English For Medical Science.docx

ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL SCIENCE

WRITTEN BY SITI FATIMAH ROMADHANI WULANDARI

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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

PREFACE

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful. Praise to be is Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the world that the writers are able to complete this book of English for Academic Purposes; English for Medical Science. This simple book is intended as a handbook for the students of Medical Science Faculty. It is expected that the student are not reluctant to read the English texts as the window of their knowledge development. This book is built up from various skills of reading competence to strengthen the student’s ability to understand many kinds of English reading materials. Further, the book brings the students with the language focuses of the texts that can help the students grab the structures of the sentences in each paragraph. This is supposedly expected that students are then able to build their own texts in written and orally. Therefore, this book is organized in a simple but comprehensive way. The units consist of texts followed by the language focuses and tasks through which the students can practice arranging their own sentences and paragraphs to build texts. It is suggested that the book is learnt and helpful for the students in practicing to develop their English acquicition.

Surakarta, September 2013

Siti Fatimah Romadhani Wulandari

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Table of Contents PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………. ii TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………………… iii UNIT 1 READING 1: History the drug revolution ……………………………………… 1 Pronoun …………………………………………………………………………. 6 Noun …………………………………………………………………………… 10 UNIT 2 READING 2: Amphetamine …………………………………………………… 17 Adjective ……………………………………………………………………….. 22 Adverb ………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Comparative degree ……………………………………………………………. 27 UNIT 3 READING 3: Drug Abuse ......…………………………………………………. 36 Gerund …………………………………………………………………………. 40 Infinitive ……………………………………………………………………….. 42 Participle ………………………………………………………………………. 43 Passive Voice…………………………………………………………………… 46 UNIT 4 READING 4: Vaccines and Anti serums ………………………………………. 51 Present Tenses …………………………………………………………………. 55 Future Tenses ………………………………………………………………….. 56 Past Tenses……………………………………………………………………… 58 UNIT 5 READING 5: Anesthetics ……………………………………………………… 63 Conjunction …………………………………………………………………….. 66 Preposition ……………………………………………………………………… 68 UNIT 6 READING 6: Cold Remedies ………………………………………………….. 72 Modifiers ……………………………………………………………………….. 75 Abridgment……………………………………………………………………80 UNIT 7 READING 7: How Drugs are Produced ………………………………………... 81 iii

Subject- Verb Agreement……………………………………………………… 85 UNIT 8 READING 8: Sedatives and Cough Remedies …………………………………. 97 Gerund Phrase………….………………………………………………………. 100 Noun Phrase……………………………………………………………………. 102 UNIT 9 READING 9: The Nutrient needs of Pregnancy ……………………………….106 Adjective Phrase……………………………………………………………….. 108 Adverb Phrase………………………………………………………………….. 110 Preposition Phrase……………………………………………………………… 111 Participle Phrase………………………………………………………………... 113 UNIT 10 READING 10: Therapeutic Diet ………………………………………………. 117 Simple Sentences………………………………………………………………..119 Paralelisme……………………………………………………………………... 121 Compound Sentence …………………………………………………………... 125 UNIT 11 READING 11: Nutritional Needs ……………………………………………... 129 Noun Clause …………………………………………………………………… 133 Adverb Clause …………………………………………………………………. 134 Adjective Clause ………………………………………………………………. 134 Complex Sentence ……………………………………………………………...135 UNIT 12 READING 12:HOW TO USE A PRESCRIPTION DRUG SAFELY……..138 COMPOUND Complex Sentence…………………………………………….. 141

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UNIT 1 Reading Comprehension HISTORY: THE DRUG REVOLUTION The drug revolution began about 1800 and has continued to the present. During this period, scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs. They have also discovered the cause of many diseases, determined how drugs work, and learned much about how the body functions. In the process, the practice of medicine has been revolutionized, in large part by the use of drugs. Pharmacology has developed into a major science, and the manufacture of drugs has become a large industry. In 1796, Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccination in an effort to prevent the deadly disease smallpox. He vaccinated a boy with push from blisters n a woman infected with cowpox. The boy the caught cowpox, a minor disease related to smallpox. Jenner later injected smallpox matter into the boy. But the boy did not catch smallpox because his fight with cowpox has made his body immune (resistant) to smallpox. Jenner’s discovery led to search for vaccine against other diseases. This search gradually developed into the science of immunology. Scientists learned how to isolate (separate) drugs from plants during the early 1800’s. In 1806, morphine became the first of the plant drugs to be isolated. Within a few years, scientists had also isolated quinine. In 1840’s, the use of anesthetics during surgery was introduced by two Americans working independently of each other – Crawford Long, a physician, and Willian T.G. Moston, a dentist. Later in the 1800’s, the French scientist Louis Pasteur and the German physician Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Pasteur proved that germs caused infectious disease and that killing the germs responsible stopped the spread of such diseases. Koch developed a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases. The pace of drug revolution quickened in the 1900’s. In fact, most of the major drugs used today have been discovered since 1900. Important developments in hormone 1

research followed the first isolation of a hormone in 1898. That year, an American pharmacologist. John J. Abel, isolated the hormone epinephrine, also called adrenalin. Scientist isolated several other hormones during the next 20 years. Then in the early 1920’s, a research team led by Frederic Bating, a Canadian physician, discovered the hormone insulin. Since then, this drug has saved the lives of millions of diabetics. In the early 1900’s, Paul Ehrlich, a German scientist, developed the new method of treating infectious disease. This method called chemotherapy, involves the use of chemical that attack disease-causing organism. It is also used to destroy cancer. The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by British scientist Alexander Fleming. A German physician, Gerhard Domagk, discovered the first sulfa drug, protocol, in 1935. Scientist soon developed other antibiotics and sulfa drugs. This ‘wonder drugs’ were remarkably effective against many infectious disease. Many other important drugs have been discovered since 1900. Barbiturates, which reduce the activity of the nervous system and the muscles, were introduced in 1903. Amphetamines, which stimulate the nervous system, were first used medically in the early 1930’s. Scientists developed several important tranquilizers in the 1950’s, and birth control pills appeared in 1960. Scientists first used recombinant DNA techniques during the 1970’s. These techniques involve inserting human genes into bacterial cells or, occasionally, animal cells causing the cells to produce human protein. In the 1980’s, researcher applied recombinant DNA technology to produce large quantities of sugar drugs as insulin and interferon. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah, siti:2009)

A. Answer the questions below based on the text above. 1. What did the scientists discover during the drug revolution? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. How did Edward Jenner carry out his experiment of vaccination? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3. What is immunology?

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_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. Why did scientists isolate drugs from plants? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5. What is the main idea of paragraph 4? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. What was the relationship between Crawford Long and William T.G. Morton? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

7. How did germ theory work? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8. Who discovered penicillin? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9. What drugs were discovered in 1900’s? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10. What are the benefits of using recombinant DNA techniques? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

B. Choose the best answer based on the text above 1. When did drug revolution begin? a. 1800

c. 1840

b. 1806

d. 1976

2. Edward Jenner discovered vaccine to prevent …. a. Cowpox

c. blisters

b. Smallpox

d. body’s puss 3

3. Who established the germ theory of diseases? a. Crawford Long

c. William T.G. Morton

b. Louis Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

4. Which of the following statement is true? a. Edward Jenner developed vaccination to prevent cowpox disease b. Koch developed a certain method to find bacteria cause smallpox c. John. J. Abel developed adrenaline to save the lives of diabetics d. Paul Ehrlich developed a certain method to threat infectious disease 5. The first plant drug to be isolated was …. a. Quinine

c. hashish

b. Morphine

d. marijuana

6. What is the main idea of paragraph 2? a. The founder of the first vaccination b. Edward Jenner’s experiment in developing vaccination c. The development of immunology d. The victims of smallpox disease

7. What is chemotherapy? a. The use of chemicals to attack disease causing organism b. A kind of method to attack the germ-fighting antibiotics c.

The newest discovery of destroying cancer cell

d. A method to treat infectious disease 8. What does the phrase “that year” in paragraph 5 refer to? a. 1898

c. 1918

b. 1900

d. 1920

9. Which of the followings was discovered by Berhard Domagk? a. Penicillin

c. Arsphenamine

b. Prontosil

d. Antibiotics

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10. Amphetamineis used for …. a. Reducing the activity of the nervous system b. Producing human proteins c. Producing insulin and interferon d. Stimulating the nervous system 11. “During this period, scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs (par 1)”. The word “discovered” has similar meaning with …. a. Found out

c. Made

b. Continued

d. Examined

12. These “wonder drugs” were remarkably effective against… (Par.7)”. What does the phrase “wonder drugs” refer to? a. Antibiotic and penicillin

c. Antibiotics and sulfa drugs

b. Sulfa drug and protosil

d. Penicillin and sulfa drugs

13. The scientists discovered the followings in 1800, EXCEPT.... a. Discovered the causes of many diseases b. Determined how drugs work c. Learned much about how the body functions d. Prevented infectious diseases 14. Why didn’t the boy catch smallpox when Jenner injected smallpox matter into him? a. His body immune with all diseases b. He succeeded fight with cowpox c. He know how against smallpox d. his fight with cowpox had made his body resistant to smallpox.

15. What drugs were first used medically in the early 1930’s? a. Barbiturates

c. Amphetamine

b. Tranquilizers

d. Aspirins

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C. Complete the paragraph with the options provided. Share your work with the class. Antimicrobials Kills

prepared

multiplying

antibiotics preventkeeps

treat

sulfonamides

used

Drug that kill or help … (1) multiplication of bacteria or viruses that infect the body are called antimicrobials. … (2) that act against bacteria include antibiotics and sulfonamides (sulfa drug). … (3) are obtained from naturally occurring microorganism. Sulfonamides are … (4) synthetically. A large dose of penicillin or certain other antibiotic … (5) diseasecausing bacteria. A smaller doses of such an antibiotic … (6) the bacteria from multiplying in the body and thus allows the body’s natural defenses to destroy them. Sulfonamides also prevent bacteria from …(7) in the body. In most cases, however, … (8) and other synthetic antimicrobials do not kill the bacteria.Doctors prescribe antiviral drug to … (9) certain diseases caused by viruses. For example, the antiviral drug zidovudine, commonly called AZT, is … (10) in the treatment of AIDS.

GRAMMAR FOCUS PRONOUNS Ada 7 bentuk Pronouns (kata ganti orang) dalam bahasa Inggris: 1. Subject Pronouns (kata ganti subjek) 2. Object Pronouns (kata ganti objek) 3. Possessive Adjective (kata sifat kepunyaan) 4. Possessive Pronouns (kata ganti kepunyaan) 5. Reflexive Pronouns (kata ganti refleksif) 6. Relative Pronouns (kata ganti penghubung) 7. Indefinite Pronouns (kata ganti tak tentu)

SUBJECT PRONOUNS Subject Pronouns (kata ganti subjek) digunakan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat, contoh: I,You, We, They, He, She, It 1. Sebagai subjek dari sebuah kata kerja. Contoh: She went to Bandung. (Dia pergi ke Bandung)

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2. Setelah kata kerja to be. Contoh:  It is she in the picture. (Dialah yang ada di foto) (formal/TOEIC)  It’s her in the picture. (informal)

3. Apabila kita membandingkan subjek dari 2 anak kalimat. Contoh:  Weare better than they (are) at swimming. (Kita lebih baik daripada mereka dalam berenang).  Hespeaks louder than I (do). (Dia berbicara lebih keras dari saya) 4. Digunakan setelah kata “as” dan “that”. Contoh:  They say that she love him. (Mereka mengatakan bahwa dia mencintainya).  He is not as rich as she (is). (Dia (laki-laki) tidak sekaya dia (perempuan).

OBJECT PRONOUNS(Kata ganti objek):me, you, us, them, him, her, it Object Pronouns digunakan: 1. Bila ia menjadi objek dari sebuah kata kerja. Contoh: We met her yesterday. (Kami bertemu dia kemarin) 2. Setelah preposition (kata depan). Contoh: Mary studies English with me. (Mary belajar bahasa Inggris dengan saya) 3. Bila objek dari 2 anak kalimat dibandingkan. Contoh: She loves you more than him. (Dia mencintaimu lebih dari dia) POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE Vs POSSESIVE PRONOUNS Possessive Adjective (Kata sifat kepunyaan): my, your, our, their, his, her, its.Possessive Adjective digunakan: 1. Di depan kata benda. Contoh: My books are on the table. (Buku-buku saya ada di atas meja)

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2. Di depan kata “Gerund”. (Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berakhiran ing yang digunakan sebagai kata benda). Contoh:I was surprised at her coming to my party. (Saya heran atas kedatangannya pada pesta saya). Possessive Pronouns (Kata ganti kepunyaan):mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, her, its. Possessive Pronouns digunakan: 1. Untuk menggantikan possessive adjective dan noun. Contoh: This book is my book. This book is mine. (Buku iini milik saya) 2. Setelah kata depan “of” yang menunjukkan satu dari beberapa. Jane is a friend of mine. (=One of several friends) (Jane adalah seorang teman saya) 3. Setelah kata kerja ‘to be’. Contoh: That car is mine. (Mobil itu milik saya) 4. Untuk menggantikan adjective + noun, ketika kita membandingkan 2 benda atau 2 hal. Contoh: His house is bigger than yours. (= your house) (Rumahnya lebih besar daripada rumahmu) Not: His house is bigger than you.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive Pronouns (Kata ganti refleksif):myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself. Reflexive Pronouns digunakan: 1. Sebagai objek dari kata kerja, bila subjek dan objeknya sama. Contoh: 8

He cut himself while shaving. (Dia melukai dirinya sendiri) not He cut him. 2. Letaknya setelah kata kerja dan di depan kata depan. Untuk menekankan bahwa subjek melakukan suatu kegiatan sendiri/ tanpa bantuan orang lain. Contoh: I looked myself for the missing cards. (Saya mencari sendiri kartu-kartu yang hilang itu). Artinya ‘saya sendiri yang mencari kartu-kartu itu dan bukan orang lain’. 3. Reflexive Pronouns diletakkan di belakang kalimat, untuk menekankan bahwa subjek melakukan kegiatan itu sendiri. Contoh: I made this bag myself. (Saya membuat tas ini sendiri.) 4. Reflexive Pronouns diletakkan setelah kata depan ‘by’ yang berarti subjek yang melakukan kegiatan itu sendiri. Contoh: My mother likes to shop by herself. (Ibuku suka berbelanja sendiri) RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative Pronouns (Kata pengganti penghubung):who, whom, whose, which, and that. 1. Who digunakan untuk menerangkan subyek (orang). Contoh:  John’s children, who all graduated from college, came home for his eightieth birthday. (Anak-anak John, yang semua telah lulus dari akademi, pulang untuk ulang tahunnya yang ke-80). 2. Whom digunakan untuk menerangkan obyek (orang). Contoh:  I met a woman at my office.  The woman told me to come back next week.  The woman whom I met at my office told me to come back next week. (Wanita yang saya lihat meminta saya untuk kembali minggu depan).

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3. Whose digunakan untuk menerangkan orang, benda, dan binatang dan menunjukkan kepemilikan. Contoh:  John, whose luggage was lost by airlines, put in an insurance claim. (John, yang bagasinya dihilangkan oleh perusahaan penerbangan, mengajukan tuntutan asuransi).  They live in a house whose walls were made of glass. (Mereka tinggal di sebuah rumah yang dindingnya terbuat dari kaca). 4. Which digunakan untuk menerangkan benda dan binatang. Contoh:  He bought all the books which are required for the course. (Dia membeli semua buku yang dibutuhkan untuk kursus itu). 5. That digunakan untuk menerangkan orang, benda, dan binatang. Contoh: She prefers to watch movies that make her cry. (Dia lebih suka menonton film yang membuat dia menangis).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Indefinite Pronouns (Kata ganti tak tentu)adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepada orang atau benda secara umum, tidak menunjukkan kepada orang atau benda secara khusus. 1. Kita dapat membentuk Indefinite Pronouns dengan menggabungkan ‘every’, ‘some’, ‘any’, dan ‘no’ dengan ‘body’, ‘one’, atau ‘thing’. 2. Perbedaan antara somebody/someone/something dengan anybody/anyone/anything sama dengan perbedaan antara ‘some’ dan ‘any’. 3. Secara umum kita menggunakan somebody/someone/something dalam kalimat positif dan anybody/anyone/anything dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat tanya. 4. Semua Indefinite Pronouns diikuti kata kerja tunggal. Contoh: 

Everyone has his or her own car. (Setiap orang memiliki mobil pribadi). 10



Has anyone left his or her book in the table? (Apakah ada seseorang yang meninggalkan bukunya di atas meja?)

NOUNS

Kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung yang disebut Countable Nounsdan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung yang disebut Uncountable Nouns.

Countble Nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, kata benda ini mempunyai bentuk jamak (plural) dan bentuk tunggal. Contoh: 5 chairs (jamak), a chair (tunggal).

Countable Nouns tidak boleh berdiri sendiri, kita harus menggunakan a/an/the/ atau bentuk plural.

