Hehe Botanical Dictionary (draft)

HEHE BOTANICAL DICTIONARY __________________________________________ compiled by

Martin T. Walsh

and

Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich

David C. Moyer Wildlife Conservation Society New York

___________________________________________ 3rd draft Iringa, February 2002

IMPORTANT NOTE FOR USERS The following text is part of a work in progress and should be cited as shown on the title page. It is a compilation of Hehe botanical names and identifications based on existing sources (see the references in the bibliography). Names have not been checked for linguistic accuracy. (Hehe is a 5vowel language with distinctive vowel length and – probably – a restricted tone system). The compilation in this draft of the Hehe-Botanical Glossary is not complete – many sources remain to entered. Likewise many of the botanical names given remain to checked and if necessary updated to reflect current nomenclature. Martin T. Walsh [email protected] 25 August 2004

CONTENTS

PREFACE

x

INTRODUCTION

1

Why Compile this Dictionary?

1

The Ecology and Flora of Uhehe

x

The Hehe and their Language

x

Hehe Ethnobotany

x

How to Use this Dictionary

x

PART ONE: HEHE-BOTANICAL GLOSSARY

x

PART TWO: BOTANICAL-HEHE GLOSSARY

xx

REFERENCES

xx

REFERENCES Anon. (1999) Ulukani Ulunofu Ndawe Andike Matayo: Mundongele ya Kihehe. Dodoma: The Bible Society of Tanzania. [The Book of Matthew in Kihehe]

Beentje, H. J. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya. Bjørnstad, A. (1976) The Vegetation of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. I.Annotated Check-list of the Plant Species (SRI Publication No.215). Oslo: for Serengeti Research Institute. Crema, E. (1987) Sarufi ya Lugha ya Kihehe. Irole: privately printed. Cribb, P. J. and Leedal, G. P. (1982) The Mountain Flowers of Southern Tanzania: A Field Guide to the Common Flowers. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Dempwolff, O. (1911-12) ‘Das Verbum im Hehe’, Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen (Berlin), 2: 83-107. Dempwolff, O. (1914) ‘Beiträge zur Volksbeschreibung der Hehe’, Baessler Archiv, 4: 87-163. Giraud, V. (1890) Les lacs de l’Afrique equatoriale. Paris. Härkönen, M., Saarimäki, T., and Mwasumbi, L. (1995) ‘Edible Mushrooms of Tanzania’, Karstenia (Helsinki), 35: Supplement. Hora, F. B. (in collaboration with P. J. Greenway) (1940) ‘Tanganyika Territory’, in J. Burtt Davy (ed.) Check-Lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire (No.5, Part I). Oxford: Imperial Forestry Institute. Kihwele, D. V. N., Lwoga, P. D. and Sarakikya, E. W. (1999) Feasibility Study of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting in the MBOMIPA Project Area, Iringa District, Report No. MCR4, MBOMIPA Project, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania. Kihwele, D. V. N., Massawe, A. J., Lwoga, P. D., and Burton, S. (2001) Beekeeping in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Kikula, I. S. (1997) Policy Implications on Environment: The Case of Villagisation in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: DUP (1996) LTD. Koszarek, A. (2001) Traditional Healing in Rural Tanzania. Unpublished student dissertation, Biodiversity and Conservation, SIT Tanzania. Leedal, G. P. (1975) Useful Plants of the Southern Highlands, Tanzania: Provisional List of Plants to be Treated. Unpublished manuscript. [copy in authors’ possession] Mallango, A., Felix, E. K., Lema, E., and Mwagala, M. (in prep.) A Handbook of Indigenous Edible Plants from Shrubs and Trees. Iringa: HIMA Programme. Martin, G. J. (1995) Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. London: Chapman & Hall. Mbuya, L. P., Msanga, H. P., Ruffo, C. K., Birnie, A., and Tengnäs, B. (1994) Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Nairobi: Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Swedish International Development Authority.

Missouri Botanical Gardens (MBG) (n.d.) List of Hehe Plant Names from the Missouri Botanical Gardens Collections Database. Unpublished manuscript. [copy in authors’ possession] Mudemu, E. (n.d.) Teach Yourself Kihehe. Unpublished manuscript commissioned by Geoff Fox, Mufindi. [copy in authors’ possession]. Nahonyo, C. L., Mwasumbi, L. and Bayona, D. G. (1998) Survey of the Vegetation Communities and Utilisation of Woody Plant Species in the MBOMIPA Project Area, Report No. MCR1, MBOMIPA Project, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania. Nurse, D. (1979) ‘Description of Sample Bantu Languages of Tanzania’, African Languages / Langues Africaines, 5 (1): 1-150. Nurse, D. (1988) ‘The Diachronic Background to the Language Communities of Southwestern Tanzania’, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 9: 15-115. Nurse, D. (1999) ‘Towards a Historical Classification of East African Bantu Languages’, in Hombert, J-M. and Hyman, L. M. (eds.) Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford: CSLI Publications. 1-35. Priebusch, M. (1935) Bena-Hehe-Grammatik. Berlin: Kommissionsverlag der Buchhandlung der Berliner Missionsgesellschaft in Berlin. Redmayne, A. H. (1964) The Wahehe People of Tanganyika. Unpublished D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford University. Redmayne, A. H. (1968) ‘The Hehe’, in Roberts, A. (ed.) Tanzania Before 1900. Nairobi: East African Publishing House. 37-58. Redmayne, A. H. (1969) ‘Hehe Medicine’, Tanzania Notes and Records, 70: 29-40. Redmayne, A. H. (assisted by C. MwaNdulute) (1970) ‘Riddles and Riddling among the Hehe of Tanzania’, Anthropos, 65: 794-813. Redmayne, A. H. (n.d.) List of Hehe Plant Names and Identifications from the East African Herbarium, Nairobi. Unpublished manuscript. [copy in authors’ possession] Rodgers, W. A. and Mwasumbi, L. B. (n.d. [post-1983]) Kihehe – Vernacular to Latin Plant Check List for the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Unpublished manuscript. [copy in authors’ possession] Ruffo, C. K. and Mtui, E. M. (1980) Annotated List of Plant Species Covered During a Botanical Survey in Iringa Region. Unpublished manuscript. [incomplete copy in authors’ possession] Shangali, C. F., Mabula, C. K. and Mmari, C. (1998) ‘Biodiversity and Human Activities in the Udzungwa Mountain Forests, Tanzania. 1. Ethnobotanical Survey in the Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve’, Journal of East African Natural History, 87: 291-318. Spiss, C. (1900) ‘Kihehe Wörter-Sammlung. Kihehe-Deutsch und Deutsch-Kihehe’, Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, 3 (x): 114-190. Velten, C. (1899) ‘Die Sprache der Wahehe’, Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, 2 (3): 164-241.

Verdcourt, B. and Trump, E. C. (1969) Common Poisonous Plants of East Africa. London: Collins. Walsh, M. T. (1993) ‘The Collection and Elucidation of Vernacular Names: Observations on Shambaa Ethnobotany’, East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin, 23 (2): 21-25. Walsh, M. T. (1995) ‘An Introduction to Sangu Ethnobotany’. Unpublished manuscript. [copy in authors’ possession] Watt, J. M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa: Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal (second edition). London and Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. Weck, (Dr.) (1908) ‘Der Wahehe Arzt und seine Wissenschaft’, Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1908, 1048-1051. [‘The Wahehe Doctor and his Professional Knowledge’, translated and annotated in Redmayne (1969)]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

baha

Vernonia amygdalina Del.

Compositae

= ibaha (with preprefix), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as tugutu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate libaha.

bapala

Drymaria cordata (L.) Wild ex R. & L.

Caryophyllaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kipande (q.v.). [check botanical name]

belenga

*Basella alba L.

Basellaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used as a vegetable (Shangali et al. 1998). This is an introduced herb, native to tropical Asia. It has a variety of names in English, including Ceylon or Indian Spinach (Tindall 1983: 67).

dete

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth.

Gramineae

= idete (with preprefix), Mkimbizi area: used for making arrow shafts, doors, and storage vessels (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as ndete 9/10 (q.v.), kidete 7/8 (q.v.) and lidete 5/6 (q.v.).

detema

Dracaena usambarensis Engl.

Agavaceae

= idetema (with preprefix), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mudetema (q.v.), and cognate with names for other Dracaena spp.: kidetema (q.v.), mutetema (q.v.), and ndetema (q.v.).

falugugu

Miscanthus violaceus (K.Schum.) Pilg.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for fodder and thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). [a mistranscription?]

fyefye

Abutilon indicum Harv.

Malvaceae

= fjefje (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as muheve (q.v.). [check botanical name]

haala

(1) Cyperus distans L.

Cyperaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: sedge used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mwahatsa (q.v.). [check botanical name]

(2) Cyperaceae spp.

Cyperaceae

= hala, Cyperaceae ‘in general’, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

heyelo

Bridelia carthartica Bartol.f.

Euphorbiaceae

= iheyero (with preprefix), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles, fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate kiheyelo and muheyelo.

kadangadanga

Justicia sp.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used as a vegetable (Shangali et al. 1998).

kahawa

(1) Coffea sp.

Rubiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Tricalysia spp.

Rubiaceae

Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

kahawa ya mwihala

Coffea mufindiensis [authority?]

Rubiaceae

Mufindi (MBG n.d.). [check botanical name]

kajiwe

Ludia mauritiana Gmelin

Flacourtiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles, fuelwood, and wedges

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES [?] (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lifulofulo (q.v.) and lwembefulo (q.v.). [is this a Swahili nickname?]

kalama

Combretum molle G.Don

Combretaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, fuelwood, and charcoal (Shangali et al. 1998). kalama is the diminutive, class 12/13, of mulama (q.v.). Called Velvet-leaved Combretum or Velvet Bush Willow in English.

kalamata

(1) Hypoestes sp.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Biophytum helenae Buscal. & Muschl.

Oxalidaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

kalumbwegila

Microglossa densiflora Hook.f.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

kambulikweyo

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn.

Euphorbiaceae

= kambulikweo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kimbilinkweyo. [check botanical name]

kanyavalafi

Rourea coccinea (Schum.) Benth.

Connaraceae

= kanyawalafi, Byrsocarpus boivinianus (Baill.) Schellenb., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which is used for making utensils and also has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kitongolo (q.v.). Cf. kinyavalafi (q.v.), kihunganyavalafi (q.v.), linganyalafi (q.v.) and vivinganyalafi (q.v.).

kapalang’anga

Asparagus asiaticus L.

Liliaceae

E.A. 13235 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as lipalakanga (q.v.). Cf. palakanga, lupalakanga, likalakanga, madang’anga, and musolang’anga. [check botanical name, = the edible A.officinalis L.?]

kasoli

Eragrostis congesta Oliv.

Gramineae

E.A. 13223 (Redmayne n.d.).

kasombe

Ficus spp.

Moraceae

This name is the diminutive (class 12/13) of musombe (q.v.). It occurs in the following Hehe riddle recorded by Redmayne: ‘Kasombe kadodo kabuma ndege’, ‘The little msombe tree is resounding with the noise of an aeroplane’. Answer: ‘Ikivembo, na kive cha mwana, chaipulisa’, ‘Mourning, even that for a small child, is heard’. Redmayne comments: ‘One would expect birds to make a noise in a tree. Ndege means “bird” in Swahili but in Kihehe it means “aeroplane”, which fittingly makes a much louder sound than birds. This may be an attempt to pun on the word ndege which has one meaning in Kihehe and another in Swahili’ (1970, 809, No.106). To clarify: ndege means both ‘bird’ and ‘aeroplane’ in Swahili, and Hehe has borrowed the word with the second of these meanings.

kavisasa

Mostuea brunonis Didr.

Loganiaceae

= kawisasa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lufyeki (q.v.).

kavyolovyolo

Bombax rhodognaphalon

Bombacaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). This

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

K.Schum.

NOTES tree has also been recorded in Udzungwa with the Swahili name msufi pori (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This latter name derives from the use of the seed floss as kapok. In English this tree is known as East African Bombax (Beentje 1993).

kibambaduma

Vitex strickeri Vatke & Hildebr.

Verbenaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and withies (Shangali et al. 1998).

kibangwi

Strychnos scheffleri Bak.f.

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber (Shangali et al. 1998).

kibegesa

Allophyllus africanus P.Beauv.

Sapindaceae

= kibeghesa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kwalevale (q.v.), nyakisage (q.v.), and segelavahinza (q.v.).

kibuluma

Solanecio angulatus (Vahl) C.Jeffrey

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998).

kichembuliga

Sanseviera sp.

Agavaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

kidete

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth.

Gramineae

Recorded by Redmayne as a ‘type of reeds’, and therefore also a place name (Redmayne 1964: 103). Presumed here to have the same botanical identification as its cognates, dete 9/10 (q.v.), ndete 9/10 (q.v.), and lidete 5/6 (q.v.).

kidetema

(1) Dracaena afromontana Mildbr.

Agavaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mudetema (q.v.) and mutetema (q.v.). Cf. the cognate detema (q.v.) and ndetema (q.v.), also for Dracaena spp.

(2) Dracaena laxissima Engl.

Agavaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used as toothbrushes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lusungulutu (q.v.), mudetele (q.v.), mutambalangwense (q.v.), and muvalambi (q.v.).

kidilo

[unidentified weed of cultivation]

[unidentified]

This name occurs in a Hehe riddle recorded by Redmayne: ‘Tove ikidilo kilongole’, ‘Strike the tough weeds that it may go ahead’. Answer: ‘Kisinganilo’, ‘A heel’. Redmayne explains: ‘Rough weeds called kidilo have to be removed before planting maize which the Hehe do by making a hole with the heel into which they drop the seed’ (1970: 802, No.14).

kigohomola

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998).

kiheyelo

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= kiheyero, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides poles, fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate heyelo and muheyelo.

kihomonula

Leucas deflexa Hook.f.

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as ngelengasa (q.v.). [check botanical name]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

kihongola

Vitex spp.

Verbenaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). For other Vitex names see mufudu, mufudululenga, mufulo, mufulofulo, mukoge, mukoga, mupoma, mupwanga, and musasati.

kihongole ~ chihongole

Lippia plicata Bak.

Verbenaceae

= kihongole, the name given by Weck (1908) for a plant used in treating madness (lukwale). = chihongole, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides brooms and also has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Redmayne did not obtain any information on Weck’s kihongole, but was told about plants with cognate names, luhongole (q.v.) and muhongole (q.v.), also said to be used in treating madness (1969: 34-36, 39). These have been given a number of identifications, including L.javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng for luhongole.

kihugila

(1) Thunbergia alata Boj.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Called Black-eyed Susan in English, ‘because its yellow flowers have a black throat in their centre’ (Cribb and Leedal 1983: 129).

(2) Secamone sp.

Asclepiadaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used to make ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded with the related name kihugwe (q.v.).

kihugwe

Secamone sp.

Asclepiadaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used to make ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded with the related name kihugila (q.v.).

kihunganyavalafi

Justicia pseudrungia Lindau

Acanthaceae

= kihunganyawalafi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kanyavalafi (q.v.), kinyavalafi (q.v.), linganyalafi (q.v.) and vivinganyalafi (q.v.).

kilamandembo

Alsodeiopsis schumanii (Engl.) Engl.

Icacinaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). [check botanical name] Cf. the related names kilamandembwe, kilimandembwe, kilembandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, mulimandembwe, and mulemajungwa.

kilamandembwe

[unidentified]

[unidentified]

Recorded by Koszarek (2001) as an ingredient used in medicines by two of the healers that she interviewed for her study. One, a herbalist in Tanangozi, reported using kilamandembwe (variously spelt by Koszarek) to treat a number of different complaints. (1) To treat ‘head pain’, ‘kilemandembwe’ and other plant materials are ground to make a snuff which should make patients sneeze. (2) To treat ‘stomach pain’, a concoction of ‘kilamandebwe’ and other plant ingredients is given to patients to drink. (3) To act as a purge and cause vomiting, kilamandembwe is again mixed in a drink with other plant materials. The second healer, in Ibagamoyo, used it similarly in treating head pain (‘kilamandebwe’) and as a purge (kilamandembwe). He also used kilimandembwe as an ingredient in a drink to treat snakebite.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES The various spellings of the plant name by Koszarek are assumed here to reflect careless transcription and/or copying. kilamandembwe is the form she cites most frequently, also in her summary table of plant names and the diseases they are used to treat. In this table she identifies kilamandembwe as Alsodeiopsis schumanii (Engl.) Engl., following the identification of kilamandembo (see preceding entry) in the first draft of this dictionary. Here we have treated her kilamandembwe (and its variants) as unidentified. Cf. the related names kilamandembo, kilembandembwe, kilimandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, mulimandembwe and mulemajungwa

kilembandembwe

Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn.

Rubiaceae

= G.jovis-tonantis, Mgololo, Mufindi District: a source of firewood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilimandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, mulimandembwe and mulemajungwa.

kililafuno

Acalypha chirindica S.Moore

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate name tulilafuno. [check botanical name]

kilimandembwe

Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn.

Rubiaceae

= G.jovis–tonantis, Nyololo, Mufindi District: with unspecified medicinal uses (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilembandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, mulimandembwe and mulemajungwa.

kimakasa ~ kimakatsa

(1) Berberis holstii Engl.

Berberidiaceae

= kimakatsa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides a dye and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Leptactina leinsioides Hiern.

Rubiaceae

= (ki)makasa, L.heinsioides Hiern (Redmayne n.d.). [check the spelling of the specific name]. According to Redmayne (1969) (ki)makasa is a variant of the more usual Hehe likasa, pl. makasa (q.v.), and is used in the treatment of epilepsy.

kimapuna

[‘material insufficient for determination’]

Celastraceae

E.A. 13244 (Redmayne n.d.).

kimatamata

Achyranthes apsera L.

Amaranthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as liguhukanuka (q.v.).

kimbilinkweyo

Phyllanthus leucanthus Pax

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kambulikweyo.

kinavihongo

Rauvolfia mannii Stapf

Apocynaceae

= kinawihongo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded with the related name nyavihongo ndogo (q.v.), and as mupilipili (q.v.). Cf. kinavingongoli.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

kinavilafi

Rourea orientalis Baill.

Connaraceae

= kinawilafi, Byrsocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Bak., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kinyavalafi (q.v.), liyenzi (q.v.), and musungula (q.v.).

kinavingongoli

Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill.

Apocynaceae

= kinawinghongoli (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as kitelutelu (q.v.) and nawahongo (q.v.). Cf. kinavihongo.

kingavalami

Euphorbia usambarica Pax

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998).

kinunganunga

Hoslundia opposita Vahl

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muyoyelandege (q.v.) and vesungula (q.v.). Cf. kinung’anung’a.

kinung’anung’a

Ocimum suave Willd.

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyongole (q.v.). Cf. kinunganunga.

kinusi

Pavetta sp. 16

Rubiaceae

= kinussi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. the cognates linusi, manusi, munusi and ninusi.

kinuva

Euphorbia quadrangularis Pax

Euphorbiaceae

E.A. 13266 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as mukinuva (q.v.).

kinyalomo

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded with the possibly related names nyaloma (q.v.) and nyalulume (q.v.), as well as leluni (q.v.), kipahoji (q.v.), lifipahosi (q.v.), mufipahosi (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

kinyanumuta

Momordica anigosantha Hook.f.

Cucurbitaceae

= kinyanumta, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

kinyang’anya

Phyllanthus fischeri Pax

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998).

kinyavalafi

(1) Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.

Connaraceae

= Agelaea heterophylla Gilg., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as likamanda (q.v.) and nyakatitu (q.v.). Cf. kanyavalafi (q.v.), kihunganyavalafi (q.v.), linganyalafi (q.v.) and vivinganyalafi (q.v.).

(2) Rourea orientalis Baill.

Connaraceae

= Byrsocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Bak., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinavilafi (q.v.), liyenzi (q.v.), and musungula (q.v.).

(3) Phyllanthus sp.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998).

Carvalhoa campanulata K.Schum.

Apocynaceae

= kinyawilafu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kitelutelu (q.v.) and lutelutelu (q.v.).

kinyavilafu

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

kinyilimbi

Gunnera perpensa L.

Gunneraceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name inc family]

kinyongo

Loeseneriella apocynoides (Oliv.) J.Raynal

Celastraceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used to make local doors (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. likinyongo. [check botanical name = Hippocratea?]

kipagupagu

Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague

Bignoniaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides firewood and used to make tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lukunyani (q.v.), muguoguo (q.v.), liguvani (q.v.) and muguvani (q.v.).

kipahoji

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= kipahoj, Tecomaria nyassae Baill. ex Schum. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). This name is probably cognate with lifipahosi (q.v.) and mufipahosi (q.v.). Other names recorded for the same sp. are as kinyalomo (q.v.), nyaloma (q.v.), nyalulume (q.v.), leluni (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

kipalwi

Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessler ssp. echinopsoides

Compositae

E.A. 13214 (Redmayne (n.d.).

kipande

Drymaria cordata (L.) Wild ex R. & L.

Caryophyllaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as bapala (q.v.). [check botanical name]

kipolopolo

Pavetta sp. aff. P.oliveriana Hiern.

Rubiaceae

E.A. 13266 (Redmayne n.d.).

kipulula

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as musasati (q.v.).

kipwaga

(1) Vernonia abbotiana O.Hoffm.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(2) Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach var. pedicellaris (Pax) Pax

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lupumo (q.v.), lwisa (q.v.) and nyakilumbi (q.v.).

kisegichyela

Coloncoba welwitchii Oliv.

