØnIamµyw aqew B h¿jw AXp-h-sc-bmbn 19 e£w Ata-cn-°-°m¿ sXmgn¬cln-X-cm-bn-´p-≠v. 2008 \hw-_-dn-emWv 1974\v tij-ap≈ G‰-hpw henb sXmgn¬ \jvSw tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htc-sbmcp amkw sIm-≠v 5,33,000 t]¿°v tPmen \jvS-s∏-´p-hs{X! 2009 am¿-®v-

26

tUmf-dp-Iƒ hsc sNe-h-gn-°p-hm≥ Ata-cn-°≥ {Sjdn sk{I-´d - n°v A\p-hmZw \¬Ins°m- ≠ p≈ _n√v (The Emergency Economic Stablization Act of 2008) Ata-cn-°≥ sk\-‰ns‚ {]Xn-\n[nk` ]mkm-°p-Ibpw 2008 HIvtSm_¿ 5\v {]kn-U≠v tPm¿Pv _pjv H∏psh°pIbpw sNbvXp. 2008 Unkw-_-dnse IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw kmº-ØnI amµyw aqew B h¿jw AXp-h-sc-bmbn 19 e£w Atacn-°° - m¿ sXmgn¬cln-Xc - m-bn-´p-≠v. 2008 \hw-_-dn-emWv 1974\v tij-ap≈ G‰hpw henb sXmgn¬ \jvSw tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htc-sbmcp amkw sIm≠v 5,33,000 t]¿°v tPmen \jvS-s∏-´phs{X! amµyw Cßs\ XpS-cp-I-bm-sW¶n¬ Hmtcm amkhpw aqt∂-Im¬ e£w Ata-cn-°-°m-sc-¶nepw sXmgn¬ cln-Xcm-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv hnZ-Kv[¿ ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ hoSp-Iƒ _m¶v P]vXn sNbvXp-sIm-≠pt]mbn; sXmgnepw \jvS-s∏´p'sh∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv Ata-cn-°-bnse km[mc-W-°m-cp-tS-Xv. CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v `h\-t`-Z-\-ßfpw a‰p kmº-ØnI Ip‰-IrXy- ß fpw h¿[n- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ psh∂m-Wv dnt∏m¿´v. F√m Xcw hym]mc-ß-sfbpw CXv {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 2007 HIvtSm-_dnsebpw 2008 HIvtSm-_dnsebpw hml\m-hn¬]-\m-cw-KsØ hyXym-k-Øn¬ \n∂v am¿°-‰ns‚ KXn a\- n-em-°m\mIpw. t^mUns‚ hn¬]-\-bn¬ 33.8 iX-am-\hpw P\-d¬ tamt´-gvkn-t‚-Xn¬ 15.6 iX-am-\hpw sSmtbm-´b - p-tSXn¬ 32.3 iX-am\hpw C-Sn-hmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v cmPysØ c£n-°p-hm≥ ]ehn[ am¿K߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p t\m°p-∂p≠v Atacn-°≥ k¿°m¿. 2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 5 \v _pjv `c-W-IqSw H∏p-sh® _n√n\v Imcy-amb Ne-\-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v cmPysØ c£n-°p-hm≥ ]pXnb {]kn-U≠ - mbn Npa-X-e-tb-‰n-cn-°p∂ _dm°v H_ma°v Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ \n›-b-Zm¿VytØm-Sp IqSn-bp≈ Nne i‡-amb \S]-Sn-Iƒ th≠n-hcpw. sXmen-∏p-dsØ NnIn-’s - Im≠v apX-em-fnØ hn]-Wn-bnse {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w 1929 apX-¬ Ctßm-´p-≠mb IdpØ Znhk-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥ Ata-cn-°≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ign-bWw. \mSns\bpw temI-sØbpw kzbw-IrX A\¿Y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£n-°m≥ Ign-b-Wsa-¶n¬ NnIn-’-th-≠Xv thcn-\p-X-s∂bm-Wv. kzX-{¥-I-tºm-f-Øns‚ \mcmbthcn-\v! XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ h≥InS kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\ß - sf kwc-£n-°p∂-Xn-\mbn k¿°m-cns‚ Xmßv \¬Iphm-\mWv Ata-cn-°≥ `c-WI - ¿Øm-°ƒ {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xmtß≠ k¿°m-cns‚ Ahÿ ]m∏-cmb Iº\n-I-sf-°mƒ ]cnXm-]-I-c-am-Ip-∂-XmWv Ata-cn-°-bnse C∂-sØ Ah-ÿ. Hcp cmjv{Sw F{X-tØmfw kmº-ØnI-ambn i‡hpw ASn-Ø-d-bp-≈-XpamsW∂v AXn-s‚ samØw B`y-¥c D¬]∂w(Gross Domestic Prodect-GDP) t\m°n-bn-´m-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI ImeØv cmPy-Øn-\-IØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏´ Nc°p-I-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BsI sNe-hn\v Xpey-amWv cmPy-Øns‚ Pn.-Un.-]n. cmPysØ samØw D]-t`mKw (C), \nt£]w (I), k¿°m¿ sNe-hp-Iƒ (G), Ib-‰p-aX - nbpw (X), Cd-°p-aX - nbpw (M), XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw F∂nh Iq´n-bm¬ In´p∂ kwJy-bm-Wv Pn.-Un.]n F∂p ]dbp-∂- GDP=C+I+G+(X-M) F∂mWv kahm-Iyw. kzX-{¥-amb aqey-an-√m-ØXpw F¥m-Wv Dt]m¬_-eI - a - mb BkvXn-bpsS

hne-bn¬ \n∂v aqeyw \n¿≤m-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb kmº-Øn-I-tc-J-I-sfbm-Wv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn¬ \n¿≤m-c-I-߃ (Derivatieves) F∂p ]d-bpI. BkvXn°v (Asset) Xpey-amb \n¿≤mc-I-ßtf D≠m-Imhq F∂-XmWv IW°v. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-b-f-hn\ptijw Hcp hkvXp hmßp-Itbm hn¬°p-Itbm sNøm-sa∂v c≠v I£n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≠m°p∂ DSº-Sn-bmb `mhn-{I-b-hn-{I-b-°cmtdm (Forward contract or Forwards) CØcw t^m¿th-Up-Iƒ FIvkvtN-©n¬ {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNøp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ^yq®-dp-Itfm (Futures) Hcp \n›nX Ime-h[n°IØv Hcp \n-›n-X-hn-e°v Hcp hkvXp hn¬°p-hmt\m hmßp-hmt\m CS\n-e-°m-c-\neqsS \¬Ip∂ Ah-Imi ]{Xn-I-I-fmb Hm]vj-\p-Itfm (Options) t\csØ Xøm-dm-°nb ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw `mhn-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI ImeØv \S-°p∂ {Ib-hn-{I-bß - sf ]c-k] v c ssIam-dmsa∂ Icm-dp-I-fmb kzm∏p-Itfm (Swap) BWv {][m-\-s∏´ sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ. Fß-s\-bmWv cmjv{S-߃ AXns‚ samØw A`y-¥t- cm¬]∂w (GDP) IW°m-t°-≠-sX∂v sF -Fw- -F-^n-s‚bpw bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-s‚bpw Hm¿K-ss\tk-j≥ t^m¿ F°-tWm-an°v tIm¿∏td-j≥ B‚ v sUh-e-∏vsa‚n-s‚bpw sFIy-cmjv{Sk`-bp-sSbpw temI-_m-¶ns‚bpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ tN¿∂v Xøm-dm°nb knÃw Hm^v \mj-W¬ A°u≠v (System of National Account 1993)

2009 am¿-®v-

27

F∂ {KŸ-Øn-ep-≠v. CXp {]Imcw 2008 se temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS samØw Pn.Un.-]n. 78.36 {Sney≥ tUmf-dmWv. CXn¬ Ata-cn-°-bp-tSXv am{Xw 14.33 {Sn-ey≥ tUmf¿ hcpw. F∂m¬ tI{µ _m¶pI-fpsS A¥m-cm{„ Xe-Øn-ep≈ klI-c-W-th-Zn-bmb _m¶v Hm^v C‚¿\mj-W¬ sk‰n¬sa‚ vkv (BIS) 2008 sk]vXw-_-dn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb HutZym-KnItcJ (BIS Quarterly Review Sep: 2008) ]d-bp-∂-Xv 2007 Unkw-_¿ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw BsI \ne-\n¬°p∂ sUdnth-‰o-hp-I-fpsS am{Xw aqeyw 566 {Sney≥ hcp-sa-∂m-Wv. Ign™ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\I-ap-≠mb sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ IqSn Iq´nbm¬ CXv 600 {Sney≥ IS-°pw. temI Pn.-Un.-]n-bpsS GI-tZiw ]Øn-c´n! Ata-cn-°-bnse sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ am{Xw \qdn-e-[nIw {Sney≥ tUmf¿ hcp-sa-∂mWv IW°v. temI-Øns‚ samØw Pn.Un.-]n 78.36 {Sney≥ tUmf-dm-sW∂v Hm¿°p-I. temIw apgp-h≥ s]dp°n hn‰mepw Ata--cn-°-bp-sS ISw Xocp-I-bns√∂¿Yw. F¥psIm≠v Cu Ah-ÿ-bp-≠mbn? 2008 \hw-_¿ 14,15 Xoø-Xn-I-fn¬ hmjnw-MvS¨ Un.-kn.-bn¬ sh®v \S∂ temIsØ {][m-\-s∏´ 20 cmjv{S-ß-fnse (Group 20) kmº-ØnIImcy a{¥nam-cp-sSbpw sk≥{S¬ _m¶v Kh¿W¿amcp-sSbpw D®-tIm-Sn- (G-20 Summit on financial markets and the world economy2008) BtKmf kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘ - nsb A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw BtKm-f-km-ºØnI hf¿®-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠mb k¶o¿W-amb {Ib-hn-{Ib am¿K-ßfpw th≠ {i≤ sImSp-°m-sX-bp≈ ssIImcy I¿Xr-Xz-hp-amWv {]Xn-k-‘n°v Imc-W-ambn `hn-®sX∂v hne-bn-cp-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. Krl-hn-]W - n-bn-ep-≠mb DuXn ho¿∏n-°epw Ipan-f-s]m-´epw, Dul-°-®-h-S-ß-fpsS X≈n-°-b‰w, k_vss{]w Krl]Wb hmbv]-I-fpsS hnXc-Whpw hn¬]-\I - f - pw A¿l-Xb - n-√m-Øh¿°p≈ ISw sImSp°-ep-Iƒ, ]c-amh[n ]uc-∑msc kz¥-ambn hoSp-≈-hcm-°n-Øo¿°p-I-sb∂ k¿°m¿ \bw, Ipan-f-Isf Ipan-f-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°msX-bp≈ sk≥{S¬ _m¶p-I-fpsS \b߃, ]W- a n- S - ] m- S p- ÿ m- ] - \ - ß - f psS XXz-Zo-£-bn-√mØ ISw sImSp-°-ep-I(ti-jw- t]-Pv- 50¬-)-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w

B-tKm-f- km-ºØ - n-Iam-µyw

CkvemanI ]cnt{]£yw ■-

Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-

ØnseØp∂XmWv apkvenans‚ PnhnXkcWn. Cu kcWnbn¬ kzm`mhnIambpw h∂p `hn°p∂XmWv hy‡nbpsSbpw IpSpw_Øns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpsa√mw im¥nbpw kam[m\hpw. {kjvSmhmb A√mlphns‚ {]oXn e£yam°n PohnXsØ Icp∏nSn∏n°ptºmƒ CsX√mw kzm`mhnIambpw D≠mbnØocpsa∂¿∞w. apkvenans‚ PohnXw Ah\p am{Xa√ Np‰p]mSn\pw KpWZmbIamhpsa∂Xn¬ kwiban√. Hcp IpSpw_Øn¬ Hcmƒ am{XamWv apkvenambn Pohn®ncn°p∂sX¶nepw Ahs‚ CkvemanI hy‡nXzØns‚ KpW^e߃ IpSpw_Øn\v samØØn¬ D]Imc{]Zambncn°pw. CtXt]mseØs∂bmWv kaqlØn\pw. Ces]mgnbpItbm a‰p {]bmk߃ krjvSn°pItbm sNømØXpw F√mkabØpw I\n \¬InsIm≠ncn-

a\pjysc Cl]chnPbØnte°v \bn°p∂ Z¿i\amWv Ckvemw. a\pjya\ pIƒ°Øv am‰ßfp≠m-°ns°m≠mWv. Ckvemw AXns‚ {]tbmKh¬°cWØn\v XpS°w Ipdn°p-∂Xv. hy‡nbpsS a\ n\pw icocØn\pw kuJyw \¬IpIbpw IpSpw_Øn\IØv im¥n\ne\n¬°pIbpw kaqlØn¬ \oXnbpw kam[m\hpw \ne\n¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂Xn\v Ckv e manI \nbaßfpsS {]tbmKh¬°cWw \nanØamIp∂p. F∂m¬ CsX√mw Bcw`n°p∂Xv hy‡nbpsS a\ n\ItØ°v {kjvSmhns\°pdn® IrXyamb t_m[hpw acWm¥c PohnXsØ∏‰nbp≈ hy‡amb Adnhpw k∂nthin∏n®psIm≠mWv.hnizmkØn¬ \n∂mcw`n®v ac-Wm-\¥ - c PohnØnse kz¿K{]-thi2009 am¿-®v-

28

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w °pIbpw sNøp∂ actØmSmWv. aplΩZv \_n apkvenans\ D]an®n´p≈Xv. (_pJmcn, apkvenw)F∂Xn¬ \n∂pXs∂ Ahs‚ km∂n[yw kaqlØn\v F{XtØmfw D]Imcs∏Sp∂Xmbncn°psa∂v hy‡amWv. apkvenans‚ aXhpw Pohn-Xhpw kwkvImchpsa√mw a‰p≈h¿°pIqSn KpWZmbIambn-°psa∂¿∞w. kmºØnIcwKsØ BtKmf{]Xnk‘nsb°pdn® N¿®bn¬ Ckvemw IS∂phcp∂Xv. ChnsSbmWv. CkvemanI Z¿i\Øns‚ Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{XamWv AXns‚ km-ºØnI- \nba߃. Ah ]q¿Wambn {]tbmKh¬°-cn-°m≥ IgnbpI CkvemanI-hnizm-khpw I¿Ωam¿Kßfpw kzoIcn-®h¿°p Xs∂bmWv. F∂m¬ {]k-vXpX \nba߃ kzoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xphgn D≠mhp∂ kmaqlyam‰ßfpsS KpWt`m‡m°fmhm≥ F√mh¿°pw Ignbpw. am{Xhpa√, kmºØnI {IaØns‚ ImcyØn¬ Ckvemw \¬Ip∂ \n¿t±i߃ ]T\hnt[-ba-m-°pIbpw AhbpsS shfn®Øn¬ X-߃ kzoIcn®pt]mcp∂ kmºØnI \ne]mSpIsf ]cntim[n®v XncpØ-ep-Iƒ hcpØpIbpw sNøm≥ Ckvem-an-Im-Z¿iw kzoIcn°m-Øh-¿-°p t]mepw Ignbpw. apXemfnØØns‚ {]Xnk-‘n-°v AXns‚ Xs∂ `qanI-bn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠p≈ ]cnlmc\n¿t±i߃ Gsd D∂bn°s∏Sp∂ps≠¶nepw Ah-sbm-∂pw Xs∂ imizX ]cnlmcw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ns√∂ Xncn®dnhv C- Ø - c samcp ]cntim[\bpsS {]k‡n t_m-[ys∏SpØp∂p≠v. kaqlw {]bmks∏Sptºmƒ {]-kvXpX {]bmkØn¬\n∂v klPohn-Isf c£s∏S-pØp∂Xn\mbn ]cn{iant°≠Xv apkvenwIfpsS DØchm-Zn-Øam-Wv. ssZhnIam¿KZ¿i\hpw AXp apt∂m´p sh°p∂ kmºØnI \n¿tZi--ßfpw B[p\nI a\pjycpsS {]iv\߃°v ]cnlmctaIp∂XmWv F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂ apkvenw {]kvXpX-]c - n-lmc\n¿tZi߃ s]mXp- k aqlØn\p apºn¬ ka¿∏n°phm≥ _m[yÿ\mWv. kam\amsbmcp kmlNcyØn¬ JP\mhns‚ DØchmZnØtas‰SpØ bqkp^v  \_nbpsS amXrI apkvenwIƒ°p apºnep≠v. cmPmhv I≠ kz]v\Øns‚ hymJym\ambn kar≤n-

bpsS Ggp h¿jw hcp-hm-\p-s≠∂pw AXn\v tijw £ma-Øns‚ Ggp-h¿jap-≠m-hpsa∂pw kar≤n h¿jØn¬ kq£n®psh®Xn¬ \n∂mWv £mah¿jßfn¬ D]tbmKn°pIsb∂psa√mw cmPmhns\ Adnbn®tijw bqkp^v \_n  ]d™Xv ""Xm¶ƒ Fs∂ `qanbnse JP\mhpIfpsS A[nImcta¬]n°q. Rms\mcp hnhcap≈ kq£n∏pImc\mbncn°pw, Xo¿®(12:55) F∂mbncp∂p'' JP\mhns‚ DØchmZnØta¬]n°s∏´m¬ ssZhnIt_m[\ {]Imcw AXv ssIImcyw sNbvXv £ma h¿jßfn¬ P\߃°v t£aap≠m-°p∂ XcØnep≈ kwhn[m\ßfp≠m°psa∂ {]Xo£bmWv DØchmZnØtas‰-Sp°phm\p≈ bqkq^v\_n- bpsS k∂≤Xbn¬ \ap°v ImWm\mIp∂Xv. temIw {]Xnk‘nbpsS Ibv]v A\p`hn®ps°m≠ncn°ptºmƒ ssZhnIt_m[\ {]Imcap≈ ]cn-lmcßfps≠¶n¬ AXp \n¿tZint°≠Xv A°mcyw a\ nem°nbhcpsS _m[yXbmsW∂¿∞w. 1. \mYt\mSp≈ \µntISv: ""InX®psImt≠mSp∂hbpw, Aßs\ Dckn Xos∏mcn ]mdn∏n°p∂hbpw, F∂n´v, AXncmhnse A{IaWw \SØp∂hbpw, At∏mƒ, s]mSn]Seanf°n AXneqsS kwLØn\p \Sphn¬ IS∂hbpw Xs∂ kXyw! a\pjy≥ Xs‚ \mYt\mSv \µnsI´h≥ Xs∂, Xo¿-

2009 am¿-®v-

29

®. Ah≥ AXn\v km£yw hln°p∂h\pamWv. \n›bw, [\kvt\lw ITn-\ambh\mWh≥'' (100:1-- -8) bPam\\pth≠n bp≤°fØn¬ t]mcmSp∂h\mWv IpXnc. AXv F∂pw BVyXzØns‚ {]XoIambncp∂p. AXy¥m[p\nI hml\߃ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn°s∏Sptºmgpw cmPIobhml\ambn AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv IpXnc Xs∂! IpXnc∏¥bw C∂pw ]Wap≈hs‚ hnt\mZamWv. A¥mcmjv { S \nehmcØnep≈ kv I qfpIƒ FSpØp ]dbp∂Xv X߃ Ip´nIsf IpXnc khmcn ]Tn∏n°p∂psh∂mWv. a\pjys‚ BVyXzØns‚ Nn”hpw Ahs\ kwc£n°m\mbn t]m¿°fØn¬ AScmSp∂h\pw bPam\s‚ A`nam\kwc£WØn\mbn kz¥w Poh≥ XrWh¬KWn°pIbpw sNøp∂ IpXnc \ap°v \¬Ip∂ Hcp ]mTap≠v. kz¥w \mYt\mSv a\pjy¿ \µnsI´hcmsW∂ ]mTw. X\n°v `£Whpw ]m¿∏nShpw ]cnioe\hpw \¬Ip∂ bPam\\p th≠n InXt®mSpIbpw IpfºpIƒ Dckn Xos∏mcn ]mdn∏n°pIbpw Dd°w t]mepan√msX {]`mXØnepW¿∂v t]m¿°fØn- t e°v Xncn°pIbpw s]mSn-]Se߃ Cf°n A-XneqsS i{XpkwLØn\v \Sphnte°v IpXn°pIbpw sNøp∂ IpXncbpambn Xs∂ XmcXayw sNbvXm¬ \mYt\mSv F{XtØmfw IrXLv\\mWv Xm-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w s\∂v Hmtcm a\pjy¿°pw t_m[ys∏SpIXs∂ sNøpw, Xo¿®. Xs∂ krjvSn°pIbpw X\n°mhiyap≈sX√mw Hcp°nØcnIbpw sNbv X \mYs‚ hn[nhne°pIƒ ]men°msX Pohn°p∂ a\pjy¿ F{X am{Xw \µnsI´-hcmWv! Xs‚ \µntISn\v a\pjy¿ Xs∂ kzbw km£nbmsW∂v {]kvXmhn®tijw "[\kvt\lw ITn\ambh\mWh≥, Xo¿®' sb∂mWv Jp¿B≥ ]dbp∂sX∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {it≤bamWv. [\sØ kvt\ln°pIbpw AXv \¬Inbhs\ hnkvacn°pIbpw sNøpIsb∂ \µntISmWv. a\pjycn¬ an°hcpw {]h¿Øn®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. a\pjycmcpw Xs∂ bmsXm∂pw ChnsS ]pXpXmbn \n¿an°p∂n√. ]S®h≥ Hcp°nØ∂ {]]©sØ D]tbmKs∏SpØpIam{XamWv a\pjy¿ sNøp∂Xv. `qanbnse hkvXpXIƒ X߃°mhiyamb coXnbn¬ am‰nsbSp°p∂p, a\pjy¿ AXn∂mbmWv Ah¿ KthjWßfnte¿s∏Sp∂Xv. ]S®h≥ X∂ _p≤nbp]tbmKn®v Ah≥ krjvSn® hkvXp°sf X߃°v D]Imc{]Zamb coXnbn¬ am‰nsbSp°pI am{XamWv Ahs‚ ]Wn. AXp sNøp∂ a\pjy≥ Xs‚ _p≤nbn¬ Al¶cn°p∂p. _p≤nbpw hkvXphpw X∂v A\p{Kln®hs\ hnkvacn°pIbpw Ahs‚ hn[nhne°pIƒ Im‰n¬ ]dØpIbpw sNøp∂p. F{X henb IrXLv\X! Cu IrXLv\XbmWv am\hcmin t\cn´Xpw t\cn´psIm≠ncn°p∂Xp-amb kIe {]Xnk‘nIƒ°pap≈ ASnÿm\ ImcWw. kºØv A√mlp \¬Ip∂XmWv, Ah\mWv AXns‚ bYm¿∞ AhImin, Ah\Xv Ah≥ C—n°p∂h¿°v \¬Ip∂p. ""Xo¿®bmbpw \ns‚ c£nXmhv Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v D]Poh\am¿Kw hnimeam°nsImSp°p∂p. (Nne¿°Xv) CSpßnbXm°pIbpw sNøp∂p'' (Jp¿B≥ 17:30) ""A√mlp \nßfn¬ Nnesc a‰p Nnesc°mƒ D]Poh\Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ sa®s∏´hcm°nbncn°p- ∂ p'' (16:71) ""A√mlp \n߃°v \¬Inbn´p≈ kºØn¬ \n∂v Ah¿°v \n߃ \¬-

≠p am{Xw e`n®XmWv Xs‚ kzØp-Iƒ apgph\pw F∂v Al¶cn® Jmdq\n¬ \n∂v A√mlp kzØp°ƒ Xncns®Sp°pIbpw AbmsfXs∂bpw \mamhtijam°pIbpw sNbv X t∏mgmWv "Jmdp\ns\t∏msebmbncps∂¶n¬...'F∂v B{Kln®ncp∂h¿°v t_m[ap≠mbXv. B A[]X\Øn- s‚ IY Jp¿B≥ Xs∂ hnhcn°p∂p. ""Xo¿®bmbpw Jmdq≥ aqkmbpsS P\Xbn¬ s]´h\mbncp∂p. F∂n´v Ah≥ AhcpsS t\sc AXn{Iaw ImWn®p. Xs‚ JP\mhpIƒ iIvX≥amcmb Hcp kwLØn\pt]mepw `mcamIm≥ X°h- Æ ap≈ \nt£-]߃ \mw Ah\v \¬Inbncp∂p. Aht\m-Sv Ahs‚ P\X C{]Imcw ]d™ kµ¿`w ({it≤bas{X) \o ]pfIw sImt≈≠. ]pfIw sIm≈p-