Uncountable Nouns adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, kata benda ini tidak memiliki bentuk jamak. Contoh: Water (bukan: Waters). Selain itu, kita juga tidak dapat menggunakan a/an di depan kata benda uncountable. Contoh: Blood (bukan: a blood)

Nouns That Are Always Plural Ada beberapa kata benda yang selalu dalam bentuk jamak (plural).Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh: 

Garments (pakaian) pants (celana panjang), breeches (celana dalam), pajamas (piyama), trousers (celana panjang), clothes (pakaian-pakaian), shorts (celana pendek) cloth



Tools and Instruments (peralatan) scissors (gunting), binoculas (teropong), pliers (catut), shears (pemotong rumput), scales (timbangan), spectacles (kaca mata) 11



greens (vegetables) (sayuran), goods (barang-barang)



riches (kekayaan), savings (tabungan), earnings (penghasilan)



premises (gedung), stairs (tangga), grounds (area)



outskirts (daerah pinggiran kota), surroundings (lingkungan)



valuables (perhiasan), particulars (fakta-fakta khusus)



damages (kerusakan), pains (trouble) (masalah)



police (kepolisian), arms (weapon) (senjata)

Nouns That The Singular And Plural Form Is The Same (Kata benda yang memiliki bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal sama)

Berikut ini beberapa contoh: 

animal (binatang): bison (kerbau liar), deer (rusa), sheep (domba)



fish (ikan): fish (ikan), salmon (salmon), trout (ikan air tawar)



species (jenis), series (seri), corps (kesatuan/korps), means (alat)



wages (upah)



space craft (pesawat luar angkasa), offspring (keturunan)

Nouns That May Be Singular Or Plural Depending On Their Meanings. (Kata benda yang dapat menjadi tunggal atau jamak tergantung dari arti kata itu.) 

Collective Nouns(kata bentuk kolektif) assembly (perkumpulan), committee (komite), crowd (kerumunan), crew (kru), class (kelas), family (keluarga), faculty (staff pengajar), government (pemerintah), jury (juri), organization (organisasi), public (masyarakat)

Kata-kata di atas, bila dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan, maka kata-kata itu merupakan kata benda tunggal, sedangkan jika dilihat sebagai anggota-anggota kelompok atau anggota-anggota kesatuan maka kata-kata ini menjadi kata benda jamak (plural). Contoh: The Committee is having a meeting. (“Komite” dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan/kolektif sehingga dianggap tunggal) 12

The Committee are going back to their homes by bus. (“Komite” dilihat sebagai masing-masing anggota sehingga dianggap jamak atau plural). 

Uncountable Nouns(kata-kata yang tidak dapat dihitung) bread (roti), cheese (keju), coffee (kopi), food (makanan), fruit (buah), meat (daging), paper (kertas), rice (nasi), salt (garam), tea (teh), experience (pengalaman) Contoh: They want to write some notes. They need some paper. (‘paper’ dalam kalimat di atas berarti kertas untuk menulis, sehingga dianggap sebagai kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung/ an uncountable noun.) They want something to read. They are going to buy papers. (‘paper’ dalam kalimat di atas berarti Koran, sehingga dianggap sebagai kata benda yang dapat dihitung/ a plural noun.)

Nouns Ending In-s But Are Always Singular (Kata benda yang berakhiran huruf

“s” tetapi merupakan kata benda tunggal atau

singular.) Ada beberapa kata benda ayang berakhiran “-s” (tanda umum kata benda jamak) tetapi merupakan kata benda tunggal atau singular.Berikut adalah beberapa contoh: 

Academic Subjects (mata pelajaran akademis): mathematics (matematika), politics (politik), physics (fisika), economics (ekonomi), civics (ilmu kewarganegaraan), statistics (statistik), linguistics (bahasa)



Quantities/ Amount (jumlah) : time (waktu), money (uang), measurements (ukuran)



Group of animals (kumpulan binatang): flocks of birds (kumpulan burung), school of fish (kumpulan ikan), pack of wolves (kumpulan serigala), herd of cattle (kumpulan binatang ternak), swam of bees (kumpulan lebah), colony of ants (kumpulan semut)



Abstract (abstrak) : politics (politik), ethics (etika), news (berita)



Title of books (judul buku), title of films (judul film), title of magazine (judul majalah)



Diseases (penyakit): 13

measles (campak), mumps (gondok), herpes (herpes), rickets (penyakit tulang).

An Uncountable Nouns Is Always Singular (Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung selalu bentuk tunggal) Karena kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung selalu dalam bentuk tunggal maka kita tidak dapat memakai bentuk jamak untuk kata-kata ini. (s/es) Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh: 

clothing (pakaian), equipment (peralatan), furniture (perabot rumah tangga), luggage (barang-barang), machinery (mesin-mesin), pottery (barang-barang tembikar)



progress (perkembangan), evidence (bukti), knowledge (pengetahuan), significance (arti), information (informasi)



music (music)



traffic (lalu lintas), transportation (transportasi)



money (uang), poverty (kemiskinan), postage (perangko)



homework (pekerjaan rumah), housework (pekerjaan rumah tangga)



jewelry (perhiasan), silver (perak)



air (udara), scenery (pemandangan)



happiness (kebahagiaan), honesty (kejujuran), enjoyment (kesenangan), courage (keberaniaan),

intelligence

(kepintaran),

jealousy

(keberuntungan), sadness (kesedihan), violence (kejahatan).

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Choose the correct form 1. … house isn’t as big as theirs.

2.

a. Our

c. we

b. Ours

d. They

My children are too young to look after …. a. them

c. their

b. themselves

d. they

3. Don’t blame … ; it wasn’t your mistake. a. you

c. your 14

(kecemburuan),

luck

b. yourself

d. yours

4. Simon left the matter entirely up to … a. He

c. his

b. Him

d. himself

5. John, Mary and … rode their bikes all the way to the lake. a. He

c. his

b. him

d. himself

6. The police . . . the news on television? a. had

c. have

b. has

d. would have

7. Two years . . . arrested the thief. a. am

c. is

b. are

d. was

8. Family . . . the most important thing in life. a. was

c. is

b. were

d. are

9. My Jeans . . . got a hole in them. a. have

c. has

b. would have

d. had

10. I am going to buy. . . . a. an box b.

a box

c. some boxs d. a boxes

GRAMMAR TASK 2 Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underline choices.

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1. Sloths spend most of its time hanging upside down from trees and feeding on leaves A B C and fruit. D 2. When the European settlers came in the seventeenth century, the newcomers began a A systematic effort to push the Native Americans into the wilderness and to take B their landfrom themselves. C D 3. There are not many people which adapt to a new culture without feeling some A B C D disorientation at first. 4. Those of us who have a family history of heart disease should make yearly A B B appointments with their doctors. D 5. George Herman Ruth, which was better known as Babe Ruth, began his baseball A B C D career in 1914 with the Baltimore Orioles. 6. The understanding of electricity depends on a its knowledge of atoms and the A B subatomic particles of which they are composed. C D 7. The U.S. Postal Service delivers more mails in one day than Federal Express does in A B C D one year.

8. One of the most distinctive plant found in the desert is the Saguaro cactus. A B C D 9. A thunder usually follows lightning by five second for every mile between the flash A B C D and the observer. 10. The stories of Dr. Seuss have been enjoyedby millions of children around world. A B C D

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UNIT 2 READING COMPREHENSION AMPHETAMINE The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical differences among them. They include amphetamine (Benzedrine or “bennies”), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or “dexies”), and methamphetamine (Methedrine or “meth” or “speed”). People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since they were introduced almost fifty years ago. Benzedrine was sold over the counter through the l940s, in an aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. From the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread. Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls. The amphetamines have only two legitimate uses in medicine. First, they are used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy (an uncontrolled need for short periods of deep sleep). Second, they, as well as certain other drugs with similar properties, have been used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably overactive) children. Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates or tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control. (Prominent brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, Eskatrol, Nobese, and Obetrol). But it seems unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite suppressant. Unlike alcohol or “ludes”, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who want them or think they need ‘them rather than to be shared in social situations. In the short term -- with just a single, small dose-- amphetamines often have unwanted side effects. These side effects include nervousness, elevated blood pressure, and headache. These effects will be more annoying to some people than to others and, obviously, amphetamines are more hazardous for some people (such as those with heart orders) than others. In large doses or over prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects, which include insomnia, dizziness, 17

agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.( Adapted from English For Medical Science Fatimah, siti:2009)

A. Answer these questions 1.

What are amphetamines? …………………………………………………………………………………

2.

What do amphetamines include? ……………………………………………………………………………

3.

What were the dieters, students, and truck drivers’ opinions about using amphetamines in pill form from the I 940s on? ………………………………………………………………………………………

4.

What are the legitimate uses of amphetamines in medicine? ………………………………………………………………………………………

5.

Can some amphetamines that have been combined barbiturates or tranquilizers be used for controlling weight? ………………………………………………………………………………………

6.

In a small dose, what side effects result from amphetamines? ………………………………………………………………………………………

7.

In large doses or over prolonged periods, what effects result amphetamines? ………………………………………………………………………………………

8.

What is the main idea of the second paragraph? ………………………………………………………………………………………

B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases

1. Amphetamines, people have been using and misusing for a variety of purposes, were introduced ... years ago. a. over forty nine c. since fifty b. since fifty d. none of the above 2. Benzedrine in an aromatic form was used for … a. measuring high blood pressures c. clearing severe injuries 18

b. calculating drugs

d. clearing stuffy noses

3. The use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread in … a. the 1950s c. 1950 b. the 1940s d. none of the above 4. In the past, dieters used amphetamines in pill form for… a. stay awake in all-night c. gaining weight b. losing weight d. struggling to stay awake 5. In the past, students dieters used amphetamines in pill form for … a. stay awake in all-night c. gaining weight b. losing weight d. struggling to stay awake 6. One of the legitimate uses of amphetamines is … a. treating hyperkinetic children b. treating the old people c. curing a patient with heart attack d. taking care of a prematurely-born baby 7. For weight control, amphetamines can be mixed with barbiturates or … a. marijuana c. heroin b. tranquilizers d. caffeine 8. Some prominent brand names of amphetamines that have been mixed with barbiturates are…. a. dexamyl c. eskatrol b. appetrol d. all of the above 9. Using amphetamines as an appetite suppressant is … a. suggested c. prohibited b. permitted d. a and b 10. In the short term or in a small dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side effects including all but … a. elevated blood pressure c. insomnia b. headache d. nervousness 11. In the longer periods or in a large dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side effects including all but … a. malnutrition c. insomnia b. delirium d. nervousness C. Based on the passage, what does the underlined words below refer to? 1. “... The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical differences among them. The underlined word refers to ………………………………… 2. They include amphetamine ...“ The underlined word refers to ....................... 3. “... since they were introduced almost fifty years ago.” The underlined word refers to 19

…………………………………… 4. “... Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; ...“ The underlined word refers to……………………………………………… 5. “... Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; ...“ The underlined word refers to ……………………………………………… 6. “... students used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; ...“ The underlined word refers to ………………………………………………. 7. “... truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.” The underlined word refers to …………………………………… 8. “... truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.” The underlined word refers to …………………………………… 9. “... they are used in treating an extremely rare condition...” The underlined word refers to ………………………………………… 10. “... it is unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite suppressant.” The underlined word refers to …………………………………………………

D. Choose one of the provided words that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word 1. People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since they were introduced almost fifty years ago. a. Abusing

c. supporting

b. Activating

d. rowing

2. Benzedrine was sold over the counter through the 1940s, in an aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. a. dizzy

c. buggy

b. badly ventilated

d. bully

3. From the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread. a. rank

c. revolt

b. revive

d. extend

20

4. Dieters used amphetamines, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls. a. Present

c. roused from sleep

b. Recognition

d. preserve

5. The amphetamines are used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy (an uncontrolled need for short periods of deep sleep). a. injecting

c. designing

b. taking care of

d. interesting

6. The amphetamines as well as certain other drugs with similar properties, have been used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably overactive) children. a. uses

c. requirements

b. generosities

d. characteristics

7. Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates or tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control. (Prominent brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, eskatrol, Nobese, and Obetrol). a. essentially

c. originally

b. trivially

d. unsightly

8. It is unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite uppressant. a. Low

c. flexible

b. strong desire

d. dependent

9. Unlike alcohol or “ludes”, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who want them or think they need them rather than to be shared in social situations. a. in order of

c. so far as

b. instead of

d. provided

10. In large doses or over prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects, which include insomnia, dizziness, agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition. 21

a. permanent

c. shorter

b. continuing

d. longer

GRAMMAR FOCUS ADJECTIVES (kata sifat)

Adjective adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda. Letak adjective di depan kata benda yang diterangkan. Adjective tidak berubah bentuk baik untuk kata benda tunggal maupun kata benda jamak. Contoh: A beautiful girl (seorang gadis cantik) atau Beautiful girls (Gadis-gadis cantik) Adjective juga bisa menerangkan beberapa kata kerja, yaitu:  Lingking Verbs (kata kerja penghubung), dan  Sense Verbs (kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra) Lingking verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak menunjukkan suatu kegiatan: appear (nampaknya), be (adalah), become (menjadi), get (menjadi), grow (menjadi/ tumbuh), prove (membuktikan), remain (tetap), seem (nampaknya), stay (tetap), turn (berubah). Contoh: My mother seemed sad. (Ibuku tampaknya sedih).

Sense Verb adalah kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra dan tidak menunjukkan kegiatan: feel (merasa), look (terlihat), sound (terdengar), smell (berbau), taste (berasa). Contoh: She looked busy. (Dia nampaknya sibuk).

Order of Adjectives (urutan kata sifat) Bila kita menggunakan beberapa adjectives secara bersamaan, maka ‘opinion adjectives’ (beautiful, nice) diletakkan di depan ‘fact adjectives’ (new, blue). Contoh: A nice new dress (Sebuah baju baru yang bagus) A beautiful blue car (Sebuah mobil biru yang bagus). 22

Ketika dua atau lebih fact adjectives maka urutannya adalah sebagai berikut: size (ukuran) + shape (bentuk) + age (umur) + color (warna) + origin (asal) + material (materi/bahan) + qualifier (tujuan/kegunaan) + noun (kata benda). Contoh:  A beautiful big old Italian dressing table. (sebuah meja rias yang cantik, besar dan tua berasal dari Italia)  My expensive yellow silk dress. (baju sutra kuningku yang mahal).  Some delicious Thai food. (sedikit makanan Thailand yang enak)  Several big young Italian basketball players. (beberapa pemain basket ball yang muda berasal dari Italia.

ADVERBS

Adverbs adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata keterangan lainnya. Adverbs tidak berubah bentuk baik dalam menerangkan kata benda tunggal maupun kata benda jamak. Contoh:  She speaks French perfectly. (Dia berbicara Perancis dengan sempurna). --- adverbs menerangkan verb “speaks”  Her French is perfectly good. (Bahasa Perancisnya sangat bagus). -- adverb menerangkan adjectives “good”.  She speaks French perfectly well. (Dia berbicara Perancis sangat bagus). -- adverb menerangkan adverb “well”.  Surely, She speaks French. (Sesungguhnya, Ia berbicara bahasa Perancis) -- adverb menerangkan kalimat “She speaks French”.

Jenis-Jenis Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi). 23

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contohAdverbs of Manner: fast (cepat), hard (keras), quickly (dengan cepat), beautifully (dengan indah). Contoh: She danced beautifully. (Dia menari dengan indah)

Adverbs of Place (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan dimana sesuatu terjadi). Berikut ini adalah beberapa contohAdverbs of Place: by (dekat), down (di bawah), here (di sini), near (dekat), there (di sana), up (di atas). Contoh: She still lives there now. (Dia tetap tinggal di sana sekarang).

Adverbs of Time (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan kapan sesuatu terjadi). Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh Adverbs of Time: now (sekarang), soon (segera), still (masih), then (kemudian), today (hari ini), early (awal), before (sebelum). Contoh: She left early. (Dia pergi lebih awal).

Adverbs of Frequency (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi). Berikut ini adalah beberapa Adverbs of Frequency: always (selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), sometimes (kadang-kadang), rarely (jarang), seldom (jarang). Contoh: She often goes by herself. (Dia sering pergi sendiri)

Adverbs of Sentence (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seluruh kalimat). Berikut ini adalah beberapa Adverbs of Sentence: actually (sesungguhnya), certainly (sebenarnya), definitely (secara pasti), surely (sesungguhnya), possibly (kemungkinan) 24

Contoh: She certainly works hard. (Dia sungguh bekerja keras).

Adverbs of Degree (Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seberapa besar sesuatu terjadi). Berikut ini beberapa Adverbs of Degree: absolutely (dengan mutlak), almost (hamper), barely (hamper tidak), enough (cukup), fairly (agak), only (hanya), quite (sangat). Contoh: You are absolutely right. (Kamu sungguh benar).

Bentuk Adverbs Adverb dibentuk dengan menambahkan –ly pada kata sifat (an adjective). Namun tidak semua kata yang berakhiran –ly adalah adverb (kata keterangan). Beberapa kata sifat (adjectives) juga berakhiran –ly. Misalnya: friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly. Kata-kata ini tidak memiliki bentuk adverbs (kata keterangan). Sebagai gantinya kita menggunakan struktur yang lain yaitu: In a . . . way : in a friendly way. Bila kita menambahkan –ly pada adjectives (kata sifat), maka akan terjadi beberapa perubahan dalam pengejaan (spelling) adverbs sebagai berikut: slow, quick and beautiful ditambah dengan –ly menjadi slowly, quickly, and beautifully.  Easy, heavy, lazy: Akhiran –y dirubah menjadi ‘i’ sebelum ditambah –ly menjadi: easily, heavily, lazily.  Terrible, gentle, simple: Akhiran –le dihilangkan dan ditambah –ly menjadi: terribly, gently, simply.  Scientific, fantastic, tragic: Akhiran –ic ditambah –ly menjadi: scientifically, fantastically, and tragically.  Capable, responsible, sensible: Kata berakhiran –able atau –ible ditambah –ly setelah akhiran –le dihilangakan dan menjadi: capably, responsibly, sensibly.