Flacourtiaceae

= kisegichiela, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree used for poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mguoguo (q.v.). [check botanical name, = Oncoba?]

kisengelavahinza

Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild.

Compositae

= kisengelawahinza, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. segelavahinza (q.v.). [check authority]

kisugi

Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell

Celastraceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mubondo (q.v.), muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi (q.v.), and mwifwikakavili

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (q.v.).

kisyembadanda

Harungana madagascariensis Poir.

Guttiferae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood, glue, and dyes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mbalala (q.v.) and muvalala (q.v.), muvavala (q.v.), and muvata (q.v.). [check the unusual phonology]

kitagata

Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild & Th.Dur.) Th. & H.Dur.

Ixonanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name, = Ochthocosmus?]

kitanula

Toddalia asiatica(L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d). Elsewhere the names litona (q.v.) and mutono (q.v.) have been recorded for this species.

kitegelo

Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.

Euphorbiaceae

= kitegero, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used to make fish-traps (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lahongole (q.v.), lusunguluti (q.v.), and nyautilili (q.v.).

kitelutelu

(1) Carvalhoa campanulata K.Schum.

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cognate with lutelutelu (q.v.) and also recorded as kinyawilafu (q.v.).

(2) Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill.

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for making toolhandles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinawingongoli (q.v.) and nawahongo (q.v.).

kitembwetembwe

Aloe nuttii Bak.

Aloeaceae

The flowers of this sp. are used as a vegetable. Liquid squeezed from the leaves is used to treat Newcastle Disease (kideri) in poultry [check if this has a wider reference – including fowl typhoid]. The roots are used as a medicine for stomach pains in small babies, up to three months old (Mallango et al. in prep.). The root of this reduplicated name, -tembwe, means ‘elephant’ (hence ndembwe, 9/10), and it might be loosely translated as ‘the elephant plant’. See also the cognate litembwetembwe and related names litembo and nyasungwa. Referring to A.nuttii, Cribb and Leedal note that ‘The Wasafwa call it ‘wtembwe’ [sic., probably a mistake for itembwe]’ (1983: 187).

kitimbwi

Ormocarpum trachycarpum (Taub.) Harms

Papilionaceae

Mkimbizi area: a source of building poles and a leaf vegetable (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded with the cognate name mutimbwi (q.v.) and as lungutiwa (q.v.).

kitindi

*Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Munro

Gramineae

Nyololo in Mufindi District: used as poles; Mgololo in Mufindi District: a source of ‘local brew’ (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). This ‘local brew’ is bamboo wine, which is tapped from the young shoots. It is called Lowland or Wine Bamboo in English (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as lilanzi (q.v.), and mulanzi (q.v.). [check authority]

kitogolo

Phyllanthus sp.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides poles and fuelwood

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kitongolo. [a mistranscription?]

kitona

Phyllanthus muelleranus (O.Kuntze) Exell

Euphorbiaceae

Udzungwa: a tentative identification (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is cognate with mutona (q.v.), recorded in the Chita area for P.inflatus.

kitonenge

Toddalia aculaeata Pers.

Rutaceae

Iringa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The names litona (q.v.) and mutono (q.v.), also recorded for T.asiatica, may be linguistically related to kitonenge.

kitongolo

Rourea coccinea (Schum.) Benth.

Connaraceae

= Byrsocarpus boivinianus (Baill.) Schellenb., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which is used for making utensils and also has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kanyavalafi (q.v.).

kitoyala

Thunbergia sp.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

kitunubi

Rhus vulgaris Meikle

Anacardiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has edible fruits and provides building poles (Shangali et al. 1998).

kivaaga

Acalypha ornata A.Rich.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as suguluti (q.v.).

kivanga

Zanha africana(Radlk.). Exell

Sapindaceae

= Dialiopsis africana Radlk. (Redmayne n.d.; Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as muvanga (q.v.). As Verdcourt and Trump note, the pounded roots of this tree are widely used as an ingredient in traditional medicines. In Koszarek’s (2001) study of six Hehe healers from villages near Iringa town (Tanangozi, Kalenga, and Ibagamoyo), kivanga was one of the most frequently named sources of medicine. Two healers, one in Tanangozi and the other in Ibagamoyo, described the use of kivanga to treat congestion of the head and chest: patients were made to sneeze by sniffing ground plant material. The Tanangozi healer also used kivanga as an ingredient in (different) infusions to treat stomach pain, mental illness, and as a purge. He also rubbed ground material from the plant into razor-cut incisions to treat general pain.

kivangaduma

Zanha africana(Radlk.). Exell

Sapindaceae

Probably a variant form of kivanga (q.v.), used by one of Koszarek’s (2001) informants in Kalenga. He described using kivangaduma (ground together with munyanembe) as a snuff to stimulate sneezing and cure head pains and congestion in both the head and chest. He also rubbed the plant material (ground together with munyanembe and a variety of other ingredients) into incisions as a treatment for both head and chest pains.

kokovo

Setaria sp.

Gramineae

= kokowo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998).

koti

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

= ikote (with preprefix) (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Udzungwa (Rodgers and

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES Mwasumbi n.d.). See also mukuti, muguti, munguti, muputi, likoti, mukosi, and mutandu, most of which appear to be related.

kubanulalu

Rhus longipes Engl.

Anacardiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has edible fruits and medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

kwalevale

Allophyllus africanus P.Beauv.

Sapindaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kibegesa (q.v.), nyakisage (q.v.), and segelavahinza (q.v.).

kyelesi

[no specimen with this name has been collected or identified]

[unidentified]

Weck (1908) described kierezi as the principal ingredient in a medicine for treating lugosi, a discharge of pus from the ear: ‘The roots of kierezi are pounded and are then put in a large snail shell and kept covered in water for a few days. The mixture is then stuffed into both ears where it stays for four days and is then renewed’ (Redmayne 1969: 34, also 37). Redmayne’s informants were unable to identify this plant: ‘Many Hehe thought kierezi must be a distortion of mwelesi or lwelesi’ (1969: 39). mwelesi ~ mweletsi (q.v.) has been identified as both Hagenia abyssinica and Kotschya sp., while lwelesi ~ lweletsi has been identified as Kotschya recurvifolia and Cassia kirkii.

lahongole

Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.

Euphorbiaceae

Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kitegelo (q.v.), lusunguluti (q.v.), and nyautilili (q.v.). Cognate with kihongole (q.v.), luhongole (q.v.), and muhongole (q.v.). [a mistake for luhongole?]

landaladope

Aristolochia elegans Mast.

Aristolochiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make ropes and baskets (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the related names mudandaladote, mulandala.

leluni

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= Tecomaria nyassae Baill. ex Schum. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). This name is possibly mistranscribed. Other names elicited for the same sp. are kinyalomo (q.v.), nyaloma (q.v.), nyalulume (q.v.), kipahoji (q.v.), lifipahosi (q.v.), mufipahosi (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

libaha

Vernonia lasiopus O.Hoffm.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mutugutu (q.v.). This name is cognate with baha (q.v.).

libangalala

Bidens pilosa L.

Compositae

Mkimbizi area: a weed (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cognate with mubangalala (q.v.) and also recorded as lisigi (q.v.).

libangwe

Bidens holstii (O.Hoffm.) Sherff.

Compositae

Mufindi: ornamental, used for soil fertilisation (MBG n.d.). = libangwi, a shrub, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mubangwe (q.v.). Cf. libangalala, mubangalala. [check botanical name]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

libongobongo

Lobelia giberroa Hemsl.

Lobeliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lihale (q.v.).

libosoboso

Solenostemon sylvaticus (Gürke) Agnew

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a creeper with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate mubosoboso.

libunda

Helichrysum schimperi (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Moeser

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a creeper with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufufugala (q.v.) and nyavihale (q.v.). [check botanical name]

lidengu

[unidentified type of squash]

[unidentified]

Described by Redmayne as ‘a type of squash’ and listed as a food avoidance (musilo) of the Kynyaga descent group (1964: 85-86).

lidete, madete, 5/6

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth.

Gramineae

= lidete, Mkimbizi area [?]: used as withies and for making arrow shafts (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = matete (plural, as in Swahili matete, ‘reeds’), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for weaving, thatching, and with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Plural should be madete according to informant from Nzihi (Walsh). Also recorded as dete 9/10 (q.v.), ndete 9/10 (q.v.), and kidete 7/8 (q.v.). Redmayne records the following Hehe riddle with this name (preceded by the class 18 locative prefix): ‘Polopolo mwidete’, ‘Polopolo in the reed’. Answer: ‘Isasi’, ‘A bullet’. As Redmayne explains, polopolo is an ideophone for the sound of the bullet leaving the barrel of a gun, which is likened to a reed (1970: 804, No.37).

lifipahosi

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

Mufindi: used to treat stomach ache (MBG n.d.). This name is cognate with both kipahoji (q.v.) and mufipahosi (q.v.). Other names recorded for the same sp. are as kinyalomo (q.v.), nyaloma (q.v.), nyalulume (q.v.), leluni (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English.

lifuga

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anders

Acanthaceae

= A.gangetica s.l., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwisa (q.v.).

lifuge

Justicia sp.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used as a vegetable (Shangali et al. 1998).

lifulofulo

Ludia mauritiana Gmelin

Flacourtiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwembefulo (q.v.) and kajiwe (q.v.). Cf. the cognate mufulo and mufulofulo.

ligilivili

[‘Tribe Phaseoleae sp.’]

Papilionaceae

E.A. 13234 (Redmayne n.d.).

liguhukanuka

Achyranthes apsera L.

Amaranthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kimatamata (q.v.).

liguvani

Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.)

Bignoniaceae

= liguvawi (assumed here to be a mistranscription), Mgololo in Mufindi District::

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Sprague

NOTES provides fuelwood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. the cognate muguvani for the same tree and luguvani for M.lutea. M.obtusifolia has also been recorded as kipagupagu (q.v.), lukunyani (q.v.), and muguoguo (q.v.).

lihale

Lobelia giberroa Hemsl.

Lobeliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as libongobongo (q.v.).

lihambwi

(1) Justicia glandulosa Lindau

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Cognate with lihambwili (q.v.).

(2) Momulopsis glandulosa (Lindl.) Bullock

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cognate with lihambwili (q.v.).

lihambwili

Mellera lobulata S.Moore

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cognate with lihambwi (q.v.). Also recorded as ninusi (q.v.).

lihana

Acalypha sp.

Euphorbiaceae

The leaves of this plant are used as a vegetable (Mallango et al. in prep.).

liheha

Cyathea manniana Hook.

Cyatheaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree fern which provides poles and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

lihemi

Erythrina lysistemon [authority?]

Papilionaceae

Mufindi: used for making chairs and wooden bicycle wheels (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as liheve (q.v.). Cf. the cognate muhemi. [check botanical name]

lihenwe

Ozoroa insignis Del. ssp. reticulata (Bak.f.) Gillett

Anacardiaceae

= lihenue, Heeria insignis O.Ktze (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Other recorded names for this shrub or tree are motaponsi (q.v.) and mutelya (q.v.).

liheve

Erythrina lysistemon [authority?]

Papilionaceae

Mufindi: used for making chairs and wooden bicycle wheels (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as lihemi (q.v.). [check botanical name]

lihomelo

(1) Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verd.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a source of fuelwood and poles (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate muhomelo.

(2) Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich.) Benth.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and poles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupoloto (q.v.).

lihulo

Catha edulis (Vahl.) Endl.

Celastraceae

Mufindi: the roots are used to treat stomach ache; the leaves to treat children's convulsions (MBG n.d.). More widely known by the cognate name muhulo (q.v.) and also recorded as liluti (q.v.).

lihwini

(1) Brillantaisia madagascariensis Lindau

Acanthaceae

= lihuini, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Brillantaisia ulugurica Lindau

Acanthaceae

= lihuini, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as manusi (q.v.).

(3) Celosia schweinfurthiana Schinz.

Amaranthaceae

= lihuini, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

likagata

Schefflera barteri (Seems.) Harms

Araliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides ropes and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

likakama

Leptaspis cochleata Thwaites

Gramineae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lilamata (q.v.). [check botanical name]

likalakanga

Asparagus sp.

Liliaceae

Mufindi: used for protection against sickness (Swahili kinga ya magonjwa) (MBG n.d.). Cf. palakanga, lipalakanga, lupalakanga, kapalang’anga, madang’anga, and musolang’anga.

likamanda

(1) Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.

Connaraceae

= Agelaea heterophylla Gilg., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kinyavalafi (q.v.) and nyakatitu (q.v.).

(2) Connarus sp. nov. WAR 932, 1296

Connaraceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(3) Gouania longispicata Engl.

Rhamnaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(4) Cissus oliveri (Engl.) Gilg.

Vitaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

likandekande

Antidesma membranaceum Muell.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles, fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate mukandekande. [check botanical name]

likasa, makasa, 5/6

Leptactina leinsioides Hiern.

Rubiaceae

According to Weck (1908), this plant is used in the treatment of fits (ilibissi in his transcription): ‘the roots of makasa and mukuvikudi are cooked and the sick man has to drink the liquid for a month, before sunrise and sunset’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Redmayne notes that ‘In Kihehe today ilibissi or lilibissi definitely refers to epilepsy’ (1969: 35). Regarding the treatment she adds: ‘I was told that the Kihehe plant name (ki)makasa or likasa is derived from the verb kukasa which means ‘to cause something to dry up’ because the plant is used to make medicine which causes sores to dry up’ (1969: 39). There is no evidence, however, to support her suggestion that mkatsa ‘could be a slight dialectical variation of makasa’ (1969: 39): mukatsa (q.v.) is a class 3 singular (makasa is a class 6 plural) and refers to a very different plant. Cf. kimakasa ~ kimakatsa.

likegeta

Sphaeranthus suaveolens DC.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. lukegeta. [check botanical name]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

likinyongo

Hippocratea goetzei Loes.

Celastraceae

= Simirestis goetzei (Loes.) R.Wilczak, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kinyongo.

likoti

(1) Kiggelaria africana L.

Flacourtiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mugukukanzua (q.v.) and muguluka (q.v.).

(2) Maesa sp.

Myrsinaceae

= likothi, Mufindi (MBG n.d.). This name is almost certainly mistranscribed: /th/ is not a regular Hehe phoneme, and related terms for M.lanceolata mostly have / t/ in this position (compare koti, mukuti, muguti, munguti, muputi, and – the exception – mukosi).

likuvi

Brachiaria brizantha [authority?]

Gramineae

Mufindi: described as a grass to 0.75 m tall used for thatching (MBG n.d.). Cf. the cognate lukuvi, also mukuvikudi. [check botanical name]

lilamata

(1) Cyathula uncinulata (Shrad) Schinz.

Amaranthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Leptaspis cochleata Thwaites

Gramineae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as likakama (q.v.). [check botanical name]

lilangala

[unidentified type of pumpkin]

[unidentified]

Described by Redmayne as ‘a type of light skinned pumpkin’ and listed as a food avoidance of the Mbinda descent group (1964: 78, 85, 87)

lilanzi

*Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Munro

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a bamboo which provides poles and is used to make utensils and ‘local brew’ (Shangali et al. 1998). This ‘local brew’ is bamboo wine, which is tapped from the young shoots. Also recorded as mulanzi (q.v.), and kitindi (q.v.). Called Lowland or Wine Bamboo in English. [check authority]

lilogonego

(1) Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.), mutonganego (q.v.), mutanganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.), and mukelekete (q.v.).

(2) Ampelocissus multistriata [authority?]

Vitaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.) and mutonganigu (q.v.). Cf. mutonganego, mutanganego, litenganego, toganigo, and mukelekete.

lilulutsa

Vernonia sp.

Compositae

= ililulutsa, Mufindi: the leaves are used to treat stomach-ache (MBG n.d.). Cf. ndulusya.

liluti

Catha edulis (Vahl.) Endl.

Celastraceae

= liruti (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as lihulo (q.v.) and, more commonly, muhulo (q.v.). Cf. muluti, possibly cognate with this name.

limanza

Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms

Araliaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mudeke (q.v.) and

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES mukanye (q.v.).

limsingi

Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

lindelendele

Thunbergia usambarica Lindan

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name and authority]

linganyalafi

Pseudoranthemum campylosiphon Mildbr.

Acanthaceae

=ilinganyalafi (with preprefix), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Compare vivinganyalafi (q.v.) and kihunganyavalafi (q.v.).

linusi

(1) Justicia glabra [authority?]

Acanthaceae

= linussi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. the cognates kinusi, manusi, munusi and ninusi. [check botanical name]

(2) Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Cass.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

linyafwivi

Rhynchosia resinosa (A.Rich.) Bak.

Papilionaceae

= Rhynchosia sp. perhaps R.resinosa (A.Rich.) Bak., E.A. 13216 (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) at Kitelewasi as munyafwivi (q.v.).

linyali

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyakaganza-kamwana (q.v.).

linyamalati

Cyperus ajax C.B.Cl.

Cyperaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a sedge used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

linyangamabele

Hibiscus diversifolia Jacq.

Malvaceae

= linyangamabere, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides ropes and is used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhangana (q.v.).

linyangoha

(1) Vernonia obconica [authority?]

Compositae

Mkimbizi area: provides medicine for livestock (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. namugoha. [check botanical name]

(2) Vernonia sp.

Compositae

Mkimbizi area (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

(1) Asparagus africanus Lam.

Liliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(2) Asparagus asiaticus L.

Liliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kapalang’anga (q.v.). Cf. palakanga, lupalakanga, likalakanga, madang’anga, and musolang’anga. [check botanical name, = the edible A.officinalis L.?]

lipasa

Vernonia usambarensis O.Hoffm.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998).

lipelele

(1) Hyparrhenia collina (Pilg.) Stapf.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching and fodder (Shangali et al. 1998).

lipalakanga

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Hyparrhenia cymbaria [authority?]

Gramineae

Mkimbizi area: used for weaving local doors; Nyololo in Mufindi District: used for weaving storage pots and doors; Mgololo in Mufindi District: used for weaving (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). [check botanical name]

lipembe-duma

Pentas bussei K.Krause

Rubiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as nyatoma (q.v.) and sungasunga (q.v.).

lipeme

Bersama abyssinica Fres.

Melianthaceae

Mufindi (MBG n.d.). This name is cognate with the more widely used mupeme (q.v.). Also recorded as mubasamono (q.v.) and munyatoma (q.v.).

lipombogasi

Cussonia arborea A.Rich.

Araliaceae

Sao Hill (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. the related name mupombolukasi.

lipopoma

(1) Carex echinochloe Kuntze

Cyperaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a sedge used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(2) Pennisetum unicetum (Nees) Benth.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lisigi

Bidens pilosa L.

Compositae

Mkimbizi area; Sao Hill: a weed (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as libangalala (q.v.) and mubangalala (q.v.).

lisigili

(1) Aloe brachystachys [authority?]

Aloeaceae

Lundamatwe (Moyer). [check botanical name]

(2) Aloe bradhamii [authority?]

Aloeaceae

Lundamatwe (Moyer). [check botanical name]

(3) Aloe congdoni [authority?]

Aloeaceae

Lundamatwe (Moyer). [check botanical name]

(4) Aloe lateritia Engl.

Aloeaceae

E.A. 13263 (Redmayne n.d.). For other aloe names see kitembwetembwe, litembwetembwe, and nyasungwa.

(5) Aloe spp.

Aloeaceae

Redmayne (n.d.) gives this name as referring to A.lateritia (see above) ‘and other Aloe[s]’.

(1) Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Dennstaediaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Bracken Fern in English. [check botanical name]

(2) Pteridium sp.

Dennstaediaceae

= lisilo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as masululusi (q.v.).

(1) Momordica foetida Schum. & Thunn.

Cucurbitaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyasalasala (q.v.). [check botanical name]

(2) Momordica sp.

Cucurbitaceae

= lisonyu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

lisilu

lisonyi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

litandu

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms

Alangiaceae

Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as muhengemela (q.v.). Cf. mutandu, which may be linguistically cognate.

litembo

Aloe lateritia Engl.

Aloeaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used by iron smiths (not stated how) and in healing wounds (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as litembwetembwe (q.v.). The noun stem –tembo, like –tembwe, means ‘elephant’ (Hehe ndembo, more widely ndembwe, 9/10). [check on use by iron smiths]

litembuliga

(1) Aloe duckeri [authority?]

Aloeaceae

Lundamatwe (Moyer). [check botanical name]

(2) Senecio stolzii Mattfield

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

litembwetembwe

Aloe lateritia Engl.

Aloeaceae

‘The juice is used everywhere [i.e. throughout the region] as a medicine to help childbirth and for magic and most tribes have a name for it. The Wakinga call it ‘lyusi’, the Wanyakyusa ‘ibugubugu’ and the Wahehe ‘litembwetembwe’. The name ‘itembwe’ is in fact widespread amongst the tribes for all aloes’ (Cribb and Leedal 1983: 187). Also recorded as litembo. Cf. the cognate kitembwetembwe and the related name nyasungwa. The roots of all of these names, -tembo, -tembwe and –sungwa, mean ‘elephant’.

litenganego

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

Mafinga: used as a medicine for stomach ache (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.), lilogonego (q.v.), mutonganego (q.v.), mutanganego (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.), and mukelekete (q.v.).

litogonigo

(1) Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lilogonego (q.v.), mutonganego (q.v.), mutanganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.), and mukelekete (q.v.).