Atacn°bn¬ s\mhmUm tÉnse emkv thKmkv \KcØnte°v Ibdp-tºmƒ Xs∂ "]m]\KcØnte°v kzmKXw' F∂ Iq‰-≥ \ntbm¨ t_m¿UmWv Hcmsf kzmKXw sNøp∂Xv. F√m Xn≥aIfpw AXns‚ ]q¿Whpw \·hpamb coXn-bn¬ \SamSp∂ ]m]\Kcw! ]q¿W \·\rØw \S°p∂ 31 ¢∫pIƒ! c≠p Uk\n-e[nIw NqXm´tI{µßƒ! cXnsbbpw NqXm´sØbpw NqSp]nSn∏n°phm≥ aZyØn\v ]IpXn hneam{Xw! ]m]\KcØn¬ Hcp h¿j-saØp∂ kµ¿iI¿ \meptImSn! ]m]-߃°v th≠n am{Xw Hcp \Kcap≠m-°phm≥ apXemfnØ kzX{¥hn]Wn-°p am{Xta Ignbq. In klmbn°pIbpw sNøpI''(24:33) A√mlp \¬Inb kºØns‚ ssIhim[nImcnbmWv AXv \¬Is∏´h≥ F∂ t_m[Øns‚ A`mhamWv kI-ehn[ kmºØnI Ip‰ßfpsSbpw ASnÿm\ ImcWw X\n°v e`n® kºsØ√mw Xs‚ kz¥w A[zm\-Øns‚-bpw _p≤nbpsSbpw ^eamsW∂v IcpXp∂hcmWv kº∂-c[nIhpw. aqkm \_nbpsS kapZmbØn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ Jmdq≥ F∂ [\mVys\∏‰n ]cma¿in°sh Abmƒ ]d™Xmbn Jp¿B≥ D≤cn°p∂Xv Xs‚ ssIhiap≈ hnZysIm≠v am{XamWv F\n°nXv e`n®Xv (Jp¿B≥ 28:78) F∂mWv {kjvSmhns\ ad∂v kz¥w Hu∂XyØn¬ A`nam-\n® Jmdq≥ Ahkm\w \new]cnimb kz¥w IgnhpsIm-

2009 am¿-®v-

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∂hsc A√mlp Xo¿-®bmbpw CjvSs∏SpIbn√. A√mlp \n\°v \¬Inbn´p≈XneqsS \o ]ctemIhnPbw tXSpI. sFlnIPo-hnXØn¬ \n∂v \n\°p≈ Hmlcn \o hnkvacn°pIbpw th≠. A√mlp \n\°v \≥a sNbvXXv t]mse \obpw \≥asNøpI. \o \m´n¬ Ipg∏Øn\v apXnccpXv. Ipg∏ap-≠m°p∂hsc A√mlp Xo¿®bmbpw CjvSs∏Sp∂X√. Jmdq≥ ]d™p: Fs‚ ssIhiap≈ hnZysIm≠v am{XamWv F\n°nXp e`n®Xv . F∂m¬ Ah∂p apºv Aht\-°mƒ ISpØ iIvXnbp≈hcpw, IqSpX¬ kwL_eap-≈-hcpambncp∂ XeapdIsf A√mlp \in∏n®n´ps≠-∂v Ah≥ a\ n-em°nbn´nt√? XßfpsS ]m]ßsf ]‰n Ip‰- h mfn- I tfmSv At\zjn°s∏Sp-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w a‰p temIId≥knIfpsS ta¬ AXn-s‚ B[n]Xyw ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXXn\p tijw "Xs‚ _p≤nsIm≠v temIsØ IogS°nbh≥' F∂ N´ºna\xÿnbpambmWv Atacn° temIØns‚ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂Xv. Atacn°≥ hntZi\bØns‚ h‡m°fn¬ Hcmfmb Nmƒkv t{ImØΩm¿ H∂c]Xn‰m≠pIƒ°v apºv FgpXn "Hcp GI-{[phtemIØmWv \mw C∂p Pohn°p∂Xv. \ap°v, Atacn°°m¿°p CXv KpWIcamIWw. \ΩpsS \ne]mSv icnbmbncn°pIbpw \ΩpsS Xm¬]cy߃°v `ojWnbp≠mhpIbpw sNøp∂nSØv GI]£obamb \S]SnIƒ FSpt°≠nh∂mepw \mw CSs]SWw' (Charles Krauthammer Bless Our Pax Americana, Washington post, 22 March 991) \mYs‚ A\p{Kl߃ A\p`hn°pIbpw AXp \¬Inbhs\ hnkvacn°pIbpw sNøp∂h¿°v \miamWv h∂p`hn°pIsb∂ hkvXpX Ncn{X

kw`h߃ D≤cn®psIm≠v Jp¿B≥ hy‡am°p∂p. ""kz¥w PohnXkpJØn¬ aXnad∂v Al¶cn® F{XcmPy߃ \mw \in∏n®n´p≠v. AhcpsS hmkkvYeßfXm, Ah¿°p tijw A]q¿∆amb√msX AhnsS P\hmkap≠mbn´n√. \mw Xs∂bmbn(AhbpsS) AhImin''(28:58) 2. [\w imizXamsW∂ [mcW ""\n߃ AdnbpI: CltemIPohnXsa∂m¬ Ifnbpw hnt\mZhpw Ae¶mchpw \n߃ ]ckv]cw Zpc`nam\w \Sn°epw kzØpIfnepw k¥m\ßfnepw s]cp∏w ImWn°epw am{XamWv˛ Hcp ag t]mse. AXp aqeap≠mb sNSnIƒ I¿jIsc Biv N cys∏SpØn. ]n∂oSXn\v DW°w _m[n°p∂p. At∏mƒ AXv a™\ndw ]q≠Xmbn \n\°v ImWmw. ]n∂oSXp Xpcpºmbnt∏mIp∂p. F∂m¬ ]ctemIØv (Zp¿hrØ¿°v) ITn\amb in£bpw (kZv-

kz¿ÆØn\pw sh-≈n°pw ]Icambn {]Xn-\n[n t\m´pI-ƒ D]tbmKn°m≥ XpSßnbXp apX¬ Xs∂ Cu cwKw h©\bnepw Im]-Sy-Ønepw A[njvTnXambn°gn™ncp∂p. C√mØ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbp-sSbpw t]cnembncp∂p t\m´Sn®ncp∂Xv. AhcpsS ssIøn¬ F{XtØmfw kz¿-Æhpw sh≈nbpaps≠∂v B¿°pw AdnbmØXpsIm≠pXs∂ P\ßsf I_fn∏n®psIm≠v t\m´pIƒ ASn°m-≥ Ah¿°v km[n®p.

hrØ¿°v) A√mlphn¶¬ \n∂p≈ ]m]tamN\hpw {]oXnbpw D≠v. sFlnIPohnXwh©\bpsS hn`ha√msX as‰m∂pa√.'' (Jp¿B≥ 57:20) kar≤nbpsS aSnØ´n¬ Pohn°ptºmƒ CXv Fs∂∂pw \tΩmsSm∏ap≠mIpsa∂ Hcp [mcW krjvSn°s∏Smdp≠v. F∂m¬ hkvXpX adn®mWv. [\w imizXa√. C∂v ]Wap≈hs‚ ]°¬ \msf AXp≠mbncn°Wsa∂n√, C∂sØ Zcn{Z≥ \msf kº-∂-

∂X√. Aßs\ Ah≥ P\a-≤yØnte°v B¿`mStØmsS Cdßn ]pd-s∏´p. sFlnIPo-hnXw e£yam°p∂h¿ AXv I≠n´v C{]Imcw ]d™p: Jmdq\v e`n®Xv t]mep≈Xv R߃°pap≠mbncps∂¶n¬ F{X \∂mbncpt∂s\. Xo¿®bmbpw Ah≥ henb `mKyap-≈h≥ Xs∂! PvRm\w \¬Is∏´n´p≈h¿ ]d™p: \nß-ƒ°v \miw! hnizkn°pIbpw k¬I¿Ωw {]h¿Øn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´p≈h¿°v A√mlphns‚ {]Xn^eamWv IqSp-X¬ DØaw. £amioeap≈h¿°√msX AXv \¬Is∏SpI-bn√. Aßs\ Ahs\bpw Ahs‚ h\tØbpw \mw `qan-bn¬ BgvØnIf™p. At∏mƒ A√mlphn\v ]pdsa Xs∂ klmbn°p∂ Hcp I£nbpw Ah∂p≠mbn√. Ah≥ kzbw c£n°p∂hcpsS Iq´Ønepambn√. C∂se Ahs‚ kvYm\w sImXn®ncp∂h¿ (C∂v) C{]Imcw ]dbp∂hcmbn-Øo¿∂p: Atlm! IjvSw! Xs‚ Zmk≥amcn¬ \n∂v Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v A√mlp D]Poh\w hnimeam°nsImSp-°pIbpw, (Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v AXp) CSpßnbXm°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. RßtfmSv A√mlp HuZmcyw ImWn®ncp-∂ns√¶n¬ Rßsfbpw Ah≥ BgvØn°fbpambncp∂p. Atlm, Ijv S w! kXy\ntj[nIƒ hnPbw {]m]n°p-Ibn√.'' (28: 76-˛82) BZnhmknIsf B´ntbmSn®pw sIms∂mSp°nbpw sIm≠v bptdm]y≥am¿ ÿm]n® Atacn°sb∂ cmjv{Sw aq∂mw temIcmPyßfpsSbpw FÆbp¬]mZI cmjv{SßfpsSbpw ta¬ IpX{¥ßfnepsS A[oiXzw t\SnsbSp-ØXns‚ Ncn{XamWv Ign™ c≠p \q‰m≠pIƒ°v ]dbm\p≈Xv. tUmfdns‚ kz¿W ]n≥_ew FSpØpIfbpIbpw

2009 am¿-®v-

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B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w \mbn amdpIbpw sNbvtX°mw. kz-¥w _p≤nbpw A[zm\hpw am{XamWv X\n°p≈ kºmZyØn\p ]n∂nse∂v Al¶cn°p∂h¿°v kzm`mhnIambpw D≠mhp∂ [mcWbmWv Cu kºØv Fs∂∂pw \ΩpsS ]°ep≠mhpw F∂Xv. CXp hkvXpXbs√∂v \mw ]dbpIbpw ]mSpIbpw sNømdps≠¶nepw kz¥w ImcyØn¬ Iønep≈ kºØv imizXamsW∂ [mcWtbmSpIqSnbp≈XmWv HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw \ne]mSpIƒ. Cu [mcW \miamWv. kmºØnI \jvSap≠mhptºmƒ a\pjy¿ at\mtcmKnIfpw elcn ASnaIfpsa√mw BIp∂Xv Cu [mcWbpsS Zpjv^eßfmWv. kºØv A√mlphnt‚XmsW∂pw AXv Ah≥ Xs∂ Hcp {]tXyI ImetØ°v {]tXyIamb ZuXy-Øn\v th≠n G¬∏n®ncn°pIbmsW∂v a\ nem°p∂ Hcp hnizmkn°v [\\jvSw aqew at\mtcmKßfp≠mhpIbn√; Ah≥ BfllXybn¬ A`bw tXSn Xs‚ CltemIhpw ]ctemIhpw \jvSs∏SpØpIbpan√. Atacn°≥ FgpØpImcnbmb B≥ emt‚gvkv Xs‚ Hcp teJ\Øn¬ Nnt¥m≤o]Iamb Hcp Imcyw FSpØp]dbp∂p≠v. "1923˛¬ Nn°mtKmbnse FUvPv hm´¿ _o®v tlm´en¬ temIsØ G‰hpw kº∂cmb F´pt]¿ HØpIqSn. AhcpsS samØØnep≈ BkvXn Atacn°≥ {SjdnIfnep≈ kºØnt\°mƒ A[nIambncp-∂p, temIsØ G‰hpw henb IpØIIfnsem∂mbncp∂ C‚¿\mjW¬ am®v tIm¿∏tdj≥ ta[mhn Chm≥ IyqK¿, hmƒkv{So‰nse {]ikvX\pw AXnkº∂\pamb Dul°®hS°mc\mbncp∂ sPs enh¿tam¿, Atacn°bnse G‰hpw henb kzX{¥ Ccpºv \n¿ΩmWimebmbncp∂ s_Xvetlw Ãoens‚ sNb¿am\mbncp∂ Nmƒkv Fw kvIzm_v, tIma¨sh¬Øv FUnk¨ Iº\nbpsS sNb¿am\mbncp∂ kmaph¬ C≥kƒ, Atacn°bnse G‰hpw henb hmXI Iº\nbmbncp∂ A-tkmkntb‰Uv Kymkv B‚ v CeIv{SnIv bq´nen‰n Fw]b¿ {]knU≠mbncp∂ slmhm¿Uv tlm]vk¨, \yqtbm¿°v tÃm°v FIvkvtN©v {]knU≠mbncp∂ dn®m¿Uv ssh‰v\n, thƒUv _m¶v Hm^v C‚¿ \mjW¬ sk‰n¬sa‚kv

{In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Ime-Øv H-cm-ƒ Hcp Hu-¨-kv (28.35 {Kmw) kz¿-Ww A-©v i-X-am-\w Iq-´p ]-eni-°v F-Sp-Øp-sh∂v I-cp-XpI. A-Xv C-t∏m-ƒ Xn-cn-®-S-°-Wsa-¶n-¬ \-Ωp-sS `q-an-sb-t∏m-sebp-≈ \n-ch-[n {K-l-ß-fp-sSb{Xbpw `m-c-ap-≈ kz-¿-Æ°-´n th-≠n-h-cpw. ]en-i F-{X-tØm-fw am-c-Ihpw A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-amsW-∂ h-kv-Xp-X hy-‡-am-°p-∂XmWv Cu I-W°v.

{]knU≠mbncp∂ entbm¨ s{^bvk¿, {]knU≠v lm¿UnwKvkns‚ Im_n\‰v C‚ocnb¿ kn{I´dnbmbncp∂ B¬_¿´v lmƒ F∂nhcmbncp∂p HØptN¿∂ F´pt]¿. CXnse H∂ma≥ BfllXysNøpItbm sIm√s∏SpItbm sNbvXp. ImcWsa¥∂dnbn√. c≠ma\pw BfllXysNbvXp. aq∂ma≥ ]m∏cmbmWv acn®Xv. \mema≥ hymP]WanS]mSpIfpsSbpw h©\bpsSbpw t]cn¬ in£n°s∏´ tij-amWv ac-W-s∏´-Xv. A-©ma≥ kmº-ØnI h©-\-Iƒ°v tijw in£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw at\mtcmKnbmbnØo¿∂v at\mtcmKtI{µØn¬ sh®v acWs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Bdma≥ hensbmcp A]lcWt°kn¬ in£n°s∏SpIbpw knwKvkmMv Pbnen¬ AS°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Ggma≥ BfllXysNbvXp, F´ma\mIs´ AgnaXnt°kn¬ PbneS°s∏´ tijamWv acWs∏´Xv' (Ann Landers Some Traggic Deaths of the Rich and

2009 am¿-®v-

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Famous, St Luis Post Dispatch, 29 Jan 1994) [\mVy\mb Hcp a\pjys‚ ]X\sØ°pdn®v A¬]w hniZambnØs∂ ]cma¿in°p∂ Jp¿B≥, kºØv imizXambn XßfpsS ssIhiap≠mIpsa∂ [mcW F{XtØmfw hy¿∞amsW∂v hc®pImWn°p∂p≠v. ""\o Ah¿°v Hcp D]a hnhcn®psImSp°pI. c≠v ]pcpj≥am¿. Ahcn¬ Hcmƒ°v \mw c≠v ap¥ncntØm´ßƒ \¬In. Ahsb (tXm´ßsf) \mw Cu¥∏\sIm≠v hebw sNbvXp. Ahbv°nSbn¬ (tXm´ßƒ°nSbn¬) [m\yIrjnbnShpw \mw \¬In. Ccp tXm´ßfpw AhbpsS ^e߃ \¬In h∂p. A-Xn¬ bmsXmcp {Iat°Spw hcpØnbn√. Ahbv°nSbneqsS \mw Hcp \Zn Hgp°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ah∂p ]e hcpam\hpap≠mbncp∂p. Aßs\ Ah≥ Xs‚ NßmXntbmSv kwhmZw \SØns°m≠ncns° ]dbpIbp≠mbn: Rm-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w \mWv \ns∂°mƒ IqSpX¬ [\-ap≈h\pw IqSpX¬ kwL_eap≈h\pw. kz¥tØmSv Xs∂ A\ymbw {]h¿Øn®v sIm≠v Ah≥ Xs‚ tXm´Øn¬ {]thin®p. Ah≥ ]d™p: Hcn°epw CsXm∂pw \in®v t]mIpsa∂v Rm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. A¥ykabw \nehn¬ hcpw F∂pw Rm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. C\n Rm≥ Fs‚ c£nXmhn¶te°v aS°s∏SpIbmsW¶ntem, Xo¿®bm-bpw, aSßns®√p∂Xn\v CXnt\°mƒ DØaamb Hcp kvYew F\n°v e`n°pI Xs∂ sNøpw. Ahs‚ NßmXn Ah\pambn kwhmZw \SØns°m≠ncns° ]d™p: aÆn¬ \n∂pw A\¥cw _oPØn¬ \n∂pw \ns∂ krjvSn°pI-bpw, ]n∂oSv \ns∂ Hcp ]pcpj\mbn kwhn[m\n°pIbpw sNbvXh\n¬ \o Ahnizkn®ncn°pIbmtWm? F∂m¬ (Fs‚ hnizmkanXmWv) Ah≥ AYhm A√mlphmIp∂p Fs‚ c£nXmhv. Fs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv bmsXm∂ns\bpw Rm≥ ]¶ptN¿°pIbn√. \o \ns‚ tXm´Øn¬ IS∂ kabØv, CXv A√mlp Dt±in®Xs{X, A√mlpshs°m≠√msX bmsXmcp iIvXnbpw C√ F∂v \n\°v ]d™v IqSmbncpt∂m? \ns∂°mƒ [\hpw k¥m\hpw Ipd™h\mbn \o Fs∂ ImWp∂psh¶n¬. Fs‚ c£nXmhv F\n°v \ns‚ tXm´sØ°mƒ \√Xv \¬In F∂v hcmw. \ns‚ tXm´Øns‚ t\sc Ah≥ BImiØv \n∂v in£ Ab°pIbpw, Aßs\ AXv NXp∏p\neambnØocpIbpw sNbvXp F∂v hcmw. As√¶n¬ AXnse sh≈w \n\°v Hcn°epw tXSn∏nSn®v sIm≠v hcphm≥ IgnbmØ hn[w h‰nt∏msb∂pw hcmw. Ahs‚ ^ekar≤n (\miØm¬) hebw sNøs∏´p. Ah (tXm´ßƒ) AhbpsS ]¥epItfmsS hoWSn™v InS°sh Xm≥ AXn¬ sNehgn®Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ah≥ (\jvSt_m[Øm¬) ssI ae¿Øp∂h\mbnØo¿∂p. Fs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv Bscbpw Rm≥ ]¶ptN¿°mXncps∂¶n¬ F{X \∂mbncpt∂s\ F∂v Ah≥ ]dbpI-bpw sNbvXvsIm≠ncp∂p. A√mlphn\v ]pdsa bmsXmcp I£nbpw Ah∂v klmbw \¬Iphm\p≠mbn√. Ah∂v (kzbw) AXnPbn°phm≥ Ign™Xpan√.'' (18:32˛43) hy‡nIfpsS am{Xa√, cmjv{Sß-fp-

sS Ahÿbpw CXp Xs∂bmWv temIØn\p apºn¬ Xebpb¿Øn \n∂ncp-∂ tdmamkm{amPyw XI¿∂nt√? kºØpw kwkvIrXnbpw Pzen®p\n∂n-cp∂ t]¿jym km{amPyØn\v ]X\ap≠mbnt√? {InkvXm_vZw H≥]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬ ]WwsIm≠pw {]Xm]wsIm≠pw {]kn≤ambncp∂ amb≥ km{aymPyw Xcn∏Wambnt√? kqcy\kvXan°mØ km{amPyØns‚ A[n]≥amcmbncp∂ {_n´ojpIm¿°v CwKvf≠ns‚ am{Xw `cWw sIm≠v Xr]vXns∏tS≠ Ahÿ kwPmXambnt√? kz¿W\mWb߃°pw sh≈n\mWb߃°pw temIw apgph≥ B{ibn®p\n∂ncp∂ kvs]bn\n\v XßfpsS Hu∂Xyw ]nSn®p \n¿Øphm≥ Ign™pthm? ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\w hsc Kphmt\msb∂ hfw D¬]mZn∏n®v temI Im¿jnIkºØns‚ ta¬ B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ s]dphn\v B cwKØv D∂X≥amcmbn XpScphm≥ Ign™pthm? temIsØ d∫¿ cmPm°≥amcmbncp∂ {_koen\v B cwKsØ A[oiXzw Ahkm\n∏nt°≠n h∂nt√? F∂m¬ Atacn°°m¿ IcpXp∂Xv temIsØ [\m[n]Xyw F°me-hpw AhcpsS ssIIfn¬ Xs∂bmIp-sa∂mWv. tUmfdns‚ B[n]Xyw krjvSn® Al¶mcØn¬ \n∂mWv Cu Nn¥bpsS D¬∏Øn. AXpsIm≠mWv djy IqSn XI¿∂tXmsS a\pjyNcn{Xw Ahkm\n®psh∂v ]dbm≥ Atacn°°m¿°v [m¿jyap≠mbXv. Ccp]Xmw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn a\pjycpsS kmaqlnI \mKcnIX ]cnWmaw Ahkm\n®psh∂pw C\n Atacn°bpsS en_d¬ Utam{IknbpsS hym]\amWv \S°m≥ t]mIp∂sX∂pw ÿm]n®psIm≠v ]pkvXIsagpXphm≥ cmjv{Sob kmºØnIimkv{X⁄\mb {^m≥knkv ^p°pbma°v(1) km[n°p∂Xv Atacn°bpsS B[n]Xyw F°meØpw \ne\n¬°psa∂ Al¶mcØn\p apIfn¬ At±lw ASbncn°p∂Xp sIm≠mWv. cmjv{Sob kacßfpsS Imew Ign™psh∂pw C\n \S°m\ncn°p∂Xv kwkvImcßfpsS kwL´\amsW∂pw {]kvXpX kwL´\Øn¬ Atacn°≥ kwkvImcw ]uckvXy kwkvImcØn\p-ta¬ B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Øpsa∂pw P¬]n°phm≥ kmaph¬ l≠nwKv S ¨ (2)