25

Adjectives = Adverbs Beberapa adverbs (kata keterangan) memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan adjectives (kata sifat). Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh: 

She is a hard worker. (adjective) (Dia seorang pekerja keras) She work hard. (adverb) (Dia bekerja denggan keras)



He is a fast leaner. (adjective) (Dia seorang pembelajar yang cepat). He learns fast. (adverb) (Dia belajar dengan cepat).

Contoh lain: back (belakang), enough (cukup), far (jauh), ill (sakit), just (adj.: adil/ adv.: hanya, baru saja), kindly (adj.: ramah/ adv.: dengan baik), left (adj.: kiri/ adv.: ke kiri), little (sedikit), long (lama), near (dekat), pretty (adj.: cantik/ adv.: agak, lumayan), right (benar, tepat), still (adj.: diam, sunyi/ adv.: masih), straight (lurus)

Catatan Tambahan Beberapa adverb dengan akhiran –ly berikut ini memiliki arti yang sangat berbeda dengan bentuk adverb tanpa –ly. 

Highly= sangat : He comes highly recommended. (Dia sangat dipuji.) High= tinggi : With his newly acquired wealth, he’s flying high. (Dengan kekayaan yang baru diperolehnya itu, dia bercita-cita tinggi.)



Deeply= mendalam : She is deeply in love. (Cintanya sangat mendalam.) Deep= jauh : We went deep into the forest. (Kami masuk jauh ke dalam hutan itu.)



Nearly= hampir : She nearly missed the bus. (Dia hamper ketinggalan bis.)

26

Near= dekat : Her birthday is drawing near. (Hari ulangtahunnya makin mendekat.) 

Hardly= hamper tidak : Ihardly had time for sleeping. (Saya hamper tidak mempunyai waktu untuk tidur.) Hard= dengan keras : Hold it hard. (Peganglah dengan kuat.)

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

The Degrees of Comparison (tingkat perbandingan) adalah istilah dalam bahasa inggris yang merupakan tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat (Adjectives). Adapun berdasarkan tingkatannya, The Degrees of Comparison dibagi menjadi 3 golongan:

1.

Positive degree. (Tingkat positif / biasa) Positive Degree digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang tingkatannya sama, baik sifat, bentuk atau bagian lainnya. POLA= as + positive + as CONTOH= She is as beautiful as her sister. (Artinya: Dia secantik saudara perempuannya)

2.

Comparative degree. (Tingkat perbandingan / lebih) Comparative Degree digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain.

POLA= Comparative + than CONTOH= My house is bigger than his house. (Artinya: rumah saya lebih besar daripada rumahnya)

3.

Superlative degree. (Tingkat terbaik/ paling)

27

Superlative Degree digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang atau suatu benda mempunyai sifat melebihi atau mengungguli dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih. POLA=

the + superlative + nouns+ in contoh= He is the funniest student in this class.

the + superlative + of contoh= She is the most beautiful of all the girls.

the + superlative + noun contoh=This is the most expensive car.

Bentuk Comparative dibuat dari bentuk positif yang ditambah dengan akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more. Sedangkan Bentuk Superlative dibentuk dari bentuk positif yang ditambah dengan akhiran –estatau –stdan awalan most.  Cara membentuk The Degree of Comparison

Kata Sifat (Adjectives) yang terdiri atas satu suku kata, hanya ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

cheap

cheaper

Cheapest

great

greater

Greatest

tall

taller

Tallest

high

higher

Highest

engan satu huruf mati (Konsonan) yang diawali dengan huruf (Vokal), ditambah dengan akhiran –er dan –est. Satu huruf mati terakhir digandakan.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

28

big

bigger

Biggest

wet

wetter

Wettest

hot

hotter

Hottest

Kata sifat (Adjective) yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan diawali satu atau dua huruf mati, maka –y diganti dengan –i dan kemudian ditambah –eratau -est.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

happy

happier

Happiest

lucky

luckier

Luckiest

pretty

prettier

Prettiest

lazy

lazier

Laziest

Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan sebelumnya diawali dengan huruf hidup (Vokal) juga, maka huruf –y tidak mengalami perubahan dan langsung ditambah –er atau – est.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

grey

greyer

Greyest

lay

layer

Layest

Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –er atau –ow langsung ditambah –er atau -est.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

clever

cleverer

Cleverest

shallow

shallower

Shallowest

slow

slower

Slowest

Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –e, maka hanya ditambah dengan –r atau –st saja. 29

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

wise

wiser

Wisest

polite

politer

Politest

brave

braver

Bravest

large

larger

Largest

Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata, akan tetapi tekanan pengucapannya jatuh pada suku kata pertama, tidak ditambah –erdan –esttetapi ditambah dengan more dan most.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

famous

more famous

most famous

nervous

more nervous

most nervous

charming

more charming

most charming

Kata sifat yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata atau lebih, langsung ditambah dengan more atau most.

Ada

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

careful

more careful

most careful

careless

more careless

most careless

useful

more useful

most useful

useless

more useless

most useless

beberapa

Kata Sifat

(Adjective)

yang

bentuk

Comparative(Lebih)

maupun

Superlative(Paling)-nya tidak mengikuti aturan seperti yang telah ditetapkan di atas, perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

bad

worse

Worst

30

ill

worse

Worst

evil

worse

Worst

good

better

Best

many

more

Most

much

more

Most

a little

less

Least

little

littler

Littlest

late

later

last

later

latest

older

oldest

elder

eldest

farther

farthest

further

furthest

a few

less

least

few

fewer

fewest

hind

hinder

hindmost

old

far

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Choose the correct answer 1. Tuition at an American university runs twenty semester. a. so high as c. as high as b. as high to d. as high than

thousand

dollars

a

2. The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is most businesses. a. so much c.very much b. much d. much to much

for

3. The seed heads of teasel plants raise the nap on coarse tweed cloth do the machine tools invented to replace them. a. more efficiently c.more efficient b. efficiently d.most efficient

than

4. The North American robin is only a. half big

the European and African robins. c. half as big as 31

b.

as big half

d. big by half

5. In U.S. law, a misdemeanor is a crime that is a felony, carries a term of imprisonment of less than one year for most offenses. a. lesser than c. less than severe b. less severe than d. severely lesser

and

usually

6. Although both are mammals, the early stages of development on the part of placentals differ from . a. marsupials c. those of marsupials b. that of marsupials d. those marsupials 7. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin enabled the cotton producers of the early nineteenth century to increase their production by times the amount produced prior to the invention. a. more fifty c. more than fifty b. more as fifty d. most than fifty 8.

250,000 species of fossils have been discovered in both organized, scientifaic searches and by sheer accident. a. as much as c. as many b. as many as d. many as

9. The North’s abundance of Industry and commersial wealth proved to be a greater advantage in determining the outcome of the Civil War. a. than originally thought c. as originally thought b. that originally thought d. originally thought 10. The Woodstock Music and Art fair of 1969 captured the essence of the counterculture movement of the 1960s . a. most than any of other events b. best that any other event c. than any other events d. better than any other event 11. A dancer, while always graceful and precise in her movements, trains other athlete. a. as strenuously c. as strenuously as b. more strenuously as d. as strenuously that 12. The bank is … to the post office. a. close b. closely

c. closer d. closing

13. The little girl would not stay … all night. a. quieter c. quietly b. quietness d. quiet 14. How … was he driving when the accident happened? a. Faster c. fasting 32

any

b.

Fast

d. fastly

15. My brother learnt to drive very …. a. Easy c. easiest b. Easier d.easily

GRAMMAR TASK 2 Find the underlined word or phrase which needs to be corected

1. Alligators are about the same color than crocodiles, although the adults may be A B slightly darker with broader heads and blunter noses. C D 2. Laser discs provide images of best quality than thoseof either television signals or vidio A B C D tapes. 3. The New York City subway system is the most longest underground railroad operating A B C D In the world. 4. School children in the same grade in American schools are usually the same old as their A B C D classmates.

5. Benjamin Franklin was the editor of the larger newspaper in the colonies, a diplomatic A B C representative to France and later to England, and the inventor of many useful devices. D 6. The standard for cleanliness in area where a microchip is manufactured is same that of an A B C operating room in a hospital. D 7. Mountain bikes differ from ordinarily bicycles in that they have ten or more gears, more A B C rugged frame, and wider treads on the tires. D 8. As a rule, the more rapidly the heart rate, the faster the pulse. A B C D 9. Alike her friend and fellow impressionist artist, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassett used brush A B 33

strokes and colors in new and different ways. C D 10. Mr. Ron is the more patient teacher in our school. He never gets angry to us. A B C D

34

UNIT 3

READING COMPREHENSION

Drug Abuse Drug abuse is the non-medical use of a drug that interferes with a healthy and productive life. Drug abuse occurs at all economic levels of society, from the wealthy to the impoverished, and among the young people as well as adults. Many young people begin to use drugs or alcohol to experiment with the pleasurable effects of drugs, to fit in with peers, or to try on adult roles and behavior. Most people who experience with drugs or alcohol do not become addicted. When a person becomes dependent, the drug becomes so rewarding that it may drive the user to continue taking it despite harmful medical or social consequences. Some of the most commonly abused drugs can be purchased legally by adults. They include alcohol beverages, tobacco, inhalants and prescription drugs.Alcohol beverages are one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world. Alcohol is a depressant that decreases the activity of the central nervous system. It also interferes with thinking, concentration, judgment, and movement. Somepeople who repeatedly abuse alcohol develop a dependence on it. Tobacco is among the most addictive drugs. The addictive element in tobacco product is nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant, a chemical that excites the central nervous system. Nicotine addiction causes withdrawal symptoms when a person tries to stop smoking. They may also experience craving for cigarettes. Inhalants give off fumes that are inhaled for their intoxicating, mind-altering effects. They include glues, nail polish, gasoline, and aerosol sprays. Inhalant takes the place of oxygen in the lungs, depleting the amount of oxygen available to the brain, creating an intoxicating effect. Inhalants can make the user feel relaxed, restless, uncoordinated, and sometimes delirious. Some fumes can cause lung, liver and brain damage. They may also lead to heart failure, coma, and death, primarily due to oxygen depletion. Prescription drugs can be obtained and used legally only when prescribed by a physician. Many prescription drugs have a high risk for abuse when taken in greater amounts than 35

prescribed or when used by people for whom they are not prescribed. Commonly abused prescription drugs include stimulants called amphetamines and analgesics (pain relievers), tranquilizers. Steroids are a special type of prescription drug used medically for a variety of purpose. However, some athletes abuse anabolic (muscle building) steroid to increase muscles size and strength. In many countries, it is illegal to sell any drug, including alcohol and tobacco products, to children and adolescence. Many other drugs are illegal for both adults and minors-that is, under most circumstances their possession and state are forbidden by law. Illegal drug include marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, club drugs. Marijuana is the common name hemp, a tall plant that grows in most of the world. The main addictive chemical in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which can be detected in urine. People usually smoke the dried leaves and flowers of the plant in cigarette or pipe. Some may mix marijuana with food and beverages. A sticky resin of the plant, called hashish, can be eaten or smoked. Cocaine is a powerful stimulant made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. Cocaine is often snorted through the nose. It can also be smoked in a form called crack cocaine or injected intravenously. Injecting cocaine increases the risk for inquiring HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Methamphetamine is an addictive drug that strongly stimulates the central nervous system. Methamphetamine has some limited medical uses, primarily in the treatment of obesity. Heroin and a group of related drugs called opiates are made from the sap of the opium poppy. Opium, the dried sap of the poppy’s seed pods, contains a potent chemical called morphine. Physicians use morphine to relieve severe pain. Club drugs are created in laboratories. They are known as club drugs because people often use them at nightclubs, at dance parties called raves, and at other social gatherings. Common club drug include Ecstasy, GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti:2009) A. Answer the following questions based on the text above. 1. Who can be a drug user ? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Why do the young people have contact with drugs ? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 36

3. How many kinds of abusing drugs are on the text? What are they ? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. How can alcohol influence our body? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. What things belong to inhalants? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. What will happen to the inhalant in our body? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

7. What does an athlete abuse the drug for? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8. How can a prescription drug be abused? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9. How do people usually abuse cocaine? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10. Ecstasy is well-known as club drugs, Why? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

B. Choose one of the provided words that best keep the meaning of the underlined word. 1. Many young people begin to use drugs or alcohol to experiment with the pleasurable effects of the drugs to fit in with peers, or to try on adult roles and behavior. a. to wear c. to addict b. to consume d. to abuse 2. Drug abuse occurs at all economic levels of society, from the wealthy to the impoverished, and among the young people as well as adults 37

a. the healthy-the sick b. the abuser-the dealer

c. the rich-the poor d. the low class-the high class

3. When a person becomes dependent, the drug becomes so rewarding that it may drive the user to continue taking it despite harmful medical or social consequences. a. addicted c. effected b. abused d. influenced 4. Nicotine addiction causes withdrawal symptoms when a person tries to stop smoking. a. to finish c. to end b. to pass d. to conquer 5. Inhalants give off fumes that are inhaled for their intoxicating, mind-altering effects. a. smoke c. fragrant b. qir d. flavor C. Based on the text, what do the underlined words refer to? 1.” It also interferes with thinking, concentration, judgment, and movement” (2nd paragraph, line 4 ) It refers to _______________________________ 2. “Some people who repeatedly abuse alcohol develop a dependence on it” (2nd paragraph, last line) It refers to __________________________________________________ 3.”They may also experience craving for cigarettes” (3rd paragraph, last line) They refers to ___________________________ 4. “They may also lead to heart failure, coma, and death, primarily due to oxygen depletion” (4th paragraph, last line) They refers to _______________________________________________ 5. “Many other drugs are illegal for both adults and minors-that is, under most circumstances their possession and state are forbidden by law” (6th paragraph, 3rd line) Their refers to _______________________________________________

GRAMMAR FOCUS VERBAL Verbal adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb), namun berfungsi sebagai part of speech lain. Verbal terdiri dari: gerund, infinitive, dan participle. MACAM – MACAM VERBAL Gerund

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Gerunds adalah kata kerja (verb) yang ditambah ing (verb + ing) dan berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan kata lain, gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan ing. Karena sebagai kata benda, maka gerund juga mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan kata benda pada umumnya.  Gerunds as subject Contoh: Reading is not my hobby. Swimming is better than running.  Gerunds as object Contoh: I like reading. She goes swimming every morning.  Gerunds as Subjective Complement Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement. Contoh: Her favorite sport is swimming.  Gerunds as object of preposition Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll. Contoh: I will wash the dishes after eating. You cannot be rich man without working.  Gerunds after “NO” Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata “No” dan setelahnya biasanya diletakkan verb + ing yaitu gerunds. Contoh: Contoh: No Smoking! No parking in this area!  Gerunds after possessive adjective Contoh: Thanks for your coming.  Gerunds as appositive

Gerundsebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat.

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Contoh: She has a bad habit, gambling. Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.

Gerunds after certain verbs

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin memasukkan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahnya harusnya berbentuk gerund atau verb + ing. Berikut ini daftar kata kerja-kata kerja tersebut beserta contoh kalimatnya:

Admit

: He admitted cheating on the test.

Advise

: The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

Allow

: Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

Anticipate

: I anticipated arriving late.

Appreciate

: I appreciated her helping me.

Avoid

: He avoided talking to her.

Begin

: I began learning Chinese.

Consider

: She considered moving to New York.

Continue

: He continued talking.

Enjoy

: We enjoy hiking.

Finish

: He finished doing his homework.

forget

: I forgot giving you my book.

hate

: I hate cleaning the bathroom.

Imagine

: He imagines working there one day.

Involve

: The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

Keep

: She kept interrupting me.

Like

: She likes listening to music.

Love

: I love swimming.

Infinitive

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Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di depannya, misalnya: to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Berikut adalah beberapa fungsi infinitif.



Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun) Contoh: To say is easy but to do is difficult. To understand English is not an easy job.



Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective) Contoh: I have no time to go. I have had the money to pay this ticket.



Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb) Contoh: I come to meet you. We read to get new information.

Infinitive tidak pernah dan tidak boleh menempati posisi sebagai kata kerja utama (main verb). - I to drink a cup of coffee. (salah) - I drink a cup of coffee. (benar)

Catatan Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to). 

Beberapa verb (kata kerja) lazim yang didahului object (nouns/ pronouns) kemudian

diikuti oleh infinitives adalah sebagai berikut:

tell someone to, advise someone to, encourage someone to, remind someone to, invite someone to, permit someone to, allow someone to, warn someone to, require someone to, order someone to, force someone to, ask someone to, expect someone to, would like someone to, want someone to, need someone to,

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Participle: present and past Present participle adalah kata yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing pada kata kerja dasar (verb+ing). Berikut adalah fungsi dari present participle. 

Present Participle sebagai Verb Sebagai verb, present participle digunakan sebagai komponen dari multiple verbs bersama verb to be/auxiliary verb [aux+present participle] untuk membentuk progressive/continuous dan perfect continous tense. Contoh: Those cars are running so fast.



Present Participle sebagai Verbal Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sebagai kata sifat, verbal ini berfungsi memodifikasi/menjelaskan noun. Misalnya pada kalimat: 1.

The rooster crows.

2.

The fact interested me.

dapat dibuat menjadi kalimat dengan present participle: 1.

The crowing rooster eats a lot.

2.

The interesting fact was published.

Dengan demikian crowing dan interesting merupakan present participle yang berfungsi menjelaskan rooster dan fact. Pada reduksi adjective clause, relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta ditambahkan -ing pada active. Contoh Present Participle pada Reduced Adjective Clause Adjevtive clause The woman who

Proses reduksi The woman who

Reduced adj. clause

keterangan

The woman working as working merupakan

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works as English

works+ing as English

English teacher is very present participle yang

teacher is very

teacher is very

beautiful

beautiful.

beautiful.

didapat melalui reduced adjective

(Wanita yang bekerja

phrase dimana

sebagai guru bahasa

berfungsi

Inggris tersebut sangat

menerangkan woman

cantik.)