(2) Ampelocissus multistriata [authority?]

Vitaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lilogonego (q.v.) and mutonganigu (q.v.). Cf. mutonganego, mutanganego, litenganego, toganigo, and mukelekete.

litona

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

E.A. 11.357 (Redmayne n.d.). In Udzungwa the names mutono (q.v.) and kitanula (q.v.) have been recorded for this liana; the first of these may well be a skewed cognate of litona. Kitonenge (q.v.), recorded for T.aculeata, may also be related linguistically.

livana

Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg

Thymeleaceae

A shrub which is common throughout the Southern Highlands above c.2000 m: ‘In Mufindi, where it is called ‘livana’ by the Hehe people, it grows on the margins of the Kigogo Forest and also in adjacent grasslands’ (Cribb and Leedal 1983: 73). Also recorded as muvava (q.v.).

livanivani

Bidens sp. aff. B.steppia

Compositae

E.A. 13211 (Redmayne n.d.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(Steetz) Sherff livavata

Justicia anglerana (Lindau) C.B.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

livelevele

Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verdc.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, withies, and firewood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupulananga (q.v.). Cf. mbelewele.

liyenzi

Rourea orientalis Baill.

Connaraceae

= Byrsocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Bak., Mafinga and Mgololo in Mufindi District: provides fuelwood and building poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as kinavilafi (q.v.), kinyavalafi (q.v.), and musungula (q.v.).

lubakisabatamu

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Lycopodiaceae

= lubakysabatamu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern, used for making mattresses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lubakisahomi

Lycopodium cernum L.

Lycopodiaceae

= lubakysahomi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern, used for making mattresses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lubalikila

Achyrospermum carvalhi Gürke

Labiatae

= A.radicans Gürke, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lyamkalichuma (q.v.).

lubondalafuno

Strychnos angolensis Gilg

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides withies and poles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mungumbadumbili (q.v.).

ludenyikumbwe

Laggera alata (D.Don.) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv.

Compositae

E.A. 13259 (Redmayne n.d.). [= Blumea?]

lufufu

Plectranthus sp.

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998).

lufunanyabu

Indigofera arrecta A.Rich.

Papilionaceae

= Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich., E.A. 13224 (Redmayne n.d.).

lufwegila

Mostuea microphylla Gilg.

Loganiaceae

= lufwegira, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. lufyeki.

lufyeki

Mostuea brunonis Didr.

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kavisasa (q.v.). Cf. lufwegila.

lugeni

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

E.A. 13264 (Redmayne n.d.). The name mulukila (q.v.) has also been recorded for this species.

lugoya

Panicum trichocladum K.Schum.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching and fodder (Shangali et al. 1998).

lugugu, magugu, 11/6

Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Gramineae

Weck (1908) described lugugu as a kind of grass and recounted the following recipe for its medical use: ‘The following complicated prescription is used in the treatment of a skin disease (Kingaruhanga) which looks like measles. Two types of

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES grass, lugugu and munyakirumbi, are pulled up by the roots, cut into small pieces and burnt to ash. Then a gourd, the bottom of which is full of holes like a sieve, is filled with the ash and the whole is placed into an earthen pot; then water is poured into the gourd and it gradually runs out into the earthen pot together with the ash. When the pot is full it is put on a fire, the liquid is thickened and is then finally dried in the sun. The remainder is mixed with castor oil and the whole body is rubbed with it’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Weck otherwise described ‘Kivimba kingaruhanga’ as a disease which ‘begins with a swelling of the face and from there a rash spreads over the whole body, accompanied by a fever’ (Redmayne 1969: 36). Redmayne herself was unable to identify this disease, or anyone who recognised the term ‘kingaruhanga’, which she speculated might be a distortion of kinyaluhanga, referring to luhanga, ‘sand containing iron ore’ (1969: 36-37). She had more success in identifying the grass lugugu: ‘Many Hehe recognised this name and stated that it grew by the side of streams. I obtained a specimen in the Mufindi area (c.6,300 ft.) which was identified as Pennisetum purpureum Schumach Gramineae’ (1969: 39). The same identification is made in the Missouri Botanical Gardens collections database, where it is also recorded that magugu (the widely used plural form), which grow to 2.5 metres, are planted for fences (MBG n.d.).

luguvani

luhahi

luhali

(1) Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupugupugu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate liguvani and muguvani.

(2) Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum.

Bignoniaceae

= luguwani, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides firewood and used to make tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998).

(1) Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

= D.viscosa (L.) Jacq., E.A. 13258 (Redmayne n.d.). The same name and identification have been recorded for Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.) and Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Rodgers and Mwasumbi also record muhati (q.v.)and lwahasa (q.v.)for Udzungwa, while Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) give luhali (q.v.) for Mufindi. In Mkimbizi its name has been recorded as mnyongole (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). luhahi, and another alternative form, lunyahi (q.v.), have also been identified as D.angustifolia (see following). [In Kenya this is a coastal sp., check if should all be collapsed as D.angustifolia]

(2) Dodonaea angustifolia L.f.

Sapindaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). Also called by the variant name lunyahi (q.v.).

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Recorded as a Hehe and ‘Fuagi’ name by Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962). The vafwagi or Fwagi (‘Fuagi’), are an old Hehe subgroup in what is now Mufindi. Ifwagi borders Ubena, and was formerly ruled by an independent line of chiefs, the vamudemu, the Mudemu line (Redmayne 1964: 114). If not a skewed form, it

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES is possible that luhali is a mistake for the more widely recorded luhahi (q.v.) and lunyahi (q.v.).

luhongole

(1) Vernonia stuhlmanii [check authority]

Compositae

Chita area, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng

Verbenaceae

Weck (1908) described the cognate term kihongole (q.v.) as the name of a plant used in treating the illness called lukwale, which he interpreted to mean ‘frenzied madness’: ‘the leaves of kihongole and lupebete are pounded, water is poured over them, and they are mixed with the juices pressed from a sheep’s intestines; this brew is drunk for three days’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Redmayne, who points out that lukwale may also refer to more benign forms of mental illness (1969: 35-36), obtained different identifications of the plant involved: ‘Luhongole or muhongole is a widely known Kihehe name for a plant used in treating madness. I obtained a specimen of muhongole (E.A. 13213) which was identified as Lantana viburnoides (Forsk. Vahl) [sic.] Verbenaceae, and another of luhongole which was identified as Lippa javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Verbenaceae. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940], p.255, luhongole is given as Lantana salviifolia Jacq.’ (1969: 39). Subsequently Ruffo and Mtui (1980) confirmed the common identification of luhongole as L.javanica, describing its use as fuelwood in Kitelewasi and as an insect repellent at Mafinga. The same name for this plant has also been recorded more recently in Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: with unspecified medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

(3) Lantana rugosa Thunb.

Verbenaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). [check botanical name]

(4) Lantana trifolia L.

Verbenaceae

= Lantana saliviifolia Jacq. (Hora 1940). Also recorded in Mufindi as minunuwi (q.v.).

(5) Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl

Verbenaceae

E.A. 13213 (Redmayne n.d.). L.viburnoides is the identification of Redmayne’s specimen of muhongole (see above). muhongole is cognate with luhongole, and it is presumed here that they have the same and/or overlapping referents.

lukalifia

Caylusea abyssinica (Fres.) Fisch. & Mey.

Resedaceae

E.A. 13209 (Redmayne n.d.).

lukegeta

Ipomoea involucrata Beauv.

Convolvulaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate likegeta. [check botanical name]

lukiki

Culcasia scandens (Willd.) P.Beauv.

Araceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lukongogosi

Coffea sp. nr. Coffea

Rubiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for withies and making local doors (Shangali

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

eugenioides S.Moore

NOTES et al. 1998).

lukumbwembwe

Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr.

Anacardiaceae

= T.ulugurensis Mildbr. ssp. ulugurensis, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lusani (q.v.), mbembanigo (q.v.), and mupilipili (q.v.).

lukunyani

Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague

Bignoniaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides firewood and used to make tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kipagupagu (q.v.), muguoguo (q.v.), liguvani (q.v.) and muguvani (q.v.). [is this a mistake for luguvani?]

lukuvata

Isachne mautiana Kunth.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching and as fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lukuvi

[unidentified kind of grass]

Gramineae

This is possibly the same sp(p). of grass as the cognate likuvi (q.v.), identified as Brachiaria brizantha. Cf. also mukuvikudi. Redmayne gives three Hehe riddles which refer to lukuvi, likening it to human hair. A version of the first of these was recorded at Tosamaganga in 1907 by the German military doctor and linguist Otto Dempwolff (1914: 126). (1) ‘Kidibulo mu lukuvi’, ‘An arrow in the short grass’. Answer: ‘Sosoli’, ‘A louse’. Exegesis: ‘Kidibulo is a small arrow. Presumably the louse is likened to something which moves quickly through the hair, and its biting is likened to the stabbing of an arrow’. (2) ‘Kibudime mu lukuvi’, ‘It is hiding in the long grass’. Answer: ‘Isosoli mu fwili’, ‘A louse in hair’. Exegesis: ‘Head lice are often difficult to see’. (3) ‘Chavambalye mu lukuvi’, ‘It is moving round in the lukuvi grass’. Answer: ‘Isosoli’, ‘A louse’. Exegesis: ‘The lukuvi grass is likened to hair in which the lice are found. The past tense has been used but a present tense is understood’ (Redmayne 1970: 808, Nos.86-88). This grass is also the origin of the surname of the Hon. William Lukuvi, the M.P. (1995- ) for Isimani constituency, whose father was a headman (jumbe) in Idodi Sub-chiefdom before Independence.

lumonga

Landolphia buchananii (Hall.f.) Stapf

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make ropes (Shangali et al. 1998).

lumwino

Rubus rigidus Sm.

Rosaceae

E.A. 13265 (Redmayne n.d.). This name was also recorded by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) at Mkimbizi, where the plant was identified as Rubus sp., with edible fruits. Other names for Rubus spp. are linunwa (q.v.) and mutsufi (q.v.). Cf. mbalawino.

lungutiwa

Ormocarpum trachycarpum

Papilionaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as kitimbwi (q.v.) and mutimbwi (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(1) Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

A Hehe and Dzungwa (‘Zungwa’) name according to Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).

(2) Dodonaea angustifolia L.f.

Sapindaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). Also called by the variant name luhahi (q.v.).

lupalakanga

Asclepiadaceae genus nov.

Asclepiadaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognates palakanga, lipalakanga, kapalang’anga, and also likalakanga, madang’anga, and musolang’anga, all describing Asparagus spp.

lupebeta

Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) O.Ktze

Violaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This may well be the same as the plant called lupebete by Weck (1908) and described by him as an ingredient in the treatment of madness (lukwale): ‘the leaves of kihongole and lupebete are pounded, water is poured over them, and they are mixed with the juices pressed from a sheep’s intestines; this brew is drunk for three days’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Redmayne did not have much luck in identifying Weck’s lupebete: ‘I found no Hehe who recognised the Kihehe plant name lupebete. One person suggested that this might be a corruption of lupegele which grows in the Mufindi area (c.6,000 ft.) but for which he knew no medical use…’ (1969: 39).

lupegele

[unidentified]

[unidentified]

This is mentioned by Redmayne in her search for a plant name resembling Weck’s (1908) lupebete (see lupebeta): ‘One person suggested that this might be a corruption of lupegele which grows in the Mufindi area (c.6,000 ft.) but for which he knew no medical use. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940] p.272, there is no Kihehe plant name which resembles this, but there are two entries for areas where the language is quite closely related to Kihehe; mpegele (Konde [Nyakyusa-Ngonde]), Syzygium guineense [(Willd.)] DC[.] and mpegere (Pangwa) Eugenia sp.’ (1969: 39). Pangwa, it should be noted, is much more closely related to Hehe than Nyakyusa. Nonetheless the Pangwa and Nyakyusa names are evidently related, and quite possibly cognate with Hehe lupegele. Hehe has the same name (muvengi, q.v.) for both Syzygium and Eugenia spp., but this has a quite different root from -pegele.

lupolopolo

Kalanchoe crenata (Andrew) Haw

Crassulaceae

= lopolpolo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

lupumo

(1) Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock

Celastraceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lutamu (q.v.) and muhomelo (q.v.). Cf. mupumu.

(2) Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach

Euphorbiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kipwaga (q.v.), lwisa (q.v.), and nyakilumbi (q.v.).

(Taub.) Harms lunyahi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

lusani

Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr.

Anacardiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lukumbwembwe (q.v.), mbembanigo (q.v.), and mupilipili (q.v.). This name may be linguistically cognate with musani (q.v.).

lusunguluti

(1) Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.

Euphorbiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kitegelo (q.v.), lahongole (q.v.), and nyautilili (q.v.). Cf. suguluti.

(2) Acalypha psilostachya Hochst.

Euphorbiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). [check botanical name]

lusungulutu

Dracaena laxissima Engl.

Agavaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kidetema (q.v.), mudetele (q.v.), mutambalangwense (q.v.), and muvalambi (q.v.).

luswana

Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon

Apocynaceae

= loswana, Saba florida (Benth.) Bullock, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mugapa (q.v.).

lutamu

Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock

Celastraceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lupumo (q.v.) and muhomelo (q.v.).

lutelutelu

Carvalhoa campanulata K.Schum.

Apocynaceae

= luteruteru, Carvalhoa macrophylla K.Schum., Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cognate with kitelutelu (q.v.) and also recorded as kinyawilafu (q.v.).

lutini

Erythrococca usambarica Prain

Euphorbiaceae

The leaves of this plant are used as a vegetable. The fruits are edible and a source of juice. The roots are used as a medicine to cure coughs (Mallango et al. in prep.). Also recorded as mumbele (q.v.).

lwahasa

(1) Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Other names recorded for this species are luhahi, luhali, lunyahi, muhati, and munyongole (q.v.). Cf. the cognate mwahatsa.

(2) Deinbollia kilimandscharica Taub.

Sapindaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

lwamtita

Secamone sp.

Asclepiadaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber that provides ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyamtita (q.v.).

lwegunda

Psychotria tanganyikensis Verdc.

Rubiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as nyakititu (q.v.).

lwelesi ~ lweletsi

(1) Cassia kirkii L.

Caesalpiniaceae

= luweletsi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(2) Kotschya recurvifolia

Papilionaceae

= lwelesi, ‘In some areas of the Highlands… K.recurvifolia, is one of the dominant

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

(Taub.) F.White

NOTES plants, particularly in the upland grassland above 1800 m of Umalila, Rungwe and Ufipa and between Iringa and Njombe. Bees love it when it is in full flower in July. The Wamalila call it ‘intenga’, the Wabena and the Wakinga call it ‘matenga’, the Wahehe ‘lwelesi’ and the Wandali ‘ndenga’’ (Cribb and Leedal 1983: 68). Redmayne’s informants suggested that lwelesi (and/or mwelesi, q.v.) might be the same as the plant referred to by Weck (1908) as kierezi (i.e. kyelesi, q.v.) and used in the treatment of discharges of pus from the ear (Redmayne 1969: 34, 37, 39).

lwembefulo

Ludia mauritiana Gmelin

Flacourtiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lifulofulo (q.v.) and kajiwe (q.v.). Cf. mufulo and mufulofulo.

lwida

(1) Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth.) Bak.

Liliaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwisa (q.v.).

(2) Gloriosa simplex L.

Liliaceae

= G.superba L., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwisa (q.v.), mugobogobo (q.v.), nyamului (q.v.), and vitosambili (q.v.). Known as Glory Lily in English.

(1) Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anders

Acanthaceae

= luisa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lifuga (q.v.).

(2) Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach

Euphorbiaceae

= luisa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kipwaga (q.v.), lupumo (q.v.), and nyakilumbi (q.v.).

(3) Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth.) Bak.

Liliaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwida (q.v.).

(4) Gloriosa simplex L.

Liliaceae

= G.superba L., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwida (q.v.), mugobogobo (q.v.), nyamului (q.v.), and vitosambili (q.v.). Known as Glory Lily in English.

lwisa kubwa

Lobelia holstii Engl.

Lobeliaceae

= luisa kubwa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: herb used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). kubwa is Swahili for ‘big’, hence ‘the big lwisa’. This may be an informant’s opinion rather than a recognised extension to a common Hehe name.

lyamukalichuma

Achyrospermum carvalhi Gürke

Labiatae

= lyamkalichuma, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lubalikila (q.v.). Cf. likalichuma.

madang’anga

Asparagus slagellasis

Liliaceae

Mafinga (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. palakanga, lipalakanga, lupalakanga, kapalang’anga, likalakanga, and musolang’anga. [check botanical name, =

lwisa

It is possible that lwisa is linguistically cognate with mwisa ~ mwitsa (q.v.), though they refer to very different plants.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES flagellaris?]

manusi

Brillantaisia ulugurica Lindau

Acanthaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lihwini (q.v.). manusi is possibly a plural: see also kinusi, linusi, munusi, and ninusi.

masagati

[unidentified]

[unidentified]

= masagati, ‘a thicket’, a place name in both Uhehe and Ubena (Redmayne 1964: 103).

masululusi

Pteridium sp.

Dennstaediaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lisilu (q.v.). Cf. sulu and mutsululusi. [is this a plural?]

mbadilo

Combretum molle G.Don

Combretaceae

= mbadilo, C.molle Engl. & Diels., E.A. 13206 (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) at Kiwele / Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve, Ibumu / Image Forest Reserve, and at Nyololo in Mufindi District; used as a source of firewood and building poles in all these places. More recently recorded by Nahonyo et al. (1998), who give mbadilo as the Hehe and Gogo names. This tree, the Velvet Bushwillow, together with other Combretum spp., is also called mlama (q.v.) in Hehe.

mbala

(1) Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg

Loganiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mumbala (q.v.), muvumbala (q.v.), and muguhuguhu (q.v.).

(2) Lophia schweinfurthei [authority?]

[?]

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). [Check botanical name and authority]

mbalala

Harungana madagascariensis Poir.

Guttiferae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood, glue, and dyes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muvalala (q.v.), muvavala (q.v.), muvata (q.v.), and kisyembadanda (q.v.).

mbalawino

Culcasia orientalis Mayo

Araceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. lumwino.

mbalikila

(1) Conyza persicalifolia (Benth.) Oliv. & Hiern

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(2) Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mbambakofi

Afzelia quanzensis Welw.

Caesalpiniaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles and firewood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufunguji (q.v.), mulindimila (q.v.), and mwale (q.v.). This is a modern borrowing: mbambakofi is the Swahili name of this tree, known in English as the Lucky-bean Tree, Pod Mahogany, or Mahogany Bean.

mbelewele

Dracaena steudneri Engl.

Agavaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES livelevele.

mbembanigo

Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr.

Anacardiaceae

= T.ulugurensis Mildbr. ssp. ulugurensis, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). This name is cognate with muvembanyigo (q.v.). Also recorded as lukumbwembwe (q.v.), lusani (q.v.), and mupilipili (q.v.). [is mbembanigo a mistranscription or the result of vowel elision?]

mbokovoko

(1) Uvaria scheffleri Diels

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. also the cognate muvyokovyoko. [is mbokovoko class 9/10?]

(2) Uvaria tanzaniae Verdc.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

(3) Uvaria sp.

Annonaceae

= mbokowoko, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(4) Monanthotaxis sp.

Annonaceae

= mbokowoko, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mbwewe

Canthium crassum Hiern.

Rubiaceae

E.A. 13221 (Redmayne n.d.). The same name and identification were recorded by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) in the Mkimbizi area and at Kiwele / Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve. Both records note that this plant has edible fruits.

memena

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax

Euphorbiaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as munyaluhanga (q.v.), musolo (q.v.), and mutungulu (q.v.). Cf. memena. [a mistranscription?]

memona

Cryptocarpa sp.

Lauraceae

= mmemona, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and fuelwood, and is used for making beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as ngulukanzila (q.v.). Cf. memona.

mingi [?]

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

= X.americana L. and X.caffra Sond. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The unusual form of this name (mi- is the class 4 prefix, denoting a plural; ‘mingi’ in Swahili means ‘many’) suggests that it may have been wrongly recorded. Other recorded names for this tree or shrub are mutumbatumba (q.v.), mutundwa (q.v.), and mwitunda (q.v.).

minunuwi

Lantana trifolia L.

Verbenaceae

Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as muhongole (q.v.). Cf. minwuwi. [it is possible that one or the other of these is misrecorded]

minwuwi

(1) Impatiens hamata Warb.

Balsaminaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: an ornamental (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. minunuwi.

(2) Impatiens meruensis Gilg.

Balsaminaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: an ornamental (Shangali et al. 1998).

Ozoroa insignis Del. ssp. reticulata (Bak.f.) Gillett

Anacardiaceae

= Heeria reticulata (Bak.f.) Engl., E.A. 13238 (Redmayne n.d.). A healer in Kalenga told Koszarek (2001) that he used a drink prepared from motaponzi as a

motaponsi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES treatment for malaria. Another healer in Kalenga described its use in treatments for bewitchment and mental illness. Bewitched patients inhale the vapours of an infusion which includes material from this plant, and they also drink it as a purge. Patients diagnosed with mental illness are bathed in a mixture of motaponzi and other plant ingredients. Koszarek herself did not identify this plant. Other recorded names for it are lihenwe (q.v.) and mtelya (q.v.).

mubangalala

Bidens pilosa L.