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F∂ cmjv{Sob kmºØnI hnZKv[\v km[n°p∂Xpw as‰m∂psIm≠pa√. ^p°pbmasbbpw l≠nwKvSsWbpw t]msebp≈ _p≤nPohnIƒ \SØnb \nco£WßfpsS shfn®Øn¬, 2001 sk]v‰w_¿ 11\v \S∂ temIhym]mckap®bØns‚ XI¿®sb adbm°n, XßfpsS A[oizØn¬ A[njvTnXamb Hcp BtKmfkm{aymPyØns‚ \n¿anXn Fßs\ km[n°psa∂mWv 2002 sk]v‰w_¿ 17 \v tPm¿Pv _pjv bp. Fkv tIm¨{K n\p \¬Inb Atacn°bpsS tZiobkpc£mX{¥w (The National Security Stratery of the united Sates of America) F∂ tcJ hc®pImWn°p∂Xv.(3) as‰mcp cmPyØn-\pw Hcp hn[Ønepw kzoIcya√mØ, a‰p cmPyßsfm∂pw bmsXmcp XcØnepw AwKoIcn°m≥ ]mSn√mØ, Ccp]-Ønsbm∂mw \q‰m≠nse Atacn°≥ km{amPyXzØn\p≈ Blzm\amW Cu {]amWw'F∂v apXn¿∂ Atacn°≥ sk\‰dmb FUvth¿Uv Fw sI∂Un(4) t]mepw Cu tZiob kpc£m X{¥sØ°pdn®v ]dbpIbp≠mbn. XßfpsS A[oiXzw Fs∂∂pw \ne\n¬°psa∂ anYym[mcWb√msX as‰¥mWv CØcw X{¥cq]oIcW߃°v ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv? F{X henb kmºØnImSnØdbp≈ kaqlamsW¶nepw \miØn\v \nanj߃ aXnsb∂ ]mTw {]IrXnt£m`߃ CSbv°nS°v \sΩ ]Tn∏n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂p≠v. 2004 Unkw_¿ 26 \v Ct¥mt\jybnse kpam{Xbn¬ \n∂v Bcw`n®v C¥y≥almkap{ZØneqsS ASn®phoinb kp\man ]Xns\m∂v cmjv{Sßfn¬\n∂mbn ct≠Im¬ e£Øne[nIw P\-ß-fpsS Poh-\-]-lcn-°p-Ibpw Ht∂-Im¬ e£w BfpIƒ°v ]cn°v ]‰pIbpw ]Xnt\gv e£tØmfw t]¿°v amdnØmaknt°-≠nbpw h∂ B[p\nIImeØv \S∂ G‰hpw henb {]IrXnt£m`ßfnsem∂mbncp∂p. 41 t]cpsS acWØn\pw 5 1/2 _ney¨ tUmf¿ \mi\jvS߃°pw \nanØamb 2001 Pq¨ 4 apX¬ ASn®p hniob Aev]nk¨ sImSp¶m‰v c≠mbncØne[nIw t]cpsS acWØn\pw \mepe£Øne[nIamfpIfpsS am‰n∏m¿∏n°en\pw 8120 tImSn tUmfdns‚ \mi\jvSØn\pw ImcWamb 2005 B-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w KÃv 25 apX¬ ASn®phoinb I{Xo\ NpgensImSp¶m‰v, 57 t]cpsS acWØn\pw \qdp°W°n\v BfpIfpsS ]cn°n-\pw \qdptImSn tUmfdns‚ \mi\jvS߃°pw \nanØamb 2008 s{^_phcn 5 apX¬ ASn®phoinb sImSp¶m‰v F∂nhbmWv. ]pXnb kl-{km_vZw ]nd-∂-Xn-\p-tijw Atacn°bnep≠mb {][m\s∏´ {]IrXnt£m`߃. Xs‚ kz¥w \m´nse IdpØhcpsS \Kcamb \yqZm¿enb≥kn¬ I{Xo\ kwlmcXmfihamSpIbpw Bbnc߃ acn°pIbpw sNøptºmgpw CdmJv bp≤Øns‚ A\nhmcyXsb∏‰n \m´pImsc t_m[ys∏SpØpIbmbncp∂p {]knU≠v _pjv. IdpØ sXmenbp≈ kz¥w ]uc≥amcpw A©p\q‰m≠ns‚ Ncn{Xap≈ Hcp alm\Kchpw XIcp∂Xnt\°mƒ hepXv temIØns‚ B[n]XyamsW∂v Nn¥n°p∂Xv kºØns‚ A\izcXsb°pdn® anYym [mcWsIm≠s√¶n¬ as‰¥psIm≠mWv? Xs‚ Iønep≈ kzØv Fs∂∂pw \ne\n¬°p∂XmsW∂ Nn¥ ]WØns‚ am{Xw ASnÿm\Øn¬ Nn¥n°p∂h\m°n a\pjys\ am‰nØo¿°p∂p. AXv a\pjysc A[nImc{]aØcpw Al¶mcnIfpw A{IaWImcnIfpam°pw. ]Ww \¬Is∏Sp∂XmsW∂ Nn¥bmIs´ kºØn\v ]pdØpap≈ Imcyßsf ]cnKWn°phm\pw AXp\¬Inbhs‚ \nbaßf\pjvTn°phm\pw a\pjysc t{]cn∏n°pw. AXv Ahsc hn\bm\znXcpw [¿at_m[ap≈hcpam°nØo¿°pw. Al¶mcØnepw A[m¿ΩnIXIfnepw A[njvTnXamb kaql߃°v BXy¥nIamb \miamWp≠mhpIsb∂mWv Ncn{Xw ]Tn∏n°p∂ ]mTw GIO{Xm[n]Xnbmbncp∂ ^tdmhsbbpw ]pcmX\ kaqlßfmbncp∂ BZns\bpw YaqZns\bpw \qlns‚ P\Xsbbpw \in∏n®Xns\°pdn®v Jp¿B\n¬- ]-cma¿in°p∂p-≠v-. (51:38- 46) 3. [\aps≠¶n¬ F¥pamImsa∂ [mcW ""IpØphm°v ]dbp∂h\pw Ahtlfn°p∂h\pamb GsXmcmƒ°pw \miw. AXmbXv [\w tiJcn°pIbpw AXv FÆnt\m°ns°m≠ncn°pIbpw sNøp∂h\v.Ahs‚ [\w Ah\v imizX PohnXw \¬Inbncn°p∂p F∂v

Ah-≥ hnNmcn°p∂p. \n wibw, Ah≥ lpXzabn¬ Fdnbs∏SpI Xs∂ sNøp'' (Jp¿B≥:104 :1˛4) kºØpw A[nImchpw X߃°v imizXPohnXw {]Zm\w sNøpsa∂v IcpXp∂hcp≠mbncp∂p. ^tdmham¿ XßfpsS ihicocßsf aΩnIfm°nØo¿Øv ]ncanUpIƒ°IØv kq£n®ncp∂Xv `mhnbn¬ Cu `qanbn¬ Xs∂ Ah¿ ]p\¿P\n°psa∂pw At∏mgpw XßfpsS BVyXzw \ne\n¿Øphm\p≈ DSbmSIfpw [m\y˛B`cWtiJ-chpw IcpXnsht°≠Xv BhiyamsW∂v IcpXpIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠mbncp∂p. a\pjy\v imizX PohnXw \¬Im≥ Ignbp∂ PohmarXw (Elexir of life) I≠p]nSn°phm≥ a[yIme imkv{X⁄∑m¿ ]cn{ian®XpsIm≠mWt√m ckX{¥sa∂ imkv{XimJ Xs∂ cq]s∏´ph∂Xv. {ItbmP\nIv kmt¶XnI hnZybp]tbmKn®v XßfpsS ihico-c߃ tISpIqSmsX kwc£n°Wsa∂v (Cryopreservation) HkyØv FgpXnh°p∂hcpsS ImeamWnXv. 28000 tUmf¿ \¬In Aw-KXzsaSp°pIbpw c≠pe£w tUmfdns‚ C≥jqd≥kn¬ tNcpIbpw sNbvXm¬ GsXmcp Atacn°°mcs‚bpw ihicocw XWp∏n®v kwc£n°msa∂mWv ¢n‚¨ Su¨jn∏n¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ Zn {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´ns‚ hmKvZm\w 2009 s^{_phcn H∂ns‚ IW°pIƒ {]Imcw Cßs\ imizXhmkw B{Kln°p∂ 779 t]¿ {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´ns‚ AwKßfmbp≠v. 57 \mbvIp´nIsfbpw C≥Ãn‰yq´n¬ dPnÿ sNbvXn´ps≠∂v AhcpsS Xs∂ HutZymKnI sh_vssk‰v

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ÿncoIcn°p∂p≠v (www.cryonics.org). AcntkmWbnse kvtIm´kvsUbn-en¬ A¬tIm¿ sse^v FIvÃ≥j≥ ^ut≠j≥ \SØp∂ A¬tIm¿ {ItbmWn¬ arXicocßsf ioXoIcn-®p kq-£n°phm\pw kuIcyap≠v. acWsØ tXm¬∏n°p∂ hnZyI≠p]nSn°s∏´m¬ X߃°v ]p\¿P\n°m\m-Ipsa-∂ {]Xo£bm¬ Cu ÿm\ßfn¬ Aw-K-ß-fmbns°m≠ncn°p∂ A-tacn°°mcpsS FÆw h¿[n®psIm-≠ncn°pIbmWv F∂mWv c≠pIq´-cp-sS-bpw HutZymKnI sh_vssk‰pIƒ sh-fns∏SpØp∂ IW°pIƒ hy‡am-°p∂Xv. `qanbnse imizXhmkw sImXn°p∂ ]W°mc≥ kpJw t\SnsbSp°m\mbn F¥pw sNøm≥ [rjvS\mhpsa-∂v Xo¿®bmWv. acWtam A\¥c Po-hnXtam Ahs‚ Nn¥°pt]mepw hnj-bo`-hn°p∂n√. a‰p ]W°mcpw Ahcp-ambp≈ InSa’chpa√msX bmsXmcp km-aqly {]iv\ßfpw ]cnKW\-bmh- i yap≈ {]iv \ ßfmbn t]mepw Ah≥ a\ nem°p∂n√. ]ckv ] - c ap≈ s]mß®{]IS\hpw CSn®pXmgvØ-epambncn°pw AhcpsS hnt\mZw. Xs‚ kºmZy߃ FÆnXn´s∏SpØn AhbpsS hen∏Øn¬ Al¶cn°pIbpw A\ysc IpØn∏dbpIbpw Xm-gvØn-°m-Wn°pIbpw AhcpsS ta¬ A[o-i-Øw ÿm]n°phm≥ {ian°pIbmWv `qanbn¬ imizXhmkw \¬Is∏Spsa-∂v B{Kln°p∂hcpsS PohnXssien. Xs‚ [\w X\n°v imizX PohnXw \¬Ipsa∂v IcpXp∂h¿ [\w tiJcn®v FÆn°W°m°n-s°m≠ncn-°p∂-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w hcpw IpØn∏dbpIbpw Ahtlfn°pIbpw sNøp∂hcpamsW∂ Jp¿B-\nI ]cma¿iw {it≤bamWv. kºØmWv F√mw F∂p Icp-Xp∂hsc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Ah¿ FØnt®cp∂ PohnX ho£WamWv ]W-ap-s≠¶n¬ F¥pamImw F∂Xv. Ata-cn°bnse anI® _n n\ v kvIqfpI-fn-¬ H∂n¬ ]Tn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ C-¥y°mc≥ k⁄ohv \¥n Hscm‰ cm{Xn sIm≠v sIm∂pX≈nbXv A©pt]sc-bmWv. Ah[n°mew sNehgn°phm≥ th≠n \m´nseØnb aI\v amXm-]n-Xm°ƒ hmßns°mSpØ _n.Fw.Uªnbp Im¿ elcn_m[nX\mbn HmSn®pt]mbn tdmUneqsS \S°pIbmbncp∂ A©v km[mcW°msc sIms∂mSp-°nbn´pw H∂p \n¿Øphmt\m A]ISØn¬ s]´hsc Bip]{Xn-bn¬ FØn°phmt\m XømdmhmsX Xs‚ kp-lrØns‚ ho´nseØn, Im¿ Igp-In, AhnsS \S∂ ]m¿´nbn¬ bmsXm∂pw kw`hn°mØXpt]mse ]s¶Sp°phm≥ IgnbpI, (C¥ym SpsU 27-˛1˛9-9) ]Waps≠¶n¬ F¥pamImw F∂ PohnX ho£WØns‚ kzm[o\am-Wn-X.v Cu PohnX ho£Ww cmjv{S-sØ _m[n°ptºmgmWv AXv A-[o-iXzhpw a‰p cmPy߃°v A]- I - S - I cambnØocp∂Xv. Atacn° A^v-Km-\nÿm\n¬ ssk\nI \o°w \S- Ø n- b Xv sk]v ‰ w_¿ 11 s‚ `oIcm{- I - a Ww \SØnbXv A¬- J mbnZ- b m- s W∂v Btcm- ] n®psIm≠pw AXns‚ Xeh\mb Dkma_n≥emZ≥ A^vKm-\-nÿm-\neps≠∂v hmZn®psIm≠pam-bncp-∂p. sFIycmj{S k`bnse GsX¶n-ep-sam-cp AwKcmjv{SØns\Xnsc Hcp -km-bp[ B{IaWap≠mbm¬, A¥mcmjv{S kam[m\hpw kpc£bpw \ne\n¿Øm\mbn bp.F≥ c£mkanXn Fs¥¶nepw Hcp \S]Sn FSp°p∂Xphsc, B cmjv{SØn\v X\nsbtbm a‰mscsb¶nepw Iq´ns°mt≠m kz- b w {]Xntcm[Øn\v AhImiap≠mbncn°pw, F∂ bp.F≥ Nm¿´dns-e51˛mw A\pt—Za\pkcn®p≈ ssk\nI \o°amWv A^vKm\nÿm\ns\Xnsc X߃ \SØp∂sX∂mbncp∂p A-tacn-°bpsS AhImihmZw. Atac-n°-bn¬ \S∂ `oIcm{IaWØns‚ ]m›mØ-eØn¬ bp.F≥ c£mkanXn ]m-

km°nb c≠p {]tabßfpsSbpw (2001 sk]v‰w_¿ 12 \v ]mkm°nb 1368˛mw \º¿ {]tabhpw sk]v‰w_¿ 28 \v ]mkm°nb 1373˛mw \º¿ {]tabhpw) A¥kØ°v \nc°p∂Xmbncp∂n√ Atacn°bpsSbpw kJyI£n-Ifp-sSbpw A^v K m≥ B{IaWsa¶nepw bp.F≥ sk-{I´dn P\dembncp∂ tIm^n A∂≥ Hcp ]mhsb t]mse AXv \ymboIcn°pIbmbncp∂p. at≤y-jybn-eqsSbp≈ FÆ ss]∏v \n¿ΩmWhp-am-bn _‘s∏´v Xmen_m≥ Kh¨sa‚pambn 2001 BKkvXv amkw hsc Atacn° N¿®Iƒ \SØnbn- c p∂psh∂pw Ah¿ sh® \n_‘\Iƒ kzoI-cn-°phm≥ Xmen_m≥ k∂≤am-hmXn-cp∂t∏mƒ AhtcmSv "H∂pIn¬ kz¿Æ ]chmXm\n°pth≠nbp≈ Rßfp-sS \n¿t±iw kzoIcn°pI, As√¶n¬ R߃ t_mw_pIfpsS ]chXm\n°p≈n¬ \nßsf kwkvIcn°pw F∂ Atacn° ]d™Xmbn Pqentbm sKm-Umb(5) Xs‚ Hcp teJ\Øn¬ ka¿∞n°p∂p≠v. AXv icnbmsW-¶nep-w As√¶nepw "A^vKm≥ {]iv\w ]cn--lc - n-®p Ign™mepw X߃ at≤yjy hnSm≥ Dt±in°p∂ns√∂pw AhnsSbp≈ Atacn°≥ Xm¬∏cy߃ hfsc {][m\s∏´XmsW∂pw `oIc-Xs°Xn-scbp≈ kacw, ]cnjvImcw, \nbahmgvN, Imkv]nb≥ {]tZisØ Du¿÷-hn`h߃ F∂o \mep ]cnKW\Iƒ Cu taJebn¬ Atacn°°v Ds≠-∂pw' Atacn°bpsS Akn v hntZiImcy kn{I´dn Fenk_Øv tPm-¨kns‚ 2001 Unkw_dn¬ Atacn°≥ sk\‰ns‚ D]kanXnbn¬ sh®v \SØnb {]kvXmh\bn¬(6) \n∂v A^vKm- ≥ A[n\nthiØns‚ e£yw FÆbpsS taep≈Xpw B[n]- X yhpamsW∂v kpXcmw hy‡am-Ip∂p≠v. At∏mƒ FÆ°pth≠nbmWv A^v-Km\nÿm\nse Bbnc°W°n\v \n-c]cm[nIfmb a\pjysc h[n®Xv; ]Xn\mbnc߃°v AwK- l m\n- b p≠m°nbXv; \nch[n sIm®p Ip™pßsf A\mYcm°nbXv; A\mY kv{XoIsf hn[hIfm°nbXv. CdmJnse ÿnXnbpw XssYh C- d mJns\ B{Ian°phm\p≈ Hcp Ahkchpw t\m°nbncn°pI-bmbn-cp∂p Ata-cn°. AhnsSbp≈ Hcp kw-

2009 am¿-®v-

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Lw {]-Xntcm[ kpc£m hnZKv[¿ 1998 P\phcnbn¬ {]knU≠v ¢n‚\v FgpXnb Hcp IØn¬ Cßs\ ]d™n-cp∂p-hs{X "ioX kacØn\ptijap≈ a-[y]q¿∆ tZisØ G‰hpw henb `oj-Wn-bmWv CdmJv. AhnsS Atacn-°bp-sSbpw kJyI£nIfpsSbpw Xm¬∏cy-߃ ]cnc£n°phm≥ ]‰nb XcØnep≈ ]pXnb XØzw Bhnjv°-cn°Ww. k±mw lpssks\ A[nImcØ-n-¬ \n∂v ]pdØm°pIbmhWw B X{¥Øns‚ e£yw(7) C{kmbnens‚ C‚-enP≥kv dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ASnÿm-\Øn¬ 2001 sk]v‰w_¿ 11 s‚ thƒUv t{SUv sk‚¿ B{IaWsØ CdmJpambn _‘s∏SpØm≥ {ian®p- s h¶nepw ]cmPbs∏´p. IØpI-fneq-sSbp≈ B{¥mIvkv tcmKkwt{]£Ww \-SØnbXv CdmJmsW∂ hmZw sIm≠p hs∂¶nepw Atacn°°v AIØp \n∂p Xs∂bmWv AXp≠m-b-sX∂v t_m[ys∏´tXmsS {]kvXpX {iahpw \S∂n√. 2002 P\phcn Ahkm\w {]kn-U≠v _pjv \SØnb tÉv Hm^v Zn bqWnb≥ {]kwKØn¬ Xn∑bpsS A®pX≠ns‚(Axis of the Evil)`mKambn CdmJns\ hntijn∏n®p. 2002 BKÃn¬ s]‚KWns‚ bp≤]≤Xn°v {]knU≠v AwKoImcw \¬In. 2002 \hw_dn-¬ CdmJns‚ \ncmbp[oIcWw XzcnX-s∏SpØWsa∂v Bhiys∏SpIbpw B- b p[]cntim[\°v hn]peamb A[nImcw \¬Ip∂Xpamb sFIycmjv{S-k`bpsS 1441˛mw \º¿ {]tabap≠m-bn. 2003 am¿®v 19˛mw XnøXn Atacn° CdmJns\ B{Ian®p. F¥n\v ? AXp am{Xw tNmZn°cpXv! sFIy-cmjv{S k` Bhiys∏´ \ymbamb Imcyß-sf√mw k±mw lpssk≥ A\pkcn®n´p≠v. Bbp[ ]cnioeIsc A\phZn®p; \ncmbp[oIcW hyhÿIƒ AwKo-Icn®p. ]s£, Atacn°°v Bhiyw bp≤ambncp∂p. Ah¿°v th≠Xv FÆbp-sS taep≈ A[oiXzam-bn-cp∂p. Cdm°n¬ Hcp ]mh k¿°mcns\ {]- X n- j Tn®v X߃°\pIqeamb kmºØnIÿnXn krjvSns®Sp-°p-hm\p≈ {iaØnemWv Ct∏mgpw Atacn°. CXn∂mbn Bbnc- ° W- ° n- \ v ]n©p Ip™pßsf D]tcm[Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]´nWn°n´v sIm∂pIf™p, ]Xn-\mbncßsf sIms∂mSp°n, tIm-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w Sn°W°n\v tkmfdpIfpsS \mi-\jvSßfp≠m°n. sdm´n°p th≠n s]m´n- ° cbp∂ Cdm°n ss]XßfpsS Ic®nepIsfm∂pw Atacn°≥ k¿°mcns‚ a\ pam‰nbn√; a\ p≈-h¿-°t√ a\w am‰wap≠mhq. "]Wap≠¶n¬ F¥pamhmw' F∂ am-\-knImhÿ hgn hy‡n°v kwXr]vXntbm kam[m\tam In´p-I-bn√. NqjWßfneqsSbpw ASn®a¿ØepIfneqsSbpw A]cs\ {]bmk-s∏-SpØm-sa¶nepw AXphgn X\nt°m Ip-Spw_Ønt\m kwXr]vXntbm kam[m-\tam e`n°pIbns√∂ hkvXpX ]et∏mgpw AØc°m¿ a\ nem°mdn√. klh¿ØnØØneqsSbmWv kwXr]vXnbp≠mhpI. X\n°pw Ab-¬°mc\pw Xr]vXamb PohnXw \bn°phm≥ I-gn-bptºmƒ am{XamWv kam[m\hpw im-¥nbpap≈ A¥co£ap≠mhq. hy‡nbpsS Imcyw am{Xa√ CXv . cmjv{SßfpsS ImcyØnepw CXp-X-s∂bm-Wv Ahÿ. Zp¿_e cmPyßsf Nqj- W w sNbv X v AhbpsS ta¬ A[oiXzØn\p th≠n {ian°p∂h¿°v A-Xphgn Hcp Xcw h\yamb kwXr]vXnbp≠m°nsbSp°m≥ Ignt™°msa∂√msX bYm¿∞Ønep≈ Xr]vXntbm kam[m\tam D≠mhpIbn√. \tS ]d™ XcØnep≈ BfpIƒ F∂pw tI pw tImSXnbpambn \S-°p-Ibpw AXn\p th≠n sNehgn®v NqjWw hgn t\SnsbSpØXnt\°mƒ henb _m[yXIfp≠mIp∂Xpw A\p`hØn-ep≠v. A[n\nthiØns‚ e-l-cnbn-¬ \nc¥camb bp≤ßfpw ssk\nI\S]SnIfpw Atacn°≥ k¿-°m-cns‚ kmºØnI ÿnXnsbbpw tZm-jIcambn _m[n®ncn°Ww. AXpsIm-≠mWt√m C°meØv {]knU≠v _pjv A-tacn°≥ ]uc∑mtcmSv ]Ww [m-cmfambn sNehgn°phm≥ Bhiys∏´Xv. A^vKm\nÿms\bpw CdmJns\bpw B{Ian°phm\p≈ sNehv Is≠Øp∂Xn\mbn Atacn°°v ]Ww ISw hmtß≠ Ahÿbp≠mbn. P\w ]Ww hmßn, _m¶pIƒ ISw sImSpØp. ]Ww cmPyØv HgpIn-sIm≠n-cp∂p. Ct∏mgp≠mb {]Xnk‘nbpsS ]e Im-cWßfnsem∂v Atacn°≥ s]m-Xp kaqlØnse ]WØns‚ H-gp°msW∂mWv hnZKv[cpsS hnebn-cp-

Ø-¬. ASpØ ImesØ Atacn°≥ bp≤ßsf√mw ]cntim[n®m¬ X߃ ]Wap≈hcpw A[nImcap≈hcpw a‰p≈hsc√mw XßfpsS B⁄m-\ph- ¿ ØnIfmbnØotc≠hcpamsW∂ t_m[amWv Ahbvs°√mw ]n∂nse {]tNmZIambnXo¿∂sX∂v a\- n-emhpw. km{amPyXy hnIk\ambncp∂p A-hbpsSsb√mw AP≠. "Ata-cn-°b - p-

sS ASnÿm\aqeyßfmb P\m[n]Xy `c-WsØbpw kzX{¥hym]mc kºZv{IasØbpw a\p-jymhIm-ißtfmSp≈ _lpam\sØbpw kzmKXw sN-øpIbpw AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂ cmjv{SßfpsS FÆw IqSn-h-cnIbmWv.' F∂ "tZiob kpc£mX{¥w 2002's‚ hcnIƒ°nSbn¬ Hfn∏n-®p-sh® A[n\nthiXzc B¿°pw ImWm-\mhpw. ]s£ temIØn\p apºn¬ B cmPysØIpdn®v aXn∏√ h¿[n®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv F∂ kXyw Atacn°≥ _p≤nPohnIƒ Xs∂ a\ n-em°n-XpSßnbncn°p∂p. ]uckvXy tZißsf AXn-{Ian°phm≥ th≠nbp≈ ]m›mXy--]cn{ia߃°v ssk≤m¥nI A-SnØ- d ]WnXp sImSpØ kmaph¬ l≠-nßvS¨ Xs∂ FgpXn ""CsXmcp GI {[phtemIsa∂ a´n¬ {]h¿Øn°p-∂tXmsS bp.Fkv IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ H‰s∏SpIbmWv . ]e cmPy- ß sfbpw Atacn° sXΩmSn cmjv{S߃ F∂v A]e]n°ptºmƒ ]e cmPy-ß-