Past participle Past participle adalah participle yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ed, en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada base form yang merupakan regular verb. Sedangkan pada base form irregular verb, bentuk past participle tidak konsisten. Base

Present tense

Past tense

Present participle

Past participle

dig

Dig (s)

dug

digging

dug

learn

Learn (s)

Learned/learnt

learning

learnt

form

Berikut adalah fungsi dari past participle. 

Past Participle sebagai Verb Contoh: I have paid the bill. (Saya telah membayar tagihan tersebut.) That room is cleaned everyday. (Ruangan itu dibersihkan tiap hari.)



Past Participle sebagai Verbal

Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Sebagai kata sifat, verbal ini berfungsi menerangkan noun. Penggunaan past participle sebagai adjective dapat dilihat pada noun phrase dan reduced

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adjective clause pada passive voice. Misalnya pada kalimat: 1. The woman is bored by the situation. 2. The cat was spoiled by my mother. dapat dibuat menjadi past participle: 1. The bored woman 2. The spoiled cat Dengan demikian bored dan spoiled pada contoh paling akhir merupakan past participle yang berfungsi menjelaskan woman dan cat (sebagai penerima aksi).Selain itu, past participle juga digunakan pada reduced adjective clause. Pada reduksi adjective clause, relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus. Contoh: Adjective clause

Proses reduksi

Redujed

keterangan

adjective clause The math problem

The math

The math

solved

which has been

problem which has

problem solved by

merupakan past

solved by him is

been solved by him is

him is difficult.

participle yang didapat

difficult.

difficult.

melalui reduced

(Soal matematika

adjective

yang telah

clause dimana

dipecahkan tersebut

berfungsi

sangat sulit.)

menjelaskan math.

Passive voice Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini. 44

Catatan: 



Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were) maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been). Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.

Contoh: Bentuk pasif pada tenses: The red velvet recipe is used by many people. Infinitive: To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. Gerund: Being accompanied with him is a bad idea

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Complete the following sentence by choosing A, B, C or D. 1. Drug abuse is the non- medical use of a drug…………with a healthy and productive life. a. To interfere c. interfering b. Interfered d. Interferes 2. There are many reason for young people……….drugs, one of them is to try on adult roles. a. In using c. use b. Used d. to use 3. Dependent person often continue…….drugs although they know how harmful it is. a. To take c. taking b. Took d. takes 4. Most people………with drugs or alcohol do not become addicted. a. Experienced c. to experience b. Experiencing d. experiences 5. Alcohol……..by adult could make decrease their nervous system. a. Consumer c. to consume b. Consumed d. consuming

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6. Sometimes, people will be more confident and feel happy after……drugs. a. Consumed c. consumer b. To consume d. consuming 7. ………abuse drug in the world isn’t easy, but it’s possible. a. To stop c. stops b. Stopping d. stopped 8. People use drugs or alcohol………pleasure experiment of it. a. Got c. to get b. Getting d. gets 9. The activity of the central nervous system………by alcohol can make user’s movement be more slowly a. decreases c. decreased b. to decrease d. decreasing 10. Most of truck drivers have bad habit;………… a. smoking c. smoke b. smoked d. to smoke 11. …………….their selves be relaxed, drug users use inhalant despite the negative effect in their brain. a. Made c. Make b. To make d. Makes 12. Being restless and uncoordinated are the effects……….from inhalant using. a. causes c. caused b. caution d. to cause 13. Recently, abused drug is a big problem……….by Indonesia government. a. faced c. facing b. face d. faces 14. Serious rehabilitation is an important way should…………by a morphine addict. a. taking c. takes b. took d. taken 15. ………………prescription drugs in greater amounts than prescribed have a high risk. a. Took c. takes b. Taken d. taking

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GRAMMAR TASK 2 Identify the underlined word or phrase bellow which needs to be corrected. 1. To have experiment with the pleasurable effect of drugs, many young people begin A B C used to alcohol. D 2. Marijuana, cocaine and heroin are drug illegal. A B C D 3. Sell any drug, including tobacco products to children in many countries is illegal. A B C D 4. Marijuana is the commonly name hemp, a tall plant growing in most of the world. A B C D 5. In consuming marijuana, people usually took some of it in their beverages. A B C D 6. Hemp has sticky resin call hashish. A B C D 7. Snorting through the nose, smoking in a crack form or injection it intravenous are the A B C way used by people to enjoy marijuana. D 8. Opium is the drying sap of poppy’s seed pods that contains morphine. A B C D 9. Physicians have medical treatment to relieved severe pain by using morphine. A B C D 10. In social gatherings; dance party, people use ecstasy and ketamine with their friend in A B C a group called club drugs D

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UNIT 4 READING COMPREHENSION

VACCINES AND ANTISERUMS There are two kinds of drugs prevent infectious disease. They are (1) vaccines and (2) antiserums and globulin. And you know that some of these drugs, such as polio vaccines, are especially valuable because there is no effective treatment for the disease they prevent. Vaccines contain a weakened or killed form of the microbe that causes a particular disease. There are several kinds of vaccines. Each kind causes the body to produce substances, which are called antibodies that fight particular disease. The vaccine thus makes the body immune to the disease by providing resistance against attack by it. Vaccines have been developed against such infectious disease as cholera, diphtheria, hepatitis, measles, and smallpox, as well as polio. In fact, vaccinations against smallpox have wiped out that disease. Antiserums and globulins, like vaccines, prevent certain infectious diseases. But unlike vaccines, these drugs contain antibodies rather than substances that cause the body to produce antibodies. The antiserums and globulins act more quickly than vaccines to prevent infection but give only temporary protection. Physicians prescribe these drugs after a person who has been vaccinated is exposed to an infectious disease. Antiserums are used against such diseases as diphtheria and tetanus. Examples of diseases against which globulins protect include hepatitis, rabies, and tetanus. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti, 2009) A. Answer the questions below based on the text above! 1. What kinds of drugs that prevent infectious disease? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. Why are polio vaccines valuable for human beings? 48

_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3. What are vaccines? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. What are antibodies? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5. What is the text talking about? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. What are antiserums and globulins? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 7. How do vaccines differ from antiserums and globulins? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8. What diseases can be prevented by vaccines? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9. Who should prescribe antiserums and globulins? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10. What are antiserums used for? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

B. Choose the best answer based on the text 1. Which of the following is not drug that prevent infectious disease? a. vaccines b. antiserums c. globulins d. antibiotics 49

2. Vaccines have been developed against infectious disease, such as …. a. cholera, diphtheria, hypertension b. hepatitis, measles, typhus c. smallpox, polio, cancer d. Cholera, measles, polio 3. What does the word “they” in paragraph 1 refer to? a. infectious diseases b. drugs c. two kinds of drugs d. diseases

4. What is the main idea of paragraph 1? a. The substances of vaccine b. The kinds of vaccines c. The diseases that can be attacked by vaccine d. How antibodies formed

5. How is vaccine different from antiserum? a. Vaccine contains antibodies while antiserum contains substances producing antibodies b. Vaccine acts more quickly than antiserum c. Antiserum contains weakened bacteria and vaccine contains antibodies d. Antiserum acts more quickly than antiserum 6. The following statements are true, EXCEPT…. a. Vaccines contain a killed form of the microbe b. Globulins contain a weakened form of the microbe c. Antiserums contain antibiotics d. Antiserums and globulins prevent infectious disease 7. Hepatitis, rabies, and tetanus can be prevented by …. a. vaccines b. antiserums 50

c. globulins d. antibiotics 8. The word “diseases” in paragraph 1 can be replaced by …. a. illnesses b. antibodies c. wounds d. injuries

9. When do physicians prescribe antiserums and globulins? a. After a person who has not been vaccinated is exposed to an infectious disease b. After a person who has not been vaccinated is attacked by an infectious disease c. After a person who has not been vaccinated recover from

an infectious

disease d. After a person who has not been vaccinated is suspected by an infectious disease 10. “The vaccine that makes the body immune to the disease … (Par. 2)”. The antonym of the underlined word is …. a. invulnerable b. insensitive c. sensitive d. weak

11. Which of the following statements is true? a. vaccines and antiserums prevent all disease b. antibodies can be produced by vaccines c. vaccines make the body immune to the diseases by killing it d. globulins give long protection to the infections

12. Two kinds of drugs prevent infectious diseases. What is the synonymy of the underlined word? a. restrain 51

b. cure c. forbid d. welcome

13. Some of these drugs, such as polio vaccines, are especially valuable because there is no effective treatment for the disease they prevent. What is the synonymy of the underlined word? a. worth

b. safety c. cheap d. expensive

14. In fact, vaccinations against smallpox have wiped out that disease. What is the synonymy of the underlined word? a. killed b. attacked c. defended d. cleaned

15. The antiserums and globulins act more quickly than vaccines to prevent infection but give only temporary protection. What is the synonymy of the underlined word? a. work b. interact c. cure d. measure

GRAMMAR FOCUS PRESENT TENSES a. Simple Present They, We, I, You, benda jamak (plural noun) + V1 He, She, It, singular noun + V+S/ES

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Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin.

Contoh: She types letters everyday They type letters everyday 

Untuk menyakan sesuatu yang merupakan fakta atau kebenaran umum.

Contoh: The Sun raises from east b. Present Continous TO BE + Ving TO BE= “is” untuk He/ She/ It, “am” untuk I, “are” untuk They/We/ You

Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sementara saja

Contoh: He is typing letters this week because his secretary is on leave. 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini.

Contoh: He is typing an application letter. c. Present Perfect Have/has + V3 “Have” untuk they/we/I/you, “has” untuk he/she/it

Kegunaan: Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Contoh: He has typed three letters so far this morning.

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FUTURE TENSE a. Simple Future Will + V1 Atau To be present + going to + V1

1) Will + V1 Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan suatu perkiraan yang akan terjadi di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh: It will rain tomorrow 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang spontan di putuskan untuk di lakukan pada saat berbicara.

Contoh: I will open the door.

2) To be + going to + V1 Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dengan melihat tanda-tanda yang ada saat ini.

Contoh: It is going to rain (di ucapkan karena adanya tanda berupa mendung yang tebal) 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah DIPUTUSKAN untuk dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh: He is going to paint his house.

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b. Past Future Would + V1 Atau Was/were + going to + V1 Kegunaan: 

untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan secara sukarela (would).

Contoh: I knew you would prepare all the things for the meeting 

untuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat janji (would).

Contoh: My uncle told me that he would come on time. 

untuk menyatakan aksi yang direncanakan (was/were going to).

Contoh: They told that they were going to visit Lombok.

PAST TENSES a. Simple Past They/We/I/You/He/She/It + V2

Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh: She typed a letter last night 

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang berurutan di masa lampau.

Contoh: when I came, she typed a letter last night b. Past Continous TO BE + Ving TO BE= “was” untuk He/ She/ It/I, “were” untuk They/We/ You

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Kegunaan: 

Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan terjadi (simple past) pada saat kegiatan yang lain sedang berlangsung (past continuous)

Contoh: When I came, she was typing a letter. 

Untuk menyatakan kegiata-kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung secara bersamaan di masa lampau.

Contoh: When my brother was swimming, my parents were waiting him. c. Past Perfect They/We/I/You/He/She/It + HAD + V3

Kegunaan: Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi (past perfect) sebelum terjadinya suatu kegiatan lain di masa lampau (simple past) Contoh: When I came, she had typed three letters

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Choose the correct answer 1. I ……my mother very much. a. admire b. admired 2. At present John…..in America. a. live b. lives

c. am admiring d. have admired

c. is living d. was living

3. Mrs. Stela……a coat because it is cold today. a. is wearing c. wears b. was swaring d. wore 4. Look! Somebody …….to push a car. a. tries c. tried b. is trying d. has tried 5. Her father always……..a bath at 6 o clock every morning. a. had taken c. took 56

b. has taken

d. takes

6. They ……each other since childhood. a. has known c. had known b. have known d. knew 7. Teachers …….our parents in the meeting next Monday. a. are meeting c. is going to meet b. will met d. will meet 8. His face is look so red. I think that He………. be angry with us. a. will c. would b. is going to d. was going to 9. Their families ……….that museum ten times so far. a. had visited c. has visited b. have visited d. visited 10. I have decided that I ………. stay more than a week. a. am not c. will not b. would not d. were not 11. When the phone …….I was having dinner with my family. a. rings c. rang b. was ringing d. is ringing 12. Anne ……….her new dress when Bobby met her yesterday. a. was wearing c. wear b. wore d. wears 13. I …….English for two months when I lived in Indonesia five year ago. a. teach c. were teaching b. was teaching d. taught 14. Jimmy was doing his homework, while his mother………delicious soup. a. was cooking c. cooked b. is cooking d. cooks 15. His car broke down, when he ……..to work. a. drove c. is driving b. was driving d. drive 16. After the secretary……..the letter carefully, she wrote a replay. a. read c. has read b. reads d. had read 17. When the police arrived, the rubber……. a. went to c. has gone b. was gone d. had gone

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18. He went to market, after he …….his work. a. had finished c. finished b. has finished d. will finish 19. My aunt said that she ………..a big birthday cake for me. a. will make c. would make b. would made d. will made 20. The couple said that they……….celebrate their weeding party in Bali. a. will go c. were going to b. are going to d. would go

GRAMMAR TASK 2 Identify the underlined word or phrase bellow which needs to be corrected. 1. Their are two kinds of drugs prevent infections disease. A B C D 2. Polio vaccine swere valuable because there was no effective treatments for the disease. A B C D 3. There are several kinds of vaccines which each kind can caused the body to produce A B C antibodies. D 4. Vaccine has been development against such infections disease as cholera and hepatitis as A B C well as polio. D 5. Globulin is better than vaccine because globulin act more quickly than it. A B C D 6. Antibodies containing in antiserums and globulins give only temporary protection. A B C D 7. Doctor will given us antiserums to prevent tetanus. A B C D 8. In fact, vaccination against smallpoxhave wiped out the disease. A B C D 9. Vaccines, antiserums and globulinis kinds of drugs. A B C D

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10. Physicians prescribed antiserums after a person who had been vaccined were exposed to A B C D an infections disease.

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UNIT 5 READING COMPREHENSION

ANESTHETICS People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems. And people found that they could deal with their health problems by preventing, controlling, or curing them. But in order to control or cure certain health problems, surgery was required. However, before the I 800s, there were no drugs available that could effectively make a person insensitive to pain. Thus, surgery that was done for hundreds of years was very limited. Moreover, the surgery that was done during those years often resulted in the person dying because his or her body systems would stop functioning due to the extreme pain involved. Through years, doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health problems, provided a drug could be discovered that would make a person temporarily insensitive to pain. In 1800 Sir Humphrey Davy, an English chemist, suggested that a gas called nitrous oxide could cause a person to be temporarily insensitive to pain. But this suggestion was not taken seriously until the middle 1 800s. At the same time, Horace Wells, an American dentist, used nitrous oxide to painlessly pull down his own tooth. Following the discovery that nitrous oxide could cause a temporary insensitivity to pain, many other drugs were discovered that cause a similar effect on people. These drugs are now called anesthetics. Some anesthetics cause only a part of the body to become insensitive to pain. These kinds of anesthetics are called local anesthetics. Such anesthetics are used quite often by dentists. Two of these anesthetics are Novocain and Xylocaine. Other anesthetics cause the entire body to become insensitive to pain. These are called general anesthetics. Such anesthetics are often used during major surgery. Two of them are nitrous oxide and Sodium Pentothal. Because anesthetics are an essential part of surgery, many physicians now specialize in anesthesiology, or the branch of medical science dealing with anesthetics. These physicians

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are called anesthesiologists, or anesthetists. Some nurses also specialize in anesthesiology and are called nurse anesthetists. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti, 2009)

A. Answer these questions baased on the text above 1. Why have people looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems? ________________________________________________________________

2. How could people deal with their health problems? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What is Sir Humphrey Davy? ________________________________________________________________ 4. Who suggested that a gas called nitrous oxide could cause a person to be temporarily insensitive to pain? ________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the different between local anesthetics and general anesthetics? ________________________________________________________________ 6. What do you know about nitrous oxide? ________________________________________________________________ 7. According to Horace Wells, what was the function of nitrous oxide? ________________________________________________________________ 8. What are the kinds of anesthetics? ________________________________________________________________ 9. What anesthetics are often used by dentists? ________________________________________________________________ 10. Distinguish between anesthesiology and anesthesiologist. __________________________________________________________________

B. Answer these following questions by choosing one of the answers. 1. People could deal effectively with the kinds of diseases by ……….them. a. Preventing c. curing b. Controlling d. all of the above

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2. In 1800 an English chemist discovered a gas called…………….. a. sodium pentothal c. novocain b. xylocaine d. nitrous oxide 3. According to Sir Humphrey Davy, using nitrous oxide could make a person ... to pain. a. Temporarily c. temporarily insensitive b. Sensitive d. continually sensitive 4. Horace Wells used nitrous oxide for……. a. preventing various of diseases c. pulling down a tooth painlessly b. curing a variety of diseases d. curing respiratory problems 5. According to the passage, some drugs that would make a part of the body insensitive to pain are… a. Novocain and xylocaine c. histamine and nitrous oxide b. sodium pentothal and antibiotic d. nitrous oxide and sodium pentothal 6. People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems. The underlined word can be substituted by……… a. Immunized c. searched for b. Served d. participated 7. People could deal with their health problems by preventing, controlling, or curing them. The underlined word can be substituted by……… a. maintaining c. financing b. bringing back to health d. meaning 8. Before the 1800s, there were no drugs available that could effectively make a person insensitive to pain. The underlined word can be substituted by……… a. document c. lead b. unfeeling d. observe 9. Surgery that was done for hundreds of years was very limited. The underlined word can be substituted by……… a. restricted c. built b. oriented d. resolved 10. Through years, doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health problems, provided a drug could be discovered that would make a person temporarily insensitive to pain. The underlined word can be substituted by……… a. exhaled c. enlarged b. lowered d. found out 11. “... People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems. The underlined word refers to… a. Ways c. People b. Problems d. Deals 12. “... people found that they could deal with their health problems by preventing, controlling, or curing them. The underlined word refers to… 62

a. b.