Compositae

= mbangalala, Mgololo in Mufindi District: a weed (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mbangalala, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Cognate with libangalala (q.v.) and also recorded as lisigi (q.v.). Known as Black Jack in English, a widespread weed.

mubangwe

Bidens holstii (O.Hoffm.) Sherff.

Compositae

= mbangwe, a shrub, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as libangwe (q.v.). Cf. mubangalala, libangalala. [check botanical name]

mubapa

Dialium holtzii Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mbapa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukongo (q.v.).

mubasamono, mibasamono, 3/4

(1) Bersama abyssinica Fres.

Melianthaceae

= mibasamomo [sic.], Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mbasamono, B.abyssinica ssp. abyssinica, Winged Bersama (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as munyatoma (q.v.), mupeme (q.v.) and lipeme (q.v.).

(2) Bersama salicifolia [authority?]

Melianthaceae

= mbasamono, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve: provides firewood and building poles; Mafinga: provides firewood; Sao Hill: provides firewood and building poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). [check botanical name: a ssp. of the preceding?]

(3) Pavetta stenosepala K.Schum.

Rubiaceae

= mbasamono, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mubilabila

Cussonia zimmermannii Harms

Araliaceae

= mbilabila, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mubondo

Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell

Celastraceae

= mbondo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kisugi (q.v.). Also recorded as kisugi (q.v.), muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi (q.v.), and mwifwikakavili (q.v.).

mubosoboso

Plectranthus luteus Gürke

Labiatae

= mbosoboso, Coleus luteus (Gürke) Staner, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate libosoboso.

mubuyu

Cyclimorpha parviflora Urb.

Caricaceae

= mbuyu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mulindima (q.v.) and muvolovolo (q.v.). Cf. Swahili mbuyu, Adansonia digitata, Baobab.

mudeke

Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms

Araliaceae

= mdeke, mudeke, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mdeke, Parasol

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES Tree (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mdeke, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as limanza (q.v.) and mukanye (q.v.).

mudenge

Arundinaria alpina K.Schum.

Gramineae

= mdenge, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a bamboo which provides poles and is used for weaving and thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulansi (q.v.) and musisi (q.v.). Called Mountain Bamboo in English.

mudetele

Dracaena laxissima Engl.

Agavaceae

= mdetele, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kidetema (q.v.), lusungulutu (q.v.), mutambalangwense (q.v.), and muvalambi (q.v.). The two noun stems, -detele and the more widespread –detema (-tetema), are likely related.

mudetema

(1) Dracaena afromontana Mildbr.

Agavaceae

= mdetema, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kidetema (q.v.) and mutetema (q.v.), with detema (q.v.) and ndetema (q.v.) for other Dracaena spp.

(2) Dracaena usambarensis Engl.

Agavaceae

= mdetema, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as detema (q.v.), with kidetema (q.v.), mutetema (q.v.), and ndetema (q.v.) for other Dracaena spp.

mudobole

Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel.

Rosaceae

= mdobole (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as mugetwa (q.v.), mutungalunga (q.v.), and mwelesi ~ mweletsi (q.v.).

muduguya

(1) Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.

Balanitaceae

= mduguya, in Gogo mduguyu (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi (q.v.).

(2) Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schlecht.

Balanitaceae

= mduguya, in Gogo mduguyu (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi (q.v.).

mudula

Solanum incanum L.

Solanaceae

= mdula, S.panduraeforme Drège ex Dun. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962); = mdula, S.panduriforme (Redmayne n.d.). This plant, the Sodom Apple, is also called by the cognate name ndula (q.v.) and its reduplicated form ndulandula (q.v.). Another recorded name for it is munusi (q.v.).

muduma

Garcinia buchananii Bak.

Guttiferae

= mduma, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree with edible fruits, and which provides withies (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.). Cf. munduma, Garcinia spp.

mufilafila

(1) Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.- Ham.) G.Don

Apocynaceae

= mfilafila, also in Gogo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukolongo (q.v.).

(2) Garcinia huillensis Oliv.

Guttiferae

= mfilafila, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree with which provides timber and

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukatsa (q.v.). Cf. mufilifili.

mufilani

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon

Apocynaceae

= mfilani (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as musonga (q.v.) and mutogo (q.v.).

mufilifili

Garcinia volkensii Engl.

Guttiferae

= mfilifili, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.) and mukongwa (q.v.). Cf. mufilafila.

mufipahosi

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= mfipahosi, Tecomaria nyassae Baill. ex Schum. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). This name is cognate with both kipahoji (q.v.) and lifipahosi (q.v.). Other names recorded for the same sp. are as kinyalomo (q.v.), nyaloma (q.v.), nyalulume (q.v.), leluni (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

mufudu, mifudu, 3/4

(1) Vitex doniana Sweet

Verbenaceae

= mfudu, in Gogo mfulu (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufudululenga (q.v.) mukoge (q.v.), and mupwanga (q.v.). Black Plum in English.

(2) Vitex iringensis [authority?]

Verbenaceae

= mfudu, Mkimbizi area: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mufudu, plural mifudu (Mudemu n.d.). [check botanical name]

(3) Vitex keniensis Turrill

Verbenaceae

= mfudu, in Gogo mfulu (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Meru Oak in English.

(1) Vitex doniana Sweet

Verbenaceae

= mfudululenga, Mkimbizi area: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mufudu (q.v.), mukoge (q.v.), and mupwanga (q.v.).

mufudululenga

mufudululenga might be translated as ‘the watery Vitex’, from mufudu, ‘Vitex spp.’ and ‘lulenga’, class 11 form of malenga, ‘water’. (2) Vitex mombassae Vatke

Verbenaceae

= mfudululenga, Smelly Berry Vitex (Mbuya et al. 1994). Mahuninga: leaves used to treat eye defects: crushed, soaked, and applied to the eyes (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as musasati (q.v.).

(1) Combretum sp.

Combretaceae

= mfufugala, a tree, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Helichrysum schimperi (Sch.-Bip. ex A.Rich.) Moeser

Compositae

= mfufugala, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a creeper with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as libunda (q.v.) and nyavihale (q.v.). [check botanical name]

mufulo

Vitex sp.

Verbenaceae

= mfuro, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. the reduplicated form mufulofulo.

mufulofulo

(1) Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum

Rubiaceae

= mfulofulo, Xeromphis obovata (Hochst.) Keay (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). This shrub/tree has also been recorded with the names mupongolo (q.v.) and mututumu (q.v.). Cf. lifulofulo.

mufufugala

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Vitex amaniensis Pieper

Verbenaceae

= mfurofuro, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukogo (q.v.) and mupoma (q.v.). Cf. mufulo.

mufulukiki

Blotiela natalensis (Hook.) Tryon

Dennstaediaceae

= mfulukiki, a fern, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. mufululusi. [check botanical name]

mufululusi

Cheilanthes bergiana Kunze

Adianthaceae

= mfululusi, a fern, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. masululusi, mutsululusi. [check botanical name]

mufumbi

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.

Bignoniaceae

= mfumbi, K.aethiopica Decne. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = K.aethiopica DC. (Redmayne n.d.). Also listed by Nahonyo et al. (1998). This is the easily recognisable Sausage Tree, which has also been recorded with the name mutumbi (q.v.).

mufumbwe

Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl

Apocynaceae

E.A. 13202 (Redmayne n.d.). = mfumbwe, recorded as a shrub with edible fruits at Mafinga, Mufindi District, and Ibumu village / Image Forest Reserve. At Sao Hill it is also grown as an ornamental (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

mufunguji

Afzelia quanzensis Welw.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mfunguji (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mbambakofi (q.v.), mulindimila (q.v.), and mwale (q.v.).

mufyuwi

Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth.

Rubiaceae

= mfyuwi (Watt and Breyer –Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as musanze (q.v.) and musasati (q.v.).

mugapa

Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon

Apocynaceae

= mgapa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has edible fruits and medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as luswana (q.v.).

mugela

Brachystegia microphylla Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mgeela, in Gogo mjele (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhani (q.v.), mupembedza (q.v.), and musani (q.v.). Cf. the reduplicated form mugelagela.

mugelagela

Entada abyssinica A.Rich.

Mimosaceae

Tree Entada (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as muhulodonya (q.v.). Cf. the cognate mugela.

mugema

Agauria salicifolia (Lam.) Oliv.

Ericaceae

= mgema (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as mukolongo (q.v.).

mugetwa

Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel.

Rosaceae

= mgetwa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mudobole (q.v.), mutungalunga (q.v.), and mwelesi ~ mweletsi (q.v.).

mugimbwana

Ocotea usambarensis Engl.

Lauraceae

= mgimbwana, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muheti (q.v.).

mugobogobo

Gloriosa simplex L.

Liliaceae

(Verdcourt and Trump 1962). Also recorded as lwida (q.v.), lwisa (q.v.), nyamului (q.v.), and vitosambili (q.v.). Known as Glory Lily in English. [check botanical name]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

mugobwali

Bauhinia petersiana Bolle

Caesalpiniaceae

= mgobwali, Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as muhakwe (q.v.), mukomba (q.v.), musengela (q.v.), and mwasamlo (q.v.). Cf. mugombwali, mugomboli.

mugogo

Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Loganiaceae

= mgogo, (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mukogo (q.v.), mungogo (q.v.), mukombalwiko (q.v.), and mukongoti (q.v.).

mugogola

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill

Flacourtiaceae

= mgogola, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a small tree with edible fruits, and which provides fuelwood and is used for making pestles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugola (q.v.) and mupingipingi (q.v.).

mugola

(1) Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill

Flacourtiaceae

= mugola, pl. migola (Mudemu n.d.). = mgola, Mkimbizi area: with edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Mbuya et al. (1994) have mgola, the same in Zigua, and mgora in Luguru. Also recorded as mugogola (q.v.) and mupingipingi (q.v.).

(2) Dovyalis glandulosissima Gilg.

Flacourtiaceae

E.A. 13227 (Redmayne n.d.). [check botanical name]

mugombagomba

Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Wight

Liliaceae

= mgombagomba, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mugonelatwa

Droogmansia whytei Schindl.

Papilionaceae

E.A. 13239 (Redmayne n.d.). Compare ngonelavatwa (q.v.), which may be a more accurate transcription. Also recorded with the name munyakwihonga (q.v.). [check botanical name]

mugongo

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Wild.

Compositae

= mgongo, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

muguhu, miguhu, 3/4

Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

= muguhu, pl. miguhu (Mudemu n.d.). = mguhu, Mkimbizi area and Mafinga: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mguhu (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mguhu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mguhu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has edible fruits and provides poles, fuelwood, and is used for making beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukusu (q.v.). Cf. the reduplicated form muguhuguhu. Called Wild Loquat in English.

muguhuguhu

Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg

Loganiaceae

Uhafiwa, Udzungwa (Moyer). Also recorded as mbala (q.v.), mumbala (q.v.), and muvumbala (q.v.). Cf. the root form muguhu.

mugukukanzua

Kiggelaria africana L.

Flacourtiaceae

= mgukukanzua, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and poles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as likoti (q.v.) and muguluka (q.v.). [is the first part of this name a mistake for muguluka?]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

mugulakazila

Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mgulakazila, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukwembi (q.v.). Cf. ngulukanzila. [check unusual phonology]

muguluka

(1) Kiggelaria africana L.

Flacourtiaceae

= mguluka, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as likoti (q.v.) and mugukukanzua (q.v.).

(2) Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl.

Lauraceae

= mguruka, Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as muhulo (q.v.) and mwitsukulu (q.v.).

(1) Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

E.A. 13269 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as muhumba-lunyuche (q.v.).

(2) Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= mgulumo, Mkimbizi area: ropes from root bark; Kitelewasi area: ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as muumb[?] (q.v.).

mugungumati

Asplenium holstii Hieron.

Aspleniaceae

= migungumati (assumed here to be plural), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern (Shangali et al. 1998).

muguoguo

(1) Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague

Bignoniaceae

= mguoguo, mguonguo, Golden Bean Tree (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mguoguo, also in Gogo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as kipagupagu (q.v.), lukunyani (q.v.), liguvani (q.v.) and muguvani (q.v.).

(2) Coloncoba welwitchii Oliv.

Flacourtiaceae

= mguoguo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree used for poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kisegichyela (q.v.). [check botanical name, = Oncoba?]

muguti

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

= mguti (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). This is evidently the same as (assuming poor recording) or cognate with mukuti (q.v.) and ‘Kizungwa’ munguti (q.v.), also listed by Verdcourt and Trump. See also koti, muputi, likoti, mukosi, and mutandu. Verdcourt and Trump also have mguti as the Nyakyusa name for this tree.

muguvani

Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague

Bignoniaceae

= mguani (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mguvani, Golden Bean Tree (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mguvani (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate liguvani, for the same sp., and luguvani for M.lutea. Also recorded as kipagupagu (q.v.), lukunyani (q.v.), and muguoguo (q.v.).

muhahasa

Buddleia salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mwahasa (q.v.). [check botanical name]

muhakwe

Bauhinia petersiana Bolle

Caesalpiniaceae

= mhakwe, also in Sangu (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mhakwe (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugobwali (q.v.), mukomba (q.v.), musengela (q.v.), and mwasamlo (q.v.).

muhangama

Uvariodendron oligocarpum

Annonaceae

= mhangama, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded

mugulumo

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Verdc.

NOTES as musasati (q.v.).

muhangana

Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq.

Malvaceae

= mhangana, Hehe, ‘Zingwa’ [sic.] (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = muhangana, mhang’ana, H.diversifolius subsp. witheanus, Mkimbizi area: used to make ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mhangana, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides ropes and is used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as linyangamabele (q.v.) and muvava (q.v.).

muhanza ~ muhanja

Senna singueana (Del.) Lock

Caesalpiniaceae

Weck (1908) gave the following cure using leaves from this tree: ‘Treatment for inflammation of the hip joint (Lunyonga): the leaves of the muhungulu tree are dried and pounded. The roots are cooked. Small cuts are made in the painful hip and the powder from the leaves is rubbed in. The leaves of the muhanza tree, which have been dipped in the hot water in which the roots were boiled, are placed on the hip. In a few days time, at least within a month, healing should have begun’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Redmayne confirms that lunyonga refers to a pain in the hip joint, described by some as deep in the bone (1969: 38). She also has the following to say about Weck’s muhanza: ‘This is a well known Kihehe plant name, although I failed to obtain any information about its medical use. I obtained a specimen of muhanza which was identified as Cassia singueana Del. Caesalpiniaceae [E.A. 13243 in Redmayne (n.d.)]. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940], p. 232, the Kihehe plant name muhansa is given as Monotes rufotomentosus Gilg.’ (1969: 39). There is no other evidence, however, to support the identification of these two separately recorded Hehe names. More recently Koszarek (2001) has obtained information on a quite different medical use of this tree, which is now assigned to the genus Senna. One of her informants, a healer in Tanangozi, reported using mhanza as one of many plant ingredients in a drink given to treat mentally ill patients. Another healer, in Kalenga, described using muhanza in a mixture to be inhaled by patients with the same complaint. A third healer, in neighbouring Ibagamoyo, is recorded as using mlanza (sic.) as an ingredient in a drink to treat mental illness. In the absence of any other record of this name, it is presumed here to be a mistranscription of muhanza. The botanical identification of the names mhanza and muhanza (as C.singueana) is confirmed by Verdcourt and Trump (1969), noting the widespread use of the roots, bark and leaves of this tree in indigenous medicines. Ruffo and Mtui (1980) noted some other uses of the tree in different parts of Uhehe. In the Mkimbizi area they found mhanza/muhanza being used as a source of firewood. In the Kitelewasi area and Ibumu village / Image Forest Reserve they recorded mhanza as both a

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES source of firewood and an ornamental tree. The name mhanza is also listed and identified (as C.singueana) by Nahonyo et al. (1994). The reduplicated form of the name, muhanzahanza (q.v.) has also been recorded, as well as another name with reduplicated shape, muhombahomba (q.v.). Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) have muhanja for C.singueana, possibly a cognate form rather than an error.

muhanzahanza

Senna singueana (Del.) Lock

Caesalpiniaceae

= mhanzahanza, Cassia singueana, Nyololo in Mufindi District: leaves boiled and drunk to treat diarrhoea and kideri (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Kideri is the Swahili name for fowl typhoid and/or other diseases of poultry characterised by diarrhoea and possibly resulting in death. muhanzahanza is a reduplicated and evidently less widely used form of the name muhanza (q.v.), and this record adds another item to the list of reported medical uses of S.singueana. Another recorded name for this tree is muhombahomba (q.v.).

muhanzuti

Scolopia stolzii Gilg.

Flacourtiaceae

= mhanzuti, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

muhapi, mihapi, 3/4

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

(Mudemu n.d.). Also recorded as mwisa (q.v.) and mwesa (q.v.).

muhati

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). The root of this name may be a skewed form of the more widely recorded luhahi (q.v.) and lunyahi (q.v.).

muhebefo

Rhus longipes Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= mhebefo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name clearly related to muhehefu (q.v.), and is either closely linguistically related or a mistranscribed version of the same. Another recorded name for this species is mutunumbi (q.v.).

muhehefu

(1) Rhus longipes Engl.

Anacardiaceae

E.A. 13203 (Redmayne n.d.). Rodgers and Mwasumbi’s (n.d.) record of the name muhebefo (q.v.) for this species in Udzungwa is either mistranscribed or indicates a cognate term. The name mutunumbi has also been recorded for this tree.

(2) Rhus natalensis Krauss

Anacardiaceae

Mkimbizi area [?] and Mafinga in Mufindi District: a source of edible fruit and firewood (Rutto and Mtui 1980). Also recorded with the names musesembwa (q.v.), mutunumbi (q.v.), and mutsetsefwa (q.v.).

(1) Euclea divinorum Hiern

Ebenaceae

= Euclea sp. aff. E.divinorum Hiern, E.A. 13245 (Redmayne n.d.). = mhekele, Euclea sp. nr. E.divinorum, Mkimbizi: a source of firewood and red dye; muhekele, E.divinorum, Sao Hill: providing firewood and also edible fruits (? It is not specified in the record which part of the plant is edible) (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Mbuya et al. (1994) also identify mhekele as E.divinorum, the Diamond-leaved Euclea, and give the Luguru name as mhekele or mhekela. It may be significant that the specimens collected independently by Redmayne and by Ruffo and Mtui at

muhekele

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES Mkimbizi could not be assigned unequivocally to this species. Another recorded name for E.divinorum is muhimbachigulu (q.v.).

(2) Euclea natalensis A.DC.

Ebenaceae

Mkimbizi: described as providing a remedy for constipation and diarrhoea, and also a source of red dye (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

(1) Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Araliaceae

Mkimbizi area: used to make beehives and ‘local chairs’ (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as munyonzi (q.v.), munyunzulu (q.v.), and mupombolukasi (q.v.).

(2) Erythrina abyssinica DC.

Papilionaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mhemi, Mkimbizi area: used to make chairs and provides shade; = muhemi, Mafinga and Sao Hill, Mufindi District: provides shade (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. the cognate lihemi.

(3) Erythrina sp.

Papilionaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

muhengemela

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms

Alangiaceae

= mhengemela, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber and poles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as litandu (q.v.).

muheti

Ocotea usambarensis Engl.

Lauraceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Not seen in Mkimbizi, but said to occur east of the Image hills: a timber tree (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). East African Camphor-wood (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mheti, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, fuelwood, and is used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugimbwana (q.v.).

muheve

(1) Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mhewe, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Abutilon indicum Harv.

Malvaceae

= muhewe (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as fyefye (q.v.). [check botanical name]

muheyelo

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Flacourtiaceae

= mheydo (assumed to be a mistranscription), Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Mufindi: used to make spoons and hoe handles (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as mukongo (q.v.), mupuma (q.v.) and mupumu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate heyelo and kiheyelo.

muhimbachigulu

Euclea divinorum Hiern

Ebenaceae

= mhimbachigulu (Mbuya et al. 1994). This shrub or tree is more widely recorded with the name muhekele (q.v.).

muholela

Combretum zeyheri Sond.

Combretaceae

(Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulyasenga (q.v.).

muhombahomba

Senna singueana (Del.) Lock

Caesalpiniaceae

= Cassia singueana Del. (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). The more common name for this tree is muhanza (q.v.), which also has a reduplicated form, muhanzahanza (q.v.).

muhemi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

muhomelo

(1) Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes.

Celastraceae

= mhomelo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mhomelo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: shrub used to make utensils (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate lihomelo.

(2) Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock

Celastraceae

= mhomelo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: shrub used for firewood and to make utensils (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lupumo (q.v.) and lutamu (q.v.).

muhongole

Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl

Verbenaceae

E.A. 13213 (Redmayne n.d.). A plant used in treating madness, more widely known by the cognate name luhongole (q.v.), also recorded as kihongole (q.v.).

muhuu

Syzygium cordatum Krauss

Myrtaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muvengi (q.v.). Water-berry Tree in English.

muhugu

Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). This name is probably cognate with muhulugu (q.v.) and muvulugu (q.v.). Other recorded names for this tree are mulungu (q.v.) and mupongolo (q.v.).

muhulatangu

Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.