2009 am¿-®v-

36

fpsSbpw IÆn¬ AsXmcp sXΩmSn kq∏¿ ]h¿ BbnØ-ocpIbmWv'' (The Lonely Super Power, Forign Affairs, March / April 1999) A[nImchpw kºØpw imizXamsW∂ t_m[w \miØn-te°mWv a\pjysc \bn-°pI-sb∂ hkvXpX Hcp IYmIY\ØneqsS Jp-¿B≥ hy‡am°p∂X-v Im-Wp-I-. ""B tXm´°msc \mw ]co£n®Xv t]mse Xo¿®bmbpw Ahscbpw \mw

]co£n®ncn°pIbmWv. {]`m-Xthf-bn¬ B tXm´Ønse ]g߃ Ah¿ ]dns®Sp°p-sa∂v Ah¿ kXyw sNbvX kµ¿`w. Ah¿ (bmsXm∂pw) Hgnhm°n ]d™ncp∂n√. F∂n´v Ah¿ Ddßns°m≠n-cns° \ns‚ c£nXmhn¶¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp in£ B tXm´-sØ _m[n®p. Aßs\ AXv apdns®Sp°s∏´Xv t]mse BbnØo¿∂p. Aßs\ {]`mXthfbn¬ Ah¿ ]ckv]cw hnfn®p-]d™p: \n߃ ]dns®Sp°m≥ t]mIpIbmsW¶n-¬ \nßfpsS IrjnkvYetØ°v \n߃ ImeØpXs∂ ]pds∏SpI. Ah¿ At\ym\yw a{¥n®p sIm≠p t]mbn. C∂v B tXm´Øn¬ \nßfpsS ASpØv Hcp km[phpw IS∂p hcm≥ CSbmhcpXv F∂v. Ah¿ (km[p°sf) XS -s∏SpØm≥ Ignhp≈hcmbns°m≠p Xs∂ ImeØv ]pd-s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ AXv (tXm´w) I≠t∏mƒ Ah¿ ]d™p: Xo¿®bmbpw \mw ]nghp ]‰nbhcmIp∂p. A√, \mw \jvSw t\cn´hcmIp∂p. Ah-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w cpsS Iq´Øn¬ a[y\ne]mSpImc\mb Hcmƒ ]d™p: Rm≥ \nßtfmSv ]d™nt√? F¥mWv \n߃ A√mlpsh {]Io¿Øn°mXn- c p∂Xv ? Ah¿ ]d™p: \ΩpsS c£nXmhv F{Xtbm ]cnip-≤≥! Xo¿®bmbpw \mw A{IanIfmbncn°p∂p. Aßs\ ]ckv]cw Ip‰s∏SpØns°m≠v Ahcn¬ Nne¿ NnecpsS t\¿°v Xncn™p. Ah¿ ]d™p: \ΩpsS \mita! Xo¿- ® bmbpw \mw AXn{IaImcnIfmbncn°p∂p. \ΩpsS c£n-Xmhv AXns\°mƒ DØaambXv \ap°v ]Icw Xt∂°mw. Xo¿®bmbpw \mw. \ΩpsS c£nXmhn¶te°v B{Kln®p sN√p∂hcmIp∂p. A{]ImcamIp∂p in£. ]ctemIin-£bmhs´ IqSp-X¬ Kuchap≈XmIp∂p. Ah¿ Adn™n-cps∂¶n¬!'' (68˛ 17˛33) 4. D¬∏mZ\sØ°pdn® sX‰mb [mcW ""a\pjycpsS ssIIƒ {]h¿Øn-®Xv \nanØw Icbnepw ISenepw Ipg∏w sh-fn-s∏´ncn°p∂p. Ah¿ {]h¿Øn®Xn¬ NneXns‚ ^ew Ah¿°v BkzZn∏n°phm≥ th≠nbs{X AXv. Ah¿ Hcp thf aSßn-tb°mw''(Jp¿B≥ 30:41) a\pjy¿ Cu `qanbnte°v hcp-∂Xn\p aptº ChnsS \nch[n PohnIƒ hkn®ncp∂p. Ah¿ D]tbmKn®Xv `qan- b nse hn`߃ Xs∂bmbncp∂p. Chn-sSbp≈Xv Xn∂pw IpSn®pw ChnsS hnk¿÷n®pw can®pw Ah Pohn-®p-t]m∂p. ]ØptImSntbmfw hcp∂ Pohn-h¿Kß(Species)fnse ]Xn\m-bnc°W-°n\v AwK߃ `qanbn¬ P\n®p, `qanbn¬ hf¿∂p, `qansb D]tbmKn®p, `qanbn¬ hnk¿Pn®p, `qanbn¬ can®p, `qanbn¬ Xs∂ \ins®mSpßpIbpw sNbvXp. Ah-bpsS PohnXw bmsXmcp hn[ ]mcnÿn- X nI{]iv \ hpap≠m°nbn√, AhbpsS D]t`mKw `qanbpsS k¥p-e-\sØ bmsXmcp XcØnepw _m[n®n√. ]-c-kv]cw sIm∂pw Xn∂pw Xo‰n®p-ap≈ AhbpsS Pohk‘mcWw bmsXmcp-hn[ A]ISßfpap≠mbn√. F∂m¬ a\pjyt\m...? B[p\nI a\pjy≥ F∂ tlmtamkm-]nb≥kv (Homosapiens) `qanbn¬ Po-hn°m≥ XpSßnbn´v c≠p e£w h¿jßfmsb∂mWv \chwi-imkv{X⁄≥amcpsS IW°v. {]IrXnbpsS `m-

K-ambn Pohn®ncp∂ a‰p PohnIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Ah≥ {]IrXnsb D]-tbmKn°phm≥ XpSßnbXmWv \mKcnI]ptcmKXnbpsS \s´√mb h¿Øn®sX∂v kmaqly\chwi imkv{Xw kn-≤m-¥n°p∂p. Ah≥ Irjn sNbvXp, Xo D≠m°n, PohnIsf th´bmSm≥ Bbp[ßfp]tbmKn®p; PohnIsf sacp°n hml\ambp]tbmKn®p; Po-hnIfpsS amwkw ]mIw sNøm≥ XpSßn... A- ß s\ Ah≥ {]IrXnbn¬ CSs]SptºmgmWv \mKcnIXIƒ cq]w sIm≠Xv. \mKcnI ]ptcmK-Xntbm-sSm∏w Xs∂ \mißfpap≠mbn. kzm¿∞XtbmSpIqSnbp≈ HtcmcpØc-p-sS-bpw Nn¥bpw s]cpam‰hpw aqew a‰p≈h¿°v AtcmNIamb Ipg∏ß- f pw Iem]ßfpw c‡s®mcn- ® nepIfp- a p≠mbn. Icbpw ISepw a\pjy-{]h-¿Ø\ßfm¬ Ipg∏tI{µ-ßfmbnØo¿∂p. aÆpw Pehpw Nph∂p. Ipg∏ßfp≠m-°nbXv a\pjy¿, AhbpsS ^ew A\p`hnt°≠nh∂Xpw Ah¿ Xs∂! b{¥ßfpsS hym]Iamb D]tbmKamWv hyhkmbnI hnπhØn\v ImcWam-bXv. hyhkmb߃ hgn D¬∏mZ\Øns‚ tXmXv h¿[n®p. XßfpsS D¬-∏∂߃ P\ßsf sIm≠v hm-ßn∏n-°p∂Xn\v hyhkmbnIƒ X{¥ßƒ sa- \ ™p. "]camh[n D¬∏mZ\hpw ]camh[n D]t`mKhpw'-F∂Xmbn-Øo-¿∂p. B[p\nI a\pjys‚ ap{ZmhmIyw. D¬∏mZ\w h¿[n∏n°phm≥ {]IrXn hn`hßsf ]camh[n NqjWw sNøm≥ XpSßn. Cu NqjWw a\pjycpsS Bhiy߃°pth≠nbmbncp∂n√, D¬]mZIcpsS a’cØn\pth≠nbmbncp∂p. BfpIƒ°v Bk‡n hf¿Øn Ahsc D]t`mKØns‚ ASna-Ifpw BkzmZ\Øns‚ Imh¬°mcpam°nØo¿-°pI-bpambncp∂p hyhkmbnIƒ sNbvXXv. {]Ir-Xnhn`hßfpsS NqjWw am{Xa√ hyhkmbh¬°cWw hgn D≠mbXv; {]IrXnsb Zpjn∏n°pIbpw A¥co£-Øns‚ k¥pe\sØ Xs∂ XI¿°pIbpw sNøp∂ \S]SnIfp-ap≠mbn. `qanbpsS Xmfw sX‰pIbm-bncp∂p CXns‚ ^ew. A¥co£Ønse Du-jvamhv h¿[n®p; `qansb amcIc-ivan-Ifn¬ \n∂v kwc-£n°m\mbn k÷o-Icn°s∏´ Htkm¨ IpSIfn¬ hn≈epIfp≠mbn; Pew aen\am-°-s∏-

2009 am¿-®v-

37

´p; a’y߃ Iq´w Iq´ambn NØp s]m-¥m-≥ XpSßn; Icbnepw ISenSpw Ipg∏w shfns∏´p a\pjycpsS Ic߃ {]h¿Øn®Xn\m¬...' Ign™ \q‰m≠ns\ At]£n®v `qan-bn-se Dujvamhv 0.75oc h¿[n®n-´p-s≠∂mWv 1659 apX¬ CXphscbp≈ `utam-jvamhv tcJs∏SpØnb sk≥{S¬ CwKvf≠v sSw]td®¿ dn°m¿Uv (CET Record) hy‡am°p∂Xv. CXv XpS¿∂m¬ a™paeIƒ DcpIpIbpw B¿´nIv taJeIƒ NpcpßpIbpw kap{Z߃ IhnbpIbpw sNøpsa∂v {]IrXnimkv{X-⁄≥am¿ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p. Htcm h¿jhpw 1.8 an√n ao‰¿ h¿[\s-b∂ C∂sØ kapt{Zm]cnXeØns‚ Db¿®bpsS \nc°v XpS¿∂m¬ ASpØ \q‰m≠v BIptºmtg°v 1.3 ao‰¿ Dbcp-sa∂pw CXv Hcp BtKmf {]fbØn\p X-s∂ ImcWamIpsa∂pw Nq≠n°mWn--°s∏Sp∂p. 2004 P\phcn 8 \v ]pdØndßnb "\m®¿ amKkn\n'¬ Hcp kwLw teJI¿ tN¿s∂gpXnb "Imemhÿmam‰w hgnbp≠mhp∂ \miØns‚ tXmXv'(8) F∂ teJ\Øn¬ BtKmfX-]-\-Øns‚ tXmXv Cßs\ XpS-¿-∂m¬ 2050 Bhptºmtg°pw C∂p≈ 15 apX¬ 37 hsc iXam\w P¥p˛k-kyh¿K߃ `qanbn¬ \n∂v A{]Xy-£amhpsa∂v ÿm]n®n´p≠v. A¥co£aen\oIcWw hgnbp≠mhp∂ BtKmfX-]\Øns‚ ZpjvS^ew am{XamWo IW°v hy‡am°p∂Xv, Hmtkm¨ IpSbpsS hn≈¬, BWhmhin-jvSßfp-sS Zpjv^e߃, \mt\m sSIvt\mfPnbpsS A]IS߃, hmbpaen\o-Ic-Ww, Peaen\oIcWw, i_vZaen-\oIcWw XpSßnbhsb√mw tNcptºm-tg°v ASpØ \q‰m≠v Ignbptºmƒ a\pjy¿°v Pohn°m≥ ]‰mØ ÿe-ambn-Øocpw `qansb∂v hnZKv[¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. 1992 Pq¨ 3 apX¬ Pq¨ 14 hsc {_koense dntbm Un P\otdmbnepw 2002 BKÃv 26 apX¬ sk]v‰w_-¿ 4 hsc kuØv B{^n°bnse tPml∂mkv _¿Knepw sh®p tN¿∂ `u- a - D ®tImSnIƒ Cu {]iv \ ߃ KuchcXcambn N¿® sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw Imcyamb ]cnlmc-\S]SnIsfm-∂psaSp°m≥ CXphsc Ign™n´n√. D¬]mZ\sØ°pdn® IrXyhpw hy‡-hpamb ImgvN∏mSns‚ A`mhamWv

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w `qan-sb \in∏n®v em`ap≠m°phm≥ hyhkmbh¬IrXkaqlsØ t{]cn-∏n°p-∂ {][m\ LSIw. apXemfn-Ø-Øn¬ em`w \¬°p∂ F√mw D¬]-∂ßfmWv. bmYm¿∞Øn¬ a\pjycpsS A\nhmcyX (Need) ]cnKWn®p-sIm≠m-Wv D¬]mZ\w \St°≠Xv. A\nhmcyXIsf am{Xw ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂ D-¬-]mZ\amIptºmƒ AXphgn D≠m°m\mhp∂ em`Øn\v ]cn[nbp≠v. AXn-\m¬ Bhiyßsf (Wants) kr-jv-Sn°pIbmWv hn]Wn sNøp∂Xv. a\p-jycpsS \ne\n¬∏nt\m klh¿Øn-ØØnt\m kpJPohnXØnt\m A\nhmcya√mØ hkv X p°sf Xs‚ Bk‡nsbbpw \ne\n¬∏ns\bpw KpW]cambn kzm[o-\n°p∂hbm-sW∂v hcpØnØo¿Øv AhscsIm≠v D]t`m-Kn∏n°pIbmWv kzX{¥hn]Wn sN-øp∂Xv. BhiysØ (Wants) A\nhmcyX (Needs)bm°nØo¿°p∂ X-{¥-amWv hn]WnbpsS `mjbn¬ ‘am¿-°‰nwKv‘. CXphgn Bhiy߃ kr-jv-Sn°- s ∏SpIbpw AXn\\pkcn®v D¬]mZ\w XzcnXs∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. em`ap≠m-°p∂sX√mw D¬]-∂amb-Xn\m-¬ aZyhpw ab°pacp∂pIfpw hy`nNmc-hpsa√mw D¬]∂ßfpw am¿°-‰psNøs∏Sp∂ Nc°pIfpambnØocp∂p. ]qgvØnsh∏pw Dul°®hShpsa√mw em`-ap-≠m°m≥ ]cym]vXamsW-∂-Xn\m-¬ D¬]mZ\]camsW∂m-Wv (Productive) apXemfnØØns‚ \ne]mSv. Xmen_m≥ \ntcm[n® Idp∏v (Opium) Irjn A\phZ\obam°pIbpw temIØ G‰hpa[nIw Idp∏p¬]mZn∏n°p∂ cmjv{Samb (sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS 27˛09˛2007 se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw 90% Idp∏v D¬]mZn∏n°p∂Xv A^vKm\nÿm\nemWv (www.undoc org) A^vKm\nÿm\ns\ XßfpsS hcpXnbnem°n 400 tImSn tUmfdns‚ Idp∏v I®hSØn\v A[oiXzw hln°pI IqSnbncp∂pht√m Atacn°bpsS A^vKm≥ A[n\nthiØns‚ e£yw. F{XXs∂ P\kwJybps≠¶nepw AhcpsS A\nhmcyXIƒ ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂Xn\pth≠n D¬]mZ\w \SØpIbpw AXn\mbn {]IrXnhn`hßsf Nq-jWw \SØpIbpw sNbvXm¬ AXphgn bmsXmcp hn[ ]cnÿnXn {]iv\ßfpap≠mhns√∂pd∏mWv . c≠v

e£w h¿jßfmbn a\pjy¿ Cu `qanbn¬ Pohn®XpsIm≠v {]IrXnt°m ]cnÿnXnt°m bmsXmcp Ipg∏hp-ap≠mbn´n√. F∂m¬ C√mØ Bhiy߃ D≠m°nsbSpØv {]kvXpX Bhiy߃s°√mw IqSn D¬]mZn∏n®v AsX√mw P\ßsfs°m≠v D]t`mKn∏n°pIbpw AXphgn {]IrXnhn`hßsfbpw am\hhn`htijnsbbpw XßfpsS Xm¬]cyØn\p th≠n kz¥w hcpXnbn¬ sIm≠phcnIbpw sNøptºmƒ ÿnXn amdp∂p. AhnsS D]t`mKa√ {]kvXpX \ioIcWamWv \S°p∂Xv. s]m≥ap´bnSp∂ Xmdmhns\ sIm∂v kz¿W°Sbp≠m°phm\mWv kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS h‡m°fpsS πm≥. ]mcnÿnXnI {]iv\ßfpw XI¿®bpsa√mw krjvSn°p∂Xv AXp-sIm≠mWv. D¬]mZ\sØ°pdn® ImgvN∏mSns‚ ka{Kamb ]cnjvIcWØneqsSb√msX Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°phm≥ Ignbns√∂v ]dbp∂Xv AXpsIm≠mWv. `qanbnep≈sX√mw a\pjy¿°p th≠n krjvSn°s∏´XmsW∂mWv Jp¿B≥ ]dbp∂Xv (Jp¿B≥ 2:29). Xs∂ G¬∏n® Aam\ØmWv `qansb∂¿∞w AhnsSbp≈ hn`h߃ Ah∂v D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. AXn∂pth≠nbmWv `qansbbpw A¥co£sØbpw Ah∂v A[o\s∏SpØns°mSpØncn°p∂Xv. ""A√mlp \n߃°v `qanbnep≈sX√mw Iogvs∏SpØn X∂ncn°p∂p F∂v \o a\ nem°nbnt√? Ahs‚ I¬]\ {]Imcw ISeneqsS k©cn°p∂ I∏ens\bpw (Ah≥ Iogvs∏SpØn X∂ncn°p∂p) Ahs‚ A\paXn IqSmsX `qanbn¬ hoWpt]mImØ hn[w D]cntemIsØ Ah≥ ]n-

Sn®p \n¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂p. Xo¿®bmbpw A√mlp a\pjytcmSv Gsd Zbbp≈h\pw IcpWbp≈h\pamIp∂p'' (Jp¿B≥ 22:65) BhiyØn\v th≠n D]tbmKn°phm≥ A\phZn°p∂ Jp¿B≥ ]t£ Zp¿hybsØ i‡ambnØs∂ hne°pIbpw AXv ss]imNnIamsW∂v hy‡am°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. ""Xo¿®bmbpw Zp¿hybw sNøp∂h¿ ]nimNp°fpsS ktlmZcßfmIp∂p. ]nimNv Xs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv Gsd \µnsI´h\mIp∂p.'' (17:27) F√m krjvSnIfnepw Hcp k¥pe\aps≠∂pw AXn¬ {Iat°Sv hcpØphm≥ ]mSns√∂pw Jp¿ B≥ kqNn∏n°p∂p. ""BImisØ Ah≥ Db¿ØpIbpw, (F√mImcyhpw Xq°nIW°m°phm\p≈) Xpemkv Ah≥ kvYm]n°pIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂p. \n߃ Xpemkn¬ {Iat°Sv hcpØmXncn°phm≥ th≠nbmWXv. \n߃ \oXn]q¿∆w Xq°w icnbm°phn≥. Xpemkn¬ \n߃ IΩn hcpØcpXv. `qansb Ah≥ a\pjy¿°mbn sh®ncn°p∂p. AXn¬ ]gßfpw IqtºmfIfp≈ Cu¥∏\Ifpap≠v. ssht°mep≈ [m\yßfpw kpK‘s®SnIfpap≠v''(55:7˛12) \ioIcWw A√mlp CjvSs∏Sp∂ns√∂v Jp¿B≥ ]Tn∏n°p∂p. ""Nne BfpIfp≠v. sFlnIPohnX ImcyØn¬ AhcpsS kwkmcw \n\°v IuXpIw tXm∂n°pw. AhcpsS lrZbip≤n°v Ah¿ A√mlpsh km£n \n¿ØpIbpw sNøpw. hmkvXhØn¬ Ah¿ (kXyØns‚) ITn\sshcnIfs{X. Ah¿ Xncn®pt]mbm¬ `qanbn¬ Ipg∏ap≠m°m\pw, hnf \in∏n°m\pw, Pohs\mSp°m\pambncn°pw {ian°pI.

{ItbmP\nIvkmt¶XnI hnZybp]tbmKn®v XßfpsS ihico-c-߃ tISpIqSmsX kwc£n°Wsa∂v HkyØv FgpXnsh-°p∂hcpsS ImeamWnXv. 28000 tUm-f¿ \¬In Aw-KXzsaSp°pIbpw c≠p-e£w tUmfdns‚ C≥jqd≥kn¬ tN-cpIbpw sNbvXm¬ GsXmcp Atacn°-°mcs‚bpw ihicocw XWp∏n®v kwc-£n°msa∂mWv ¢n‚¨ Su¨jn∏n¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ Zn {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´ns‚ hmKvZm\w.

2009 am¿-®v-

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B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w \ioIcWw A√mlp CjvSs∏Sp∂X√. A√mlpsh kq£n°pI F∂v AhtcmSv Bsc¶nepw ]d™m¬ Zpc`nam\w Ahsc ]m]Øn¬ ]nSn®v \n¿Øp∂p. Ah¿°v \cIw Xs∂ aXn. AXv F{X tamiamb saØ!''(2:204˛206) sFlnI hn`h߃ \∑bm- s W∂pw {]kvXpX \∑sb \√ coXnbn¬ X-s∂ D]tbmKn°Wsa∂pw Ipg∏߃ D≠m°cpsX∂pw Ipg∏ImcnIsf A√mlp CjvSs∏SpIbns√∂pw Jp¿B≥ hy‡am°p∂p. ""A√mlp \n\°v \¬Inbn´p≈Xn-

eqsS \o ]ctemIhnPbw tXSpI. sFlnIPohnXØn¬ \n∂v \n\°p≈ Hmlcn \o hnkvacn°pIbpw th≠. A√mlp \n\°v \≥a sNbvXXv t]m-se \obpw \≥a sNøpI. \o \m´n¬ Ipg-∏Øn\v apXnccpXv. Ipg∏ap≠m°p∂hsc A√mlp Xo¿®bmbpw CjvSs∏Sp∂X√.''(28:77) D¬]mZ\w \≥a°pth≠nbmIWsa∂mWv Ckvemw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv. AanXXzhpw A{IaWhpw \ioIcWhpsa√mw shdp°s∏S≠ Xn≥aIfmWv. hpfpsaSp°ptºmƒt]mepw Pew AanXambn sNehgn°cpsX∂mWv {]hmNI-I¬∏\. ISenepw Icbnepsa-√mw Ipg∏ßfp≠m°p∂Xv a\pjycpsS Ic߃ {]h¿Øn®XpsIm≠msW∂v {]kvXmhn°p∂ Jp¿ B≥ XßfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ^ew Ah¿ BkzZn°p∂Xv hgn Ah¿ aSßm≥ km[yX-

bps≠∂p IqSn hy‡am°p∂p≠v (30:41). `qan X]n®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw kap{Z\nc∏v Db¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw kp\manIƒ D≠mhp∂Xpw Np‰p]mSpap≠mbncp∂ PohnIƒ A{]Xy£amhp∂Xpsa√mw ImWpIbpw A\p`hn°pIbpw AXv XßfpsS {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ ^eamsW∂v Xncn®dnbpIbpw sNbv X n´pw em`s°mXnbn¬ am{Xw A[njvTnXambn D¬]mZ\w XpS¿∂v `qansb \in∏n°phm\mWv \ΩpsS Xocpam\sa¶n¬ AXpaqeap≈ {]Xn-

k‘n kmºØnI taJesb am{Xambncn°pIbn√ _m[n°p∂Xv; Ccn°p∂ sImºv sh´nbmep≠mhp∂ k¿∆{X \miw! AXn\v hnt[bamIp∂Xn\p apºv Nn¥n°phm\pw XncpØphm\pw a\pjy¿ k∂≤ambm¬ Ah≥ am{Xa√ Np‰p]mSpap≈ PohPmeßfpw c£s∏t´°pw {]iv\Øns‚ ImX¬ XßfpsS kmºØnI hyhÿnXnbnemWp≈sX∂v Xncn®dnbmØXpsIm≠mWv `uaD®tImSnIƒ hnPbn°mØXv. kºØn¬ am{Xw IÆp\´psIm≠v \miw krjvSn°p∂h≥ t\cnSm≥ t]mIp∂ ]ctemI in£sb°pdn® Jp¿B\ns‚ ap∂dnbn∏v {i≤n°pI. ""Ah∂v Rm≥ kar≤amb kºØv D≠m°n sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. k∂≤cmbn \n¬°p∂ k¥XnIsf- b pw Ah∂p Rm≥ \√ kuIcy߃ sNbvXp sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n-s∂bpw