preventing controlling

c. people d. health problems

13. “... because his or her body systems would stop functioning due to the extreme pain involved.” The underlined word refers to… a. Dying person c. Drug user b. Surgeon d. Someone 14. Horace Wells, an American dentist, used nitrous oxide to painlessly pull down his own tooth.” The underlined word refers to…… a. American dentists c. Nitrous oxide b. Horace Wells d. Sir Humphrey Davy 15. “…Two of them are nitrous oxide and Sodium Pentothal.” The underlined word refers to… a. Local anesthetics c. Anesthetics b. General anesthetics d. Novocain and xylocaine

GRAMMAR FOCUS CONJUNCTION Conjunction (konjungsi) adalah kata penghubung yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat atau lebih menjadi satu kalimat. Conjunction terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok utama yaitu:

Coordinating Conjunction Yaitu conjunction yang menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat yang sederajat. Artinya kalimat yang satu tidak bergantung pada kalimat yang lainnya, dan masing-masing kalimat dapat berdiri sendiri.Conjunction jenis ini terbagi lagi menjadi: a. Cumulative/Addition (Menunjukkan Penambahan) Conjunction yang sering digunakan adalah and, both…and, also, as well as, not only…but also, dsb Contoh: 1. You will go to Bali tomorrow, I will go to Bali tomorrow. Maka kalimat seperti ini dapat digabungkan menjadi You and I will go to Bali tomorrow. 2. He is both an actor and a director. 3. He is clever and you are also. 63

b. Alternative (Menunjukkan Pilihan) Conjunction yang digunakan adalah either…or, neither…nor, or, else, otherwise Contoh: 1. You can eat either the red apple or the green one. (Kamu boleh memakan salah satu apel yang berwarna merah ataupun yang berwarna hijau). 2. You can eat neither the red apple nor the green one. (Kamu tidak boleh memakan apel yang berwarna merah ataupun yang berwarna hijau). 3. You or William is right. c. Adversative/ Contrast (Menunjukkan Pertentangan) Conjunction yang sering digunakan adalah but, still, yet, nevertheless, however, whereas, while. Contoh: 1. Mrs. Henry is generous but her husband isn’t. 2. He is very clever, nevertheless he often makes mistakes. 3. I’d like to go; however, I haven’t got time. d. Cause Effect (Menunjukkan Sebab akibat) Conjunction yang digunakan adalah therefore, so, so then, then, for Contoh: 1. My sister was ill, therefore, she couldn’t go to school yesterday 2. It’s time to go; so, let’s start 3. If you make mistake, then you must admit it. Jenis kedua dari conjunction adalah subordinating conjunction Subordinating Conjunction Yaitu kata sambung yang menghubungkan antara anak kalimat dan induk kalimat, dimana anak kalimat yang berkonjungsi memperjelas induk kalimat. Contoh:

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1. He said that he could pick me up (he could pick me up memperjelas kata said) 2. Sean promised that he would tell me the truth (he would tell me the truth memperjelas kata promised) 3. He could not pass the exam because he was lazy (because he was lazy memperjelas could not pass the exam) PREPOSITION Prepositions atau kata depan yaitu kata yang ditempatkan/ digunakan sebelum kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti (pronoun) untuk menunjukkan hubungan dengan bagian-bagian kalimat yang lain.Contoh Preposition di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut: Preposition About

Arti

Preposition

kira-kira/ tentang/

Arti

In

di/ di dalam

mengenai Above

di atas

Into

ke/ ke dalam/ sampai

Before

sebelum

Since

sejak/ setelah/ sedari

At

di/ pada

To

untuk/ ke

Among

diantara

Between

diantara

By

dengan/ oleh/ dekat

For

untuk/ bagi/ selama

With

dengan

From

Dari

Catatan: 1. At & In (place = tempat)

“In” digunakan untuk nama negeri dan kota besar. “At” digunakan untuk kota kecil, contohnya: Dina lives in New York. She passed her holiday at Stockholm village. 2. At, In, & On (time = waktu)

“At” digunakan untuk waktu yang tepat, “in” digunakan untuk suatu bagian waktu, dan “on” digunakan untuk nama hari atau tanggal, contohnya: I usually get up at six o’clock. He takes a walk in the afternoon. They are going to go fishing on Sunday.

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3. Between & Among

“Between” digunakan diantara dua orang atau benda. Sedangkan “among” digunakan ketika diantara banyak orang atau benda, contohnya: I stand between the two girls. I stand among a crowd of girls. 4. By, Before, & Since

Dapat digunakan untuk batas waktu tertentu, contohnya: You must go home by five o’clock. She didn’t go home before five o’clock. She has been here since five o’clock. 5. At, for (price = harga)

At dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya tidak diberikan. Sedangkan for dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya disebutkan. I cannot buy the goods at such a high price. He bought a book for ten dollars.

GRAMMAR TASK 1 A. Complete the following sentence with provided conjunction! But, either….or, neither….nor, and, both, therefore 1. Surgery was required to cure certain health problem……..before the 1800s there were no drugs available to make people insensitive to pain. 2. Dentists usually use ……..Novocain….Xylocaine to painlessly pull down their patient’s tooth. 3. Novocain……..Xylocaine are kinds of local anesthetics. 4. …….., local anesthetics and general anesthetics are the essential part of surgery. 5. Anesthetics are surgery’s important part,………..there are many hospital provide nurse anesthetists. 6.

People are allowed to use………local anesthetics…….general anesthetics illegally.

7. Sir Humphrey was……..an English chemist and scientist.

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8. Doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health problem, ………the discovery of anesthetics made them so happy. 9. We can protect our health body by…….preventing health problem……..doing healthy life. 10. Horace Wells……..Sir Humphrey Davy have important role in discovery of anesthetics

B. Make correct sentence by changing its preposition 1. She bought that car on $5000. 2. We were all watching the news in TV. 3. Pour some water on the glass, I'm thirsty. 4. Dr. George will go to the airport at the morning 5. Last Saturday my neighbor invited me in a party 6. Are these flowers to me? 7. I'm not very good for languages 8. I need English to work on tourism. 9. The dog is sitting about the trees. 10. This letter has been here for Wednesday. 11. Tom's been cutting my hair since 20 years! 12. He enjoys reading among ancient cultures 13. Jenny's apartment is inthe 10th floor. 14. She's very interested into historical films 15. Where do you usually go for Saturday?

GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. During the class, we need to be quiet in order be able to listen to what the teacher says. A B C D 2. He got an accident since he drove while he was drunk. A B C D 3. The coffee is so hot then I can’t drink it. A B C D

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4. While I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house. A B C D 5. I will keep studying hard until the final examis moreover next week. A B C D 6. When I look at her picture, my heart beats fast. A B C D 7. My birthday is on November 7th . I was born at Yogyakarta in 1998. A B C D 8. We arrived at the village late on night. We left early in the morning. A B C D 9. His friends are reading a magazine on the big tree’s root while Robert is drinking between A B C D his motorcross. 10. The man is standing in front off a red car. A B C D

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UNIT 6 READING COMPREHENSION

COLD REMEDIES

Airborne spread of viruses appears to be the primary factor in catching a cold, not exposure to cold weather, as is often assumed. Resistance, then, to be common cold depend upon avoiding infected persons and maintaining a general state of health through adequate sleep, good nutrition, and moderate exercise. On of the difficulties with self-medication of the common cold is that what is identified as cold may be a constellation of related respiratory infections. The common cold involves only the upper respiratory tract, specially the nasal area. Infections extending beyond that are secondary infections and should be watched closely, especially infections that involve the throat. Many throat infections are, in fact, the result of bacteria. These types of infections (particularly in small children) should be supervised by a physician. A throat infection caused by a specific bacterial organism can lead to rheumatic hearth disease. It is important to note that since the common cold is caused by viruses, normal antibiotic therapy is in effective. Antibiotics are substances (for example, penicillin) that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Viruses, unlike bacteria, attach themselves to cells within the human body and use metabolic processes of those cells to reproduce themselves. Because the virus and the host cells function as a unit, any substance that kills the virus will probably kill the host cell too. For this reason, vaccination is often used as a preventive for colds and influenza. The difficulty in using vaccination against colds and influenza is that strains of viruses are constantly changing and each virus requires its own specific vaccine. There are some additional points to be made about the use of antibiotics. First, the antibiotic may indeed be effective against a bacterial infection (not a virus); however, its action will destroy not only pathogenic bacteria associated with disease, but also the normal intestinal flora that aid in the manufacture of certain vitamins. Second, routine use of antibiotics may cause the bacterial organism to develop mutant strains that are pathogenic and resistant to the 69

action of the antibiotics. For these reasons, antibiotic therapy should be used sparingly and only under the supervision of a physician. Antihistamines are commonly used in decongestants and various cold remedies. When the body releases histamine during an allergic reaction or something similar, it causes edema (swelling) and inflammation of the nasal passages. Hopefully, the use of antihistamines will block the histamine being released into the tissues, thus preventing or at least relieving, the symptoms. Antihistamines may have side effects such as cough, vertigo (dizziness), drowsiness, or impaired judgment. Those that produce drowsiness (methapyrilene and pyrilamine) are contraindicated for persons who may be driving, operating equipment, or performing other tasks that require alertness. Aspirin is perhaps the best over-the-counter drug to be used when symptoms of a cold appear and is often the major ingredient in cold remedies. It curbs fever and reduces swelling of the nasal passages. Recently, many cold medications have included vitamin C in the formula. There is no real scientific evidence to support the claim that vitamin C has any alleviating, preventive, or curative effect when used in cold remedies. (Toharuddin, 2002:61) A. Answer these questions 1. What is the main factor of catching a cold? 2. How do you prevent from catching a cold? 3. What are the difficulties with self-medication of the common cold? 4. What causes throat infections? 5. What causes the common cold? 6. What substances are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria? 7. What do you know about vaccination? 8. What is the difficulty in using vaccination against cold and influenza? 9. Mention some points to be made about the use of antibiotics? 10. What are the side effects of antihistamines?

B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases

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1. Based on the passage, maintaining a general state of health through adequate sleep, good nutrition, and moderate exercise can prevent a person from … a. having a heart attack b. catching a cold c. having a appendix d. having a headache 2. According to the information in the passage, it is difficult to … the common cold. a. avoid from b. take a self-medication of c. get a drug for d. cure 3. Many throat infection are caused by … a. insufficient sleep b. bacteria c. bad nutrition d. excessive exercise 4. The types of throat infections should be supervised by a … a. gerontologist b. nurse c. pharmacist d. physician 5. The following are discussed in the passage but … a. cough remedies b. airborne spread of viruses c. the common cold d. the use of antibiotics 6. A throat infection cause … a. the common cold b. rheumatic heart disease 71

c. influenza d. a and c 7. Vaccine is a substance that is frequently used to prevent … a. the common cold and influenza b. rheumatic heart disease c. throat infection d. a and c 8. Penicillin is a substance that is used to … a. inhibit the growth of bacteria b. kill viruses c. cure rheumatic heart disease d. prevent throat infection 9. While the antibiotic may indeed be effective against a bacterial infection, it … a. may cause the bacterial organism to develop b. will destroy pathogenic bacteria associated with disease c. will destroy the normal intestinal flora d. all of the above 10. The side effect of antihistamines may include … a. dizziness b. cough c. drowsiness d. impaired judgement

LANGUAGE FOCUS MODIFIERS A modifier can be an adjective or an adjectival phrase that describes a noun or and –ing form. A modifier can also be adverbs or an adverbial phrase that adds information about the 72

verb, adjective, or another verb. Adjectives do not change form to agree with the nouns or – ing forms that the describe, but some adjectives are used only with count nouns and others are used only with non count nouns. Choose the correct answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underline choices. Pengertian Modifier Modifier adalah kata, phrase, atau clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb yang menerangkan kata atau kelompok kata lain.

Sebagai Adjective Ketika berfungsi sebagai adjective (dapat berupa simple adjective, adjective phrase, clause, participle, infinitive), modifier menerangkan noun. Contoh= She found a letter put on my bag. (Participial phraseput on my bag berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan letter (noun). Keseluruhan “a letter put on my bag” adalah noun phrase)

Sebagai Adverb Sedangkan ketika berfungsi sebagai adverb (dapat berupa simple adverb, adverb phrase, clause, prepositional phrase, infinitive), kata ini menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb lain. Contoh= She swims so beautifully. (Adverb phrase so beautifully menerangkan swims)

LANGUAGE TAKS 1 Choose the correct answer

1. The data on the winter migration patterns of the monarch butterfly is very a. interested c. interesting b. interest d. of interest 2. The new England states have had serious earthquakes since the Ice Age. a. none c. not b. not any d. no 3. orangutans live alone. a. near all c. the all b. almost all d. the most all 4. Some hybrid flowers retain the fragrant scent of the no hybrid, and are without fragrance. a. another b. the other 73

.

bred

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

c. some other d. other According to recent survey, doctors do not have a personal physician. a. a large amount of c. a large number of b. large amount of d. large number of John F. Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States, and tobe assassinated. a. the fourth c. four b. fourth d. the four in the world export diamonds. a. only little nations c. only a little nations b. only few nations d. only a few nations Uranus is just to be seen on a clear night with the naked eye. a. bright enough c. is enough bright b. enough brightly d. bright as enough like McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken have used franchising to extend their sales internationally. a. chain’s restaurants c. chain restaurant b. chains restaurants d. chain restaurants

10. Thirty-six years after his first flight, at the age of 77, John Glenn proved that he was not to return to his role as an astronaut. a. so old c. oldest b. too old d. very older 11. that is known as Art Deco culminated in the exhibits and expositions at the World’s Fair in 1939. a. the art c. an art b. arts d. artist 12. The brightest body in the constellation Hydra, Alphard is only . a. a second-magnitude star b. a magnitude second star c. a star of the magnitude second d. a second magnitudes star 13. The data on the winter migration patterns of the monarch butterfly is very . a. Interested c. interesting b. Interest d. of interest 14. The new England states have had serious earthquakes since the Ice Age. a. none c. not b. not any d. no 15. orangutans live alone. a. near all c. the all b. almost all d. the most all 16. Some hybrid flowers retain the fragrant scent of the no hybrid, and are bred without fragrance. a. another c. some other b. the other d. other 17. According to recent survey, doctors do not have a personal physician. a. a large amount of c. a large number of b. large amount of d. large number of

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18. John F. Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States, and assassinated. a. the fourth c. four b. fourth d. the four 19. in the world export diamonds. a. only little nations c. only a little nations b. only few nations d. only a few nations 20. Uranus is just a. bright enough b. enough brightly

to be seen on a clear night with the naked eye. c. is enough bright d. bright as enough

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tobe

GRAMMAR TASK 2 Choose the underline word or phrase which need to be revised

1. There are more potatoes cultivated than any the other vegetable crop worldwide. A B C D 2. Marian Anderson, recognized both in the U.S. and in Europe as a real great vocalist, A B was the first black singer appearing with the Metropolitan Opera Company. C D 3. The conversations on the TOEFL will be spoken just one time; therefore, you must A Listen very careful in order to understand what the speakers have said. B C D 4. Gold, silver, and cooper coins are often alloyed with harder metals to make them A B hard as enough to withstand wear. C D 5. At the core of a star, temperatures and pressure are so great as particles collide and A B connect in a process called fusion. C D 6. The Cartwheel Galaxy is 500 million light year away from Earth. A B C D 7. Euthanasia, the practice of assisting the death of a person suffering from an incurable A B disease, is a such controversial issue as it is illegal in most countries. C D 8. Because none of food is as nutritious for a baby as its mother’s milk, many women A B returningto the practice of breast feeding. C D

ABRIDGMENT Abridgment adalah istilah yang sering di gunakan dalam istilah bahasa yang mengacu pada peringkasan atau pemendekan atau penyimpulan dari suatu karya tulis; baik berupa novel, 76

laporan, dsb.Abridgment dalam sebuah karya tulis/ cerita biasanya di sebut juga sebagai synopsis. Dalam sebuah kalimat, terutama dalam kalimat yang berbentuk klausa, istilah abridgment bisa di artikan sebagai reduction, yaitu meringkas bentuk klausa menjadi bentuk frasa.Berikut ini beberapa bentuk abridgment dalamkalimat yang berbentuk klausa: A. Adjective Clause Adjective clausesdapat di ringkas menjadi sebuah frasa.Adjetive clause dapat di ringkasmenjadi adjective phrase bila kata sambungdari adjective clause adalah subyek dari kalimat tersebut.Bila sebuah adjective clause akan di ringkas maka kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun) dan auxiliary maupun “be” harus di hilangkan, dan kata kerjanyadirubahmenjadibentuk verb-ing (untukkalimataktif) dan verb-eduntukkalimatpasif. Contoh: ACTIVE VOICE: The man who is wearing a red hat has a new car.  The man wearing a red hat has a new car. PASSIVE VOICE: The man that was invited to the meeting declined.  The man invited to the meeting declined.