Polygalaceae

= mhulatangu (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Name also recorded as muvuhalatango (q.v.), munyumfu (q.v.), and mulyasenga (q.v.).

muhulo

(1) Sorindeia madagascariensis DC.

Anacardiaceae

= mhulo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and edible fruits (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupilipili (q.v.) and tundawasa (q.v.).

(2) Catha edulis (Vahl.) Endl.

Celastraceae

= muhulo, mhulu, muhulu (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve: a source of fuelwood and edible leaves (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also listed with this name by Mbuya et al. (1994). This is the shrub or tree widely known as Khat or Miraa after the young shoots which are chewed as a stimulant. It is an indigenous plant, not cultivated in Iringa. Also recorded as lihulo (q.v.) and liluti (q.v.).

(3) Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl.

Lauraceae

= mhulo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muguluka (q.v.) and mwitsukulu (q.v.).

muhulugu

Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name may be cognate with both muvulugu (q.v.) and muhugu (q.v.). Other recorded names for this tree are mulungu (q.v.) and mupongolo (q.v.).

muhumbalunyuche

Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= muhumba-lunyuuche, Mgololo in Mufindi District: edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also called mugulumo (q.v.).

muhungulu

Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.

Sapindaceae

Weck (1908) described the dried, pounded and cooked leaves of muhungulu as an ingredient in the treatment of inflammation of the hip joint, the resulting powder

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES being rubbed into small incisions made in the painful hip (see under the entry for mhanza). Redmayne adds: ‘Muhungulu is a well known Kihehe plant name. I was not able to obtain information about its medicinal use nor to obtain a specimen although it is said to grow on the outskirts of Iringa town where the road descends to Kalenga (c.5,300 ft.)’ (1969: 39). Mbuya et al. (1994) identify mhungulu as P.capensis, a shrub or small tree which has a variety of known medicinal uses elsewhere in the region.

mukalanganyambwi

Isolona heinsenii Engl.

Annonaceae

= mkalanganyambwi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a source of poles and with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

mukalu

Allophyllus abyssinicus (Hochst.). Radlk.

Sapindaceae

= mkaru, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as munyamagakala (q.v.).

mukandekande

Antidesma venosum Tul.

Euphorbiaceae

= mkandekande, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. the cognate likandekande.

mukangafu

Suregada procera (Prain) Croizat

Euphorbiaceae

= mkangafu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which is a source of fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998).

mukangatowo

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

= mkangatovo, Dombeya sp., Mkimbizi: source of firewood and building poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Listed by Mbuya et al. (as mkangatowo, D.rotundifolia) with the English name White Dombeya. Also recorded as mukangatwe (q.v.), mutobo (q.v.), muto (q.v.), mutungitowo (q.v.), and mulati (q.v.). Cf. also mukiwe and mukwi for undetermined Dombeya sp(p).

mukangatwe

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

= Dombeya rotundifolia Harv., E.A. 13273 (Redmayne n.d.). This is evidently a variant or close relative of the name mukangatowo (q.v.). This tree is also recorded as mutobo (q.v.), muto (q.v.), mutungitowo (q.v.), and mulati (q.v.).

mukani

(1) Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

Guttiferae

= mkani, mkaane, makane, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mkani, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and poles; its fruits are eaten by animals (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulenge (q.v.) and mulomboti (q.v.).

(2) Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

Guttiferae

= mkani, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, poles and fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as musengela (q.v.). [check botanical name]

(3) Garcinia buchananii Bak.

Guttiferae

= makane, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muduma (q.v.).

(4) Garcinia volkensii Engl.

Guttiferae

= makane, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mufilifili

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (q.v.) and mukongwa (q.v.).

mukanye

Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms

Araliaceae

= mkanye, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as limanza (q.v.) and mudeke (q.v.).

mukatsa

(1) Garcinia huillensis Oliv.

Guttiferae

= mkatsa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree with which provides timber and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufilafila (q.v.).

(2) Coffea eugenioides S.Moore

Rubiaceae

= mkatsa (Hora 1940). Redmayne (1969) suggests that this may be a dialect variant of makasa (the plural of likasa, q.v.). There is no evidence for this, though the names may be linguistically cognate. Also recorded as mupucha (q.v.), musebele (q.v.) and mutabagila (q.v.).

(1) Bequartiodendron natalense (Sond.) Heine & J.H.Hemsl.

Sapotaceae

= mkelegeti (mkeregeti), Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is either the same or closely related to mukelekete (q.v.).

(2) Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

Sapotaceae

= mkelegeti (mkeregeti), Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as msumbati (q.v.).

mukelekete

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

= mkelekete, Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.), lilogonego (q.v.), mutonganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.), and mutanganego (q.v.). If not the same as, this name is cognate with mukelegeti (q.v.).

mukelenafifi

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.

Bignoniaceae

= mkerenafifi (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mkelenafifi (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as mukononangedenge (q.v.).

mukinamsitu

Sclerochiton holstii (Lindau) C.B.Cl.

Acanthaceae

= mkinamsitu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al.).

mukinuva

Euphorbia quadrangularis Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mkinuva (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinuva (q.v.).

muking’inasenga

Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.

Caesalpiniaceae

Mkimbizi: provides building poles; the leaves are poisonous to livestock (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Verdcourt and Trump (1969) confirm that this widespread plant of miombo woodland has poisonous properties. Also called mulyasenga (q.v.) and muvalugos[?] (q.v.).

mukiwe

Dombeya sp.

Sterculiaceae

= mkiwe, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is either the same or closely related to mukwi (q.v.), recorded in the Mkimbizi area and also referring to an undetermined Dombeya sp.

mukoge

Vitex doniana Sweet

Verbenaceae

= mkoge, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mkoge, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, fuelwood, edible fruits, and is a source of wild honey (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufudu (q.v.), mufudululenga

mukelegeti

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (q.v.), and mupwanga (q.v). Cf. mukogo. Black Plum in English.

mukogo

(1) Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Loganiaceae

= mkogo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugogo (q.v.), mungogo (q.v.), mukombalwiko (q.v.), and mukongoti (q.v.).

(2) Vitex amaniensis Pieper

Verbenaceae

= mkogo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufulofulo (q.v.) and mupoma (q.v.). Cf. mukoge.

mukoko

Lindackeria sp.

Flacourtiaceae

= mkoko, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles and fuelwood, and is used for making tool and spear handles (Shangali et al. 1998).

mukolongo

(1) Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.- Ham.) G.Don

Apocynaceae

= mkolongo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufilafila (q.v.).

(2) Agauria salicifolia (Lam.) Oliv.

Ericaceae

= mkolongo, Hehe; mkorongo, ‘Kizungwa’ (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). = mkolongo, A.salicifolila ‘??’, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mkolongo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugema (q.v.).

mukomba

Bauhinia petersiana Bolle

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkomba (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mkomba, also in Sangu, White Bauhinia (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mkomba (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugobwali (q.v.), muhakwe (q.v.), musengela (q.v.), and mwasamlo (q.v.).

mukombalwiko

Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Loganiaceae

= mkombalwika, mkombaluiko, Mufindi: a tree which provides building poles and firewood, and is used for making wooden spoons (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as mugogo (q.v.), mukogo (q.v.), mungogo (q.v.), and mukongoti (q.v.). Cf. mukombamwiko.

mukombamwiko

Xymalos monospora (Harv.). Warb.

Monimiaceae

= mkombamwiko, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fuelwood and making utensils and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muvalambi (q.v.). Cf. mukombalwiko. [check authority]

mukongati

Julbernardia globiflora Troupin

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkongati (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.) and mupinati (q.v.). Cf. mukongoti. [check botanical name: genus Isoberlinia?]

mukonge

Sansevieria kirkii Bak.

Agavaceae

E.A. 13262 (Redmayne n.d.). Redmayne adds that this name also applies to other Sansevieria spp. [check the botanical name and family]

mukongo

(1) Dialium holtzii Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkongo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mubapa (q.v.).

(2) Aphloia theiformis (Vahl)

Flacourtiaceae

= mkongo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muheyelo

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Benn.

NOTES (q.v.), mupuma (q.v.) and mupumu (q.v.).

(3) Allophyllus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

= mkongo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as munyakisagi (q.v.).

(4) Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites

Sapindaceae

= mkongo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mkongo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998).

mukongonangedenge

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.

Bignoniaceae

= mkongonangedenge, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukelenafifi (q.v.). Cf. the names mwingilagidenge and mukwelangedege.

mukongoti

Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Loganiaceae

= mkongoti, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mugogo (q.v.), mukogo (q.v.), mungogo (q.v.), and mukombalwiko (q.v.).

mukongoza

Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf

Apocynaceae

= mkongoza, Tabernaemontana sp., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mkongoza, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulowolowo (q.v.).

mukongwa

Garcinia volkensii Engl.

Guttiferae

= mkongwa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.) and mufilifili (q.v.).

mukosi

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

E.A. 11.358 (Redmayne n.d.). See also mukuti, muguti, munguti, muputi, koti, likoti, and mutandu.

mukulati

Brachystegia sp.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mukurati, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. mukalati. [is this a mistranscription?]

mukulukamusiva

Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Flacourtiaceae

= mkulukamsiva, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mupalala (q.v.).

mukulyungu

Terminalia sambesiaca Engl. & Diels.

Combretaceae

= mkuliungu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukundikwava (q.v.).

mukumbangobi

Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim.

Rubiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mupilipili (q.v.) and nyamsitu (q.v.).

mukundikwava

Terminalia sambesiaca Engl. & Diels.

Combretaceae

= mkundikwava, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles, and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukulyungu (q.v.).

mukungugu

(1) Erythrophloeum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkungugu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and used to make pestles and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as musangalabua (q.v.), mwafu (q.v.), and mwahi (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne

Mimosaceae

= mkungugu, Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: provides poles, fuelwood, and fodder (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

mukusu

Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

= mkusu, also in Bende and Nyamwezi, msuku in Ngoni (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mkusu, Mufindi: described as a tree to 4 m tall, with edible red fruits (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as muguhu (q.v.). Called Wild Loquat in English.

mukuvikudi

[unidentified]

[unidentified]

Described by Weck (1908) as an ingredient, together with likasa (q.v.), in the treatment of (epileptic) fits, libisi (Redmayne 1969: 34-35). Redmayne adds: ‘Hehe who are otherwise knowledgeable about plants did not recognise this name. One informant from the highland of Ifwagi suggested that mukufukudi is another name for mukuyu. This is probably some sort of [F]icus which grows on the Great Ruaha plains’ (1969: 39). mukuyu (q.v.) is, in fact, recorded as a name for Ficus sycomorus in Udzungwa. Cf. the grass names likuvi and lukuvi, which may be cognate with the first part of the stem of mukuvikudi (or the whole word if it is a reduplicated form mukuvikuvi mistranscribed).

mukuti

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

= mkuti (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is probably the same as or closely related to muguti (q.v.) and munguti (q.v.), the latter also described as being from Udzungwa. See also koti, muputi, likoti, mukosi, and mutandu.

mukwala

Monodora grandidieri Baill.

Annonaceae

= mkwala, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998).

mukwambe

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= mkwambe, Kitelewasi area: fuelwood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as munyanga (q.v.), mupuga (q.v.), musebele (q.v.), and mutododosi (q.v.).

mukwe

(1) Brachystegia longifolia Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkwe, Mkimbizi area: provides fuelwood and ropes; likewise Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve and Nyololo in Mufindi District (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.) and mutundu (q.v.).

(2) Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkwe, Mkimbizi area: provides fuelwood; Kitelewasi area: provides fuelwood and ropes; Sao Hill, Mufindi District: provides timber, fuelwood, charcoal, and ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mkwe, Bean-pod Tree (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mkwee (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupinati (q.v.), muyombo (q.v.), and ndagula (q.v.).

(3) Julbernardia globiflora Troupin

Caesalpiniaceae

= mkwee (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mkwee (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukongati (q.v.) and mupinati (q.v.). [check botanical name]

Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mkwembi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood

mukwembi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugulakazila (q.v.).

mukwi

Dombeya sp.

Sterculiaceae

= mkwi, Mkimbizi area: a source of firewood and building poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. mukiwe, recorded in Udzungwa and likewise referring to an undetermined Dombeya sp.

mulama

(1) Combretum apiculatum Sond.

Combretaceae

= mlama (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mlama (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mlama, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, fuelwood, and charcoal (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Combretum grandifolium F.Hoffm.

Combretaceae

= mlama, Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: provides building poles and fuelwood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). [check botanical name]

(3) Combretum gueinzii [authority?] ssp. splendens Exell.

Combretaceae

= mlama, mulama (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). [check botanical name]

(4) Combretum molle G.Don

Combretaceae

= mlama (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mulama, Wangama (Moyer). Also recorded as kalama (q.v.), in diminutive class 12/13. Called Velvet-leaved Combretum or Velvet Bush Willow in English.

(5) Combretum zeyheri Sond.

Combretaceae

= mlama (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mlama (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mlama, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, fuelwood, charcoal, and used to make pestles (Shangali et al. 1998).

(6) Combretum spp.

Combretaceae

= mlama, Combretum spp. generally, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(7) Terminalia spp.

Combretaceae

= mlama, Terminalia spp. generally, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(1) Arundinaria alpina K.Schum.

Gramineae

= mulansi (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as mudenge (q.v.) and musisi (q.v.). Cf. the related names in other regional languages, including Kinga lilanzi, Swahili mwanzi. Mountain Bamboo in English.

(2) *Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.Rich.) Munro

Gramineae

Nyololo in Mufindi District: used as poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Lowland or Wine Bamboo in English (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as lilanzi (q.v.), and kitindi (q.v.). [check authority]

mulati

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

= mlati, recorded by Mbuya et al. (1994) as an alternative name to mkangatowo (q.v.). Similar names (mlwati, mluati) are listed for Luguru and Zigua, and these can also be related to Gogo mtati (which has a Hehe record as D.cincinata) and Iraqw gwaadati / gwaatati. Other recorded Hehe names for this tree are mukangatwe (q.v.), mutungitowo (q.v.), mutobo (q.v.) and muto (q.v.).

mulelevasi

(1) Crinum politifolium Wahlst

Amaryllidaceae

= mlelevasi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al.

mulanzi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES 1998).

(2) Pollia condensata C.B.Cl.

Commelinaceae

= mlelevasi, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mulelevati

Chlorophytum filipendulum Berk.

Anthericaeae

= mlelevati, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyalumbwembwe (q.v.). [is this a mistake for mulelvasi / mulelevatsi?]

mulelulelu

Casaeria battiscombei R.E.Fries

Flacourtiaceae

= mlelulelu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood, poles, and timber (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupeeta (q.v.).

mulemajungwa

Gardenia thunbergia L.f.

Rubiaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Branwijk 1962). [check the botanical name and authority]. See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilimandembwe, kilembandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, and mulimandembwe. Cf. also Sangu mulemijungwa and mulimwijungwa (Walsh 1995): in Sangu (i)jungwa means ‘elephant’, and is therefore the equivalent of Hehe ndembwe / ndembo. [Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk have the same name for Sangu and Hehe – also in many other cases. Where were these pairs recorded? This example suggests that there was a Sangu bias. mulemajungwa as a Hehe name needs independent verification]

mulemandembo

(1) Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn.

Rubiaceae

= mlemandembo, G.jovis–tonantis, Nyololo, Mufindi District: with unspecified medicinal uses (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilembandembwe, kilimandembwe, mulimandembwe, mulemandembwe, and mulemajungwa.

(2) Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc.

Rubiaceae

= mlemandembo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). According to Nahonyo et al. mlemandembo is the Gogo name for both G.ternifolia and this sp.

(1) Gardenia subacaulis Stapf & Hutch.

Rubiaceae

E.A. 13229 (Redmayne n.d.). [check botanical name]

(2) Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn.

Rubiaceae

= mlemandembwe, G.jovis-tonantis, Mgololo, Mufindi District: a source of firewood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Same name and identification in Nahonyo et al. (1998). The Hehe name means ‘the elephant hobbler’, perhaps a reference to its very hard wood and the difficulty elephants have in stripping down these trees. See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilembandembwe, kilimandembwe, mulimandembwe, mulemandembo, and mulemajungwa.

(1) Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

Guttiferae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.) and mulomboti (q.v.).

(2) Syzygium guineense

Myrtaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muvengi (q.v.). Water

mulemandembwe

mulenge

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

(Willd.) DC.

NOTES Berry in English.

mulimandembwe

Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn.

Rubiaceae

= G.jovis–tonantis, Wild Gardenia, Wangama (Moyer). See also the related names kilamandembo, kilamandembwe, kilimandembwe, kilembandembwe, mulemandembwe, mulemandembo, and mulemajungwa.

mulindima

Cylicomorpha parviflora Urb.

Caricaceae

= mlindima, Mufindi: trunk used to make beehives (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as mubuyu (q.v.) and muvolovolo (q.v.). Cf. mulindimila.

mulindimila

(1) Uvariodendron pyconophyllums (Diels) R.E.Fries.

Annonaceae

= mlindimila, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, withies and firewood (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. mulindima.

(2) Afzelia quanzensis Welw.

Caesalpiniaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbambakofi (q.v.), mufunguji (q.v.), and mwale (q.v.).

(3) Brachystegia bussei Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mlindimila, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as musani (q.v.), mutelela (q.v.), and muyombe (q.v.).

(4) Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan

Mimosaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mulingalinga

Lannea humilis (Oliv.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= mlingalinga (Nahonyo et al. 1998).

mulolo, milolo, 3/4

[unidentified type of reed]

[unidentified]

= mlolo, milolo, ‘meaning reed or reeds’, and appearing in place names (Redmayne 1964: 103).

mulomboti

Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

Guttiferae

= mlomboti, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and poles; its fruits are eaten by animals (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.) and mulenge (q.v.).

mulongamo

Salacia lovettii [authority?]

Celastraceae

= mlongamo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. mulungamo. [check botanical name]

mulowolowo

(1) Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf

Apocynaceae

= mlowolowo, T.holstii K.Schum., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukongoza (q.v.).

(2) Voacanga africana Stapf

Apocynaceae

= mlowolowo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

mulukila

Achyranthes aspera L.

Amaranthaceae

= mlukila (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The name lugeni (q.v.) has also been recorded for this species.

mulungamo

Oncinotis lanceolata Gilg.

Apocynaceae

= mlungamo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES 1998). Cf. mulongamo. [is one or other of these names mistranscribed?]

mulungu

Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

= C.machrostachys Hochst. ex A.Rich. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). In this source the Hehe name is also recorded as ‘mulemgu’, assumed here to be a mistranscription. The existence of records of a number of similar names for this species – muhugu, muhulugu, and muvulugu (q.v.) – raises the possibility that mulungu itself is a mistranscribed version of one of them. Another recorded name for this tree is mupongolo (q.v.).

mulungulungu

(1) Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.

Rutaceae

Weck (1908) described mlungulungu as the key ingredient in the treatment of the illness called litawangu, which he translated as ‘inflammation of the lungs’: ‘some roots of mlungulungu are chewed and rubbed into the chest and shoulders. More of the same roots are boiled in an earthen pot with water and when the steam rises the patient sits in front of the pot with a large cloth or mat so that he is completely surrounded by the hot steam. When he has had a good sweat he has to rub down with a cloth’ (Redmayne 1969: 34). Redmayne adds: ‘In Kihehe litavangu literally means ‘the great enemy’ and is commonly used to refer to any serious disease which spreads and affects the whole body. It may often be tuberculosis but it is used in cases of many other serious or prolonged diseases with symptoms for which there is no other specific Hehe word. In Matandula mwaChula’s list it is defined as a pain throughout the body’ (1969: 36; this list of Hehe names for different illnesses was written by a medicine man for the anthropologist Gordon Brown in 1933). As for mulungulungu: ‘Many Hehe agree that this is used in medicines for litawangu [sic.] and some also mention that it may be used for treating pneumonia and in diseases where the patient is coughing blood. The roots are boiled in water and the patient drinks the fluid in which they have been boiled. I obtained a specimen of mlungulungu (E.A. 13275) which was identified as Fagara chalybea (Engl.) [Engl.] Rutaceae. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940], p.259, this is given as Fagara merkeri Engl.’ (Redmayne 1969: 39). mlungulungu was also listed by Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) as F.merkeri (synonymous with Z.chalybeum). In her list of identifications Redmayne (n.d.) wrote the Hehe name as mulungulungu. According to Mallango et al. (in prep.) mulungulungu (identified as Z.chalybeum) has a number of uses. The leaves are used as a vegetable, and the pounded seeds are mixed with cotton or sunflower oil to make perfumes. The leaves, roots and bark are also used as a medicine for stomach pain.

(2) Zanthoxylum

Rutaceae

= mlungulungu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mlungulungu, Mufindi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

deremense(Engl.) Kokwaro

NOTES (MBG n.d.). [check the botanical name]

(3) Fagara olitoria Engl.

Rutaceae

= mlungulungu (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). [this botanical name needs updating]

(4) Zanthoxylum sp.

Rutaceae

= mlungulungu, Mufindi: described as an occasional understorey shrub to 3 m tall. Fruit red-purple, and green-purplish-red on its lower half. The crushed leaf and fruit have a lemon smell. The bark is used to kill or repel snakes (MBG n.d.).

(5) Zanthoxylum sp.

Rutaceae

= mlungulungu, Mufindi: described as a tree c.4 m tall x 10 cm dbh. The stem is grey with dark red prickles; fruit shiny green turning dark red when mature (MBG n.d.).