2009 am¿-®v-

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Rm≥ IqSpX¬ sImSp°W-sa∂v Ah≥ tamln°p∂p. A√, Xo¿-®bmbpw Ah≥ \ΩpsS ZrjvSm¥ß-tfmSv amXvkcyw ImWn°p∂h\mbncn-°p∂p. {]bmkap≈ Hcp Ib‰w Ib-dm≥ \mw hgnsb Ahs\ \n¿_‘n- ° p∂XmWv . Xo¿®bmbpw Ahs\m∂p Nn¥n®p, Ahs\m∂p IW°m°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. AXn\m¬ Ah≥ \in-°s´. Fßs\bmWh≥ IW°m°n-bXv? ho≠pw Ah≥ \in°s´, Fß-s\bmWh≥ IW°m°nbXv? ]n∂oSv Ahs\m∂p t\m°n. ]ns∂ Ah≥ apJw Npfn°pIbpw apJw Idp∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]ns∂ Ah≥ ]nt∂m´v amdpIbpw Al¶mcw \Sn°pIbpw sNbvXp. F∂n´-h≥ ]d™p: CXv (Bcn¬ \nt∂m) D≤cn°s∏Sp∂ amcWa√msX as‰m∂pa√. CXv a\p-jys‚ hm°√msX as‰m∂p-a√. hgn-sb Rm≥ Ahs\ kJdn¬ (\cI-Øn¬) C´v Fcn°p∂XmWv. kJ¿ F∂m¬ F¥msW∂v \n\°dnbptam? AXv H∂pw _m°nbm°pItbm hn´pIfbpItbm C√. AXv sXmen Icn®v cq]w am‰n°fbp∂XmWv. AXns‚ ta¬t\m´Øn\v ]sØmºXv t]cp≠v . '' (74:12˛30) 5. D¬]mZ\w, D]t`mKw, [m¿anIX ""(\_ntb,) \nt∂mSh¿ aZysØbpw NqXm´sØbpw ]‰n tNmZn°p∂p. ]dbpI: Ah c≠nepw KpcpXcamb ]m]ap≠v. P\߃°v Nne {]tbmP\ßfpap≠v. F∂m¬ Ahbnse ]m]Øns‚ AwiamWv {]tbmP\Øns‚ AwitØ°mƒ hepXv.'' (Jp¿B≥ 2: 219) GsXmcp Xn≥abnepw Nne¿°v Nne \≥aIƒ Is≠Øphm≥ Ignt™°mw. elcn aqew Nne¿°v a\xkwL¿jßfpsS eLqIcWhpw a‰pNne¿°v sXmgnepw e`nt®°mw. hy`nNmcw hgn ssewKnI Zmcn{Zyw A\p`hn°p∂h¿°v Bizmkhpw A`nkmcnIIƒ°v PohnXam¿Khpap≠m°m≥ Ignt™°mw; tem´dn hgn Ipd®pt]¿°v e£m[n]≥amcmIphm\pw Iptdt]¿°v Pohk‘mcWØn\pw km[nt®°mw. Cu "\≥a'Iƒ ]t£ Chbp≠m°p∂ Xn≥aIfpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ hfsc \n mcamWv . AXpsIm≠pXs∂ \≥aIƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w cw Nc°pIfmWv. Chbv°v \ne\n¬°phm≥ AhImiap≠v; am\yamb AhImiw! AXpsIm≠mWv A`nkmcnI (Prostitute) F∂v hnfn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw ssewKnIsØmgnemfn (Sex worker) F∂p Xs∂ hnfn°Wsa∂v kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS h‡m°ƒ imTyw ]nSn°p∂Xv. ssewKnIX hn¬°pIbpw hmßpIbpw ]p\¿hn¬]\ \SØpIbpsa√mw sNtø≠ Hcp hyhkmbamsW∂mWv AhcpsS ImgvN∏mSv. {]kvXpX hy-

^nb‰v Id-≥knbpsS hcthmsS k¿°mcpIƒ-°v F{X Id≥knIfpw A®Sn°msa∂ \neh∂p. temIw apgph≥ tUmfdns‚ A[oiXzw AwKoIcn°pIbpw temI _m¶ns\bpw sF.Fw.F^ns\-bpw t]msebp≈ GP≥knIƒ tUmf-dn¬ am{Xw ISw \¬IpIbpw sNbvX-tXmsS Atacn°°v F{X tUmfdpI-fpw A®Sn°msa∂ Ahÿ kwPmXambn. Hcp kaqlØn¬ Chbv°v ÿm\ap≠mbn°qSm. CØcw Xn≥aIsf A\phZn°pIbpw am\yX I¬]n°pIbpw sNøp∂ kaqlØn¬ AhbpsS hym]\amWp≠mhpI. AXphgn kmaqly[m¿anIX XIcpw. {]kvXpX XI¿® hgn IpSpw_kwhn[m\hpw kmaqly kpc£mkwhn[m\ßfpsa√mw XIcmdnemIpw. I¿i\\nbaßfpw \nba]meI kwhn[m\hpap≠mbm¬ am{Xta AØcw kaqlßfn¬ \nbahmgvN Dd∏p-hcpØm\mIq. Ip‰hmfnbpsS ]£w tNcp∂ \nba߃ IqSnbmWv AØ-csamcp kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂sX¶n¬ AXv AhnsSsØ kmaqly{IasØbpw kmºØnI{IasØbpsa√mw _m[n°pw. \mKcnIXIfpsS D∞m\]X\ßsf kq£aambn \nco£n®m¬ C∏d™sXms°bpw bmYm¿∞y- a msW∂v kpXcmw hyIflmhpw, Xo¿®. "kzX{¥hn]Wn']pdØp\n∂p≈ \nb{¥Wßtfm \nbaßtfm AwKoIcn°p∂n√. em`ap≠m°p∂sX√mw AXn∂v "Nc°m'Wv; "KpW]camb th¿XncnhpIfn√msX hn]Wnbn¬ hnXcWw sNøs∏Sp∂Xpw Bhiy°mcp≈Xpamb km[\amWv Nc°v' (commodity) F∂mWv kmºØnIimkv{XØns‚ \n¿∆N\w. aZyhpw ab°pacp∂pI-fpw cXnbpsa√mw Cu \n¿∆N\ {]Im-

hkmbw hgn tImSnIfpsS hn\nab-ßfmWv \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. ssewKnI hyhkmbØnse (Sex Industry) sXmgnemfnIfmWv kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS ho£WØn¬ ssewKnIsØmgnemfnIƒ. cXnhn¬°p∂hcpw (Prostituties), IqsS \S∂v cXnkpJw \¬Ip∂hcpw (Escorts) ]c]otV-—-bn¬ A[njvTn-Xamb ssewKnIkwXr]vXn°v D]tbmKn°p∂hcpw (Dominatrices) ImgvNbneqsS ssewKnIm`n\nthiap≠m°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Nn{XsaSp°m\pw A`n\bn°phm\pw k∂≤cmIp-∂hcpw (Pronography) F√mw ssewKnIsØmgnemfnIfmWv. tImSn°W°n\v tUmfdpIfmWv Cu hyhkmbw hgn {Ibhn{Ibw sNøs∏Sp∂Xv. Atacn°bn¬ s\mhmUm tÉnse emkv thKmkv \KcØnte°v Ibdptºmƒ Xs∂ "]m]\KcØnte°v kzmKXw' (Welcome to Sincity) F∂ Iq‰-≥ \ntbm¨ t_m¿UmWv Hcmsf kzmKXw sNøp∂Xv. F√m Xn≥aIfpw AXns‚ ]q¿Whpw \·hpamb coXnbn¬ \SamSp∂ ]m]\Kcw! ]q¿W \·\rØw \S°p∂ 31 ¢∫pIƒ! \·Xm hnt\mZßfneqsS am{Xw FÆqdptImSn tUmf¿ hcpam\w! c≠p Uk\ne[nIw NqXm´tI{µßƒ! AhnsS \S°p∂Xv tImSn°W°n\v tUmfdns‚

2009 am¿-®v-

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NqXm´w-. cXnsbbpw NqXm´sØbpw NqSp]nSn∏n°phm≥ aZyØn\v ]IpXn hneam{Xw! ]m]\KcØn¬ Hcp h¿jsaØp∂ kµ¿iI¿ \meptImSn! ]m]߃°v th≠nam{Xw Hcp \Kcap≠m°phm≥ apXemfnØ kzX{¥hn]Wn°p am{Xta Ignbq. Fßs\bpw ]Wap≠m°pIsb∂ kwkvImcØn¬ ssewKnIkpJw I®hSNc°mIptºmƒ kpJw ]Ww sImSpØv hmßphm≥ a\ximkv{X]cambn Akm[yamb kv{Xo AhaXn°s∏SpIbpw A]am\n°s∏SpIbpw sNøpIbmsW∂ hkvXpX temIsØhnsSbpap≈ kv{Xo {]iv\ßsf hn‰v ]Wap≠m°p∂ aoUnb ad®psh°p∂p. a‰p \mSpIsfbpw XßfpsS cXnkpJØn\v ]‰nb coXnbn¬ ]cnh¿Øn∏n°phm\mbn skIvkv SqdnkØns‚ A\¥km[yXIsf°pdn®v kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS h‡m°ƒ hmNmecmIp∂p. AhcpsS {Xkn∏n°p∂ IW°pIƒ aq∂mw temIØnte°v aoUnb Ib‰paXn sNøptºmƒ AXp I≠v AhnsS XßfpsS `cWm[nImcnIfpsS IÆp X≈p∂p. AhnSpsØ P\ßsf skIvkv SqdnkØn\v ]‰nb coXnbn¬ akvXnjvI{]£mf\w sNøm≥ "bps\kvtIm' hgn ssewKnI hnZym`ymkw km¿∆{XnIam°p∂p. F√mbnSØp \n∂pw btYjv S w kpJw BkzZn°phm≥ CXphgn apXemfnam¿°v hgn Xpd°p∂p. 1993se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw Ct¥mt\jybn¬ c≠ce£tØmfw ssewKnIsØmgnemfnIfp≠v. atejybn¬ CXv H∂c e£tØmfhpw ^nen∏o≥kn¬ Bdp e£tØmfhpamWv. Xmbve‚n¬ ChcpsS FÆw aq∂v e£tØmfw hcpsa∂mWv IW°v 1993˛95 ¬ am{Xw Xmbvem‚n\v 2700 tImSn tUmfdmWs{X ssewKnIhyhkmbw hgn e`n®Xv!(9) tImSn°W°n\v tUmfdns‚ aZyhn¬]\ \S°ptºmƒ AXpsIm≠p≠mIp∂ BtcmKy˛ kmaqly {]iv\ßsfm∂pw Xs∂ kzX{¥ hn]WnbpsS k¿°mcn\v {i≤n°m\mhn√. aZy]m\w hgnbp≠mIp∂ Ip‰IrXy߃ hgn Atacn°°v 1983 ¬ am{Xw 11600 tImSn tUmfdns‚ \jvSap≠mbXmbn Atacn°bpsS Xs∂ BtcmKyhIp∏v ]pdØnd°nb tcJIƒ ]dbp∂p(10).

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w elcn D]-tbmKw aqe-ap-≠mb tcmK-ßfpsS NnIn-’°v th≠n 1980¬ sNehm-bXv 900 tImSn tUmf-dm-sW∂pw NnIn’I¿°p≈ ss{Sbn-\nw-Kn\v th≠n 100 tImSn tUmf¿ sNe-hm-t°≠n h∂p-sh∂pw {]kvXpX tcJ ]cn-X-]n°p-∂p. CXp Im¬ \q‰m≠v apºsØ IW- ° p- I - f m- W v . aZy- ] m\w sIm≠p≠mb kmaq-ly-{]-iv\ß - ƒ IW°m-°phm≥ Ign-bmØ-XmWt√m. C{X-sb√mw \jv S hpw \mi- h p- a p- s ≠- ¶ nepw aZyØns‚ D¬]m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-Khpw \nb{¥n-°p-hm-≥ kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn°v Ign-bn√. ImcWw, aZyhpw Hcp Nc-°m-Wv. Bh-iy-ap-≈-h¿°v Bh-iy-ap≈t∏mƒ Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿeØv AXv kpe`amIptºmtg kzX{¥hn]Wnsb∂ Bibw km¿∞Iamhq. F¥p¬]mZn∏n°Wsa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \nb{¥Wßfp≠m°m≥ kzX{¥ hn]Wn°v IgnbmØXpt]mse Fßs\ sNehgn°Wsa∂ ImcyØntem Fßs\ D]t`mKn°Wsa∂ hnjbØntem \nb{¥Wßfp≠m°phm≥ kzX{¥hn]Wn°v km[ya√. Nc°ns‚ KpW\nehmcw Dd∏nt°≠Xv hn]WnbpsS \ne\n¬]n\v A\nhm-cyambXn\m¬ AXn∂mhmiyamb \nba߃ kzX{¥hn]Wnbnep≠mhpw. AXv hn]Wn°IsØ \nbaamWv . F∂m¬ {]kvXpX KpW\nehmcw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn∂mbn F¥p am¿KßfmWv D¬]mZI≥ kzoIcn®ncn- ° p∂sX∂v At\zjnt°≠ ZuXyw hn]Wn°n√. AtXt]mseXs∂ D]t`m‡mhn\v hmKv Z m\w sNøs∏´ Nc°v In´p∂ps≠∂v Dd∏phcptØ≠Xv hn]WnbpsS BhiyamWv; AXn\p≈ \nba߃ AhnsSbp≠mhpw. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX Nc°v hmßn∏n°phm≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ X{¥ßfntem AXv hmßnb Bƒ Fßs\ D]t`mKn°p∂sh∂ ImcyØntem \nb{¥Wßfp≠m°phm≥ hn]Wn°v Ignbn√. ]camh[n D]t`mKn∏n°pIbpw ]camh[n hmßn∏n°pIbpw sNøpIbmWt√m kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS ZuXyw. D¬]mZ\]camb (Productive) hkvXp°fmWv hn]Wnbn¬ A\phZ\obamhpIsb∂XmWv \ntbm en_denkØns‚ \ne]mSv. Imcy£aXbpw (Effeciency) bpw D¬]mZ\£aXbpw (Pro-

ductivity) amWv Nc°ns‚ aqeyw \n›bn°p∂Xv. hf¿® (Growth)bmWv hn]-Wnbn¬ Hcp hkvXp \ne\n¬t°-≠XmtWmsb∂v Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. D¬]mZ\w hfcWw, D]t`mKw hfcWw, ]Ww hfcWw, F∂√msX F¥v, Fßs\ Fs∂m∂pw apXemfnØØn\n√. hf¿®°pth≠n D]tbmKn°p∂ am¿K߃ F¥pamImw; Ah hn]Wnsb {]XnIqeambn _m[n°mXncp∂m¬ aXn. aZyhpw hy`nNmchpw ]qgvØnsh∏pw Dul°®hShpsa√mw hn]Wnbn¬ D¬]mZ\]camWv. F¥psIms≠∂m¬ Chsb√mw ]WØns‚ hf¿®°v ImcWamhp∂p. hn]WnbpsS am{Xw IÆmSnbneqsS t\m°nbm¬ Chbnsem∂pw bmsXmcp sX‰pw ImWm≥ Ignbn√. a\pjycmWt√m hn]Wnsb kPoham°pIbpw \n¿Poham°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv. BXy¥nIambn a\p-jy¿°v \≥abmbn´p≈Xv Nnet∏mƒ hn]WnbpsS IÆmSnbneqsS am{Xw t\m°nbm¬ Xn≥abmbn tXm∂ntb°mw; a\pjy¿°v Xn≥abmbXv hn]Wn°v \≥abpambnØocmw. hn]WnbpsS \nba-߃°v am\hnIXbp≠mhWsa¶n¬ AXv a\pjy¿°v s]mXphmbn \≥a {]Zm\w sNøp∂XmhWw. Aßs\bm-hptºm-ƒ hn]Wn°v tZmjIcamhpsa∂v H‰t\m´Øn¬ tXm∂nbm¬ t]mepw BXy¥nIambn AXv hn]Wn°pw KpWIcambncn°pw. aZy-Øn-s‚ Imcyw am-{X-sa-Sp-°p-I. A-ta-cn-°-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-Xn-s\´ma-Xv t`-ZK-Xn {]-Im-cw 1920 P-\p-h-cn16 ap-X¬ - aZyw \n-tcm-[n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. \o≠ 23 h-¿-j-°m-ew \o-≠p \n-∂ a-Zy\n-tcm[-\w ]n-≥-h-en-°-s∏-´-Xv 1933 Un-kw_¿ 5\v dq-kvs - h¬-‰v K-h¨ - s - a-‚ v ]m-km°nb C-cp-]Øn-sbm∂mw t`-Z-KXn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbm-bn-cp∂p. \n-tbm-en-_-d-¬ Nn-¥-I-ƒ k-¿-°m-cn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°m-≥ Xp-Sßn-b Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. C-∂v A-ta-cn-°-

bn-se aq∂n-sem-∂p t]-¿ a-Zy-Øn-\v ASn-a-Ifpw aq∂n-sem-∂p t]-¿ A-¬-]-sa√mw a-Zy-]n-°p-∂h - cpw _m-°n aq∂n-sem∂p-t]-¿ F-t∏m-sg-¶nepw a-Zy-]n-°p∂-htcm a-Zy-]n-°mØ-htcm B-sW∂pamWv' I-Ωoj-≥ Hm-¨ _n-tl-hn-b-d-¬ B-‚ v tkm-jy-¬ k-b≥-kv B-‚ v F-Uyq-t°j's‚ (CBASSE)(11) I-W°v. B-sI sNe-hm-Ip-∂ a-Zy-Øn-s‚ 95 i-X-am-\hpw A- I - Ø m- ° p∂- X v B- Z y- s Ø hn- ` m- K amWv. i-cmi-cn ap-∏-Xn-\m-bn-cw B-fp-IfmWv Hmtcm h-¿j - hpw kn-tdm-kn-kv _m[n-®v a-cn-°p-∂Xv. C-Xv an-°-hmdpw aZyw sIm-≠p-≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 1994se "\m-jW¬ ssl-th {Sm-^n-¬ A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{Sj's‚ I-W-°p-I-ƒ {]-Im-cw hm-l-\m]-I-S-ß-fn-¬ \n-∂p am-{Xw 44000 t]-cpsS a-c-Whpw ap∏-Xv e-£w t]¿-°v am-cIam-b ]-cn-°p-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v. A-]I-S-ß-fp-sS aqeImcWambn Nq≠n°mWn°s∏Sp∂Xv aZy]n®p≈ hml\tamSn°emWv. aZyw aqeap≠mIp∂ a‰v A]ISßfn¬ Ccp]Xn\mbncw t]cpw AanX atZym]tbmKw aqew ]Xn\mbncw BfpIfpw Hmtcm h¿jhpw acWs∏Sp∂p≠v. aZyw aqeap≠mhp∂ sIme]mXIßfpsS FÆw ]Xn\mbncamsW∂m-Wv IW°v. aZy]m\nIfmb amXm°ƒ°v Hmtcmh¿jhpw Bbncw Ip™pßsf¶nepw aµ_p≤nIfmbn P\n°p∂p≠t{X! 1983se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw icmicn Hcp h¿jw acWs∏Sp∂ 20 e£w t]cn¬ H∂ce£Øns‚bpw ImcWw aZy]m\amWv. 13 acWßfn¬ H∂v aZyw hgnsb∂¿∞w. aZy]m\hpambn _‘s∏-´ NnIn¬km sNehpIƒ am{Xw c≠mbncw tImSn tUmfdmsW∂mWv c≠c]Xn‰m≠pIƒ°p apºsØ IW°v . 1983¬ Atacn°°m¿ IpSn®Xv BsI Bdmbncw tImSn tUmfdns‚ aZyamWv. AXn¬ aq∂nsem∂v AXpambn _‘s∏´ NnIn¬km sNehpI-ƒ°v, aq∂nsem∂v am¿°‰nwKn\pw a‰p

Fßs\bpw ]Wap≠m°pIsb∂ kwkvImcØn¬ ssewKnIkpJw I®-hSNc°mIptºmƒ kpJw ]Ww sImSpØv hmßphm≥ a\ximkv{X]cambn Akm[yamb kv{Xo AhaXn°s∏Sp-Ibpw A]am\n°s∏SpIbpw sNøpIbmsW∂ hkvXpX temIsØhnsSbp-ap≈ kv{Xo{]iv\ ßsf hn‰v ]Wap-≠m°p∂ aoUnb ad®psh°p∂p.

2009 am¿-®v-

41

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w sNehpIƒ°pw; aq∂nsem∂p sIm≠v D¬]mZ\w \S°ptam? Cs√¶n¬ aZy°®hSw \jvSw Xs∂bmWv, \ntbmen_d-enÃpIfpsS AfhptImepIƒ D]tbmKn®psIm≠p≈ IW°n¬ t]mepw. F∂m¬ aZyam¿°‰v am{Xw ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ AXv hºn® em`w t\Sns°mSp°p∂ I®hSamWv Xm\pw. ChnsS hn]Wn°p ]pdsØ am\hnIamb \nbaØn\pam{Xta hn]Wnsbt∏mepw k¥qe\tØmsS \ne\n¿Øphm≥ Ignbqsh∂ hkvXpX \ap°v t_m[ys∏Sp∂p. {kjvSmhmb Xºpcm\mWv D¬]mZ\Øns‚bpw D]t`mKØns‚bpw BXy¥nI\nba߃ ]Tn∏nt°≠sX∂ CkvemanI Z¿i\Øns‚ ImgvN∏mSv {]k‡amIp∂Xv ChnsSbmWv. {]IrXn hn`hßsf√mw A√mlp krjvSn®XmsW∂pw Ahbp]tbmKn®v D¬]mZ\w \SØm≥ Hmtcm a\pjy¿°pw AhImiaps≠∂pamWv Jp¿B≥ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv. ""Ah\mWv BImiØv \n∂v sh≈w sNmcn™p X∂h≥. F∂n´v AXv aptJ\ \mw F√m hkvXp°fpsSbpw apfIƒ ]pdØv sIm≠phcnIbpw, A\¥cw AXn¬ \n∂v ]®]nSn® sNSnIƒ hf¿Øns°m≠v hcnIbpw sNbvXp. B sNSnIfn¬ \n∂v \mw Xnßn\nd™ [m\yw ]pdØv hcpØp∂p. Cu¥∏\bn¬ \n∂v AYhm AXns‚ Iqtºmfbn¬ \n∂v Xqßn \n¬°p∂ IpeIƒ ]pdØv hcp∂p. (A{]Imcw Xs∂) ap¥ncntØm´ßfpw, ]ckv]cw XpeyX tXm∂p∂Xpw, F∂m¬ Hcpt]mseb√mØXpamb Heohpw amXfhpw (\mw D¬]mZn∏n®p.) AhbpsS ImbvIƒ Imbv®v hcp∂Xpw aqs∏Øp∂Xpw \n߃ t\m°q. hnizkn°p∂ P\߃°v AXnse√mw ZrjvSm¥ßfp≠-v.''(6:99) I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn®p; ]eni \ntcm[n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ""]eni

Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv _m[ \nanØw adn™phogp∂h≥ Fgpt∂¬°p∂Xv t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂¬°pIbn√. I®hShpw ]eni t]mseØs∂bmWv F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚ ^eas{X AXv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤am°pIbp-amWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv.''(2:275.) D]t`m‡mhn\pw hnXcW°mc\pw Xr]vXamb coXnbnep≈ CS]mSpIƒ am{Xta A√mlp AwKoIcn®n´p≈q. ""kXyhnizmknItf, \n߃ ]c-kv]cw kwXr]vXntbmSp IqSn \SØp∂ I®-hS CS]mSp aptJ\b√msX \nßfpsS kzØp°ƒ A\ymbambn \n߃ At\ym\yw FSpØv Xn∂cpXv. ''(4:29) aZyhpw tem´dnbpw hy`nNmchpw A‘hnizmkßfpsS hn]W\hpsam∂pw I®hSa√; Ah ss]imNnIamb Zp¿hrØnIƒ am{XamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Ahsbm∂pw A√mlp A\phZn®n´n√. ""kXyhnizmknItf, aZyhpw NqXm´hpw {]XnjvTIfpw {]iv\w sh®v t\m°m\p≈ AºpIfpw ss]imNnIamb tæ—hrØn am{XamIp∂p. AXn\m¬ \n߃ AsXms° h¿÷n°pI. \n߃°v hnPbw {]m]n°mw''(5:90) ""\n߃ hy`nNmcsØ kao]n®v t]mIcpXv. Xo¿®bmbpw AXv Hcp \oNhrØnbpw Zpjn®am¿KhpamIp- ∂ p.'' (17:32) a°m hnPb thf- b n¬ \_n  {]Jym-]n®p: aZyw, ihw, ]∂n, hn{K-l߃ F∂nh hn¬°p-∂Xv A√m-lphpw Ahs‚ ZqX\pw \njn-≤-am-°n-bncn-°p-∂p. (_pJm-cn. apkvenw) "A√mlp Hcp hkvXp \ntcm[n°ptºm-ƒ AXns‚ ({Ibhn{IbØneqsS e`n°p∂) ]Whpw \ntcm[n°p∂p' (A-lvaZv, A_qZmhqZv) Afhnepw Xp°Ønepw Ir{XnaXzw ImWn°p∂ I®hSßsf√mw A\\ph-