NO REDUCTION: bila subyek dari anak kalimat berbeda dengan subyek dari kalimat induk, maka anak kalimatnya tidak dapat di ringkas. Contoh: the novels that I checked out are due today.  SALAH: The novels checking out are due today. (karena yang menjadisubyekadalahthe novels, bukanI)

B. Adverb Clause Adverb clause dapat di ringkasmenjadi adverb phrase bila subyek darikalimat induk sama dengansubyek dari adver clause. Bila sebuah anak kalimat (adverb clause) akan di ringkas maka sunyek dari anak kalima ttersebut harus dihilangkan. Sedangkan untuk kata kerjanya bila kalimat aktif di ganti verb-ing dan bila kalimatnya pasif verb menjadi verb-ed. Contoh: ACTIVE VOICE: After we sang two songs, we did a dance.  After singing two songs, we did a dance. 77

PASSIVE VOICE: The building will be used as a warehouse, when it is completed.  When completed, the building will be used as a warehouse. NO REDUCTION: bila subyek dari anak kalimat berbeda dengan subyek dari kalimat induk, maka anak kalimatnya tidak dapat di ringkas. Contoh: After she graduated, her parents retired.  SALAH: After graduating, her parents retired. GRAMMAR TASK 1 Change these clauses below into phrases form! 1. The man who came into the room was small and slender. 2. He is the only person who might be able to help. 3. Most of the mothers have a job, which they take both for the money and the company. 4. The old man who swims in the pool is my grandfather. 5. The window which overlooked the garden was broken. 6. John applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. 7. The big boss who is responsible didn’t come. 8. The pens that are on the table belong to me.

GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. After taken lessons, George could swim well. A B C D 2. Although cleaning regularly, these carpets are still dirty. A B C D

3. The author wrote the new novel is my neighbor. A B C D 4. When receiving 2 days ago, the bottle seal was broken. A B C D 5. The lecturer leaves the class, after given the lesson. A B C D

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UNIT 7 READING COMPREHENSION How Drugs are Produced

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Pharmaceutical firms are continually developing new drugs. Although company chemists discover some new drugs by accident, the creation of most new products begins with an idea. This idea may be for a new kind of drug or for one that works better than existing drugs. A pharmaceutical company must then obtain such a drug, test it, and develop it into a safe, easy-to-use form. The entire process takes on average about 14 years and costs many millions of dollars. Creating a new drug is the task of a company’s research chemists. They may make a new chemical compound or obtain the drug from a natural source. In the process of creating a new drug, researchers perform tests with animal to see if the substances are safe and effective. They first give the substances to small animal, such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs. If the substances pass these tests, it is given to larger animals, such as dogs and monkeys. They then try to find out how this drugs works, in what form it can be given, how the animal body eliminates the drug, and what side effect it may have. The drug company then sends this and other information about the drug to the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - US government agency – and asks for permission to conduct test on the people. After receiving FDA approval a drug company performs two series of clinical tests with the new drug. The company first tests the drug for safety in healthy human volunteers. If the results of the tests are satisfactory, the company checks the drug further in patients who have the disorder the drugs is designed to correct. The number of patients who get the drug and length of the tests depend on the disorder and the drug being tested. Most tests involved hundreds of patients and last from several months to years. Careful testing is one of pharmaceutical company’s most important responsibilities. But even the most careful testing cannot always reveal the possibility that a drug might produce an unexpected harmful effect. A tragic example of such an unexpected effect occurred in Europe during the early 1960’s. Thousand of pregnant women who took a new sedative, thalidomide, gave birth to babies with no arms or legs or with some other deformities. Before selling a new drug, a company must develop it into a safe, easy to-use form. Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule, liquid, tablet or other usable form. These ingredients, excipients, must not interfere with the drug’s action. Researchers also determine how fast the drug will break down chemically and lose its effectiveness. The company can include this information on the label if the break down

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occurs quickly. After all these steps, the company is ready to plan mass production of the drug. (Adapted from English For Pharmacy, Toharudin, 2002)

A. Answer the following questions

1. What are the reasons of finding new drugs? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. Who has responsibility for developing new drugs? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3. How can a new drug be created? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. Why there must be a test with animal in creating a new drug? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5. Tell about the tests with animal done in creating a new drug? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. Why do the drug companies in the USA need to get the FDA agreement? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 7. Tell about the test of new drugs for the people? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 8. Does the careful testing guarantee the successful of a new drug for the society? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 9. What are the usual forms of drug found in the society? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 81

10. What should the drug company do before planning mass production of the drug? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

B. Choose one of the provided words that best keep the meaning of the underlined word. 1. Although company chemists discover some new drugs by accident. a. invite c. built b. invent d. develop 2. The entire process takes on average about 14 years and costs many millions of dollars. a. full c. whole b. long d. big 3. In the process of creating a new drug, researchers perform tests with animal to see if the substances is safe and effective. a. play c. apply b. move d. prepare 4. After receiving FDA approval a drug company performs two series of clinical tests with the new drug. a. arrival c. appointment b. refusal d. agreement 5. If the results of the tests are satisfactory, the company checks the drug further in patients who have the disorder the drugs is designed to correct a. production c. yield b. input d. field 6. The number of patients who get the drug and length of the tests depend on the disorder and the drug being tested a. problem c. trouble b. illness d. disagreement 7. A tragic example of such an unexpected effect occurred in Europe during the early 1960’s. a. Participated c. took place b. took part d. last 8. Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule, liquid, tablet or other usable form. a. think c. divide b. guess d. decide 9. The company can include this information on the label if the break down occurs quickly. a. the package c. the table 82

b. the cover

d. the box

10. These ingredients, excipients, must not interfere with the drug’s action. a. Influence c. interchange b. Interference d. insurance C. Based on the text, what do the underlined words refer to? ( soal berikut beri no paragraf dan baris keberapa pd teks) 1. “This idea may be for a new kind of drug or for one that works better than existing drugs” (1st paragraph, 3rd line) One refers to ________________________________________________ 2. They may make a new chemical compound or obtain the drug from a natural source. (1st paragraph, last line) They refers to ________________________________________________ 3. They first give the substances to small animal, such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs.(2nd paragraph, 2nd line) They to _____________________________________________________ 4. They then try to find out how this drugs works, in what form it can be given, how the animal body eliminates the drug, and what side effect it may have. (2nd paragraph, 4th line) They refers to ________________________________________________ 5. The drug company then sends this and other information about the drug to the U.S Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) - US government agency – and asks for permission to conduct test on the people. (2nd paragraph, 5th line) This refers to ________________________________________________ 6. Before selling a new drug, a company must develop it into a safe, easy to-use form. (5th paragraph, 1st line) It refers to ___________________________________________________ 7. Researchers also determine how fast the drug will break down chemically and lose its effectiveness. (5th paragraph, 4th line) Its refers to __________________________________________________ 8. Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule, liquid, tablet or other usable form. (5th paragraph, 2nd line) It refers to ___________________________________________________

83

GRAMMAR FOCUS SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 

Basic Rule of Subject Verb Agreement Aturan Dasar Kalimat Bahasa inggris adalah : Subjek tunggal (a singular subject) harus diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal (a singular verb); sementara subjek jamak (a plural subject) harus diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak (a plural verb).



Subject + A Singular Verb Subjek yang diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal: Rule . Nouns ending in-s but are always singular (kata benda yang berakhiran –s tetapi adalah bentuk tunggal).

Rule 2. Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapt dihitung.) Rule 3. Phrase/Clause. (frasa/ anak kalimat). Rule 4. Singular Pronouns (kata ganti orang tunggal.) 

Subject + A Plural Verb Subjek yang diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak:

Rule 5. Nouns that are always plural (kata benda yang selalu jamak) Rule 6. Subjects joined by “and” or “both” (subjek yang dihubungkan dengan “and” atau “both”) Rule 7. The word “several”, “many” and “few” (beberapa kata berikut ini selalu jamak: ‘several’, ‘many’ and ‘few’. 

Subject + Singular Verb or Plural Verb Subjek yang bias diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal atau kata kerja jamak sesuai konteksnya dalam kalimat.

Rule 8. There 84

Rule 9. Collective Nouns. Rule 10. Uncountable Nouns. Rule 11. “A number of” and “The number of”. Rule 12. Nouns for nationality. Rule 13. Neither…nor/ either…or/ not only…but also Rule 14. Indefinite quantity. Rule 15. Fraction/ A part, Percentage Rule 16. Prepositional phrase Rule : Beberapa kata berikut ini berakhiran –s dan nampaknya seperti kata jamak tetapi sebenarnya adalah kata benda tunggal. Oleh sebab itu, kata-kata ini harus diikuti kata kerja tunggal.

1. Academic Subject (Mata pelajaran akademik) Mathematics, politics, physics, economics, civics, statistics, linguistics. E.g. Physics is a difficult subject. 2. Quantities/ Amount (Jumlah) Time, money, measurement. (Kata benda yang menunjukkan pada jumlah waktu, uang atau ukuran, walaupun bentuknya jamak, selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal. E.g. Two weeks is enough time to finish the report. 3. Group of Animals (Kumpulan binatang) Flock of birds, school of fish, pack of wolves, herd of cattle, swam of bees, colony of ants. E.g. The flock of birds is flying. 4. Abstract (Kata benda abstrak) Politics, ethnics, news E.g. The news is very bad. 5. Title of books, films, magazines (Judul buku, film, dan majalah) E.g. The New York Times is a good newspaper. 6. Disease (Penyakit) Measles, mumps, herpes, rickets.

85

E.g. Measles is usually contracted during childhood.

Rule 2: Uncountable Nouns adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung dan dianggap sebagai kata benda tunggal. Oleh sebab itu, Uncountable Nouns diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal. clothing, equipment, furniture, luggage, machinery, pottery. E.g. Most of our furniture is in storage.

Rule 3: Bila “It”, “Clauses”, “Infinitives”, or “Gerunds” digunakan sebagai subjek, maka mereka didikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal. Contoh: It E.g. It was children who made that noise. Gerund E.g. Swimming is a good exercise.

Rule 4: The Indefinite Pronouns (kata ganti tak tentu) selalu tunggal. Oleh karena itu, kata ganti ini harus diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.  Nobody, no one, nothing E.g. No one was absent.

Rule 5: Beberapa kata benda selalu jamak karena kata benda itu terdiri dari dua bagian atau lebih. Oleh sebab itu, kata benda-kata benda ini diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak.  Scissors, binoculars, pliers, shears, scales, spectacles E.g. Be careful, The scissors are very sharp.

Rule 6: Subjek yang dihubungkan dengan kata “and” atau subjek yang mengandung kata “both” harus diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak. E.g. John and Mary are going shopping together.

Rule 7:

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Subjek yang mengandung kata “several”, “many” atau “few” harus diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak. E.g. Several employees have already left the office.

Rule 8: Bila sebuah kalimat diawali dengan kata “there”, maka kata kerjanya disesuaikan dengan subjek yang mengikutinya. (karena “there” bukanlah subjek, maka kata kerjanya disesuaikan dengan kata benda yang mengikutinya.)

Singular There + (a Singular Verb) + (a Singular Subject)

E.g. There was one student in the classroom. Plural There + (a Plural Verb) + (a Plural Subject)

E.g. There were two students in the classroom.

Rule 9: Collective Nouns bias diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal atau kata kerja jamak tergantung dari artinya dalam kalimat. Bila dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan maka kata kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja tunggal. Bila yang dimaksudkan adalah masing-masing anggota, maka kata kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja jamak.

Collective Nouns assembly, committee, crowd, crew, class, family, faculty, government, jury, organization, public.

Singular  The committee is having a meeting. (The committee sebagai satu kesatuan/group) Plural 87

 Thecommittee are going back to their homes by bus. (The committee yang dimaksudkan adalah masing-masing anggota).

Rule 10: Beberapa kata benda dapat digolongkan ke dalam Countable Nouns (kata benda yang dapat dihitung) atau Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) dengan arti yang berbeda. Bila kata benda itu adalah kata benda yang tidaka dapat dihitung (Uncountable Nouns) maka kata benda itu harus diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

Countable/ Uncountable Nouns bread. cheese, coffee, food, fruit, meat, paper, rice, salt, sugar, tea, experience, light, work.  I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper? (paper=kertas) Have you got a paper to read? (a paper= koran)  Her hair is beautiful. (hair = rambut kepala) There is a hair in my coffee. (a hair = sehelai rambut)

Rule 11: Ungkapan “A number of” (berarti “beberapa”) diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak, sedangkan ungkapan “The number of” diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

Singular The number of + a Singular Verb  The number of people applying has increased this year. (Jumlah orang yang melamar telah meninggal tahun ini) Plural A number of + a Plural Verb

 A number of people have called about the meeting. (Beberapa orang telah menelepon mengenai rapat itu.)

Rule 12: 88

Kata benda untuk “nationallity” (kebangsaan) diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal bila ada yang dimaksudkan adalah bahasa, tetapi diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak bila yang dimaksudkan adalah orang atau bangsa.

Nouns for nationality (Kata benda untuk kebangsaan) : Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, French, English etc.

Singular Language + a Singular Verb  Chinese is a difficult language for me to learn. (Bahasa China adalah bahasa yang sulit bagi saya untuk dipelajari). Plural People + a Plural Verb  The Chinese are very invetive people. (Orang China/ Bangsa China adalah orang yang berdaya cipta)

Rule 13: Bila dalam satu kalimat terdapat dua subjek yang dihubungkan dengan “Either…or, Neither…nor, Not only…but also”, maka kata kerja yang akan dipakai disesuaikan dengan subjek yang terdekat dengan kata kerja itu.

Singular

Either Neither

Singular/ Plural Noun

Not only

or nor

A Singular Verb

A Singular Verb

but also

 Neither my brothers nor my sister wants to go home.

Plural

Either

Singular/ Plural Noun

or

A Plural Verb 89

A Plural Verb

Neither

nor

Not only

but also

 Neither my sister nor my brothers want to go home.

Rule 14: Beberapa Indefinite Pronouns yang diikuti oleh Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) harus memakai kata kerja tunggal, tetapi bila diikuti oleh kata benda jamak, maka kata kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja jamak.

Indefinite Pronouns: All, most, majority, some, any, no, none.

Singular

of An Uncountable Indefinite Noun Pronouns  Some of the rice is gone.

A Singular Verb

Plural Indefinite A of Pronouns Countable  Some of the apples are missing. Nouns

A Plural Verb

Rule 15: Fractions (pecahan) and Percentages yang diikuti oleh Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) harus memakai kata kerja tunggal, tetapai bila diikuti oleh kata benda jamak, maka kata kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja jamak.

Singular of

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 Fractions  Percentages

A Uncountable Noun

A Singular Verb

 A large percentage of the population speaks English. Plural  Fractions  Percentages

of

A Plural A Plural Noun Verb  Seventy-five per cent of the studentspeaks English.

Rule 16:

A Prepositional Phrase (frase yang diawali dengan kata depan dan beberapa ekspresi seperti “along with”, “accompanied by”, “together with”, “as well as”, “in addition”, “among” yang terletah di antara subjek dan predikat (kata kerja) tidak merubah aturan “subject-verb agreement” yaitu subjek tunggal diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal dan subjek jamak diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak.

Subject

Prepositional Phrases

Verb

 The houses on that street are for sale.

 The house with the broken steps is for sale.

Subject

In addition to Among Along with As well as Together with 91

Verb

 John, together with Mary, is going shopping.  John and Mary, along with Tom, are going shopping.

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Choose the correct answer 1. Either the President or the Vice … signed the document. a. has b. have c. had d. has been 2. He seems to forget that there … things to be done before he can graduate. a. is b. are c. am d. was 3. Mr. Smith, along with his two sisters, … lived in this town for ten years. a. had b. has c. have d. hah been 4. Not only the student but also their instructor … been called to the principal’s office. a. had been b. had c. has d. have 5. Four years … a long time to spend away from your family. a. was c. am b. is d. are

GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. Money is not everything. Happiness are important in life. A B C D 2. In my opinion, economics were the most difficult lesson of all. A B C D

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3. Everyone have a big chance to be the winner. A B C D 4. Where we go depend on the job. A B C D 5. Golds has recently risen in price. A B C D 6. Not only teacher also the students go to the library. A B C D 7. A number of peoples have called about the meeting. A B C D 8. Some of the votes seems to have been miscounted. A B C D 9. Some of the apple are missing. A B C D 10. My sister work as a secretary. A B C D

93

UNIT 8 READING COMPREHENSION

SEDATIVES AND COUGH REMEDIES

Sedatives The chemical action of sedatives causes drowsiness, reduces anxiety, and may relax muscles and generally produce a state of quiescence. One of the most commonly used sedatives in America is ethyl alcohol. It is often used in sleep-producing preparations and in cough remedies. Salicylamide is highly recommended as a mild sedative. The risks associated with the use of this drug have previously been discussed (all drugs involve a risk) and, that in mind, it is still recommended as a better choice of sedatives. It is inexpensive and allows one to go to sleep. Since the drug is a mild analgesic, it tends to alleviate minor aches and pains that may be interfering with sleep and it helps one to relax. Hopefully, the reader will not interpret this discussion to mean that one can safely resort to the use of salicylamide on a habitual pattern. Using drugs as a way to relax or find sleep can lead to dependency on the drug to achieve those states, as well as mask the basic problems that lead to tension. Occasional use may be recommended, but prolonged self-medication with sedatives are not advised. The reason one resorts to using a sedative is to reduce the accumulated effects of tension. Cough Remedies In order to understand the actions of an anti-cough medication, it is helpful to have a basic understanding of cough reflex. Essentially, the coughing response is one of the body’s fundamental ways of protecting and clearing the breathing passage. Cough remedies are designed either to soothe the pathway or sedate the cough center of the brain. Basically, these drugs are of two types: the depressants and the expectorants. The depressant types have a narcotic effect on the brain and thereby tend to suppress a cough response. They seem to have a tendency to dry the respiratory tract, and should probably be 94

used with caution by persons suffering from bronchial asthma or pulmonary emphysema. Those that contain codeine have a depressing physiological effect similar to morphine, however, codeine is much weaker and therefore safer to use. Presently, codeine is available only by prescription. It is imperative to understand that if codeine is used in a rational manner, not tolerance or physical dependence will develop; however when it is used in doses larger than required, tolerance or physical and even physiological dependence may develop. Also, as the dosage is increased, the more pronounced the side effects become. This is important to know for those people who tend to exceed the required dose in their attempt to enhance the effectiveness of this over-the-counter preparation. A number of cough suppressant do not contain narcotic agents. Noscapine does not have a drying effect on the respiratory tract. It has also been shown to be an effective suppressant since it decreases the cough spasm. Recently, dextromethorphan has become a very popular cough suppressant appears suitable for prolonged therapy as well as for children. Cough medications containing noscapine and dextromethorphan are now considered the drugs of choice. Some examples would be Robitussin DM and Cheracol DM, which replaced codeine. (Adapted from English for Pharmacy, Toharuddin, 2002)

A. Write your answers to these questions! 1. What is the chemical action of sedatives? 2. Explain what are sedatives? 3. What sedative is commonly used by Americans? 4. Why do people take ethyl alcohol? 5. Mention the kinds of sedatives? 6. How do you understand the actions of an Antioch medication? 7. Mention the types of cough remedies. 8. Distinguish between sedatives and cough remedies 9. What is the main idea of the passage? 10. What is the main purpose of the passage?