(6) Zanthoxylum sp.

Rutaceae

= mlungulungu, Mufindi: described as a tree to 6 m tall x 15 cm dbh. Flower buds pale green. Bark and roots used to treat gonorrhoea and syphilis. Leaves used to treat children's convulsions (MBG n.d.).

(7) Deinbollia sp.

Sapindaceae

= mlungulungu, Mufindi: described as an occasional tree to 8 m tall. Fruit green with yellow-white dots and dark brown pubescence. Roots used to treat gonorrhoea and syphilis; leaves to treat children's convulsions (MBG n.d.).

(1) Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.

Polygalaceae

E.A. 13231 (Redmayne n.d.). This is a poisonous plant of miombo woodlands (Verdcourt and Trump 1969), also recorded as muhulatangu (q.v.), muvuhalatango (q.v.), and munyumfu (q.v.), and called the Tree Violet or Violet Tree in English.

(2) Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.

Caesalpiniaceae

Mkimbizi: provides building poles; the leaves are poisonous to livestock (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Verdcourt and Trump (1969) confirm that this widespread plant of miombo woodland has poisonous properties. Also recorded as muking’inasenga (q.v.) and mvalugos[?] (q.v.).

(3) Combretum zeyheri Sond.

Combretaceae

= mlyasenga, Kiwele area / Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: a source of firewood, and the roots are used as a medicine for ankylostomiasis, hookworm infection (Swahili safura) (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as muholela (q.v.).

(4) Monotes africana [authority?]

Dipterocarpaceae

= mlyasenga (Nahonyo et al. 1998). [Check botanical name and authority]

muumb[?] [name incomplete]

Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= Lannea schimperi Engl. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also called mugulumo (q.v.).

mumbala

(1) Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree that provides timber, fish poison, and is used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbala (q.v.), muvumbala (q.v.), and muguhuguhu (q.v.).

mulyasenga

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Lophia schweinfurthei [authority?]

[?]

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). [Check botanical name and authority]

mumbele

Erythrococca usambarica Prain

Euphorbiaceae

= mumbere, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lutini (q.v.).

munduma

Garcinia spp.

Guttiferae

= mnduma, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. muduma.

munepa

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster var. fragifolia (Pax) A.R.Sm.

Euphorbiaceae

= mnepa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub which provides fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kiheyelo for M.discoidea. [check botanical name of variety]

mungaso

Ipomoea longituba Hall.f.

Convolvulaceae

E.A. 13260 (Redmayne n.d.). [check authority] According to Redmayne this name is also applied to other Ipomoea spp.

mungogo

(1) Nuxia congesta Fres.

Loganiaceae

Mkimbizi area: used for timber (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

(2) Nuxia floribunda Benth.

Loganiaceae

= mngogo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukogo (q.v.), mugogo (q.v.), mukombalwiko (q.v.), and mukongoti (q.v.).

mungoto

Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mngoto, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Another recorded name for this tree in Udzungwa is mupongolo (q.v.).

mungulungulu

(1) Strychnos innocua Del.

Loganiaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962).

(2) Strychnos spinosa Lam.

Loganiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub with edible fruits which provides fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

(3) Strychnos sp.

Loganiaceae

= mungulugulu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mungumbadumbili

Strychnos angolensis Gilg

Loganiaceae

= mngumbadumbili, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lubondalafuno (q.v.).

munguti

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

Listed by Verdcourt and Trump as ‘Kizungwa’, i.e. from the Dzungwa dialect. Closely related to (if not a misheard version of) muguti (q.v.) and/or mukuti (q.v.) – the latter also recorded in Udzungwa. See also koti, muputi, likoti, mukosi, and mutandu, all given as names for the same tree. Verdcourt and Trump also have mnguti as a Luguru name for this sp.

mununu

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= Tecomaria nyassae Baill. ex Schum. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mnunu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinyalomo (q.v.), nyaloma (q.v.), nyalulume (q.v.), leluni (q.v.), kipahoji (q.v.), lifipahosi (q.v.), and mufipahosi (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES [check botanical name]

munung’anung’a

Conyza floribunda (H.B.K.) Sch.-Bip.

Compositae

= mnung’anung’a, a shrub, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

munusi

Solanum incanum L.

Solanaceae

= mnusi, S.panduliformae (Nahonyo et al. 1998). This plant, the Sodom Apple, is more commonly called by one of the following cognate terms: mudula, ndula, or ndulandula (q.v.). Cf. the cognates kinusi, linusi, manusi, and ninusi.

munyafwivi

Rhynchosia resinosa (A.Rich.) Bak.

Papilionaceae

= mnyafwivi, Kitelewasi: used as cattle fodder (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Redmayne (n.d.) recorded the variant linyafwivi (q.v.) for what was probably the same species of Rhynchosia.

munyakilumbe

[unidentified grass sp.]

[unidentified]

munyakirumbi was described by Weck (1908) as a type of grass used with lugugu (q.v.) for treating a measles-like skin disease called kingaruhanga (in his transcription) (Redmayne 1969: 34, 36-37). Redmayne was unable to identify either the disease or this plant, and has the following to say about the latter: ‘Many Hehe recognised the Kihehe plant name munyakilumbe but did not know that it had any particular medicinal use. It is said to grow in the hills above Malangali (above c.5,000 ft.) and also at Mufindi. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940] there is no Kihehe plant name of which munyakirumbi might be a distortion’ (1969: 39). Cf. nyakilumbi, identified as Clutia abyssinica, a shrub.

munyakisagi

Allophyllus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

= mnyakisagi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukongo (q.v.) and cognate with nyakisage (q.v.).

munyakwihonga

Droogmansia whytei Schindl.

Papilionaceae

= mnyakwihonga, D.pteropus var. whytei, Mkimbizi: ornamental (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded with the name mugonelatwa (q.v.). [check botanical name]

munyala

Deinbollia kilimandscharica Taub.

Sapindaceae

= mnyala, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles and firewood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupilipili (q.v.).

munyaluhanga

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mnyaluhanga, Mkimbizi area [?]: provides poles and a fish poison from its fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as memena (q.v.), musolo (q.v.), and mutungulu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate nyaluhanga.

(2) Crotalaria sp.

Papilionaceae

= mnyaluhanga, Kitelewasi area: an ornamental (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

munyamagakala

Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

E.A. 13270 (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded in Udzungwa as mukalu (q.v.).

munyanga

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= Phyllanthus discoideus Müll. Arg. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mukwambe (q.v.), mupuga (q.v.), musebele (q.v.), and mutododosi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES (q.v.).

munyatoma

(1) Heteromorpha trifoliata (Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh.

Umbelliferae

E.A. 13212 (Redmayne n.d.).

(2) Bersama abyssinica Fres.

Melianthaceae

= mnyatoma, B.abyssinica ssp. abyssinica Verdc., Winged Bersama (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mnyatoma (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mubasamono (q.v.), mupeme (q.v.) and lipeme (q.v.).

munyigi

Protea angolensis Welw.

Proteaceae

E.A. 13225 (Redmayne n.d.). = mnyigi, Protea spp., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

munyongole

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Sapindaceae

= mnyongole, Mkimbizi: a fuel and hedge plant (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Other names recorded for this species are luhahi, luhali, lunyahi, lwahasa, and muhati (q.v.).

munyonzi

Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Araliaceae

= mnyonzi (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mnyonzi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhemi (q.v.), munyunzulu (q.v.), and mupombolukasi (q.v.).

munyumfu

Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.

Polygalaceae

= muniumfu (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as muhulatangu (q.v.), muvuhalatango (q.v.), and mulyasenga (q.v.).

munyungamembe

Cussonia sp.

Araliaceae

= mnyungamembe, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

munyunzulu

Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Araliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhemi (q.v.), munyonzi (q.v.), and mupombolukasi (q.v.).

mupalala

(1) Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim.

Euphorbiaceae

= mpalala, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mpalala, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, poles, fuelwood, is used for making beehives, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mupongolo (q.v.).

(3) Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb.

Flacourtiaceae

= mpalala, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukulukamusiva (q.v.).

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

= mpalang’ang’a, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for medicine, firewood, dye, making beehives, and timber (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mwisa ~ mwitsa (q.v.), mwesa (q.v.) and muhapi (q.v.).

mupalang’ang’a

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

mupambaduma

Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke

Verbenaceae

= mpambaduma, C.discolor Vatke, E.A. 13215 (Redmayne n.d.). In Udzungwa this species has been recorded with the names lipokopoko (q.v.) and lipukupuku (q.v.).

mupasa

Lannea stuhlmannii [authority?]

Anacardiaceae

= mpasa (Nahonyo et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mupemba-mulusi

Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult

Gramineae

= mpembamlusi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching and fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mupembedza

Brachystegia microphylla Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mpembedza, Nyololo, Mufindi District: provides timber, fuelwood, ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mugela (q.v.), muhani (q.v.), and musani (q.v.).

mupeme

(1) Bersama abyssinica Fres.

Melianthaceae

= mupeme and mpeme, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mpeme, B.abyssinica ssp. abyssinica Verdc., Winged Bersama (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mpeme (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mpeme, Mufindi (MBG n.d.). lipeme, also from Mufindi, is cognate. Also recorded as mubasamono (q.v.) and munyatoma (q.v.).

(2) Paullinia pinnata L.

Sapindaceae

= mpeme, Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mupeeta

Casaeria battiscombei R.E.Fries

Flacourtiaceae

= mpeeta, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood, poles, and timber (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulelulelu (q.v.).

mupilipili

(1) Sorindeia madagascariensis DC.

Anacardiaceae

= mpilipili, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mpilipili, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and edible fruits (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhulo (q.v.) and tundawasa (q.v.).

(2) Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr.

Anacardiaceae

= mpilipili, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mpilipili, T.ulugurensis Mildbr. ssp. ulugurensis, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lukumbwembwe (q.v.), lusani (q.v.), and mbembanigo (q.v.).

(3) Rauvolfia mannii Stapf

Apocynaceae

= mpilipili, Mufindi: described as an occasional shrub c.2 m high. Leaves producing white latex; corolla tube pale yellow-green; fruits green (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as kinawihongo (q.v.) and nyavihongo ndogo (q.v.).

(4) Lepidotrichilia volkensii (Gürke) Leroy

Meliaceae

= mpilipili, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as musebele (q.v.). Also recorded as mufanga (q.v.).

(5) Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim.

Rubiaceae

= mpiripiri, Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukumbangobi (q.v.) and nyamsitu (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(6) Deinbollia kilimandscharica Taub.

Sapindaceae

= mpiripiri, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as munyala (q.v.).

(7) Sapindaceae spp.

Sapindaceae

Rodgers and Mwasumbi (n.d.) also state that this is a name for Sapindaceae ‘in general’.

(1) Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mpinati, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve: provides timber, fuelwood and ropes; likewise at Nyololo in Mufindi District (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mpinati (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.), muyombo (q.v.), and ndagula (q.v.). [check Nahonyo ref]

(2) Julbernardia globiflora Troupin

Caesalpiniaceae

= mpanate (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mpinati, Kitelewasi area: provides fuelwood and ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mpinati (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mpinati (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukongati (q.v.) and mukwe (q.v.). [check botanical name and Nahonyo ref]

(3) Lysidice rhodostegia Hance.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mpinati, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles, fuelwood, and handles for tools (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(1) Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill

Flacourtiaceae

= mpingipingi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a small tree with edible fruits, and which provides fuelwood and is used for making pestles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugola (q.v.) and mugogola (q.v.).

(2) Scolopia rhamniphylla Gilg.

Flacourtiaceae

= mpingipingi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub with edible fruits, and medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

mupodo

Podocarpus sp.

Podocarpaceae

= mpodo, Mkimbizi: provides timber (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). This name evidently originates in the English name for Podocarpus spp., Podo (also East African Yellowood). Cf. muvembanagi and muvembanyigo.

mupoloto

(1) Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich.) Benth.

Annonaceae

= mpoloto, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lihomelo (q.v.).

(2) Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Dale

Rutaceae

= mporoto, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mupolyoto

Pluchea monocephala E.A.Bruce

Compositae

= mpolioto, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. mupoloto. [check botanical name]

mupoma

(1) Vitex amaniensis Pieper

Verbenaceae

= mpoma, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufulofulo (q.v.) and mukogo (q.v.).

(2) Vitex madiensis Oliv.

Verbenaceae

= mpoma, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and withies (Shangali

mupinati

mupingipingi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES et al. 1998).

mupombolukasi

Cussonia spicata Thunb.

Araliaceae

Mufindi: used for making wooden bicycle wheels (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as muhemi (q.v.), munyonzi (q.v.), and munyunzulu (q.v.). Cf. the related name lipombogasi.

mupongolo

(1) Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

= mpongolo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This tree has also been recorded with the following names: mulungu, muhugu, muhulugu, and muvulugu (q.v.).

(2) Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mpongole, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mpongolo, Mufindi (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as mupalala (q.v.).

(3) Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mpongolo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Another recorded name for this tree in Udzungwa is mungoto (q.v.).

(4) Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum

Rubiaceae

= pongolo, Xeromphis spinosa Keay (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962); = mpongolo, Randia taylorii S.Moore (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded with the same name and identification (C.spinosa) in the Mkimbizi area, where it is used for fuelwood and to make poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). The names mufulofulo (q.v.) and mututumu (q.v.) have also been recorded for this shrub or tree.

mupuga

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= mpuga (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukwambe (q.v.), munyanga (q.v.), musebele (q.v.), and mutododosi (q.v.).

mupugupugu

Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.) Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= mpugupugu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as luguvani (q.v.).

mupulananga

Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verdc.

Annonaceae

= mpulananga, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as livelevele (q.v.).

mupululu

Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.

Combretaceae

= mpululu (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mupululu (Redmayne n.d.). = mpululu, also in Gogo (Nahonyo et al. 1998).

mupuma

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Flacourtiaceae

= mpuma, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muheyelo (q.v.), mukongo (q.v.), and the variant name mupumu (q.v.).

mupumu

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Flacourtiaceae

= mpumo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood, used for making utensils, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muheyelo (q.v.), mukongo (q.v.), and with the variant name mupuma (q.v.). Cf. lupumo.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

muputsa ~ mupucha

(1) Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch.

Euphorbiaceae

= mputsa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998).

(1) Coffea spp.

Rubiaceae

= mpucha, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Coffea eugenioides S.Moore

Rubiaceae

= mpucha, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mukatsa (q.v.), musebele (q.v.) and mutabagila (q.v.).

(1) Maesa lanceolata Forssk.,

Myrsinaceae

= mputi, Udzungwa (Rodger and Mwasumbi n.d.). See also mukuti, muguti, munguti, koti, likoti, mukosi, and mutandu.

(2) Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch) K.Schum.

Bignoniaceae

= mputi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muswati (q.v.) and musumamela (q.v.). [check the botanical name]

mupwanga

Vitex doniana Sweet

Verbenaceae

= mpwanga, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, fuelwood, edible fruits, and is a source of wild honey (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufudu (q.v.), mufudululenga (q.v.), and mukoge (q.v).

musada

(1) Vangueria infausta Burch.

Rubiaceae

= msada, Vangueria sp. cf. V.tomentosa, recorded in the Mkimbizi area by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) as a source of fuelwood, poles and edible fruits. In their list of names from Udzungwa, Rodgers and Mwasumbi (n.d.) also record musada for unspecified Vangueria sp. In Mufindi msada, V.infausta, has been noted as a source of medicine for treating gonorrhoea, as well as of edible fruits (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as musambalawe (q.v.) and muzanzo (q.v.). The name mwindu (q.v.) has been recorded for a Vangueria sp. which may well be V.infausta.

(2) Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel.

Rubiaceae

= = msada, V.acutiloba, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This species is also called musambalawe (q.v.).

(1) Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steudel

Santalaceae

= msakasaka (Nahonyo et al. 1998).

(2) Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) De Wolf

Capparaceae

= msakasaka, Courbonia glauca (Klotzsch) Gilg & Bened. (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). = msakasaka, C.glauca (Klotzsch) Gilg & Bened. (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as musokasoka (q.v.) and musalale (q.v.). Verdcourt and Trump (1962) give the cognates saka and saka-saka as Gogo names for the same sp.

musalale

Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) De Wolf

Capparaceae

= Courbonia glauca (Klotzsch) Gilg & Bened. (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as musakasaka (q.v.) and musokasoka (q.v.).

musalatusi

Asplenium elliottii C.H.Wright

Aspleniaceae

= msalatusi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern (Shangali et al. 1998).

musambalawe

(1) Vangueria apiculata

Rubiaceae

= msambalawe, E.A. 13233 (Redmayne n.d.).

muputi

musakasaka

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(2) Vangueria infausta Burch.

Rubiaceae

= msambalawe, V.tomentosa Hochst., E. A. 13274 (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded in the Mkimbizi area (as msambalawe, Vangueria sp. cf. V.tomentosa) by Ruffo and Mtui (1980), who were told that it is a source of fuelwood, poles, and edible fruits. Also listed (as msambalawe, V.infausta) by Mbuya et al. (1994), giving the English name Wild Medlar. [also Nahonyo et al.?] Alternative names recorded for this shrub or tree are msada (q.v.) and mzanzo (q.v.).

(3) Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel.

Rubiaceae

= V.acutiloba Robyns, E.A. 13276 (Redmayne n.d.). = msambalawe (Nahonyo et al. 1998).

(4) Ehretia cymosa Thonn.

Boraginaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). In this source the name is printed as msambalow, presumed here to be a mistake for musambalawe.

musambalawelulenga

Vangueriopsis lanciflora [authority?]

Rubiaceae

= msambalawe-lulenga, Mkimbizi area: edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also listed (as msambalwe-lulenga) by Mbuya et al. (1994), who give the English name Crooked False Medlar.

musangalabua

Erythrophloeum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan

Caesalpiniaceae

= msangalabua, in Gogo msangala (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukungugu (q.v.), mwafu (q.v.), and mwahi (q.v.).

musasamlo

Pavetta schumanniana [authority?]

Rubiaceae

= msasamlo, Mkimbizi area: used for firewood and as an ingredient in cough medicine (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Compare mwisasamulu (q.v.) recorded for an undetermined Pavetta sp. Cf. mwasamlo. [check botanical name]

musani

(1) Brachystegia bussei Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= msani (Nahonyo et al.). Also recorded as mulindimila (q.v.), mutelela (q.v.), and muyombe (q.v.).

(2) Brachystegia microphylla Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= msani, msaani, Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = msani, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, fuelwood and charcoal (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugela (q.v.), muhani (q.v.), and mupembedza (q.v.).

musanze

Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth.

Rubiaceae

= msanze (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufyuwi (q.v.) and musasati (q.v.).

musasati

(1) Uvariodendron oligocarpum Verdc.

Annonaceae

= msasati, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhangama (q.v.).

(2) Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich.

Annonaceae

= msasati, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kipulula (q.v.).

K.Schum.

HEHE NAME

musawula

musebele

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(3) Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth.

Rubiaceae

= msasati, Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mufyuwi (q.v.) and musanze (q.v.).

(4) Vitex mombassae Vatke

Verbenaceae

= msasati, Mkimbizi area: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = msasati, same name in Nyaturu and Nyiramba, Smelly Berry Vitex in English (Mbuya et al. 1994). = msasati, Mahuninga: leaves crushed, soaked and applied to eyes to treat eye defects (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufudululenga (q.v.).

(5) Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.

Verbenaceae

= msasati (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufudululenga (q.v.).

(1) Parinari curatellifolia Benth.

Chrysobalanaceae

= msawola, Hehe and Malangali (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = msawala, Mkimbizi area: has edible fruits and provides fuelwood; = msavula, Mafinga: with edible fruits; msaula, Nyololo in Mufindi District: provides fuelwood and edible fruits; = musawula, Mgololo in Mufindi District: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = msawola, msawula (Mbuya et al. 1994). = msaula, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: tree provides edible fruits and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). = msaula, Wangama (Moyer). This tree has related names in many Tanzanian languages, probably because it is very widely distributed. Known as Fever Tree and Mobola Plum in English.

(2) Parinari excelsa Sabine

Chrysobalanaceae

= msabula (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = msaula, Udzungwa and Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = msaula, Mufindi: bark used with other plant ingredients for treatment of stomach-ache (MBG n.d.). = msaula, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: tree provides edible fruits, fuelwood, timber, and is used for making bridges (Shangali et al. 1998).

(1) Sclerochiton boivinii C.B.Cl.

Acanthaceae

= msebele, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= msebele, also in Gogo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukwambe (q.v.), munyanga (q.v.), mupuga (q.v.), and mutododosi (q.v.).

* (3) Pennisetum americanum (L.) K.Schum.

Gramineae

= musebele, P.typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & Hubbard, Mgololo in Mufindi District: a cereal (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). This is the grain crop generally called Bulrush or Pearl Millet in East Africa. It originates in tropical Africa, possibly in the Sahel zone of West Africa (Purseglove 1972: 205).

(4) Lepidotrichilia volkensii (Gürke) Leroy

Meliaceae

= msebele, Mkimbizi area: with medicinal uses (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mupilipili (q.v.).

(5) Coffea eugenioides S.Moore

Rubiaceae

= msebere, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mukatsa (q.v.), mupucha (q.v.), and mutabagila (q.v.). Known in

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES Kenya as Nandi Coffee.

musengela

(1) Bauhinia petersiana Bolle

Caesalpiniaceae

= msengera, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides poles and fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugobwali (q.v.), muhakwe (q.v.), mukomba (q.v.), and mwasamlo (q.v.).