Ign™ \q‰m≠ns\ At]£n®v `q-an-bn-se Dujvamhv 0.75oc h¿[n®n-´p-s≠-∂mWv 1659 apX¬ CXphscbp≈ `u-tam-jvamhv tcJs∏SpØnb sk≥{S¬ Cw•-≠v sSw]td®¿ dn°m¿Uv hy‡am°p∂Xv. CXv XpS¿∂m-¬ a™paeIƒ DcpIpIbpw B¿´nIv taJeIƒ NpcpßpIbpw kap{Z߃ IhnbpIbpw sNøpsa∂v {]IrXnim-kv{X-⁄≥am¿ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p. 2009 am¿-®v-

42

Z\obhpw AXv sNøp∂h¿ ]m]nIfpw acWm\¥cPohnXØn¬ ITn\ambn in£n°s∏Sp∂hcpamsW∂v Jp¿B≥ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p. ""Afhn¬ Ipd°p∂h¿°v alm\miw AXmbXv P\ßtfmSv Af∂phmßpIbmsW-¶n¬ XnIs®Sp°pIbpw. P\߃°v Af∂psImSp°pItbm Xq°nsImSp°pItbm BsW¶n¬ \jvSw hcpØpIbpw sNøp∂h¿°v. A°q´¿ hnNmcn°p∂nt√; X߃ Fgpt∂¬∏n°s∏Sp∂hcmsW∂v? `b¶camb Hcp ZnhkØn\mbn´v'' (83:1˛5) ]qgvØnsh∏pw AXphgnbp≠m-°p∂ kºmZyhpw \njn≤amsW∂mWv {]hmNI≥  ]Tn∏n®Xv ""hkvXp°ƒ hneh¿[n°p∂Xv hsc ]qgvØnsh°p∂h≥ ]m]nbmWvv'' (apkvenw) ""\m¬]Xp ZnhktØ°v hneh¿[n°psa∂v IcpXn [m\y߃ ]qgvØn sh°p∂Xv A\phZ\oba√.v'' (AlvaZv, lm°nw.) \√ hkvXp°tfmsSm∏w NoØhkvXp°sfbpw kΩn{iam°n hn\nabw sNøphm≥ Ckvemw A\phZn°p∂n√. ""\√Xpw NoØbpw thsd thsd hn¬°pI. NXn°p∂h¿ \Ωn¬ s]´hc√'' (apkvenw, AlvvaZv) F√mXcØnep≈ I≈I®hS-ßfpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n°p∂p. hn¬°s∏Sp∂Nc°ns\°pdn® IrXyhpw hy‡hpw If¶clnXhpamb hnhc߃ D]t`m‡mhn\v \¬tI≠Xv A\nhmcyamsW∂mWv aplΩZv ]Tn∏n®Xv.

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w hnizmknIƒ ktlmZcßfmIp∂p; hn¬]\km[\ßfnep≈ \yq\XIƒ ad®p sh®psIm≠v Xs‚ ktlmZc\v Hcn°epw hn¬°phm≥ ]mSn√'' (C_v\pamP) ""A_q-lp-ssdd  \nth-Z\ - w, `£W km[-\-߃ hn¬°p∂ Hcm-fp-sSb-SpØp IqSn \_n  \S∂p t]m-bn, \_n  AXns‚ D≈n-te°v X-s‚ ssI {]th-in-∏n-®p t\m°n. AXn-\p-≈n¬ Ir{Xnaw ImWn-®n-´p-s≠∂v I≠-t∏mƒ \_n  ]d-™p: h©\ (Ir-{Xn-a-Xzw) ImWn-°p-∂-h≥ \Ωn¬ s]´-h-c-√'' (A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, Xn¿apZn) hkvXphns\b√msX B{Klßsf I®hSw sNøp∂Xv Ckvemw A\phZn°p∂n√. I®hSw sNøs∏Sp∂ Nc°v F¥msW∂v D]t`m‡mhns\ hy‡ambn Adnbn®ncn°Ww. hy‡Xbn√mØ I®hSßsf√mw \njn≤amWv. A_q-lp-ssd-d \nth-Z\w: ""Nc°√v Fdn-™p X´n-®m¬ X´p-∂-Xv FSp°mw F∂p ]d-bp∂ I®-h-Shpw A-hy‡-amb I®-hShpw \_n  \ntcm-[n°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.''(apkvenw) A_q-lp-ssdd\nth-Z-\w-: ""sXm´m¬ sXm´Xv F-Sp-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp∂ I®-hShpw ]c-kv]cw Fdn™v sImSpØp- s Im≠v hn¬°p∂ I®- h - S hpw \_n \ntcm-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.'' (apkvenw) hn¬°s∏Sp∂Xv Im¿jnIhnfIfmsW¶n¬ AXns‚ ]q¿ÆXsbØp∂Xphsc I®hSapd∏n°phm≥ ]mSns√∂mWv. aplΩZv \_n ]Tn∏n®Xv. ]®bmbncn°ptºmƒ hne ]d™v Dd∏n°pIbpw ]mIsaØnbXn\v tijw FSpØv sIm≠pt]mhpIbpw sNøp∂ hym]mcamWv \_n  \ntcm[n®Xv. D¬∏∂w D]tbmK£aam°p∂Xn\v apºv AXn\v hne \n›bn°pIbpw {I-b-hn{Ibw \SØpIbpw sNøptºmƒ hkvXphns‚ bYm¿∞ hne \n›bn-°phm≥ Ignbn√. C°mcyw \_n  Xs∂ hy‡am°p∂Xv ImWpI. ""A_vZp-√m-ln_v\p Da¿ \nthZ\w: Cu¥-∏gw ]gp-∏m-Ip-∂Xv hscbpw IXn-cp-Iƒ ]mI-am-Ip-Ibpw s]mgn-™pt]m-Ip-I-bn-s√∂v Dd-∏m-Ip-∂-Xp-h-scbpw hn¬°p-hmt\m hmßp-hmt\m ]mSns√∂v \_n \n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p''

(apkvenw) A\-kv \nth-Z\w: ""]g-h¿K-߃ AXns‚ KpW-ta∑ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v apºpw Cu¥∏gw ]gp-∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\v apºpw hn¬°p-∂Xv \_n hntcm-[n-®ncn-°p∂p'' (apkvenw) Iº\nIfpsS HmlcnIƒ hn¬°pIbpw hmßpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp tIhe ÿm]\ambncp∂p Hmlcn hn]Wnsb¶n¬ AXv C∂p ImWp∂ cq]-Øn¬ hf¿∂p hnIkn°pambncp∂n√. Dul°®hShpw sjbdpIƒ sh®p≈ NqXm´hpw \S°p∂XpsIm≠mWv AXv `mKymt\zjnIsf BI¿jn°pIbpw A-Xns‚ sk≥skIvkn¬ IÆp\´ncn°p∂h¿°v AXv elcnbmbn XocpIbpw sNøp∂Xv. A√mlp A\phZn® hym-]mc hyhkmbßfpsS HmlcnIƒ Ah≥ A\phZn® {Ibhn{IßfneqsS hmßpItbm hn¬°pItbm sNøp∂Xv Ckvemw hne°p∂n√. F∂m¬ Ah t\¿°pt\scbp≈Xpw k¶o¿ÆXItfm NqXm´tam Dul°®hStam C√mØXpamIWw. em` \jvS km[yXbp≈ kmºØnI {Ibhn{Ib߃°mWv Ckvemw A\phmZw \¬Inbn´p≈Xv. AX√msXbp≈ em`w Dd∏pXcp∂ coXnbnep≈ Hmlcn hn]W\sØ AwKoIcn°m\mhn√. hkv X phns\tbm Hmlcnsbtbm A√msX AhbpsS {Ibhn{Ibßfpambn _‘s∏´ IcmdpIsf hn¬°pht\m hmßphmt\m CkvemanI \nbaßfn¬ ]gpXpIsfm∂pan√. CkvemanI \nbaßf\pkcn®p≈ Hcp Hmlcn hn]Wn D≠mhpIbmsW¶n¬ AhnsS Dul°®hSØn\v D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ "Imƒ Hm]vj\pItfm' NqXm´Øns‚ sjb¿am¿°‰v cq]amb "C≥UIvkv Hm]vj\p'Itfm D≠mhn√. AhnSpsØ Hmlcn {Ibhn{Ib߃ kpXmcyhpw k¶o¿ÆXIfn√mØXpambncn°pw. CS\ne°mcmbn XpSßn, Dul°®hSØneqsS sjb¿ IpanfIƒ krjvSn®v Imf°q‰≥amcmIp-

∂h¿°v AhnsS CSap≠mhn√. NqjWap‡hpw XnI®pw am\hnIhpamb Hmlcn hn]Wnbmbncn°pw AXv . A\ymbambn BcpsSbpw kzØv ssIhis∏SpØcpXv F∂v \njvI¿jn°p∂ Jp¿B\ns‚ shfn®Xnep≈ kmºØnI {Ibhn{Ib߃ \S°p∂ NqjWap‡amb Hmlcn hn]Wn. ""A\ymbambn \n߃ At\ym\yw kzØp°ƒ Xn∂cpXv. Adn™psIm≠p Xs∂, BfpIfpsS kzØp°fn¬ \n∂v h√Xpw A[m¿ΩnIambn t\SnsbSpØp Xn∂phm≥ th≠n \nßfXpambn hn[nI¿Øm°sf kao]n°pIbpw sNøcpXv''(Jp¿B≥ 2:188) Atacn°bn¬ C∂phscbp≠mb kmºØnI amµyßfpsSsb√mw Ncn{XØn¬, {]Xn∏´nIbn¬ Hmlcn hn]Wnbps≠∂ Imcyw {it≤bamWv. Dul°®hSØnepw NqXm´Ønepw A[njvTnXamb Hmlcn hn]Wn kmºØnIhyhÿXsb \nb{¥n°pIbpw hn]WnbpsS \nba߃ kmaqly_-‘-ßsfbpw [m¿ΩnIXsbbpw \n¿Æbn°pIbpw sNøp∂ kaqlßfn¬ {]Xnk‘nIƒ kzm`mhnIamWv. ss]imNnI\nbaßfm¬ ÿm]n°s∏´ ÿm]\߃s°ßns\bmWv ÿmbnbmb kmaqly hyhÿIƒ \n¿Ωn°phm\pw kwXr]vXamb klh¿ØnØw km[nXam°phm\pw IgnbpI? ]nimNns‚ {]tem`\ßfn¬ \n∂v ap‡amb ssZhnI am¿§Z¿i\w kzoIcn°pIbmWv CØcw {]Xnk‘nIfn¬ \n∂v tamNnXamIphm\p≈ bYm¿∞ am¿§w. 6. F¥mWv kºØv? ""`mcyam¿, ]p{X≥am¿, Iqºmc-ambn°q´nb kz¿Ww, sh≈n, taØcw IpXncIƒ, \m¬Imen h¿K߃, IrjnbnSw F∂nßs\ CjvSs]´ hkvXp°tfmSp≈ t{]aw a\pjy¿°v Ae¶mcambn tXm∂n°s∏´ncn°p∂p. AsXms° CltemIPohnXØnse hn`hßfmIp∂p. A√mlphns‚ ASp°emIp∂p

]en-i hm-ßp-∂h-sc ]m-j-ficpw a-X-hn-cp-≤-cp-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂ B-ZyIm-e {Inkv-Xpa-Xw a-‰p Im-cy-ß-fn-se-∂ t]m-se-Ø-s∂ C-°m-cy-Ønepw Ab-hp h-cp-Øm-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv 1545 se sl-≥{Sn F-´ma-s‚ I-¬]-\-tbm-sS-bmWv.

2009 am¿-®v-

43

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w (a\pjy¿°v) sN∂ptNcm\p≈ DØa kt¶Xw''(Jp¿B≥ 3:14) ""AXv ([\w) \nßfn¬ \n∂p≈ [\nI≥am¿°nSbn¬ am{Xw ssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂ H∂mhmXncn°m≥ th≠nbmWXv.'' (Jp¿B≥ 59 :7) aplΩZv \_n  ]dbp∂p: ""kz¿ÆØn\p ]Icw kz¿Æw, sh≈n°p ]Icw sh≈n, _m¿en°p ]Icw _m¿en, tKmXºn\p ]Icw tKmXºv, Imc°v ]Icw Imc°, D∏n\v ]Icw D∏v, Ch sdm°ambpw Xpeyambpw ssItømsS \¬tI≠XmWv. CXntesX¶nepsam∂ns‚ C\w amdnbm¬ sdm°ambn´msW¶n¬ \nßfpt±in°p∂Xpt]mse hn‰p sIm≈pI'' (apkvenw). CWIsfbpw a°sfbpw hml\ßsfbpw \m¬°menIsfbpw IrjnbnSsØbpw t]mse a\pjycpsS kzØpw kºmZyhpambn BZna Imew apXte ]cnKWn°s∏´p t]m∂ hkvXp°fmWv kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw. km[\߃ ]ckv]cw ssIamdp∂ _m¿´¿ kwhn[m\Øn\ptijw Gsd°mew \ne\n∂ hyhÿ, hkvXp°fpsS kz¿Æ hnebpw sh≈n hnebpw IW°m°n Ah°v Nc°pIƒ hmßpIsb∂ coXnbmbncp∂p. ]n∂oSv \mWbßfpsS ssIam‰hyhÿ \nehn¬ h∂t∏mgpw Ahbn¬ {][m\ambn D]tbmKn°-s∏´Xv kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw Xs∂bmbncp∂p. kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbp-sSbpw \mWb߃ kq£n®ncp∂ _m¶pIƒ sImSpØ cioXnbmWv sas√ {]mXn\n[y kz`mhap≈ Id≥knbmbn Xo¿∂Xv. Aßs\ Bbn Xo¿∂-t∏mgpw Id≥knIfn¬ta¬ sh≈nbpsS-tbm kz¿ÆØns‚tbm {]mXn-\n[yw {]tXyIw FgpXnt®¿Øncp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v A©p tUmfdns‚ t\m´n¬ta¬ Five Silver Dollars F∂p≠mbncp∂p. Cu t\m´n\v ]Icambn ]d™ sh≈n e`n°psa∂mWv CXn\¿∞w Nne ÿeßfn¬ sh≈nbpsSbpw a‰p Nne ÿeßfn¬ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw {]mXn\n[yambncp∂p t\m´pIƒ°v D≠mbncp∂Xv. sas√ F√m cmPyßfpw kz¿ÆØns‚ {]mXn\nXyØnte°v AhbpsS Id≥knsb sIm≠ph∂p. 1944se s{_´≥ hpUv Icm¿ {]Imcw F√m cmjv{Sßfpw kz¿Æ {]mXn-\n[yw AwKoIcn°pIbpw Id≥knIfpsS hn\nabØn\v

cmPym¥c \nba߃ ]men°s∏Sp∂psh∂v Dd∏phcpØm≥ C‚¿\mjW¬ tamWn‰dn ^≠v cq]oIcn°pIbpw sNbv - X p. F∂m¬ 1971¬ \nIv k ¨ Kh¨-sa‚ v Atacn°≥ tUmfdns‚ kz¿Æ {]mXn-\n[yw FSpØpIf™p; Ahsb kzX{¥amb AkvXnXzap≈Xpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Dd∏p≈Xpamb ^nb‰v aWnbmbn {]Jym]n®p. sas√ F√m cmjv{Sßfpw Cu ]mX ]n¥pScpIbpw kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbpsSbpw ]n≥_eØnep≈ Id≥kn hyhÿ°v ]Icw tUmfdns‚ ]n≥_eØnep≈ hyhÿ \nehn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp apX¬°mWv kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw hkvXphn\nab cwKØp \n∂v ]q¿Æamb \njvImk\w sNøs∏SpIbpw tUmfdns‚ B[n]XyØnep≈

jvTnXamb _m¶nwKv hyhÿbn¬ Aßs\ ASn°mXncn°phm≥ Ignbpambncp∂n√ F∂p ]dbp∂Xmhpw icn. kcfamb Hcp DZmlcWØneqsS CXv hy‡am°mw. \qdv kz¿Æ \mWb߃ am{Xw Nw{IaWØnep≈ Hcp \mSv. AhnsS BZysØ _m¶v Xpd°p∂p. _m¶v 20 kz¿Æ \mWb߃ \nt£]ambn kzoIcn°pIbpw Hcp \mWb-Øn\v H∂v F∂ coXnbn¬ {]mXn-\n[ykz`mhap≈ cioXpIƒ \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p. \mfpIƒ Ign™t∏mƒ BfpIƒ _m¶ns‚ cioXpIƒ kz¿Æ \mWb߃°v ]Icambn D]tbmKn°phm\pw Ahsb hnizkn®v AhbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ {Ibhn{Ib߃ \SØphm\pw XpSßp∂p. Cu Ahkcw apXseSpØpsIm≠v _m¶v IqSpX¬

temI kmºØnI {Iaw cq]s∏SpIbpw sNbvXXv. bYm¿∞Øn¬; kz¿ÆØn\pw sh≈n°pw ]Icambn {]Xn-\n[n t\m´pIƒ D]tbmKn°m≥ XpSßnbXp apX¬ Xs∂ Cu cwKw h©\bnepw Im]-SyØnepw A[njvTnXambn°gn™ncp∂p. C√mØ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbpsSbpw t]cnembncp∂p t\m´Sn®ncp∂Xv. AXv _m¶pIƒ°v Ffp∏ambncp∂p. AhcpsS ssIøn¬ F{XtØmfw kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpaps≠∂v B¿°pw AdnbmØXpsIm≠pXs∂ P\ßsf I_fn∏n®psIm≠v t\m´pIƒ ASn°m≥ Ah¿°v km[n®p. ]enibn¬ A[n-

cioXpIƒ ASn®v ISw sImSp°phm≥ XpSßp∂p. Bhiy°m¿°v ISw \¬Im\mbn _m¶v 200 cioXpIƒ A®-Sn®psh∂pw AXv 30% hm¿jnI ]eni°v ISambn \¬IpIbpw sNbvXpsh∂pw Icp-XpI. c≠ph¿jw Ign™m¬ BsI Xncn®St°≠ XpI 338 Bbncn°pw. B \m´n¬ BsIbp≈ ]Ww 320 am{XamWv. kz¿Æ \mWb߃ 100+BZyw ASn® cioXv 20+]n∂oSv ASn® cio-Xv 200=320. F∂m¬ ISw Xncn®S°-Wsa¶n¬ 338 thWw. _m°n 18 Fhn-sS \n∂v e`n°pw? H∂pIn¬ IqSpX¬ kz¿Æ \mWb߃ ]pdØp \n∂v e`n°Ww. As√¶n¬ A{Xbpw FÆw

2009 am¿-®v-

44

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w cioXpIƒ IqSn A®Sn°Ww. c≠maXv ]d™XmWv Ffp∏w \S°pI. {]Xn\n[n t\m´pIƒ {]NmcØnembXp apX¬ _m¶pIƒ hymP cioXpIfpw bmsXmcp ASnØdbpan√msX Id≥knIfpw ASn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. C∂pw XpS¿∂p sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv AXmWv. _m¶pIfn¬ \n∂v XpSßnb Cu h©\ ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Gs‰SpØp. k¿°m¿ JP\mhnep≈ kz¿ÆØn-\pw sh≈n°pw ]Icambn´mWv {]Xn\n[n t\m´pIƒ hn]WnbnseØp∂sX∂ [mcWbp≠m°nsIm≠mWv k¿°mcpIƒ Id≥kn t\m´pIƒ A®Sn®Xv. F¶nepw B t\m´pIƒ°v ]Icambn hnebp≈ Fs¥¶nepw Ds≠∂p≈ [mcWsb¶nepw \ne\n∂ncp∂p. 1971 HmSp IqSn Cu Ahÿbpw C√mXmbn. ^nb‰v Id≥knbpsS hcthmsS k¿°mcpIƒ-°v F{X Id≥knIfpw A®Sn°msa∂ \neh∂p. temIw apgph≥ tUmfdns‚ A[oiXzw AwKoIcn°pIbpw aq∂mw temIcmjv{S߃°v ISw sImSp°p∂ temI _m¶ns\bpw sF.Fw.F^ns\bpw t]msebp≈ GP≥knIƒ tUmfdn¬ am{Xw ISw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS Atacn°°v F{X tUmfdpIfpw A®Sn°msa∂pw a‰p ÿeßfn¬ samØ B`y¥c D¬∏∂ (GDP)Øns‚ tXmX\pkcnt® AhcpsS Id≥kn ASn°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pap≈ Ahÿ kwPmXambn. Atacn° ]Ww ASn®p ISw sImSpØpsIm≠ncp∂p. temIw Ah¿°v ISs∏´psIm≠ncp∂p. Atacn°≥ B[n]XyØnep≈ \htemIhn{Ibap≠mbXv Aßs\bmWv. temI _m¶n¬ \nt∂m sF.Fw. F^n¬ \nt∂m ISsaSp°p∂h¿°pw sImSp-°p-∂-h¿°pw AXv Hcn-°epw

]q¿Æambpw Xncn®S°m≥ Ignbns√∂v Adnbmhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ tUmfdns‚ A[oiXzw \ne\n¬°pIbpw kmºØnI hyhÿ ]q¿Æambpw ]enibn¬ A[njvSnXamhpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS aq∂mw temI cmjv{S߃°v a‰pam¿§ßsfm∂pan√msXbmbn. hnIkzc cmjv{SßfpsS ISw h¿[n®psImt≠bncn°p∂p. Htcm ]Øph¿jw Ignbptºmgpw CXv Cc´nbne[nIamhp∂p. 1980¬ hnIkzc cmjv{SßfpsS ISw 5254 tImSn tUmfdmbncp∂psh¶n¬ 1990¬ CXv 125980 tImSn tUmfdmbpw c≠mbncØn¬ 214060 tImSn tUmfdmbpw Db¿∂psh∂mWv sF.Fw.F^ns‚ IW°pIƒ ]dbp∂Xv(12). ]enibn\Ønepw aqekwJybnte°pambn hnIkzc cmjv{S߃ ASt°≠ XpI 1990¬ 7340 tImSn tUmfdpw 1996¬ 14060 tImSn tUmfdpw 2000 Øn¬ 33780 tImSn tUmfdpambncp∂phs{X! Cßs\ Xncn®St°≠ XpIbp≠mbncp∂p-sh-¶n¬ B{^n°bn¬ am{Xw 2.1 tImSn Ip´nIsf acWØn¬ \n∂v c£n°phm\pw H≥]Xv tImSn s]¨Ip´nIƒ°v ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkw \¬Iphm\pw Ignbpambncp∂psh∂v sFIycmjv{S kwLS\ hne]n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.(13) Htcm Znhkhpw hnIkzc cmPyßfn¬ \n- ∂ v 70 tImSn tUmf¿ hnIknX hnIknXcmPyßfnseØp∂psh∂mWv IW°v. aq∂mw cmPyßfnse ZpcnX߃°v hnIknX cmjv { S߃ klmb߃ \¬Im- d p- ≠ t√m F∂v ]d- b m- d p- ≠ v . X߃°v ASn-a-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn {]kvXpXcmPy-ß-fnse P\-߃ Pohn-®n-cn°p-hm≥ th≠n am{X-ap-≈-XmWv B klm-b-߃ F∂XmWv hkvXpX.