B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases. 1. Chemically, the action of sedatives leads to … a. drowsiness b. anxiety 95

c. a state of quiescence d. a and c 2. Ethyl alcohol can serve as … a. sleep-producing preparations b. cough remedies c. narcotic agent d. a and b 3. “This drug” in “The risks associated with the use of this drug …”. a. cough remedies b. the chemical action of sedatives c. ethyl alcohol d. salicylamide 4. According to the passage, the action of salicylamide can … a. make someone sleep b. help someone relax c. alleviate minor aches and pains d. all of the above 5. The following are discussed in the passage sedative but … a. mild sedatives b. drugs c. taking excessive mild sedatives d. sleep-producing preparations 6. One of the reasons salicylamide is highly recommended as a better choice of sedatives is that it is … a. scarce b. cheap c. mild d. none of the above 7. The aim of cough remedies is … a. clearing the breathing passage b. understand cough reflex c. protecting the lungs d. none of the above 8. The following are the types of cough remedies … a. tolerances b. depressant c. expectorants d. b and c 9. “These drugs” in “… these drugs are two types: the depressant and the expectorants” means … a. mild sedatives b. the actions of an anti-cough medication 96

c. sedatives d. cough remedies 10. The followings are discussed in the passage cough remedies but … a. the effect of expectorants b. the effect of depressants c. anti-cough medication d. noscapine

GRAMMAR FOCUS GERUND PHRASE - Gerund phrase is a phrase containing a gerund (verb –ing regarded as a noun) followed by words, phrases, or clauses. - In a clause or sentence, the gerund phrase functions as: 1. A Subject, for example: Swimming in the pool is very pleasant. 2. As an Object, for example: I enjoy swimming in the pool. 3. As a Subject Complement, for example: My hobby is swimming in the pool. 4. Appositive: She insists on one thing—swimming in the pool. 5. Object of preposition/adverb: By swimming in the pool, you will be healthy.

- Gerund phrase can come after prepositions (object of preposition), possessive adtjectives (my, your, his, etc.), ordinal number (the first, second, etc.), certain verbs or expression like: Admit

keep

Anticipate

loathe

Appreciate

mean

Avoid

mind

Consider miss Defer

pardon

delay

postpone

Deny

practice

Detest

prevent

Dislike

propose 97

Dread

recollect

Enjoy

remember

Escape

resent

Excuse

resist

Fancy

risk

Finish

save

Forgive

stop

Imagine

suggest

involve

understand

Quit

urge

Withhold

give up

Leave off

cannot help

Approve/disapprove of

Insist on

It’s no good/use

Object to

There’s no point in

what’s the point of

Put off

keep on

Look forward to

be accustomed to

Be used to

take to

Examples: 1. Touch your toes without bending your knees. 2. Her cleaning the house everyday is not necessary. 3. He enjoys playing the piano.

-

In a noun phrase, gerund phrase can be used to modify a noun, ex: the desire swimming in the pool.

-

The negative adjective “no” is used with certain type of gerund phrase. Example: No trespassing on these premises will be permitted.

-

Gerund phrase can be formed by adding gerund with adverb, adjective, adjective phrase, noun, pronoun, noun phrase, prepositional phrase (including: adverbial prepositional phrase), clause, infinitive and infinitive phrase

-

The form of an object in a gerund phrase may depend on what precedes the gerund. If “the” introduces the gerund, the “object” of the gerund is in an “of” phrase.

-

Example: The shooting of those rare birds appalled us. 98

Determiners other than the, like a, this, some, any, occasionally initiate a gerund phrase containing an “of” phrase object. Example: We must put an end to this killing of innocent people. -

Some verbs being followed by full verb should have an –ing (gerund) form. Examples: The car needs thorough cleaning The shoes require serious mending Your room wants bright painting

Active gerund: V-ing Having + past participle

Passive gerund: being +past participle Having been+past participle

NOUN PHRASE Noun Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri atas: 1. Kata inti (head): noun 2. Penjelas kata inti atau modifier, yaitu bisa berupa: a. Kata (adjective, noun, gerund, present participle, past participle infinitive with to) b. Frase (adjective phrase, noun phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase with to, prepositional phrase, present participial phrase, past participial phrase). c. Klausa (adjective clause, noun clause) Kata dan frase yang terletak sebelum kata benda (pre-modifier), yaitu: 1. adjective, misalnya: handsome man 2. noun, misalnya: English book 3. gerund, misalnya: swimming pool (kolam untuk renang) 4. present participle, misalnya: flying kite 5. past participle, misalnya: wanted man 6. adjective phrase, misalnya: very beautiful lady 7. noun phrase, misalnya: English book seller

Kata, frase, dan klausa tertentu terletak setelah kata benda (post-modifier), yaitu:

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1. infinitive with to, misalnya: the book to read 2. gerund phrase, misalnya: the desire swimming in the pool 3. infinitive phrase with to, misalnya: the book to read tommorow. 4. prepositional phrase, misalnya: the cat under the chair 5. present participial phrase, misalnya: the man flying the kite 6. past partcipial phrase, misalnya: the room painted yesterday 7. adjective clause. Misalnya: the man that came here yesterday. 8. noun clause, misalnya: the feeling that he is a liar

Dalam kalimat, noun phrase berfungsi sebagai: 1. subject: A beautiful woman is cooking in the kitchen 2. object: I have a cute cat 3. subject complement: The boy is a very good musician 4. object complement: My mother calls my cat good boy. 5. direct object: The rat ate all the mangoes 6. indirect object: My husband bought his teacher beautiful flowers

Urutan penulisan Noun Phrase dalam Bahasa Inggris mengikuti aturan seperti berikut: 1. Determiner, isinya a / an (sebuah) atau bisa juga the 2. Opinion, opini orang ttg benda utama. (mis. handsome, beautiful, cute, dll.) 3. Size, ukuran dong (mis. small. large, big, huge, dll) 4. Age, umur, jaman, pokonya yang berhubungan dengan waktu (mis. old, modern, dll) 5. Temperature, dah tau kan? 6. Shape, bentuk, penampakan, dll 7. Colour, gampang gak perlu dibahas 8. Original, maksudnya adalah asal benda utama (berasal). Terdiri dari dua; 9. Country / City, asal tempat (negara/kota) 10. Material, asal bahan (besi, emas, kain, dll) 11. Purpose, berhubungan dengan tujuan dari benda utama. 12. Noun, nah yang terakhir ini adalah kata benda utama.

100

GRAMMAR TASK 1 1. The rich man holds his wedding party in……… a. The big luxurious hotel c. the hotel luxurious big b. the luxurious big hotel d. the big hotel luxurious 2.

3.

4.

5.

Mr. Aldy has just bought …………. a. an expensive large house b. expensive an large house

c. an large expensive house d. large an expensive house

Alex is a …………………. a. Tall white smart boy b. Smart white tall boy

c. white tall smart boy d. smart tall white boy

They are good at ………………. a. Told funny stories b. Tell funny stories

c. telling funny stories d. tells funny stories

You will not be clever without ………………… a. Studying c. study b. Studies d. studied

GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. Harry lifted his eyebrows bushy at Elizabeth. A B C D 2. In this exhibition some really excellent book about photography had been sold out A B C D 3. In sleepy I met you in the park. A B C D 4. He should feel ashamed for give bribes to win the election. A B C D 5. My dog's most annoying habit are hogging the middle of the bed. A B C D 6. Eat ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long untamed A B C D hair. 7. I am not preparing to authorize climbing the cliffs in the dark. A B C D 8. I have received several awards for my garden. A B C D

101

UNIT 9 READING COMPREHENSION

THE NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANCY It can be said with reasonable certainly that the successful outcome of pregnancy is dependent on the good nutritional status of the mother at the time of conception as well as the continued good dietary practices during pregnancy regardless of age. It is also dependent on the total health experiences of both parents and involves their education, economic backgrounds, and socio-cultural experiences. Attitudes toward prenatal care are often passed from generation to generation. Current health teaching is toward early on going prenatal care with provision for health and nutrition teaching during pregnancy and through the postnatal period. The complex physiologic changes which take place involve altered dietary needs based on sound nutritional practices. The fetus is dependent on the mother’s circulation for its nutrients. There is a need for additional energy taking into account age, height, prepregnant weight, and activity (which is especially decreased towards the end of pregnancy). The Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Academy of Science recommends an additional 300 calories/day (over non pregnant needs) during the entire pregnancy. This amount will also insure adequate utilization of good quality protein currently recommended at an additional 30 grams/day. Examples of 30 grams of protein and 300 calories: 4 ounces lean meat, fish, or poultry or 4 cups low fat milk or ounces lean meat and 2 cups low fat milk. Although there is some controversy over the recommendation of other nutrient supplements, most authorities agree on routine supplementation of iron and frolic acid only. The increased requirements of other nutrients can easily be met through appropriate dietary choices, i.e., one quart of vitamin D fortified milk meets the increased calcium allowance. (Adapted from Community Health Nursing: Keeping The Public Healthy, Jarvis Linda, 1983)

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A. Answer The Questions Completely! 1. What factors are needed to make sure the nutrient needs of pregnancy are covered? 2. Are the attitudes toward prenatal care often passed from generation to generation? 3. What is the correlation between the complex physiologic and nutritional practices? 4. What does the fetus depend on? 5. Is there a need for additional energy taking into account age, height, pregnant weight, and activity? 6. When does the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Academy of Science recommend and additional 300 calories/day? 7. Do most authorities agree on routine supplementation of iron and frolic acid only? 8. Where can we meet the increased requirements of other nutrients? Give examples!

B. Choose The Correct Answers. 1. The text tells us about the… a. importance of nutrition b. concept of nutrient needs in general c. nutrient needs of the pregnancy d. fundamental nutrient needs of the body 2. The nutrient needs of pregnancy doesn’t depend on… a. the good nutritional status of the mother at the time of conception b. the continued good dietary practices during pregnancy regardless of age c. the total health experiences of both parents d. education only 3. These are the factors of the nutrient needs of pregnancy except… a. education b. psychological influences c. economic backgrounds d. socio cultural experiences 4. Usually attitudes toward prenatal care are passed from… a. generation of generation b. face to face c. time to time d. period to period 103

5. According to the text, the complex physiologic changing which take place involve altered dietary needs based on… a. sound nutritional practices b. prenatal and postnatal care c. the good nutritional status of the mother at the time of conception d. the total health experiences of both parents 6. … depends on the mother’s circulation for its nutrients. a. the nutrient needs b. pregnancy c. the fetus d. the postnatal 7. The Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Academy of Science agrees an additional… a. 300 calories/day b. 4 ounces lean meat c. 4 cups low fat milk d. 30 grams of protein/day 8. There is some controversy over the recommendation of other nutrient supplements, most authorities agree on routine supplementation of… a. 4 ounces lean meat b. 4 cups low fat milk c. iron and frolic acid only d. 2 cups of low fat milk LANGUAGE FOCUS ADJECTIVE PHRASE Adjective phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier. Sama seperti simple adjective, adjective phrase berfungsi menerangkan noun. Posisinya mungkin sebelum/setelah noun (sebagai attributive untuk membentuk noun phrase) atau setelah linking verb (sebagai predicative). Contoh Adjective: attributive

I like dark chocolate.

predicative

Tommy is diligent.

Contoh Adjective Phrase: attributive

I like very dark chocolate.

predicative Tommy is extremely diligent.

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“Very dark” merupakan adjective phrase, sedangkan “very dark chocolate” merupakan noun phrase. Untuk membedakannya, kita perlu fokus pada head-nya. Head pada adjective phrase ialah “dark”, sedangkan noun phrase ialah “chocolate”. Dalam membentuk adjective phrase, adjective mungkin dikombinasikan dengan modifier, determiner, dan/atau intensifier.

Modifier Modifier merupakan kata, phrase, atau clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb. Modifier mungkin berada sebelum adjective (premodifier) atau setelah adjective (post modifier). Dalam kasus adjective phrase, umumnya premodifier yang digunakan berupa simple adjective atau adverb (hanya terdiri dari satu kata), sedangkan post modifier dapat berupa infinitive atau prepositional phrase. Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; modifier = underline): young married couples, certain to happen, afraid of the dark, angry with you

Determiner Determiner yang umum digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective adalah article, baik definite (the) maupun indefinite articles (a, an); quantifier (many, few, little, some, etc); distributive (all, every, both, etc), demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those); dan/atau possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, etc). Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; determiner = underline): the beautiful house, many young men, all poor countries, this delicious cake, our sweet moments.

Intensifier Intensifier merupakan adverb yang dapat berfungsi menekankan (emphasize), menguatkan (amplify), atau merendahkan (downtone) adjective. Contoh Adjective Phrase (intensifier = underline): partially complete, rather unfaithful, very smart

Modifier, determiner, dan intensifier mungkin dapat digunakan secara bersama-sama. Urutan penggunaannya, dapat dilihat di Noun Phrase.

Prepositional Phrase sebagai Adjective Phrase 105

Jika adjective phrase diterjemahkan dengan pengertian yang lebih luas, yaitu semua phrase yang menerangkan noun, prepositional phrase yang diletakkan setelah noun dapat menjadi salah satunya. Contoh Adjective Phrase: 

She is a student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (menerangkan noun “student”)



The woman with a leather handbag is looking at you. (menerangkan noun ”woman”)

Adverbial Phrase Adverb phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier (too, very, so, enough, etc) atau kelompok kata seperti: prepositional phrase atau infinitive phrase yang dapat berfungsi seperti adverb. 

Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there



Adverb phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home

Seperti halnya adverb (kata keterangan), suatu adverb phrase juga dapat menerangkan verb, adjective, maupun kata keterangan lain serta juga dapat menempati berbagai posisi di dalam suatu kalimat. Oleh karena itu, mungkin dapat sedikit membingungkan untuk mendeteksi suatu adverbphrase dibandingkan dengan bentuk tunggalnya di dalam suatu kalimat.

Macam dan Contoh Adverb Phrase Ada bermacam-macam kata keterangan. Beberapa yang paling penting ada lima, yaitu: adverbs of time (waktu), manner (cara), place (tempat), frequency (frekuensi), dan purpose (tujuan). Karena berakting sebagai kata keterangan, Adverb phrase dapat menempati posisi-posisi tersebut. Adapun macam dan contoh adverb phrase berdasarkan pembentuknya adalah sebagai berikut.

Adverb dengan Qualifier Adverb phrase yang merupakan gabungan antara kata keterangan dengan qualifier dapat menempati fungsi adverb of manner. Contohnya adalah sebagai berikut.

Adverb of Manner slowly

Qualifier

Adverb

Contoh Kalimat

Phrase

extremely extremely

He drives extremely slowly. 106

slowly

quickly

enough

quickly enough

(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat lambat.) Every waitress should clean tables quickly enough. (Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)

Prepositional Phrase Prepositional phrase dapat menggantikan lima macam kata keterangan terpenting di atas. Beberapa contoh adverb phrase dari prepositional phrase adalah sebagai berikut.

Adverb

time

Adverb Phrase since yesterday, during the storm, before noon

Contoh Kalimat They couldn’t do anything during the storm. (Mereka tidak dapat melakukan apapun selama badai.) The customer always pays the bill with his

manner

with his debit card, by bus

debit card. (Pelanggan tersebut selalu membayar tagihan dengan kartu debitnya.)

place

at home, in the classroom, to

I’m on a flight to Bandung.

Bandung

(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Bandung.) Old people may need to see a doctor every

frequency every year

year. (Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu mengunjungi dokter setiap tahun.)

purpose

for you

He bought this tiramisu cake for you. (Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini untukmu.)