(2) Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

Guttiferae

= msengera, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, poles and fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukani (q.v.). [check botanical name]

mutsetsefwa

Rhus natalensis Krauss

Anacardiaceae

Mkimbizi area [?]: fuelwood, edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also called muhehefu (q.v.), musesembwa (q.v.), and mutunumbi (q.v.). mutsetsefwa and musesembwa are probably close linguistic relatives.

musesembwa

Rhus natalensis Krauss

Anacardiaceae

= msesembwa, Mkimbizi area [?]: fuelwood, edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also called muhehefu (q.v.), mutunumbi (q.v.), and mutsetsefwa (q.v.). The latter is probably linguistically related to musesembwa.

musilahenge

Aeschynomene abyssinica (A.Rich.) Vatke

Papilionaceae

E.A. 13204, 13207 (Redmayne n.d.).

mutsimutsimu

Begonia meyeri-johannis Engl.

Begoniaceae

= mtsimutsimu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

musisi

Arundinaria alpina K.Schum.

Gramineae

= msisi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a bamboo which provides poles and is used for weaving and thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mudenge (q.v.) and mulansi (q.v.). Called Mountain Bamboo in English.

musisina

Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F.White,

Ebenaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyakatitu (q.v.). [check botanical name]

musokasoka

Maerua decumbens (Brongn.) De Wolf

Capparaceae

= msokasoka, Courbonia edulis Gilg. & Ben. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as musakasaka (q.v.) and musalale (q.v.). [a mistranscription of musakasaka?]

musolang’anga

Asparagus falcatus

Liliaceae

= msolang’anga, Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Cf. palakanga, lipalakanga, lupalakanga, kapalang’anga, likalakanga, and madang’anga. [check botanical name]

musolo

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax var. maprouneifolia Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= msolo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides firewood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). P. maprouneifolia is also recorded as memena (q.v.), munyaluhanga (q.v.), and mutungulu (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

musonga

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon

Apocynaceae

= msonga (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufilani (q.v.) and mutogo (q.v.). Verdcourt and Trump (1969) give msanga as Nyamwezi and Sukuma; msongati as Bende and Nyamwezi; and msongea from an unidentified source. The Rift Valley name for this species therefore patterns with one of the names in West Tanzanian languages – and the Udzungwa name with Northeast Coast and RufijiRuvuma languages.

musosa

Ficus vasta Forssk.

Moraceae

= F.wakefieldii Hutch. (Redmayne n.d.).

mutsululusi

Nephrolepis biserrata (Swartz.) Schott.

Davaliaceae

= mtsululusi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a fern (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognate masululusi, also sulu [check botanical name]

musumbati

Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

Sapotaceae

= msumbati, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukelegeti (q.v.).

musungula

Rourea orientalis Baill.

Connaraceae

= msungula (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinavilafi (q.v.), kinyavalafi (q.v.), and liyenzi (q.v.).

mutabagila

Coffea eugenioides S.Moore

Rubiaceae

= mtabagira, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mukatsa (q.v.), mupucha (q.v.), and musebele (q.v.).

mutambalangwense

Dracaena laxissima Engl.

Agavaceae

= mtambalangwense, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kidetema (q.v.), lusungulutu (q.v.), mudetele (q.v.), and muvalambi (q.v.).

mutamila

Ziziphus abyssinica A.Rich.

Rhamnaceae

= mtamila, Mkimbizi area: used for firewood and building poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Name recorded more frequently as mutanula (q.v.). [Is mutamila an error of transcription?]

mutandagasi

Strychnos pungens Solered

Loganiaceae

= mtandagas [sic.] (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). More frequently recorded as mutangadasi (q.v.).

mutandu

Maesa lanceolata Forssk.

Myrsinaceae

= mtandu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). See also mukuti, muguti, munguti, muputi, koti, likoti, and mukosi; all recorded as names for the same tree. Cf. litandu, which may be linguistically cognate.

mutangadasi

(1) Strychnos pungens Solered

Loganiaceae

= mtangadasi (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mutandagasi (q.v.).

(2) Strychnos spinosa Lam.

Loganiaceae

= mtangadas [sic.] (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mtangadasi, Mkimbizi area: provides poles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mtangadasi, also in Sangu; Elephant Orange or Spiny Monkey Ball, in English (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mtangadasi (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mungulungulu (q.v.).

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

= mtanganego, Mkimbizi area (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.), lilogonego (q.v.), mutonganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.),

mutanganego

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES and mukelekete (q.v.).

mutanula

(1) Ziziphus abyssinica A.Rich.

Rhamnaceae

= Z.abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich., E.A. 13205 (Redmayne n.d.). Name also recorded as mutamila (q.v.). Z.abyssinica is a tree, shrub or climber with ‘zig-zag’ branchlets, ‘mostly armed with single or paired curved thorns to 12mm’ (Beentje 1994: 359). The following Hehe riddle recorded by Redmayne plays upon this characteristic: ‘Kili pa mutanula sitola’, ‘It is in the mutanula tree and it cannot be taken out’, or (depending on the answer) ‘It is in the mutanula tree and he does not take it’. Redmayne records two different answers to this riddle, as follows. (1) ‘Inzala’, ‘Hunger’. Redmayne explains: ‘Hunger which cannot be taken out of the stomach is likened to something hidden in the very thorny mutanula tree. Sitola is active but here it is used instead of the passive form sitolwa. (2) ‘Muhasavo’, ‘Your sister (or your parallel cousin)’. Redmayne: ‘Kutola munu “to take a person” is an expression often used for a man marrying a wife. A Hehe man cannot marry anyone he calls muhasa, i.e. his sisters and parallel cousins’ (1970: 809, Nos.103 and 104).

(2) Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Rhamnaceae

= mtanula (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mtanula (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Indian Jujube or Geb in English.

(3) Ziziphus mucronata Willd.

Rhamnaceae

= mtanula (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mtanula (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mtanula, Wangama (Moyer). Called Buffalo Thorn in English.

mutati

Dombeya cincinata [authority?]

Sterculiaceae

= mtati (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Nahonyo et al. also give this as the Gogo name for D.cincinata, and the Hehe record is probably a loanword from Gogo (assuming that it has not been misidentified as Hehe). Cf. Hehe mulati (q.v.) and Gogo mtati for D.rotundifolia. [check the sp. name and authority]

mutelela

Brachystegia bussei Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

= mtelela, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood and ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mtelela, Large-leaved Brachystegia (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mtelela (Nahonyo et al.). Also recorded as mulindimila (q.v.), musani (q.v.), and muyombe (q.v.).

mutelya

Ozoroa insignis Del. ssp. reticulata (Bak.f.) Gillett

Anacardiaceae

= mteria, Heeria insignis O.Ktze. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Other recorded names for this shrub or tree are lihenwe (q.v.) and motaponsi (q.v.).

mutema

Bauhinia sp.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mtema (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Cf. the names for B.petersiana: mugobwali, muhakwe, mukomba, musengela, and mwasamlo.

mutetema

Dracaena afromontana Mildbr.

Agavaceae

= mtetema, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mudetema (q.v.) and kidetema (q.v.), with detema (q.v.) and ndetema (q.v.) for other

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES Dracaena spp. [mistranscribed?]

mutimbwi

(1) Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl.

Papilionaceae

E.A. 13241 (Redmayne n.d.).

(2) Oromocarpum trachycarpum (Taub.) Harms

Papilionaceae

= mtimbwi (Mbuya et al. 1994). Cognate with kitimbwi (q.v.) and also recorded as lungutiwa (q.v.).

mutitu

Diospyros sp.

Ebenaceae

= mtitu, mutitu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cf. the cognates nyakatitu and nyakititu.

muto

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

E.A. 13208 (Redmayne n.d.). Cognate with mutobo (q.v.). See also mkangatowo, mtungitowo, mukangatwe, and mlati. [should this be mutoo?]

mutobo

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

= mtobo (motobo), Dombeya sp. (D.rotundifolia), Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is cognate with muto (q.v.) and the final element of mukangatowo (q.v.) and mutungitowo (q.v.). Other names recorded for this tree are mukangatwe (qv.) and mulati (q.v.).

mutododosi

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster

Euphorbiaceae

= mtododosi, Phyllanthus discoideus Müll. Arg. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mukwambe (q.v.), munyanga (q.v.), mupuga (q.v.), and musebele (q.v.).

mutogo

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon

Apocynaceae

= mtogo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mufilani (q.v.) and musonga (q.v.). Given as mtogo in Vidunda, Luguru, Ngulu, Zigua and Rufiji; mtoo in Mbunga (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). The Udzungwa name for this species therefore patterns with nearby Northeast Coast and Rufiji-Ruvuma languages – and the Rift Valley name with West Tanzanian languages.

mutona

Phyllanthus inflatus Hutch.

Euphorbiaceae

= mtona, Chita area, Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This name is cognate with kitona (q.v.), recorded in Udzungwa for (tentatively) P.muelleranus.

mutonganego

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

= R.erythrodes (Fres.) Planch., E.A. 13242 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as mutanganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), lilogonego (q.v.), litogonigo (q.v.), toganigo (q.v.), and mukelekete (q.v.). All but the last of these names are related.

mutonganigu

Ampelocissus multistriata [authority?]

Vitaceae

= mtonganigu, Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as litogonigo (q.v.) and lilogonego (q.v.). See also mutonganego, mutanganego, litenganego, toganigo, and mukelekete.

mutono

(1) Commiphora africana

Burseraceae

= mtono, C.pilosa Engl. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = mtono, Kiwele area

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

(A.Rich.) Engl.

NOTES and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: used for live fencing (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mtono (Nahonyo et al. 1998). = mtono, Poison-grub Commiphora, Wangama (Moyer). Mkwawa’s first fort at Kalenga (then known as Ilinga, meaning ‘stockade’) is said to have been fenced by mitono trees. This fort was visited by the French traveller Victor Giraud in February 1883 (Redmayne 1964: 144-145, 164, citing Giraud 1890: 129 ff., and copying his illustration, 1890: 138). The stockade was built sometime after Mkwawa’s return from exile in 1880 (Redmayne 1968: 47). The trees in question were most likely one or more Commiphora spp.

(2) Commiphora eminii Engl.

Burseraceae

= C.zimmermannii Engl., E.A. 13210 (Redmayne n.d.).

(3) Commiphora iringensis Engl.

Burseraceae

= mitono (plural) (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). [check botanical name]

(4) Commiphora mossambicensis [authority?]

Burseraceae

= mtono, Kitelewasi area: used for live fencing (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). [check botanical name]

(5) Commiphora sp.

Burseraceae

= mtono, Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve: used for live fencing (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

(6) Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Rutaceae

= mtono, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). The names kitanula (q.v.) and litona (q.v.) have also been recorded for this liana.

mutopeta

Annona senegalensis Pers.

Annonaceae

= mtopeta, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a source of fuelwood and tool handles (Shangali et al. 1998). Wild Custard Apple or Wild Soursop in English.

mutoto

Uapaca nitida Muell. Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

= mtoto, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree with edible fruits and a source of poles, fuelwood, charcoal, and beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

mutugutu

(1) Vernonia auriculifera Hiern

Compositae

= mtugutu, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Vernonia lasiopus O.Hoffm.

Compositae

E.A. 13261 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as libaha (q.v.).

(3) Vernonia myriantha Hook.f.

Compositae

= mtugutu, V.subuligera O.Hoffm., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mtogoto (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mtugutu, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally, also a good source of pollen for bees and therefore honey (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as tugutu (q.v.) and ndulusya (q.v.).

(4) Vernonia spp.

Compositae

According to Redmayne (n.d.) this name applies to other Vernonia spp., as well as V.lasiopus (see above).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

mutumbatumba

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

= mtumbatumba, X.americana and X.caffra at Mkimbizi, both with edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded with the names mingi (q.v.), mutundwa (q.v.), and mwitunda (q.v.).

mutumbi

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.

Bignoniaceae

Wangama (Moyer). This species, the Sausage Tree, is widely known by the name mfumbi (q.v.). [Is mutumbi a mistake for mufumbi?]

mutundila

Acalypha chirindica S.Moore

Euphorbiaceae

= mtundila, E.A. 13267 (Redmayne n.d.).

mutundu

Brachystegia longifolia Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mtundu (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Idodi Division: provides timber (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.) and muyombwe (q.v.).

mutundwa

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

= mtundwa, E.A. 13271 (Redmayne n.d.). = mutundwa, pl. mitundwa (Mudemu n.d.). = mtundwa, X.americana and X.caffra at Mkimbizi, both with edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = mtundwa, X.caffra (Nahonyo et al. 1998). The names mwitunda (q.v.), mutumbatumba (q.v.), and mingi (q.v.) have also been recorded for this tree or shrub, which is called the Sour or Wild Plum in English (Beentje 1994). The Hehe names mutundwa and mwitunda presumably refer to these fruits.

mutungalunga, mitungalunga, 3/4

Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel.

Rosaceae

= mitungarunga, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mudobole (q.v.), mugetwa (q.v.), and mwelesi ~ mweletsi (q.v.).

mutungitowo

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch.

Sterculiaceae

= mtungitowo, Sao Hill: a source of firewood and tool handles (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). The final element of this name relates it to mutobo (q.v.), muto (q.v.) and mukangatowo (q.v.), and therefore also mukangatwe (q.v.). mulati (q.v.) has also been recorded as a Hehe name for this tree.

mutungulu

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax

Euphorbiaceae

= mtungulu (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as memena (q.v.), munyaluhanga (q.v.), and musolo (q.v.).

mutunumbi

(1) Rhus longipes Engl.

Anacardiaceae

= mtunumbi, Mufindi (MBG n.d.).

(2) Rhus natalensis Krauss

Anacardiaceae

= mtunumbi, Rhus sp. cf. R.natalensis, Mkimbizi area: edible fruits used in local brew [and also used a source of firewood?]; R.natalensis, Kitelewasi: firewood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also listed, as mtunumbi, by Mbuya et al. (1994). Other recorded names for this species are muhehefu (q.v.), musesembwa (q.v.), and mutsetsefwa (q.v.).

(3) Rhus vulgaris Meikle

Anacardiaceae

Mafinga: firewood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum

Rubiaceae

= mtutumu, Xeromphis obovata; Chita area / Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). This species has also been recorded with the

mututumu

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES names mufulofulo (q.v.) and mupongolo ((q.v.).

muvalala

Harungana madagascariensis Poir.

Guttiferae

= mvalala, muvalala, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbalala (q.v.), muvavala (q.v.), muvata (q.v.), and kisyembadanda (q.v.).

muvalambi

(1) Dracaena laxissima Engl.

Agavaceae

= mvalambi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used as toothbrushes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kidetema (q.v.), lusungulutu (q.v.), mudetele (q.v.), mutambalangwense (q.v.), and muvalambi (q.v.).

(2) Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.

Flacourtiaceae

= mvalambi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998).

(3) Rawsonia reticulata Gilg.

Flacourtiaceae

= mvalambi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(4) Xymalos monospora (Harv.). Warb.

Monimiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukombamwiko (q.v.). [check authority]

muvalugosi

Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.

Caesalpiniaceae

= mvaalugos (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mulyasenga (q.v.) and muking’inasenga (q.v.).

muvambalafidunda

(1) Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steudel

Santalaceae

= muvambalafidunda, O.compressa (Berg.) A.DC., E.A. 13232 (Redmayne n.d.). = muvambalafidunda, mvamvalavidunda (Mbuya et al. 1994). An alternative form of the name is muvambala-kidunda (q.v.). Also recorded as musakasaka (q.v.). Referred to in English as East African Sandalwood.

(2) Terminalia spinosa Engl.

Combretaceae

(Nahonyo et al. 1998).

muvambalakidunda

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steudel

Santalaceae

= mvambalakidunda, Osyris compressa, Mkimbizi area: used as firewood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Alternatively muvambala-fidunda (q.v.) and also recorded as musakasaka (q.v.).

muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi

(1) Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.

Balanitaceae

= mvambandusi, Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: provides tool handles and fodder (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as muduguya (q.v.).

(2) Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schlecht.

Balanitaceae

Also muvambandusi in Gogo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as muduguya (q.v.).

(3) Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell

Celastraceae

= mvambandusi, Mkimbizi area: provides fuelwood, tool handles, and substitute nails from its thorns; Mafinga: used for making tool handles; Nyololo in Mufindi District: provides fuelwood, poles, and tool handles. = mvambandutsi, Kitelewasi area: provides fuelwood, substitute nails from the thorns, and a medicine for stomach-ache from the leaves (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as kisugi (q.v.), mubondo (q.v.), and mwifwikakavili (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

muvanga

Zanha africana(Radlk.). Exell

Sapindaceae

Given by Vercourt and Trump (1969) as an alternative name for kivanga (q.v.).

muvata

Harungana madagascariensis Poir.

Guttiferae

= mvata, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbalala (q.v.), muvalala (q.v.), muvavala (q.v.), and kisyembadanda (q.v.). Cf. muvavata for Harungana sp.

muvava

(1) Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq.

Malvaceae

= muvava, mvava, H.diversifolius subsp. witheanus, Mkimbizi area: used to make ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as linyangamabele (q.v.) and muhangana (q.v.).

(2) Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg

Thymeleaceae

= mivava (plural), Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as livana (q.v.).

muvavala

Harungana madagascariensis Poir.

Guttiferae

= mvavala, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbalala (q.v.), muvalala (q.v.), muvata (q.v.), and kisyembadanda (q.v.).

muvavata

Harungana sp.

Guttiferae

= mvavata, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, poles, fuelwood, and is used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the interrelated names of H.madagascariensis: mbalala, muvalala, muvavala, and muvata.

muvembanagi

Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb.

Podocarpaceae

= mvembanagi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muvembanyigo (q.v.). Cf. mupodo.

muvembanyigo

(1) Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb.

Podocarpaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as muvembanagi (q.v.). This name is cognate with mbembanigo (q.v.). Cf. mupodo.

(2) Podocarpus usambarensis Pilger

Podocarpaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994).

(1) Eugenia capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond.

Myrtaceae

= muvenge, mwenge, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

(2) Syzygium cordatum Krauss

Myrtaceae

= muvengi, pl. mivengi (Mudemu n.d.). = S.cordatum, corrected by hand to S.guineense, Mkimbizi area: has edible fruits (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = muvengi, Kinga imivengi (plural), Water-berry Tree (Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as muhuu (q.v.).

(3) Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.

Myrtaceae

= muvenge, ‘Zungwe’; muvengi, Hehe, ‘Zungwa’ (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = muvengi, Mkimbizi area: edible fruits; Mafinga: has edible fruits and provides fuelwood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). = muvenge, mwenge, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = muvengi, Water Berry (Mbuya et al. 1994). = mvengi (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulenge (q.v.).

Dasylepis integra Warb.

Flacourtiaceae

= mvinditi, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides poles and is used

muvengi, mivengi, 3/4

muvinditi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES to make pestles (Shangali et al. 1998).

muvolovolo

Cylicomorpha parviflora Urb.

Caricaceae

= mvolvolo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used to make beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mubuyu (q.v.) and mulindima (q.v.).

muvuhalatango

Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.

Polygalaceae

= mvuhalatango (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as muhulatangu (q.v.), munyumfu (q.v.), and mulyasenga (q.v.).

muvulugu

(1) Abutilon sp.

Malvaceae

= muwulugu, E.A. 13217 (Redmayne n.d.).

(2) Croton macrostachyus Del.

Euphorbiaceae

= muwulugu, E.A. 13268, C.macrostachys [sic.] Hochst. ex A.Rich. (Redmayne n.d.). Recorded by Ruffo and Mtui (1980) in a number of locations: in Ibumu village and Image Forest Reserve as a source of fuelwood; at Sao Hill, Mufindi, with the same use; (as muvuluga) at Nyololo, Mufindi, as a shade tree and source of fuel; and at Mgololo in Mufindi District also as a fuelwood tree. Mbuya et al. (1994) record the same name (muvulugu) as well as related names in languages elsewhere in the region (Bena, Nyiha, Nyakyusa). Locally it is probably cognate with muhulugu (q.v.), recorded in Udzungwa, and also muhugu (q.v.). Other Hehe names recorded for the same tree are mulungu (q.v.) and mupongolo (q.v.).

muvumbala

Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg

Loganiaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mbala (q.v.), mumbala (q.v.), and muguhuguhu (q.v.).

muvyokovyoko

Uvaria sp.

Annonaceae

= mvyokovyoko, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. also the cognate mbokovoko.

muyombe

Brachystegia bussei Harms

Caesalpiniaceae

(Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulindimila (q.v.), musani (q.v.), and mutelela (q.v.).

muyombo

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= myombo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles, fuelwood and ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Wangama (Moyer). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.), mupinati (q.v.), and ndagula (q.v.). Cf. the related muyombe (q.v.) and muyombwe (q.v.).

muyombwe

Brachystegia longifolia Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

= myomwe (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). = myombwe, Mkimbizi area: provides fuelwood and ropes (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.) and mutundu (q.v.).

muyoyelandege

Hoslundia opposita Vahl

Labiatae

= ‘Kihehe, Kisagala’ (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as kinunganunga (q.v.) and vesungula (q.v.).

muzanzo

Vangueria infausta Burch.