]enibn-\Ønepw aqekwJybnte°pambn hnIkzc cmjv{S߃ ASt°≠ XpI 1990¬ 7340 tImSn tUmfdpw 1996¬ 14060 tImSn tUmfdpw 2000 Øn¬ 33780 tImSn tUmfdpambncp∂phs{X! Cßs\ Xncn-®St°≠ XpIbp≠mbncp∂p-sh-¶n¬ B{^n°bn¬ am{Xw 2.1 tImSn Ip´n-Isf acWØn¬ \n∂v c£n°phm\pw H≥]Xv tImSn s]¨Ip´nIƒ°v ASn-ÿm\ hnZym`ymkw \¬Iphm\pw Ign-bpambncp∂psh∂v sFIycmjv{S kw-LS\ hne]n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. 2009 am¿-®v-

45

114.4 tImSn tUmf¿ ISØnte°v ASt°≠ AwtKmf°v 1999¬ e`n® hntZiklmbw 19 tImSn tUmfdmbncp∂p! X߃ A\ymbambn ]nSn®p ]dn®-Xns‚ sNdnsbmcp `mKw Xncn®p sImSpØp AXv PohImcpWyamsW∂v hcpØn Xo¿Øv sRfnbpIbmWv H∂mw temIcmjv{Sßsf∂ hkvXpX hy‡am°p∂XmWv Cu IW°v . _m°n klmbßfpsS ]´nI IqSn ]cntim-[n®m¬ F{XtØmfw ]cnlmkyamWv Cu klmbßsf∂v t_m≤yamhpw. 54.9 tImSn tUmf¿ ISØnte°v AS® Ima-dq-Wn\v 19 tImSnbpw 71.6 tImSn tUmf¿ AS® sI\nb°v 19.5 tImSnbpw 141 tImSn tUmf¿ AS® hnb‰v\man\v 25.7 tImSnbpw hntZi klmbambn \¬IpIbp≠mbs{X!.(14) Zcn{Zcmjv{Sßsf ISs°Wnbn¬s∏SpØn {]bmks∏SpØp∂Xp sIm≠p≠mhp∂ kmaqly hn]ØpIƒ IqSn Adnbptºmƒ \mw Aºc∂p-t]mIpw. 1995 ¬ H∂mw temIcmPyßfnse inipacW \nc°v 1000 Øn\v 16 BWv. sX°≥ Gjybn¬ 109Dw sXs° B{^n°bn¬ 169DamWv CXv. F¥psIm-≠mWnsX∂ tNmZyØn\v apºv B{^n°≥ cmPyßfpsS ISØns‚ hep∏w IqSn tIƒ°pI. BtcmKycwKØv Nnehgn°p∂Xns‚ Bdnc´nbmWv Sm≥km\nb Htcm h¿jhpw ISØnte°mbn AS®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. DKm≠bnemIs´ Htcm ]ucs‚bpw BtcmKy kpc£°mbn c≠p tUmf¿ Nnehgn°ptºmƒ HtcmcpØcpw ISØnte°v Xncn®St°≠Xv H∂c tUmfdmWv . 2000Øn¬ 640 tImSn tUmf¿ ISap≈ Sm≥km\nbbpsS Imcyw am{Xw FSp°pI. B h¿jw 16.2 tImSn tUmfdmWv Ah¿ ISØnte°mbn Xncn®S®Xv. F∂m¬ Ah¿ hnZym`ymkØn\p th≠n Nnehgn®XmIs´ 15.4 tImSn tUmfdpw! BtcmKy cwKsØ Sm≥km\nbbpsS B h¿jsØ Nnehv 8.7 tImSn tUmfdmbncp∂p. AhnsS P\n°p∂ 12 Ip´nIfn¬ Hcmƒ hoXw Hcp hb n\p apºv acWs∏Sp∂p. 40% Ip´nIƒ t]mjImlmc Ipdhpaqew IjvSs∏Sp∂p. ]IpXn P\߃°pw ip≤Pew e`ya√. 70% Sm≥km\nb°mcpsSbpw Hcp ZnhksØ hcpam\w Hcp tUmfdn\pw XmsgbmWv. IS_m≤yX krjvSn°p∂ {]iv-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w \ßfm¬ am{Xw Hmtcm h¿jhpw Zcn{Z cmjv{Sßfn¬ 70 e£w t]¿ acWs∏Sp∂p≠s{X.(15) Hmtcm Znhkhpw Ccp]Xn\mbnctØmfw acW߃! X߃ \¬Ip∂ IS߃ Zcn{Zcmjv{- SßfpsS ]ptcmKXn°pw P\ßfpsS D∂a\Øn\pw \nanØamIp∂ps≠∂mWv H∂mw temIØns‚ AhImihmZw. Igºn√mØ hmZw am{XamWnXv. km[mcW P\ßfpsS D∂a\amWv cmjv{S]ptcmKXnsb¶n¬ AØcw BfpIfnte°v Cu kºsØm∂pw FØpI t]mepw sNøp∂n√. ]≤XnIfneqsSbpw AgnaXnIfneqsSbpw Hmtcm ÿeØpap≈ ]W°mcpsS kºØv hfcphm≥ am{XamWv CØcw IS߃ \nanØamIp∂Xv. temIsØ 25 tImSn Zcn{Z\mcmbW≥amcpsS Iøn¬ BsIbp≈ kºØnt\°mƒ A[nIw kºØp≠v apXemfnamcmb 225 t]cpsS Iøn-se-∂mWv temI- _ m¶v tcJIƒ ]dbp∂Xv (16) e≠-≥ Bÿm\am°nbp≈ sk‚¿ t^m¿ F°tWmanIv t]mfnkn dntk¿®ns‚ 2001se tcJIƒ {]Imcw temIsØ aq-∂n¬ \mep cmjv{Sßsfbpw 1980˛2000 Imebfhn¬ 1960˛1980 Imebfhns\ At]£n®p≈ hf¿® 5% Xmtg°mWv t]mbncn°p∂Xv.(17) Hcp tUmfdn¬ Xm-sgbp≈ Znhkhcpam\w sIm≠v Pohn-°p∂ Zmcn{ZtcJ°v Xmsgbp≈hcpsS FÆw 1987¬ 120 tImSnbmbncp∂psh-¶n¬ 1998 Bbt∏mtg°pw 150 tImSn-bmbn Xo¿∂psh∂v temI _m¶v Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂p≠v. IS߃ \¬Ip∂XneqsS aq∂mw temIsØ [\mVy≥amsc IqSpX¬ henb ]W°mcm°n Xo¿°m≥ temI _m¶n\pw sF.Fw.F^n\psa√mw Ign™n´p≠mImw. F∂m¬ ]mhs∏´hcpsSbpw CSØc°mcpsSbpw ]n®®´nIsfbpw hnb¿∏pXp≈nIsfbpw NqjWw sNbvXpsIm≠mWv Ch hf¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. cmPyØns‚ \nIpXn ]WØn¬ \n∂v ISw Xncn®S°ptºmƒ km[mcW°m¿°v e`nt°≠ tkh\ßfmWv C√mXmhp∂Xv. tXm∂nb cq]Ønep≈ ]WaSn°epw AXphgn t\SnsbSpØ tUmfdns‚ B[n]Xyhpw A¥mcmjv{S kaqlØnep≠m°p∂ {]bmkßfpw ZpcnXßfpamWv \mw hmbn®Xv. CXns‚ kzm`mhnIamb Dt]m¬∏∂amWv Atacn°≥

kmºØnI hyhÿ. C∂p t\cnSp∂ kmºØnI XI¿®bpw. temIsØ samØw B`y¥c D¬∏mZ\w (GDP) 78.6 {Sney¨ tUmf¿ am{Xambncn°ptºmgpw \qdp {SneyWne[nIw tUmfdns‚ ]{XnIIƒ (derivatives) Atacn-°°v \ne\n¬°m≥ A\phZn®Xv tUmfdns‚ B[n]Xyw \ne\n¬°pIbpw tÃm°v am¿°‰v IpanfIƒ ho¿ØpsIm≠ncn°psa∂p≈ AanX hnizmkw sIm≠mbncn°Ww. C∂sØ {]Xnk‘ntbmsS {]kvXpX hnizmkamWv XI¿∂ncn°p∂Xv. hnIkzc cmjv{Sßfpw FÆ D¬∏mZI cmjv{Sßfpw H∂n-®p \n∂v H∂v G‰p ]nSn®m¬ tUmfdns‚ B[n]Xyw XIcpIbpw Zcn-{ZcmPyßsf kmºØnImSnaØØn¬ \n∂v IcIb‰phm\pw Ignt™°pw. kz¥amb aqeyap≈ ]WsØ am{X-sa AwKoIcn°qsh∂v Xocpam\n°m≥ temIcmjv { S߃°v Ign™m¬ {]Xnk‘nbn¬ \n∂v c£s∏Sm\p≈ H∂masØ ]Sn Nhn´n°gn™psh∂mW¿∞w. XßfpsS kmºØnI{Iaw kz¿ÆmSnÿm\Ønem°m≥ FÆ D¬∏mZI cmPy߃ ]cn{ian°ptamsb∂v `b∂n´msW∂v tXm∂p∂p, kz¿-ÆmSnÿm\Ønep≈ kmºØnI {Ia-Øns‚ {]iv\ßsfbpw A{]mtbmKnI-Xsbbpw kw_‘n®v ]m›mXy≥ km-ºØnI hnZKv[¿ kwkmcn®p XpSßn-bncn°p∂p. bqWnthgvkn‰n Hm^v Imen-t^m¿Wnbbnse kmºØnI imkv{X s{]m^kdmb sPbnwkv {_mUv t^m¿-Uv Un temwKns‚ ssh t\m´v tKmƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv(18) d´v tKm-ƒkv k¿∆Iemim-ebnse kmºØnI-imkv{Xm[y]I\m-bncp∂ an°bn¬ Un t_m¿tkmbpsS tKmƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv'(19) (www.econlib.org) Iment^m¿Wnbm k¿∆Iem-imebnse kmºØnI ImcyhnZKv[\mb sPbnwkv Un lman¬´s‚ Zn tKmƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv B‚ v Zn s{Kbn‰v Un{]j≥ (www.econbrowser.com) F∂o teJ\߃ Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿Ønbp≈-hbmsW∂v tXm∂p∂p. temIØv C∂phsc J\\w sNbvsXSpØ kz¿-Æw apgphs\SpØmepw 1,42,000 S¨ am-{Xta hcpsb∂pw Hcp Intem{Kmw kz¿W-Øn\v 32,500 tUmf¿ hneIW°m°nbm¬ CXns‚ samØw hne 4.5 e£w tImSn tUmftd hcnIbpffpsh∂pw Atacn°-

2009 am¿-®v-

46

bn¬ am{Xw 7.60 e£w tImSn tUmf¿ Nw{IaWw sNøs∏Sp∂ps≠∂pw AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kz¿ÆmSnÿm\Ønep≈ Id≥kn A{]mtbmKnIamsW∂pamWv {][m\hmZw. sh≈nsbbpw πm‰n\sØbpw sNºns\bpw t]msebp≈ temlßsf°qSn cwKØpsIm≠ph∂v Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°mhp∂XmWv. kz¿ÆJ\nIfp≈ \mSpIfpsS B[n]XyØnte°mWv AØcsamcpam‰w temIsØ \bn°pIsb∂ hmZhpw D∂bn°s∏Sp∂p≠v. AXpw ASnÿm\ clnXamWv. F√m cmPy߃°pw kz¿ÆtØ°mf[nIw C∂v Bh-iyap≈ FÆ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ cmjv{SßfpsS B[n]XyØn\p Iogne√ C∂sØ temIw F∂ hkvXpX Cu hmZsØbpw s]mfn°p∂p≠v. anYybpw h©\m[njvTnXhpamb ]WhyhÿbmWv kmºØnI {]Xnk‘nIfpsSsb√mw bYm¿∞ ImcWsa∂v a\ nem°n Cu cwKØv ASnÿm\]camb Hcp am‰Øn\v XømdmIm≥ temIØn\v IgnbWw. FÆ-sIm≠v A√mlp A\p{Kln® cmPy߃ XßfpsS kmºØnIhyhÿ kzbw aqeyap≈ hkvXp°fpsS ASnØdbnte°v am‰ns°m≠v C°mcyØn¬ temI-cmjv{SßfpsS ap∂n¬ \S°m≥ k∂≤amhWw. AXphgn AhcpsS kmºØnI hyhÿsb `{Zam°phm≥ km[n°pw. temIsØ Zcn{Zcmjv{Sßsf hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS \p-I-°o-gn-¬ \n-∂v c-£-s∏-Sm\pw A-Xp \n-an-Ø-amtb-°pw. tem-Iw am-‰-Øn-\p Im-Øn-cn°p-∂p; am-‰-Øn-s‚ Xm-t°m-emI-s´ apkvv-enw-I-fp-sS ssI-h-i-hpw. B Xm-t°m¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kz-bw am-dm\pw temIsØ am-‰n-Øo-¿-°p-hm\pw ap-kv-enw-I-ƒ k-∂-≤-amIp-tam? bqkp^v \_n ]d™- X p- t ]mse "Xm¶ƒ Fs∂ `qanbnse JP\mhpIfpsS A[nImcta¬]n°q. Xo¿®bmbpw Rm≥ hnhcap≈ Hcp kq£n∏pImc\mbncn°pw' (Jp¿B≥ 12:55) F∂v temI-tØmSv {]Jym-]nt°≠ ka-b-am-Wn-Xv. AXv sNtø-≠h¿ AXn\v Xøm-dm-Iptam? ""GsXmcp P\Xbpw XßfpsS kz¥w \ne]mSpIfn¬ am‰w hcpØp∂Xv hsc A√mlp AhcpsS kvYnXn°v hyXymkw hcpØpIbn√; Xo¿®. Hcp P\Xbv°v h√ tZmjhpw hcpØm≥ A√m-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w

lp Dt±in®m¬ AXv X´nam‰m\mhn√. Ah∂p ]pdsa Ah¿°v bmsXmcp c£m[nImcnbpan√.'' (Jp-¿B≥ 13:11) 7. ]-en-i-c-ln-X hyh-ÿ: ""]eni Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv _m[ \nanØw adn™phogp∂h≥ Fgpt∂¬°p∂Xv t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂¬°pIbn√. I®hShpw ]eni t]mseØs∂bmWv F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚ ^eas{X AXv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤am°pIbpamWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv. AXn\m¬ A√mlphns‚ D]tZiw h∂pIn´nbn´v (AX\pkcn®v) h√h\pw (]en-ibn¬ \n∂v) hncan®m¬ Ah≥ apºv hmßnbXv Ah∂p≈Xv Xs∂. Ahs‚ Imcyw A√mlphns‚ Xocpam\Øn∂v hnt[bambncn°pIbpw sNøpw. C\n Bsc¶nepw (]enibnS]mSpIfnte°v Xs∂) aSßpIbmsW¶n¬ Ahcs{X \cImhIminIƒ. AhcXn¬ \nXyhmknIfmbncn°pw.A√mlp ]enisb £bn∏n°pIbpw Zm\[¿Ωßsf t]mjn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw. bmsXmcp \µnsI´ Zp¿hrØs\bpw A√mlp CjvSs∏Sp∂X√.'' (Jp-¿B≥ 2:275, 276) a-X-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS h‡m-°-fp-sa-√mw ]-eni-sb H-cp h-≥-]m]-am-bn-Im-Wp∂p. C-{km-bo-ey-¿ b-tlmh-bp-sS sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ ]p-{X-∑m-cmsW-∂v I-cp-Xn-b-h-¿ ]-en-i-hm-ßm-≥ ]mSn-s√∂ tXm-d-bp-sS I-¬-]-\-sb (B-h-

\m-W-b hy-hÿ-°v ]-I-c-ambn kz-¥-am-bn aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS˛kz-¿Ww, sh≈n, πm-‰n\w, sNºv˛ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m°p-I A-{X {]-bm-k-ap-≈ Imcy-sam-∂pa-√. C-∂v hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn°-s∏-Sp-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv ]-W-Øn-\v kz-bw aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ]n-≥_-ew \-¬In-bm-¬ Ah sIm-≠p \-S-°phm-\p-≈ A-ku-I-cy-Øn\pw ]-cn-lm-c-am-hpw. C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-Iƒ-°v H-cp A-¥m-cm-{„ Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw {]-kv-XpX Iq-´mbv-a ]pXn-sbm-cp \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ \-S-Øp-hm-≥ t\-XrXzw \-¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-¬ aq∂mw temIsØ Z-cn-{Z cm-{„-߃-°p Iq-Sn C-kv-em-an-I km-ºØn-I hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Kp-W-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Im-≥ I-gn-bpw. ¿-Ø-\w 23:20, 21) \n-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c-∑mcn-¬ \n-∂v ]en-i hm-ß-cp-sX-∂m-Wv ]d-™n-´p-≈-sX∂pw Pm-Xn-I-fn-¬ \n-∂v ]en-i hm-ßp-∂-Xn-s\ Cu I¬-]-\ hne-°p-∂n-s√∂pw hym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠mWv ]en-i hy-hÿ-°v A-\p-Iq-eam-b B-Zy-sØ a-X-\n-b-a \n-¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-∂Xv. ]en-i hm-ßp-∂h-sc ]m-j-ficpw a-X-hn-cp-≤-cp-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂ BZyIm-e {Inkv-Xpa-Xw a-‰p Im-cy-ß-fn-se∂ t]m-se-Øs - ∂ C-°m-cy-Ønepw Abhp h-cp-Øm-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv 1545 se sl≥{Sn F-´ma-s‚ I-¬]-\-tbm-sS-bmWv. temI-sØ _-lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ss{I-kvX-h hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv F-∂-Xn-\m-¬ Xs∂ {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fpw k-`bpw ]en-i A-[-¿-a-a-s√-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-®-tXm-sS AXn-∂v am-\yam-b ÿm-\-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw ]-en-i-bn-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ I-®-h-S-sØ-t∏m-seX-s∂-bm-sW-∂ [m-c-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-en-ibpw I-®-h-Shpw k-a-amsW-∂ hm-Zw ss]-im-Nn-I-am-sW-∂ Jp¿-B-≥ h-N-\w (2:275) C-hn-sS {]-tXy-Iw kv-a-c-Wo-b-amWv. \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´ ]eni hm-ßn-b-Xn-\m-¬ C-l-temI-Øp sh®v X-s∂ b-lp-Z-≥-am¿-°v in-£-I-ƒ G‰-p-hm-tß-≠n h-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw ]-c-tem-

2009 am¿-®v-

47

I--Øv A-Ø-c-°m¿-°v th-Z-\-tbdn-b in£-bm-Wp-≠m-hp-I-sb∂pw Jp-¿-B-≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""Aßs\ blqZaXw kzoIcn®hcpsS A{Iaw ImcWambn Ah¿°v A\phZn°s∏´ncp∂ ]e \√ hkvXp°fpw \mah¿°v \njn≤am°n. A√mlphns‚ am¿KØn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ P\-ßsf [mcmfambn XS™XpsIm≠pw. ]eni Ah¿°v \ntcm[n°-s∏-´Xm-bn´pw, AhcXv hmßnbXpsIm≠pw, P\ßfpsS kzØpIƒ Ah¿ A\ym-bambn Xn∂XpsIm≠pw IqSnbmWv (A-Xv \njn≤am°s∏´Xv) Ahcn¬ \n∂p-≈ kXy\ntj[nIƒ°v \mw thZ\-tb-dnb in£ Hcp°nsh®n´p≠v.''(4:160,61) C-l-tem-Øv Zp-cn-Xhpw ]-c-temI-Øv in-£bpw G-‰p-hm-tß-≠n h-cp-∂ h-≥]m-]-am-Wv C-kv -eman-I ho-£-W-Øn-¬ ]-en-i. A-Xv sN-dp-Xm-sW-¶nepw h-epXm-sW-¶n-epw. _p-Jm-cnbpw ap-kv-enapw \n-thZ-\w sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ H-cp \-_n-h-N\-Øn-¬ G-gp a-lm-]m]-ß-fn-sem-∂mbmWv ]-en-is - b ]-cn-Ns - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂Xv. ]-en-i-bp-sS Kuc-hw hy-‡-am-°p∂ G-Xm\pw l-Zo-Yp-I-ƒ Im-Wp-I:

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w ""]eni Xn∂p-∂-ht\bpw Xo‰n-°p∂-hs\bpw Fgp-Xn-sh-°p-∂-hs\bpw km£n \n¬°p-∂-scbpw A√mlphns‚ dkq¬(k) i]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw ]d™p: Ah-sc√mw ka-∑m-cmWv'' (apkvenw) ""]en-i°v 73 Ihm-Sß - f - mWv. AXn¬ G‰hpw \n m-c-am-bXv kz¥w amXm-hpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-amWv'' (lm°nw) ""]en- i - ∏ - W - a m- s W- ∂ - d n™v Hcp Zn¿lw sIm≠v Xn∂p-∂Xv 36 XhW hy`n-N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ITn-\-amWv'' (AlvaZv) ""]eni F{X- a m{Xap≠m- b mepw AXns‚ ]cy-h-km\w C√m-bva-bn¬ sNs∂-Øpw'' (lm°nw) {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Ime-Øv H-cm-ƒ Hcp Hu-¨-kv (28.35 {Kmw) kz¿-Ww A-©v i-X-am-\w Iq-´p ]-eni-°v F-Sp-Øp-sh∂v I-cp-Xp-I. A-Xv C-t∏m-ƒ Xn-cn-®-S-°-Wsa-¶n-¬ \-Ωp-sS `q-an-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈ \nch-[n {K-l-ß-fp-sSb-{Xbpw `m-c-ap-≈ kz-¿-Æ°-´n th-≠n-h-cpw. ]en-i F-{XtØm-fw am-c-Ihpw A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-amsW-∂ h-kv-Xp-X hy-‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv Cu I-W°v. N-c-°p--I-ƒ ]-eni-°v sImSp-°p-tºm-ƒ A-Xn-\v G-sd-°m-ew apt∂m-´p t]m-hm-≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂v a-\ n-em-°n-bh - c - pm-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-Ime-sØ _m-¶-¿-am-¿. A-h-cp-sS X-e-t®mdn-¬ \n∂m-Wt√m {]-Xn-\n-[n ]-Ww (representative money) cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv. I-S-emkp-I-fp-sS I-W-°p-I-fm-hp-tºm-ƒ X-߃ F-{X-tØm-fw hen-b K-¿-Øn-te-°mWv F-Sp-Øp-Nm-Sm≥ t]m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v ISw hm-ßp-∂h-\v s]-s´-∂v a-\- n-em-°m-

≥ I-gn-bn-√-t√m. I-d-≥-kn-I-fp-sS h-c-thmsS-bm-Wv temI-sØ _m-¶nw-Kv hy-h-kmbw X-g-®p-h-f-¿-∂-sX-∂ h-kvXp-X Iq-Sn C-tXm-Sv tN¿-Øv hm-bn-t°-≠-XmWv. km-[-\-߃ hm-ßp-hm-\p-≈-Xm-Wv ]Ww; A-s√-¶n-¬ N-c-°n-\v ]-I-c-°m-c\m-Wv ]-Ww. A-ß-s\-bm-sW-¶n-¬ N-c°n-s‚ \n-b-a-ß-ƒ X-s∂ ]-W-Øn\pw _m-[-I-am-tI-≠-XmWv. N-cp-°p-I-ƒ shdp-sX sh-®n-cp-∂m-¬ tI-Sp-h-cn-Itbm No™p-t]m-hp-Itbm B-Wv sNøp-I. C-tX \n-b-a-ß-ƒ ]-W-Øn-\pnw _m-[-I-am-tI≠-XmWv. G-Xp k-ºØpw D-]-tbm-K-£a-a-s√-¶n-¬ \-in-°p-Itbm aq-ey timjWw kw`-hn-°p-Itbm sN-øpw. ]en-i h-cp-∂-tXm-sS ]-Ww Cu {]-Ir-Xn \n-ba-Øn-\v ]p-d-tØ-°v t]m-Ip∂p. ]-Ww sh-dp-sX-bn-cp-∂mepw h-f-cp-sa-∂ A-hÿ-bp-≠m-Ip∂p. ]en-i {]-Ir-Xn h-cp≤-am-sW-∂-¿∞w. aq∂mw tem-I-Øn-s‚ h-f-¿®-°p ap∂n-¬ hne-ßp X-Sn-bm-bn \n-¬-°p∂-Xv {]-[m-\-ambpw ]-en-i-bmWv. \-K-c-h-¬-°c-W-am-Wv ]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb-∂ \-h- en-_-den-kv-‰v _p-≤nPo-hn-I-fp-sS hym-bm-a-°-k¿-Øp-I-fn-¬ s]-´v ]-c-amh-[n I-Sw hmßm-≥ Z-cn-{Z -cm-{„-ß-ƒ k-∂-≤-am-Ip-∂tXm-sS km-{am-PyXz-sam-cp-°p-∂ sI-Wnbn-¬ A-h-¿ ho-gm-≥ Xp-S-ßp∂p. ]n-s∂ H-cn-°epw B I-S-s°-Wn-bn-¬ \n-∂v c£-s∏-Sm-≥ A-h¿-°v I-gn--bn-√. A-Xv Z-cn{Z cm-{„-ß-fn-ep-≈-hcp-sS Pohn-X \n-ehmc-sØ km-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p∂p. ]-´nWnbpw Zm-cn-{Zyhpw A-h aq-eap-≈ a-cW-ßfpw tcm-K-ß-fp-sa√mw km-¿-h-{XnI-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. I-Sw Xn-cn-®S- ° - m≥ th≠n-bp-≈ ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s‚ ^-e-ambn Hmtcm h-¿-jhpw Fgp]-Xv e-£w Ip-´n-Ifm-Wv a-cn-®p-ho-gp-∂-Xv F-∂ h-kvXp-X lr-Z-b-ap-≈-h-cp-sS I-Æp-Xp-d-∏n-t°-≠XmWv. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS {]-Xn-io-¿-j-h-cpam-\w 1960 ¬ 9,983 tUm-f-¿ B-bn-cp-s∂¶n-¬ 2000 Øn-¬ AXv 34100 tUm-fd - mWv. \m-enc-´n h-¿[-\! F-∂m¬ tkm-am-en-bbp-sS 1960 se {]Xn-io-¿-j h-cp-am-\w 891 tUm-f-¿ B-bn-cp-∂-Xv 2000 B-b-t∏mtg-°v 600 tUm-f-dm-bn Np-c-ßn. 1013 tUmf-¿ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a-U-Km-kv-I-dn-t‚-Xv 820fpw 1172 tUm-f-¿ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ kmw_n-b-bp-tS-Xv 750Dw B-bn Ip-d™p. Fß-s\ Np-cp-ßm-Xn-cn-°pw? Cu cm-{„ß-sf√mw [-\n-I-cm-{„-߃-°v I-S-s∏-

2009 am¿-®v-

48

´-h-cmWv. C-h-cp-sS I-™n h-‰p-I-ƒ s]dp-°n-Øn-∂m-Wv H∂mw tem-I-cm-{„-߃ h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw X-Sn-®p No¿-°p-∂-Xp-sa-√mw. 2006¬ hn-I-kz-c cm-{„-߃-°p ta¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I-S-_m-[y-X 29000 tIm-Sn tUm-f-dm-bn-cp∂p. A-h¿ B h¿-jw am{Xw AS-®p Xo-¿-Ø-Xv 5730 tIm-Sn tUmf-dmWv. Cu I-S-Øn-¬ \n-∂v Z-cn-{Z-cm-{„߃-°v I-c-I-b-dm-≥ I-gnbp-tam? C-s√∂v F-√m-h-¿-°pw A-dn-bmw. ISw-sIm-SpØv hn-Ikz-c cm-{„-ß-fn-se cm-{„o-b°m-¿°pw D-tZym-K-ÿ Zp-jv-{]-`p-°-ƒ°pw A-gn-a-Xn-bn-eq-sSbpw Ip-Ø-I apXem-fn-am¿-°v I-®-h-S-ßfpw I-cm-dp-I-fpw h-gnbpw k-º∂ - c - m-Ip-hm\pw _-lp-`q-cn]£w h-cp-∂ km-[m-c-W-°m-sc Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X-¬ Z-cn-{Z-cm-°n A-h-cp-sS A-[zm\hpw kºm-Zyhpw ]-en-i-bn-\-Øn-¬ ]nSn-®S-°n Nqj-Ww sN-øp-I-bp-am-Wv temI-_m-¶n-s‚bpw sF.Fw.F-^n-s‚bpw k-lm-b-tØm-sS H∂mw tem-I cm-{„-߃ sN-bv-Xp sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Z-cn-{Z cm-{„ß-sf X-ß-fp-sS sNm-¬]-Sn-bn-¬ \n-¿-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Nqj-Ww sNøp-∂-Xn\pw th-≠n ]-S-s®-Sp-Ø ]-eni°v I-Sw sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]≤-Xn Xn-cn-™p Ip-Øn-b-Xm-Wv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se km-ºØn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-sS {]-[m-\-s∏-´ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v. {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-sS t]cp-Ifn-sem-∂v hm-bv-]m {]-Xn-k-‘n 2009 (Credit Crurch 2008) F- ∂ m- W - t √m. sF.Fw.F-^n-s‚ thƒ-Uv F-°-tWm-anIv Hu-´v-ep-°v 1998 ¬ Cß-s\ Im-Wmw. "lr-kzIm-e hm-bv-]-I-ƒ ]-cn-[n-bn-te-sd h-¿-[n-® cm-Py-ß-ƒ kº-Zv hy-h-ÿ-°I-Øp-\nt∂m ]p-d-Øp-\nt∂m D-S-se-Sp°p-∂ {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-fm-¬ X-I-¿-®-bn-te°v \-bn-°-s∏-Smw.' X-ß-fp-sS ]-°-¬-\n∂v I-Sw hm-ßn-Øpe-™v X-I-cp-∂ Z-cn{Z cm-{„-ß-fp-sS ]X-\w {]-h-Nn-®-h¿-°v A-Xv A-dw ]-‰n-b-Xm-sW-∂v tXm-∂p∂p. A-ta-cn-°-≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ A-I-Øp\n∂pw ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂pw {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-ƒ t\-cn´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. ]m-h-s∏-´h-¿ ]-´n-Wn In-S∂pw tcm-K-ß-f-\p-`-hn®pw an-®w sh-® ]-Ww ]-en-i-bn-\-Øn¬ hm-ßn-s°m-≠p t]m-bn kz-¥w \m-´n-¬ hn-Xc-Ww \-S-Øn-b-t∏m-ƒ A-tX ]eni X-s∂ Ip-S-Øn-e-S-® `q-X-am-bn Xßsf Xn-cn-®v A-{I-an-°p-sa-∂v \n-tbm-en_d-en-k-Øn-s‚ h-‡m-°ƒ- a\ n-em-°n-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w bn-√. ]en-i-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hyhÿn-Xn-Iƒ°v kw-`-hn-°m-hp-∂ kzm`mhn-I {]-Xn-k‘ - n X-s∂-bm-Wv A-ta-cn°-bn-¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ssZhn-I \oXnbm-WXv. A-√m-lp ]-d-™pht√m: "A√mlp ]enisb £bn∏n°pIbpw Zm\[¿Ωßsf t]mjn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw. bmsXmcp \µnsI´ Zp¿hrØs\- b pw A√mlp Cjv S s∏Sp∂X√' (Jp¿B≥ 2:276) ]-en-i-bn-¬ A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b km-ºØn-I hy-h-ÿn-Xn ]-W-Øn-s‚ h-f-¿®sb tI-{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv \n-e-\n-¬°p-∂-Xv. ]W-sØ ]-c-amh-[n h-f-¿-Øm≥ F-s¥m-s° sN-ø-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv AXn-s‚ ss\-XnI-X. ]-Ww ]W-sØ {]k-hn-°p-Ib - n-√. I-gnhpw {]m-]vX - n-bp-ap-≈ kw-cw-`-I¿ ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv ]-Ww h-f-cp-∂Xv. ]en-i hy-h-ÿ-nXnbn¬ kw-cw-`-I-sc-s°m-≠v \n-¿-_-‘-ambpw I-S-sa-Sp-∏n-°p-hm-\m-h-iyam-b tkh-\˛ \n-Ip-Xn hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v k-¿-°m¿ cq-]w \-¬-Ip∂p. I-S-sa-Sp-t°≠Xv _m¶p-I-fp-sS \n-e-\n-¬-∏n-\v A-\n-hm-cy-ambXp-sIm-≠m-WnXv. kw-cw-`I - ¿ - D-≠m-°p∂ em-`-Øn-s‚ \-s√mcp Hml-cn A-ßs\ _m-¶p-I-fp-sS ssIh-iw F-Øn-t®cp∂p. A-h-¿-°p-≠m-tb-°m-hp-∂ \-„Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw _m-¶v G-s‰-Sp°p-∂p-an-√. kw-cw-`-I-cn-¬ \n-∂v e-`n-°p∂ ]-en-i ho-≠pw _m-¶n-s‚ aq-e-[-\am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw A-h ho≠pw I-S-ambn \-¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xv _m-¶v X-Sn-®p sIm-gp-°p-∂p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ _m¶p-Iƒ-°v I-Sw kr-„n-°p-∂ ]-cn-]m-Snbp-ap-≠v. (Credit Creation) aq-e[ - \ - Ø - n-s‚ A©pw ]Øpw Cc-´n Xp-I I-Sw sIm-Sp°p-∂ k-a¿ - ∞ - am-b X-{¥-am-WnXv. Aßs\ ]-c-amh-[n ]-en-i Cu-Sm-°p-hm-≥ _m-¶p-Iƒ-°v I-gn-bp∂p. \mepw A-©pw Cc-´n ]-eni! Cu hym-]m-c-Øn-¬ I-Sw hm-ßn-∏n-t°≠-Xv _m-¶n-s‚ B-h-iyamWv. AXp-sIm-≠p X-s∂ hm-bv-]m hyh-ÿ-I-ƒ D-Zm-c-am-°n-bm-¬ Iq-Sp-X-¬ ]en-i e-`n°pw. ]en-i ]-c-amh-[n h-kqem-°p-hm-\p-≈ _m-¶p-I-fp-sS a-’-c-amWv hm-bv-]m {]-Xn-k-‘n 2008s‚ Im-cW-ßfn-sem-∂m-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]en-i hy-hÿ n-Xn ]m-∏c - m-Ip-sa-∂Xv {]-hm-N-I-s‚  {]-h-N-\-am-Wv. A-Xn-s‚ e-£-W-ß-fm-Wv I-≠p sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂Xv F-∂p ]-d™ m-¬ A-Xv sX-‰m-hp-Ib - n√.

\_n]d™p: ]eni D]-tbm-Kw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂h - c - p-sS-sb-√mw Ah-km\w AXp IqSp- ∂ - X n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v A- bmƒ ]m∏-cm-Ip-sa-∂X - mWv. (C_v\p-amP) ]en-iap-‡am-b km-ºØn-I ÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-® A-t\zj-Ww C-kv-eman-I _m-¶p-I-fn-em-Wv \-sΩ sIm-≠p-sNs∂-Øn-°p-I. 1940 ap-X-¬-°m-Wv B-[p\n-I _m-¶p-I-ƒ ap-t∂m-´psh-°p-∂ kmºØn-I {I-a-Øn-\v H-cp C-kv-eman-I _Z-¬ F-∂ Bi-bw hym-]-I-am-bn N-¿-®sN-øs - ∏-Sm-≥ Xp-Sß - n-bXv. C-°m-eØ - pXs∂ C-¥ym D-]` - q-Jfi Ø - n-¬ G-Xm\pw sN-dpIn-S hm-bv-]m ]-≤-Xn-I-ƒ {]-h-¿-Øn°m-≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1963¬ Cu-Pn-]vXn-¬ Xp-Sßn-b "an-Xv-Ka-¿' B-sW-∂p tXm-∂p∂p Cu cwK-sØ A¬-]w hn-iZam-b B-Zy kw-cw`w. l-÷n-\v t]m-Im≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-h-cp-sS k-ºmZyw kz-cq]n-®v \n-t£-]-ß-ƒ \-S-Øp-Ibpw F-√mh-¿°pw l-÷n-\v t]m-Ip-hm-≥ I-f-sam-

_m-¶p-I-ƒ \-S-Øp-∂Xv. ]-eni-°p ]Icw em-`˛\-„ß - fm-Wv \n-t£-]I - c - p-ambn ]-¶p-sh-°p-∂Xv. ]-Ww hn-¬-°p-Ibpw hm-ßp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ N-c-°-√∂pw {]Xyp-X aq-ey-am-]n-\nbpw ssI-a-m-t‰m-]m-[nbpw am-{X-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ k-¶-¬-]-am-Wv C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶nw-Kv sh-®p ]p-e-¿-Øp∂Xv. ]-W-Øn-\-√ aq-e-[-\-Øn-\m-Wv D¬-]m-Z\ - £ - a - X - s - b-∂v A-Xv a-\  - n-em-°p∂p. ]-Ww e-£ya-√; D-¬-]m-Z-\ h-¿[\-hn\pw B-kv-Xn-bp-sS \n-¿-Ωm-W-Øn\pw aq-ey-h-¿[-\-hn-\pap-≈ H-cp C-S-\ne-°mc-s‚ ]-¶m-Wv A-Xn-\p-≈Xv. AXpsIm-≠v X-s∂ _m-¶n-s‚ I-Æv ]-W-Øns‚ h-¿-[-\-hne-√, a-dn-®v D-¬-]m-Z-\-Øns‚ D-b-¿-®-bnepw hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS h-¿-[\-hn-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw. b-Ym-¿-∞-Øn-¬, D¬-]m-Z-I-¿°pw \n-t£-]-I-¿°pw C-S-bnep-≈ H-cp C-S-\n-e-°mc-s‚ ]-¶m-Wv Ckvv-em-an-Iv _m-¶v h-ln-°p-∂Xv. \n-t£]-I\pw kw-cw-`-I-\pw _m¶pw D-ƒ-s∏-Sp-

\n-t£-]I - \pw kw-cw-`I - \ - pw _m¶pw D-ƒs - ∏-Sp-∂ ap-Zm-d-_, \n-t£-]-I\pw _m¶pw ]-¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂ ap-imd-°, B-h-iy°m¿-°v h-kv-Xp-°-ƒ ]m-´-Øn-\v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ C-Pm-d, B-h-iy°m-c-\v h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \-¬-Ip-I-bpw X-h-W-I-fm-bn ]-W-a-S-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ ap-dm_-l, ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿-°v \-¬-Ip-∂ ]en-iclnX hm-bv-]I-fm-b J¿-Zv l-k-≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-I-fp-sS {I-b-hn-{I-b am-¿-Kß-ƒ. cp-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n a-tejy-bn-¬ A-tX h¿-jw X-s∂ B-cw-`n® "Xp-∫pw-Kv lm-Pn ss^-\m≥-kv tIm-¿-]tdj-≥' C-t∏mgpw hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-®p- h-cp-∂p. 1975 ¬ \n-e-hn-¬ h∂ "Zpss_ C-kv -em-an-Iv _m¶v' B-Wv kam-¥-c C-kv -em-an-Iv _m-¶p-I-fn-¬ H-∂ma-tØ-Xv. 1985 B-b-t∏m-tg°pw hnhn-[ ap-kvenw cm-Py-ß-fn-em-bn 27 C-kv -em-anIv _m-¶p-I-ƒ \n-e-hn-¬ h∂p; A-tXmsSm-∏w X-s∂ ]-c-º-cm-K-X _m-¶p-Ifpw C-kveman-I {I-bh -- n-{I-b-ß-ƒ-°m-bn {]tXy-I Pme-Iw Xp-d∂p. c-≠m-bn-cam-t≠mSp-Iq-Sn C-cp\q-tdm-fw C-kv-eman-I [-\Imcy-ÿm-]-\-ß-¬ \n-e-hn-¬ -h-∂p. 800 tIm-Sn A-ta-cn-°≥ tUm-f-¿ aq-e-[-\hpw ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn tUm-f-dn-s‚ \n-t£]-hp-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wnh. em-`˛\-„ km-[y-X-I-ƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂ [-\-hn-\n-a-b-ß-fm-Wv C-kvem-an-Iv

2009 am¿-®v-

49

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw

]-T-\w ∂ ap-Zm-d-_, \n-t£-]-I\pw _m¶pw ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂ ap-imd-°, B-h-iy-°m¿°v h-kv-Xp-°-ƒ ]m-´-Øn-\v sIm-Sp-°p∂ C-Pm-d, B-h-iy-°m-c-\v h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \-¬-Ip-bpw X-h-W-I-fm-bn ]-W-a-S-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ ap-dm_-l, ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿°v \-¬-Ip-∂ ]en-i cln-X hm-bv-]Ifm-b J¿-Zv l-k-≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv C-kv em-an-Iv _m-¶p-I-fp-sS {I-b-hn-{I-b am-¿Kß-ƒ. C-h-sbm∂pw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂-Xv ]-W-Øn-s‚ {I-am-Xo-Xam-b h-f-¿-®b-√; {]-Xyp-X hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS h-¿-[-\-hmWv. hn`-hh¿-[-\ h-gn \n-t£-]-I-¿°pw kw-cw`-I-¿°pw _m-¶n\pw am-{X-a-√ k-aq-lØn-se km-[m-c-W-°m-¿-°p-Iq-Sn t\-´-ap≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-¬ X-s∂ Nq-j-W ap-‡a - m-Wv C-kve - m-an-Iv _m-¶p-Iƒ - F∂v hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. C-∂-sØ km-ºØnI {]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-¬ C-kv -em-an-Iv _m-¶pI-ƒ ]n-Sn-®p \n-¬-°p∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ am\hn-I ap-Jw sIm-≠m-sW-∂m-Wv hn-ebn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]-en-i-bn-¬ ap-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ k-m-aq-ly {I-a-Øn-¬ C-∂p \n-e-\n-¬-°p∂ C-kv-eman-I _m-¶p-I-ƒ H-cp I-®n-Øpcp-ºv X-s∂-bmWv. F-∂m-¬ A-h ]q-¿W-am-bn C-kv-em-ao-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-∂v ]-d-bm-\m-hn-√. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ ]-en-i-bnepw h-©-\bnepw A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b \mW-b hy-h-ÿsb (Monitary System) Xs∂-bm-Wv C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-Ifpw ]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂Xv. h-©-\bpw A-[o-i-Xz-hpamWv Cu \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-SnØ-d-sb-∂v \-tS kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Cu hy-hÿ-°v A-I-Øp-\n-∂p sIm-≠v C-

kvv-em-an-I km-ºØn-I \n-b-aß-sf {]tbm-K-h-¬-°p-hm-\p-≈ ]-cn-{i-aw `m-KnI-am-bn am-{X-sa hn-P-bn-°p-I-bp≈q. {]kvXp-X \m-W-b hy-hÿ-°v ]-I-c-am-bn kz-¥-am-bn aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ˛kz-¿Ww, sh≈n, πm-‰n\w, sNºv˛ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp≠m°p-I A-{X {]-bm-k-ap-≈ Imcy-sam∂pa-√. C-∂v hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn°-s∏-Sp-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv ]-W-Øn-\v kz-bw aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kvX - p-°f - p-sS ]n-≥_ew \-¬-In-bm-¬ Ah sIm-≠p \-S-°phm-\p-≈ A-ku-I-cy-Øn\pw ]-cn-lm-cam-hpw. C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-Iƒ-°v H-cp A-¥m-cm-{„ Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw {]kv-XpX Iq-´mbv-a ]pXn-sbm-cp \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ ]-Wan-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ \-S-Øp-hm-≥ t\-XrXzw \¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-¬ aq∂mw temIsØ Z-cn-{Z cm-{„-߃-°p Iq-Sn C-kv-eman-I km-ºØn-I hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Kp-Wt`m-‡m-°-fm-Im-≥ I-gn-bpw. Nq-j-W cln-Xhpw am-\-hn-I-hpam-b km-ºØn-I hn-\n-a-b-ß-fp-sS \-√ \m-fp-Iƒ-°p th≠n-bp-≈ a-Wn-ap-g° - a - m-bn C∂-sØ kmºØn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-sb am-‰n-Øo-¿-°phm-≥ ap-kv -enw-Iƒ-t° I-gn-bq. I-f-¶-cln-Xamb ssZhnI t_m[-\w A-h-cp-sS ssI-bn-¬ am-{X-am-Wt√m A-h-ti-jn-®n´p-≈Xv. h-©-\bnepw Nq-j-W-Ønepw A-[oi-Xz-Ønepw A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b km-º-ØnI-{I-aw X-I-cp-I-sb∂-Xv H-cp {]-Ir-Xn \n-b-a-amWv. A-Xm-Wv kw-`-hn®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂Xv. A-√m-lp ]-db - p∂-Xv Im-WpI.

P\ßfpsS kzØp°fneqsS hf¿® t\Sphm\mbn \n߃ h√Xpw ]enibv°v sImSp°p∂ ]£w A√mlphn¶¬ AXv hfcpIbn√. A√mlphns‚ {]oXn e£yam°ns°m≠v \n߃ h√Xpw kImØmbn \¬Ip∂ ]£w A-ßs\ sNøp∂hcs{X Cc´n kºmZn°p∂h¿. (Jp¿B≥ 30:39) d-^-d≥-kv1. Francis Fukuyama The end of History and The Last Man (1992) 2. Samuel P. Huntington: The Clash of Civilisations and The Remarking of World Order(1996) 3. www. whitehouse gov/usc/nss.pdf 4. The Newyork Times October 7, 2002 5. Asia Times November 19, 2002 6. The Newyork Times December 12, 2001 7. Asia Times October 12, 2002 8. Extinction Risk from Climate Change: Nature 8, Jan 2004 9. Lin Lean Lim (Editor ) The Sex sector:The Eco nomic and Scoical Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia (1998) 10. Carl G Leukfeld, Frank M Times(Ed) Compulsony Treatment of Drug Abuse ( 1988) 11. CBASSE: Alcohol in America; Taking Action to prevent Abuse (1985) 12. World Economic Out look May 2001 www.imf.org. 13.UNDP Human Development Report 1997 (http: //hdr. undp.org) 14. Global Development Finance 2001 ( http:/ econ. worldbank.org) 15. www.jubileesearch.org 16.undp Human Development Report 1998. 17. www.economy.point.org 18.(www.jbradford.delong.net) 19. www.econlib.org 20. www.econbrowser.com

(Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n......t]Pv- 27¬- \n-∂v- Xp-S¿-®)fpw hmß-ep-Ifpw, A¿l-X-bn-√mØ hmbv]-I-fp-sS-ta¬ s{IUn‰v Un^mƒ´v (Credit Default) F∂ C≥jq-d≥kv A\ph-Zn-®-Xv, XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C∂v A\p-`hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI amµyØn-\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fmbn Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI imk-{X-⁄-∑m¿ Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. C-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønep≈ ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ß-fmWv Ata-cn°≥ k¿°mdpw s^U-d¬ dnk¿hpw ]b-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch F{XtØmfw {]tbm-P-\{]-Z-am-Ip-sa∂v I≠dn-bpI Xs∂ thWw. Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw apX-em-fn-Ø-cm-

jv{S-ßf - n-sebpw kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[∑ - m¿ hyh-ÿ° - I - Øv \n∂p-sIm≠mWv {]iv\sØ A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-cß - ƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ {]iv\-Øns‚ bYm¿Y thcpIƒ ImWm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™psIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. temIØv C∂v \ne\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ°v ]pdØv \n∂p-sIm≠v Nn¥n-®m¬ am{Xta {]iv\-sØ bYm¿Y-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\m-hq. apX-em-fnØ kmº-ØnI b{¥Øns‚ Nne `mK-߃°v kw`-hn® Xpcpºn-°-ep-Iƒ am{X-a√; {]kvXpX b{¥Øns‚ Xs∂ \n¿an-Xn-bnse Ipg-∏-ß-

2009 am¿-®v-

50

fmWv {]Xn-k-‘n°v Imc-W-sa∂ hkvXpX ]cn-KW - n-°msXbp≈ ]cn-lm-c\ - n¿tZ-i-ß-sf√mw sXmen-∏p-dsØ NnIn’ am{X-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v kwi-b-an-√. CXv a\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬ B b{¥Øn\v ]pd-Øp-t]mbn AXns\ ka-{K-amb ]cntim- [ - \ °v hnt[- b - a m- t °- ≠ n hcpw. Aßs\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta CS-°n-S°v {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kzX{¥hn]-Wn-bpsS kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ° - I - Øpw ]pd-Øpap≈ ]pgp-°p-Øp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm\pw ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°p-hm\pw Ign-bq.