Rubiaceae

= mzanzo, V.rotundata Robyns, E.A. 13279 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as musada (q.v.) and musambalawe (q.v.). [check the unusual phonology]

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

muzunguzungu

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Compositae

= mzunguzungu, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nosa (q.v.).

mwafu

Erythrophloeum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan

Caesalpiniaceae

= muafu (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as mukungugu (q.v.), musangalabua (q.v.), and mwahi (q.v.).

mwahasa ~ mwahatsa

(1) Cyperus distans L.

Cyperaceae

= mwahatsa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: sedge used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as haala (q.v.). Cf. the cognate lwahasa. [check botanical name]

(2) Buddleia salviifolia (L.) Lam.

Loganiaceae

= mwahasa, Hehe, ‘Fuagi’ (i.e. Fwagi) (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as muhahasa (q.v.). [check botanical name]

mwahi

Erythrophloeum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan

Caesalpiniaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as mukungugu (q.v.), musangalabua (q.v.), and mwafu (q.v.).

mwale

Afzelia quanzensis Welw.

Caesalpiniaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides timber, poles and firewood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mbambakofi (q.v.), mufunguji (q.v.), and mulindimila (q.v.).

mwambula

Thunbergia sp.

Acanthaceae

= mwambura, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

mwasamlo

Bauhinia petersiana Bolle

Caesalpiniaceae

= mwasamlo (Nahonyo et al. 1998). Also recorded as mugobwali (q.v.), muhakwe (q.v.), mukomba (q.v.), and musengela (q.v.). Cf. musasamlo, mwisasamulu.

mwefi

Erythrococca sp.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998).

mwelesi ~ mweletsi

(1) Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel.

Rosaceae

= mweretsi, mweretzi, H.anthelmintica J.F.Gmel., ‘Zungwa’ [Hora 1940]. = mwelesi or lwelesi (q.v.): ‘I was unable to obtain a specimen of this but it is said to grow on the edges of streams. In Check-Lists [Hora 1940], p.307, there are two entries for the Kisungwa dialect of highland Uhehe which appear to be variations of this name, mweretsi and mweretzi both given as Hagenia anthelmintica J.F.Gmel.’ (Redmayne 1969: 39). Redmayne’s informants suggested that mwelesi or lwelesi might be the plant called kierezi (? kyelesi, q.v.) by Weck (1908), used in treating discharges of pus from the ear (lugosi) (Redmayne 1969: 34, 37). Other names recorded for H.abyssinica are mudobole (q.v.), mugetwa (q.v.), and mutungalunga (q.v.).

(2) Kotschya sp.

Papilionaceae

= mweletsi, Mgololo in Mufindi District (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Compare lwelesi ~ lweletsi (q.v.), identified as both K.recurvifolia and Cassia kirkii.

Marsdenia abyssinica (Hochst.)

Asclepiadiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the possibly cognate

mwendi

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Schltr.

NOTES name lwendi. [check botanical name]

mwesa

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

(Mbuya et al. 1994). Also recorded as mwisa ~ mwitsa (q.v.), muhapi (q.v.), and mupalang’ang’a (q.v.). mwesa may be a mistake for mwisa. Mbuya et al. also record a number of related names in other languages: Nyakyusa mwisya; Luguru mwiza; Zigua mweza; Sambaa muiza, mwiza; Pare mwira (muvira in Verdcourt and Trump 1962).

mwifwikakavili

Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell

Celastraceae

Kitelewasi area: provideds fuelwood, substitute nails from the thorns, and a medicine for stomach ache from the leaves (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as kisugi (q.v.), mubondo (q.v.), and muvambandusi ~ muvambandutsi (q.v).

mwikose

(1) Justicia anisophylla (Mildbr.) Brummitt

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

(2) Justicia nyassana Lindau

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for fodder (Shangali et al. 1998).

(3) Thunbergia petersiana Lindan

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name and authority]

mwindu

Vangueria sp.

Rubiaceae

Mufindi: provides firewood and building poles, as well as edible fruits which are also taken by baboons (MBG n.d.). These uses overlap with those recorded for V.infausta, and it is possible that this is the species referred to. Otherwise it should be noted that other names for Vangueria spp. – musada (q.v.) and musambalawe (q.v.) – are applied generically, and therefore this may well also be the case with mwindu.

mwisa ~ mwitsa

(1) Bridelia brideliifolia (Pax) Fedde

Euphorbiaceae

= mwisa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). [check botanical name]

(2) Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.

Euphorbiaceae

= mwisa, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = mwitsa, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: used for medicine, firewood, dye, making beehives, and timber (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mwesa (q.v.), muhapi (q.v.), and mupalang’ang’a (q.v.).

mwisasamulu

Pavetta sp. aff. P.oliverana Hiern

Rubiaceae

E.A. 13278 (Redmayne n.d.). Compare musasamlo (q.v.), recorded for P.schumanniana. Cf. mwasamlo.

mwitsukulu

Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl.

Lauraceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and fuelwood (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muguluka (q.v.) and muhulo (q.v.).

mwitunda

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

= X.caffra, at Wangama (Moyer). Other recorded names for this tree or shrub are

This name may be cognate with lwisa (q.v.).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES mingi (q.v.), mutumbatumba (q.v.), and mutundwa (q.v.).

namugoha

(1) Berkheya echinacea O.Hoffm.

Compositae

= namgoha, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cribb and Leedal note that this plant can be seen ‘in west Mufindi always growing in grassland and mostly above 1650 m’ (1983: 151). [check botanical name]

(2) Laggera alata (D.Don.) Oliv.

Compositae

= namgoha, a herb, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(3) Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke

Compositae

= namgoha, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. linyangoha. [check botanical name]

navahongo

Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill.

Apocynaceae

= nawahongo, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kinawingongoli (q.v.) and kitelutelu (q.v.). Cf. nyavihongo.

ndago

Cyperus sp. nr. C.elegantulus [authority?]

Cyperaceae

Mafinga: a weed (Ruffo and Mtui 1980).

ndagula

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth.

Caesalpiniaceae

(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as mukwe (q.v.), mupinati (q.v.), and muyombo (q.v.).

ndete

Phragmites mauritianus Kunth.

Gramineae

Recorded by Redmayne in the following riddle: ‘Mwime mwambu na mwambu mwihomele indete’, ‘Stand side by side and fight each other with reeds’. Answer: ‘Kwitwanza’, ‘To pound together’. Here two people people pounding at the same mortar are likened to people fighting with reeds (1970: 810, No.113). This name is presumed to have the same botanical identification as its linguistic cognates: dete 9/10 (q.v.), kidete 7/8 (q.v.) and lidete 5/6 (q.v.). ndete is the regular class 9/10 form based on the underlying noun stem –tete. The class 6 plural matete is also regular, but dete, kidete, and lidete are ‘irregular’ (unexpected) forms which may have originally derived from ndete by extrapolation.

ndetema

Dracaena spp.

Agavaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Cognate with other terms recorded for D.afromontana and D.usambarensis: detema (q.v.), kidetema (q.v.), mudetema (q.v.) and mutetema (q.v.).

ndula

(1) Solanum incanum L.

Solanaceae

Mkimbizi area: roots used as medicine for ‘epilepsy’, degedege (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Degedege is a widely used Swahili term for an (any) illness which causes small children to have fits. The equivalent Hehe term for the disease presumed to cause these symptoms is nyavana, which ‘often refers to the convulsions associated with the onset of measles in small children or with particularly severe bouts of malaria’ (Redmayne 1969: 35). As Redmayne notes, there are ‘very many

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES different Hehe medicines which are supposed to cure nyavana’ (1969: 35). In the Mufindi area, the roots of this shrub (ndula, S.incanum) have been recorded as providing an infusion for the treatment of gonorrhoea (MBG n.d.). Alternative names for this plant, the Sodom Apple, are the cognate terms ndulandula and mudula (q.v.), and also the linguistically unrelated munusi (q.v.).

(2) Solanum indicum L.

Solanaceae

= indula (the name with preprefix), Solanum anguivi (MBG n.d.).

ndulandula

Solanum incanum L.

Solanaceae

= ndula ndula (Verdcourt and Trump 1969). This is a reduplicated form of the more widely recorded name ndula (q.v.), which in turn is cognate with mudula (q.v.). Another recorded name for this plant, the Sodom Apple, is munusi (q.v.).

ndulusya

Vernonia myriantha Hook.f.

Compositae

= V.subuligera O.Hoffm., Iringa (Watt and Breyer-Branwijk 1962). Also recorded as mutugutu (q.v.) and tugutu (q.v.). Cf. lilulutsa.

ngelengasa

Leucas deflexa Hook.f.

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kihomonula (q.v.). Cf. ngingelengasa. [check botanical name]

ngelulila

Senecio sp.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998).

ngiholawoga

Aneilema aequinoctiale (Beauv.) Kunth.

Commelinaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998). [check authority]

ngingelengasa

Leonotis mollissima Gürke

Labiatae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub, used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. ngelengasa.

ngolowoga

(1) Commelina benghalensis L.

Commelinaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb used as fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. ngiholawoga [check authority]

(2) Commelina latifolia A.Rich.

Commelinaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb used as fodder (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyakolowoga (q.v.). Cf. ngiholawoga [check authority]

ngonelavatwa

Droogmansia whytei Schindl.

Papilionaceae

E.A. 13218 (Redmayne n.d.). Also recorded as mugonelatwa (q.v.) and munyakwihonga (q.v.). [check botanical name]

ngulukanzila

Cryptocarpa sp.

Lauraceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber and fuelwood, and is used for making beehives (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as memona (q.v.). Cf. mugulakazila, muguluka.

ngulukila

Agelanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Polh. & Wiens

Loranthaceae

= ngurkira [sic.], Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a parasite which provides birdlime and is also used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as wulimbo (q.v.). [check botanical name]

ngulu-

Commelina africana L.

Commelinaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998).

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

ninusi

Mellera lobulata S.Moore

Acanthaceae

= ninussi, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lihambwili (q.v.). Compare kinusi, linusi, manusi, and munusi.

nosa

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Compositae

(Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as muzunguzungu (q.v.). [is this a mistake for nusa? It is described as a ‘rather smelly’ herb]

nyakaganzakamwana

(1) Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.

Amaranthaceae

Leaves used as a vegetable (Mallango et al. in prep.). Also recorded as linyali (q.v.).

(2) Oxalis corniculata L.

Oxalidaceae

Leaves used as a vegetable, eaten raw or cooked (Mallango et al. in prep.).

(1) Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.

Connaraceae

= Agelaea heterophylla Gilg., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kinyavalafi (q.v.) and likamanda (q.v.). Cf. nyakititu.

(2) Diospyros usambarensis F.White

Ebenaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood and dye (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the cognates mutitu and nyakititu.

(3) Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F.White,

Ebenaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides timber, fuelwood, and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as musisina (q.v.). [check botanical name]

(4) Diospyros zombensis (B.L.Burtt) F.White,

Ebenaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a tree which provides fuelwood and has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as nyakititu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate mutitu.

nyakilumbi

Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach

Euphorbiaceae

= nyakirumbi, (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Also recorded as kipwaga (q.v.), lupumo (q.v.), and lwisa (q.v.). Cf. munyakilumbe.

nyakisage

Allophyllus africanus P.Beauv.

Sapindaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as kibegesa (q.v.), kwalevale (q.v.), and segelavahinza (q.v.); and cognate with munyakisagi (q.v.).

nyakitenge

Hoslundia sp(p).

Labiatae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

nyakititu

(1) Diospyros zombensis (B.L.Burtt) F.White,

Ebenaceae

Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). According to Rodgers and Mwasumbi this is a common name for smallish trees, referring to the dark background colour of the tree. –titu means ‘black’, or ‘dark’ in Hehe. Also recorded as nyakatitu (q.v.). Cf. the cognate mutitu.

(2) Turraea floribunda Hochst.

Meliaceae

Udzungwa and Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.).

mbwembwe

nyakatitu

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

(3) Psychotria tanganyikensis Verdc.

Rubiaceae

Udzungwa and Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lwegunda (q.v.).

nyakolowoga

Commelina latifolia A.Rich.

Commelinaceae

Leaves used as a vegetable and animal feed, nyolowoga in Gogo (Mallango et al. in prep.). Also recorded as nyakolowoga (q.v.). Cf. ngiholawoga [check authority]

nyaloma

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= Tecomaria nyassae Baill. ex Schum., Hehe and ‘Zungwa’ (Watt and BreyerBrandwijk 1962). Also recorded with the possibly related names kinyalomo (q.v.) and nyalulume (q.v.), as well as leluni (q.v.), kipahoji (q.v.), lifipahosi (q.v.), mufipahosi (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

nyalubano

Monodora sp.

Annonaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

nyaludilo

Hypoestes forskalei [authority?]

Acanthaceae

= H.verticillaris R.Br., E.A. 13237 (Redmayne n.d.). [check botanical name]

nyalulume

*Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach ssp. nyassae (Oliv.) Brummitt

Bignoniaceae

= Tecomaria nyassae, Mafinga: grown as an ornamental and provides fuelwood (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded with the possibly related names nyaloma (q.v.) and kinyalomo (q.v.), as well as leluni (q.v.), kipahoji (q.v.), lifipahosi (q.v.), mufipahosi (q.v.), and mununu (q.v.). This is a cultivated ornamental called Cape Honeysuckle in English. [check botanical name]

nyalumbwembwe

Chlorophytum filipendulum Berk.

Anthericaeae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mulelevati (q.v.). Cf. lukumbwembwe.

nyamsitu

Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim.

Rubiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides firewood and withies (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mukumbangobi (q.v.) and mupilipili (q.v.).

nyamtita

Secamone sp.

Asclepiadaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber that provides ropes (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lwamtita, class 11 (q.v.).

nyamului

Gloriosa simplex L.

Liliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as lwida (q.v.), lwisa (q.v.), mugobogobo (q.v.), and vitosambili (q.v.). Known as Glory Lily in English. [check botanical name]

nyasalasala

Momordica foetida Schum. & Thonn.

Cucurbitaceae

According to Mallango et al. (in prep.), the leaves of this plant are used as a vegetable, and also to prepare a medicine for degedege. Although glossed in the text as ‘beriberi’ (a disease caused by vitamin deficiency) degedege is a widely used Swahili term for any illness which causes small children to have fits. The equivalent Hehe term for the disease presumed to cause these symptoms is nyavana, which ‘often refers to the convulsions associated with the onset of measles in small children or with particularly severe bouts of malaria’ (Redmayne

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES 1969: 35). As Redmayne notes, there are ‘very many different Hehe medicines which are supposed to cure nyavana’ (1969: 35). Mallango et al. (in prep.) also report that juice made from the fruit of this plant is used as a medicine for long-lasting fevers (Hehe: lugandaganda) and for treating ankylostomiasis, hookworm infection (Swahili safura, translated in the text as ‘marasmus’, dry malnutrition). This plant is also recorded with the name lisonyi (q.v.). In Gogo it is called by the cognate term kisalasala. [check botanical name]

nyasungwa

Aloe nuttii Bak.

Aloeaceae

= inyasungwa (with preprefix), Aloe sp., Kiwele area and Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve: roots used to prepare a medicine ‘to hasten delivery in women’ (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Identified as A.nuttii by Mallango et al. (in prep.), who give nyasungwa as a Dzungwa dialect name and provide the following information on uses. The flowers of this are used as a vegetable. Liquid squeezed from the leaves is used to treat Newcastle Disease (kideri) in poultry [check if this has a wider reference – including fowl typhoid]. The roots are used as a medicine for stomach pains in small babies, up to three months old. nyasungwa literally means ‘the elephant’s (plant)’, and is from the same nominal root as the name Udzungwa (i.e. Usungwa) itself. See also the related names kitembwetembwe, litembwetembwe, and litembo.

nyatoma

Pentas bussei K.Krause

Rubiaceae

= natoma (assumed to be a mistranscription), nyatoma, Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded as lipembe-duma (q.v.) and sungasunga (q.v.). Redmayne (who did not identify this shrub) recorded ‘food which has been cooked on a fire of wood of the nyatoma tree’ (1964: 78) as one of the three food avoidances (musilo, plural misilo) of all of the descendants and agnates of Muyinga, i.e. members of the Hehe royal family (1964: 79, 87).

nyaudeke

[undetermined sp.]

Labiatae

= Labiatae sp., E.A. 13280 (Redmayne n.d.).

nyautilili

Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.

Euphorbiaceae

The leaves of this plant are used as a vegetable (Mallango et al. in prep.). Also recorded as kitegelo (q.v.), lahongole (q.v.), and lusunguluti (q.v.).

nyavibala

Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Less.

Compositae

= nyawibala, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

nyavihale

Helichrysum schimperi (Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Moeser

Compositae

= nyawihale, Mufindi, described as a common straggling herb to 1.5 m tall (MBG n.d.). Also recorded as libunda (q.v.) and mufufugala (q.v.). [check botanical name]

nyavihongo

(1) Rauvolfia mombasiana

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf.

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

Stapf

NOTES nawahongo.

(2) Rauvolfia volkensii (Schum.) Stapf

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998).

nyavihongo ndogo

Rauvolfia mannii Stapf

Apocynaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: has medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). This name translates as ‘the small Rauvolfia’: ndogo is Swahili for ‘small’ (class 9). Also recorded with the related name kinawihongo (q.v.), and as mupilipili (q.v.).

nyongole

Ocimum suave Willd.

Labiatae

Mkimbizi area: used medicinally (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as kinung’anung’a (q.v.).

palakanga

(1) Asparagus buchananii Bak.

Liliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. lipalakanga, lupalakanga, kapalang’anga, likalakanga, madang’anga, and musolang’anga. [check botanical name]

(2) Asparagus sateceus (Kunth.) Jessop

Liliaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a climber (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

segelavahinza

Allophyllus africanus P.Beauv.

Sapindaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kibegesa (q.v.), kwalevale (q.v.), and nyakisage (q.v.). Cf. kisengelavahinza (q.v.).

suguluti

Acalypha ornata A.Rich.

Euphorbiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as kivaaga (q.v.). Cf. lusunguluti.

sulu

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Dennstaediaceae

= isulu (with preprefix), Mkimbizi area: a weed (Ruffo and Mtui 1980). Also recorded as lisilu (q.v.). Cf. masululusi, mutsululusi. Bracken Fern in English. [check botanical name]

sunga

(1) Emilia sagitata DC.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. the reduplicated form of the name, sungasunga. [check botanical name]

(2) Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb used as a vegetable and with medicinal uses (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(1) Sonchus oleraceus L.

Compositae

E.A. 13257 (Redmayne n.d.). Cf. sunga.

(2) Pentas bussei K.Krause

Rubiaceae

Chita area by Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). Also recorded elsewhere in Udzungwa as nyatoma (q.v.) and lipembe-duma (q.v.).

sungu

Lannea sp.

Anacardiaceae

= isungu (with preprefix), Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998).

swakalaswakala

Setaria megaphylla (Stend) Th.Dur. & Schiz.

Gramineae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a grass used for thatching (Shangali et al. 1998).

sungasunga

HEHE NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

FAMILY

NOTES

tambulalivyovyo

Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) C.Jeffrey

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a herb with used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998).

toganigo

Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drum.

Vitaceae

(Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as mutonganego (q.v.), mutanganego (q.v.), litenganego (q.v.), lilogonego (q.v.), litogonigo (q.v.), and mukelekete (q.v.).

tugutu

(1) Vernonia amygdalina Del.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as baha (q.v.).

(2) Vernonia myriantha Hook.f.

Compositae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a shrub used medicinally, also a good source of pollen for bees and therefore honey (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as mutugutu (q.v.) and ndulusya (q.v.).

tulilafuno

Justicia sp.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Cf. kililafuno.

tundawasa

Sorindeia madagascariensis DC.

Anacardiaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: provides fuelwood, poles, and edible fruits (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as muhulo (q.v.) and mupilipili (q.v.).

vesungula

Hoslundia opposita Vahl

Labiatae

(Verdcourt and Trump 1969). Also recorded as kinunganunga (q.v.) and muyoyelandege (q.v.). Cf. musungula.

vitosambili

Gloriosa simplex L.

Liliaceae

(Verdcourt and Trump 1962). Also recorded as lwida (q.v.), lwisa (q.v.), mugobogobo (q.v.) and nyamului (q.v.). Known as Glory Lily in English. [check botanical name]

vivinganyalafi

Justicia interupta (Lindau) C.B.

Acanthaceae

Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Shangali et al. 1998). Compare kihunganyavalafi (q.v.) and linganyalafi (q.v.).

wulimbo

(1) Agelanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Polh. & Wiens

Loranthaceae

= ulimbo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a parasite which provides birdlime and is also used medicinally (Shangali et al. 1998). Also recorded as ngulukila (q.v.). [check botanical name]

(2) Englerina inaequilatera [authority?]

Loranthaceae

= ulimbo, Mufindi: described as a hemiparasite whose fruits are boiled down to make birdlime (MBG n.d.). [check botanical name]

(3) Englerina woodfordioides Schweinf.

Loranthaceae

= ulimbo, Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a parasite which provides birdlime (Shangali et al. 1998). [check botanical name]

(4) Loranthus spp.

Loranthaceae

= ulimbo, Loranthus spp., Udzungwa (Rodgers and Mwasumbi n.d.). = ulimbo, Loranthus sp., Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve: a parasite which provides birdlime (Shangali et al. 1998).