Infinitive Phrase Kebanyakan adverb phrase yang dibentuk dari infinitive form digunakan untuk menempati peran adverbs of purpose. Beberapa contoh adverb phrase dari infinitive form adalah sebagai berikut. Adverb Phrase

Contoh Kalimat

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to gain his muscle mass

to get the access

He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle mass. (Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk meningkatkan massa ototnya.) To get the accesss, you must register first. (Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)

Prepositional phrasesatau frasa preposisi adalah frasa yang terdiri dari preposisi dan objek preposisi (object of the preposition). Objek preposisi dalam frasa preposisi dapat berupa noun, pronoun, atau noun phrases. Contoh frasa preposisi: - on the internet - in the room - by the ocean - near the window Pada kenyataannya dalam suatu kalimat, frasa preposisi bisa memiliki jumlah kata yang lebih banyak, tergantung panjang objek preposisi atau jumlah kata yang menyertai preposisi dalam menyampaikan maksud suatu kalimat. Contohnya: - near the violently swaying oak trees - on account of his nearly depleted bank account Dalam kalimat, frasa preposisi tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai frasa preposisi sendiri, tapi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjektiva dan adverbia. Frasa preposisi yang berperan sebagai adjektiva disebut frasa adjektiva. Seperti halnya adjektiva, frasa adjektiva juga berfungsi menerangkan noun atau pronoun. Untuk mengetahui suatu frasa preposisi itu berfungsi sebagai frasa adjektiva, ajukan pertanyaan seperti “Which one?” atau “What kind?” untuk mengenali dalam suatu kalimat. Contoh frasa preposisi sebagai frasa adjektiva: - The [cost of the jeans] was surprisingly high. - The [clown with the mask] terrifies the children. - The [man in the house] rented it. Frasa preposisi yang berperan sebagai adverbia disebut frasa adverbia. Sama halnya dengan adverbia, frasa adverbia juga berfungsi menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb. Untuk mengetahui suatu frasa preposisi berfungsi sebagai frasa adverbia, dapat diajukan pertanyaan

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seperti “Where?” “When?” “In what manner” “To what extent?” untuk mengenalinya dalam suatu kalimat. Contoh frasa preposisi sebagai frasa adverbia: - The Mets [played at Shea Stadium.] - The game [lasted into the fourteenth inning.] - He [went in the arena.] - Dad was [happy about the goal.] - On reflection, I believe that she was correct. Dua atau lebih frasa preposisi dapat digabungkan dengan menggunakan coordinating conjunctions. Contohnya: - The resort is [beside the mountain and by the lake.] - You can usually find Macho Marvin [in the steam room, on the exercise bike, or under the barbells.]

Participle Phrase Participle phrase (participial phrase) ialah frasa yang terdiri dari participle beserta complement atau modifier-nya. Contoh : Following the instructions carefully, the trainees complitid the project successfully.  The instructions sebagai objek dan carefully sebagai adverb yang menerangkan following(participle).

1.

Participle bersama objek

Contoh: Finding the problems resolved, he promised us a reward happily.  The problem adalah objek dari finding

2.

Participle being bersama complement

Contoh : Being lazy, he does not earn enough to support his family.  Lazy (adjective) sebagai complement dari being.

3.

Participle yang diterangkan adverb maupun adverb phrase.

Contoh : 109

Studying hard, Robert passed the final exam.  Hard (adverb) menerangkan studying.

4.

Participle yang merupakan peringkasan adverb clause

a.

Adverb clause of time (menerangkan waktu)

• Berarti “setelah” (after) Contoh: Having finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television. (After she had finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television) • Berarti “sambil” (while atau when) Contoh : Listening to the radio, andrea usually studies at night. b.

Adverb clause of cause (menerangkan sebab)

Contoh : Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation. ( Because he had worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation.) c.

Adverb clause of result (menerangkan akibat)

Contoh: He doesn’t care about his friends, having few friends. ( He doesn’t care about his friends so that he has few friends.)

GRAMMAR TASK 1 Identify what type of the sentences below! 1. Houses are unbelievably expensive just now. a. Adjective phrase c. Prepositional phrase b. Adverb phrase d. Participle phrase 2. We met paul last week. a. Adjective phrase b. Adverb phrase

c. Participle phrase d. Verb phrase

3. The dog eating geraniums belongs to my neighbor a. Adjective phrase c. Adverb phrase b. Participle phrase d. Preposition phrase 4. A car that won’t go is not particularly useful. a. Adjective phrase c. Prepositional phrase b. Adverb phrase d. Noun phrase 5. Wrapped in foil paper, the parcels gleamed in the firelight. 110

a. Participle phrase b. Prepositional phrase

c. Adverb phrase d. Adjective phrase

6. I enjoy eating in Indian restaurant. a. Adjective phrase b. Adverb phrase

c. Prepositional phrase d. Noun phrase

7. Don’t you have to leave early? a. Adjective phrase b. Adverb phrase

c. Verb phrase d. Prepositional phrase

8. He put his new jacket near the window. a. Prepositional phrase c. Adjective phrase b. Participle phrase d. Adverb phrase GRAMMAR TASK 2 Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence. Then write ADJ under the line if the phrase is an adjective phrase or ADVB if it is an adverb phrase. Example: The minister looked up into the heavens. Answer: The minister looked up into the heavens. ADVB 1.

The lawn was seeded today by the maintenance workers.

2.

We will open the museum's doors in a few minutes.

3.

Tickets to tomorrow night's concert will be sold starting this morning.

4.

There is a hint within every sentence.

5.

Several investigators asked us questions during their investigation.

6.

In fact, I do remember that funny incident.

7.

Water in this tank must be drained often.

8.

Without much fanfare the actress greeted her admiring fans.

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UNIT 10 READING COMPREHENSION

THERAPEUTIC DIET

When people become sick and hospitalized, they often must make adjustments in their food preferences and food habits. Patients on a special diet may discover that it doesn’t include the foods they usually eat and that spices or seasonings are not permitted; these changes may be very disturbing to them. dieter The patient’s diet is an important part of medical treatment. When the patient is not eating the food in the diet, you should notify your team leader. Other ways may be found to encourage the patient to eat, or the dietitian could be called to visit the patient. Often the diet can be adjusted to be more appealing to the patient without altering the therapeutic effect. Patients who have been NPO as part of the treatment for their illness or injury or following surgery may be started on a special diet that progresses from clear liquids to a general or full diet as they increase their tolerance to the foods. It is most often prescribed following major surgery or in acute inflammations of the digestive tract, difficulties in chewing or swallowing, or cases of acute infections. A clear liquid diet. It is ordered when there is decreased tolerance foods or impaired function of the digestive tract. The diet allows water, tea, coffee, clear broths, ginger ale, apple juice, and plain gelatins. The full liquid diet. It may be given to those able to tolerate more than the liquids allowed on the clear liquid diet. The diet allows additional liquids such as milk, milk shakes, cream soups, all fruit juices, and semi-liquid foods such as custards, sherbets, puddings, and ice cream. Soft diet. Consists of foods that are mild in taste, that are easily chewed and digested, and that contain almost no fiber. The diet allows white bread or toast, cooked cereals, rice, potatoes, meats, cooked fruits, and vegetables, plain or sponge cakes, butter, and salt and pepper. Meats and vegetables may be chopped or strained for ease in eating, but no fried foods are allowed. 112

(Adapted from English For Nutrition, Sutopo Anam,1996)

A. Answer The Questions based on the text above. 1. What will people do when they become sick and hospitalized? 2. Why do the changes of special diet disturb the patients? 3. Is a patient’s diet a necessary part of medical therapy? 4. When may patients be started on a special diet? 5. When is the clear liquid diet ordered? 6. What does the clear liquid diet allow? 7. What does the liquid died allow? 8. What does the soft diet consist of? 9. What does the soft diet allow? 10. Where can meats and vegetables be strained?

B. Choose The Correct Answers! 1. Patients on a special diet may discover that it doesn’t include the foods they usually eat and that spices or seasonings are not permitted. The synonym of the underlined word is… a. meet b. find c. face d. know 2. When the patient is not eating the food in the diet, you should notify your… a. team leader b. team medical treatment c. therapeutic effect d. acute inflammations 3. Other ways may be found to encourage the patient to eat, or the dietitian could be called… a. team leader b. to visit the patient c. clear liquid diet d. soft diet 4. Often the diet can be adjusted to be more appealing to the patient without… a. altering the therapeutic effect b. difficulties in chewing c. cases of acute infections d. digestive tract 5. Clear liquid diet does not allow… 113

a. b. c. d.

tea coffee meat juice

6. Full liquid diet allows additional liquids such as follows except… a. milk b. bread c. cream soups d. ice cream 7. Soft diet consists of foods that are mild in taste, that are easily chewed and digested, and that contain almost no… a. fat b. fiber c. cereal d. milk 8. The soft diet allows… a. coffee b. rice c. tea d. sherbets

GRAMMAR FOCUS SIMPLE SENTENCE

Simple Sentence (Kalimat Sederhana) atau disebut juga dengan independent Clause adalah kalimat yang minimum memiliki  verb (kata kerja) utama yang mencerminkan adanya satu gagasan saja.

Contoh: 1. Some students like to study in the mornings. 2. John and Mark play football every afternoon. 3. Ruth goes to the library every day.

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GRAMMAR TASK 1 Directions: Find the subject and the main verb in each sentence. Write the main verb in the simple form, and then write the verb as it used in the sentence, including helping verbs and negatives. Example: The students have done a lot of work in class. subject: ___students___________ / main verb: ___do__________ / verb or verb phrase ____have done__________

1. The windshield on my car is cracked. subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or verb phrase: _____________________ 2. He doesn't have many responsibilities. subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or verb phrase: _____________________ 3. Without a car, it's difficult to get to work. subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or verb phrase: _____________________ 4. Sheila has a test tomorrow morning. subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or verb phrase: _____________________ 5. By this time next year, Stanley will have lived in the United States for ten years.

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subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or verb phrase: _____________________ GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. They worked hard and produce an excellent display. A B C D 2. John sleeping eight hours every night during the week. A B C D 3. The President of The USA life in The White House. A B C D 4. We will go to London to spends our holiday. A B C D 5. Mr. Johan have joined in this company since 2008. A B C D

LANGUAGE FOCUS PARALELISME (STRUKTUR KALIMAT PARALEL) Paralelisme dalam kalimat adalah penggunaan elemen-elemen pembentuk kalimat yang dipakai dalam susunan yang sejajar. 

Jika sebuah ide dalam sebuah kalimat dinyatakan dengan frase (kelompok kata), maka ide-ide yang sederajat harus dinyatakan dengan frase.



Jika sebuah ide dalam suatu kalimat dinyatakan dengan kata benda, maka ide lain yang sederajat harus dengan kata benda juga.



Demikian juga halnya bila sebuah ide dalam sebuah kalimat dinyatakan dengan kata kerja, maka ide lainnya yang sederajat harus dinyatakan dengan jenis kata yang sama.

Paralelpada kata benda: I like Russian, German, Spanish and French. I like Russia, Germany, Spain and France Pada kalimat diatas, kata yang digarisbawahi adalah kata benda, sehingga kalimat tersebut paralel. Struktur yang salah: I like Russian, German, Spanish, and to drive in those countries

116

Padakalimatdiatas,to drive in those countriesbukan noun sehingga tidak sejajar dengan kata benda sebelumnya.

Paralelpada kata sifat: Your home is big, beautiful, and comfortable.

Pada kalimatdiatas, kata yang digarisbawahiadalah kata sifat, jadikalimat tersebut mempunyai susunan kata sifat yang paralel. Struktur yang salah: Your home is big, beautiful, and close to downtown.

Paralelpada kata kerja: He exercises, reads a book, and listens a radio. (PARALEL) He does exercises, reads a book, and listening a radio (TIDAK PARALEL)

I want to study German or (to) study Greek (PARALEL) I want to study German or (to) studied Greek.(TIDAK PARALEL) (Kata ‘to’ didalam kurungbersifat opsional, bolehdipakaiboleh tidak.)

Paralel pada preposisi: There are trains leaving the station in the morning and noon. (TIDAK PARALEL) There are trains leaving the station in the morning and at noon.(PARALEL) The cancer researcher is interested and excited about the new advances in medical technology. (TIDAK PARALEL) The cancer researcher is interested in and excited about the new advances in medical technology. (PARALEL)

117

Paralelpada to infinitive My uncle likes to eat in expensive restaurants and visiting museums. (TIDAK PARALEL) My uncle likes to eat in expensive restaurants and to visit museums. (PARALEL)

GRAMMAR TASK 3 Complete the sentences by choosing one of these words below! a. running f. eat b. slicing g. run c. eating h. sang d. sing i. to receive e. receiving j. to fix 1.

When I was a child, I loved to play in the leaves, skipped down the driveway, and…..against the wind.

2.

I still enjoy playing in the leaves, skipping down the driveway, and……. against the wind.

3.

Merdine danced a jig and then……..a song that took my heart away.

4.

Merdine said that she wanted to dance a jig and then……..a song that would take my heart away.

5.

The children spent the afternoon playing video games, watching TV, and……..donuts.

6.

If you want to learn how to play video games, watch TV, or…… donuts, spend an afternoon with my children.

7.

To make a great tomato sandwich, begin by toasting two pieces of whole-wheat bread and……..a sweet onion.

GRAMMAR TASK 4 Choose the underlined word or phrase which needs to be corrected.

1.

Pharmaceutical companies are developed many new drugs continually. A B C D

2.

Discovery of new drugs can be by accident and with an idea. A B C D

3.

Obtain such a drug, testing it, and developing it into safe form are the A B C D 118

responsibilities of company chemists. 4.

To see the safety and effective of new drug substances, researchers perform tests A B C D with animal.

5.

The pharmaceutical company then sent the drugs and asked for permission to A B conducted test on the people. C D

COMPOUND SENTENCE

Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk) adalah kalimat yang memiliki 2 kata kerja utama atau lebih yang menggabungkan 2 gagasan atau lebih yang disambungkan dengan kata sambung (conjunctions). Atau dengan kata lain Compound Sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari 2 Independent Clauses yang dihubungkan dengan kata sambung (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Examples of Compound Sentence: 1. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 2. John played football, so Mary went shopping. Conjunction dan Punctuation pada Compound Sentence Untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih independent clause di dalam compound sentence, dapat digunakan coordinate conjunction, conjunctive adverb, atau semicolon (titik koma) saja. Walaupun dihubungkan oleh conjunction atau semicolon, masing-masing independent clause tersebut sesungguhnya dapat berdiri sendiri. Coordinate Conjunction Coordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS). Tanda baca koma digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung ini. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Coordinate Conjunction:

119



He didn’t come last night, for he fell asleep. (Dia tidak datang semalam karena dia terlelap.)



Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 dan mereka pergi ke sekolah jam setengah 7.)



Please reconsider, so you will not regret oneday. (Tolong pertimbangan kembali sehingga kamu tidak menyesalinya suatu hari nanti.)

Karena masing-masing klausa tersebut dapat berdiri sendiri, kadang-kadang coordinate conjunction tidak mampu menunjukkan hubungan yang cukup spesifik/logis, khususnya conjunction “and”. Conjunctive Adverb Conjunctive adverb atau adverbial conjunction merupakan kata yang berfungsi baik sebagai adverb maupun conjunction. Tanda baca semicolon (titik koma) dan koma biasa digunakan bersama conjunction ini. Conjunctive adverb antara lain: furthermore, however, otherwise, therefore, dan finally. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Conjunctive Adverb: 

Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore, they’re distributed to our country. (Baik kiwi gold maupun hijau dibudidaya secara luas di New Zealand. Tambahan pula, mereka didistribusikan ke negara kita.)



Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke; however, they’re not utilized properly. (Sumber daya alam Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak digunakan dengan benar.)



Yulia drinks fresh milk and does exercise regularly; therefore, her bones is dense and strong. (Yulia minum susu segar dan berolahraga teratur. Oleh karena itu, tulangnya padat dan kuat.)

Semicolon (Titik Koma) Adapun semicolon sendiri dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause yang sangat berhubungan menjadi satu kalimat. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Semicolon: 120



It’s mine; it’s not yours. (Itu milikku. Itu bukan milikmu.)



Diana looked panic; she’s afraid she run out of words to say to interviewers. (Diana tampak panik. Dia takut kehabisan kata-kata untuk disampaikan kepada pewawancara.)

GRAMMAR TASK 5 1. My husband was working, ……. a. so I went shopping b. but the comitee haven’t arrive yet 2. I like chocolate ice cream,…….. c. because my friends want it too d. so that we buy some candy e. 3. They wanted to go to Italy, …….. a. because they wanted to see Venice b. although she has a lot of money 4. I am on a diet ……….. a. Because we don’t have a meal b. Yet I really want a cookie

c. because she so busy d. howeverthey love it very much

c. but my friend likes strawberry d. therefore it makes us be happy c.but they don’t like it very much d. and they’ll go to Mexico

c. however I like junkfood so much d. so I would care for my body

5. He did not take the money,…………… c. so that he got a high salary c. because he was a rich man d. however his wife love him d. for it was not the right to do

GRAMMAR TASK 6 Point out and name the coordinate sentences in each of the following compound sentences. Prove to yourself that each sentence is or is not compound. 1.

The hand of the diligent maketh rich, but a fool and his money are soon parted.

2.

The storm ceased, but the vessel was lost.

3.

Thomas walked, Carl rode his wheel, and Edith rode in the carriage with her father.

4.

The hour for sailing had arrived, everything on board was in trim condition, the anchor was weighed, and the huge steamer started on her homeward journey.

5.

The way was long, the wind was cold, the minstrel was infirm and old.

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Unit 11 READING COMPREHENSION

NUTRITIONAL NEEDS

As everyone knows, food is basic need of the body and it must be supplied at frequent intervals to maintain life and the functioning of the body. The nutrients supplied by food are essential to () promote growth, (2) provide energy for all of the body’s functions, and (3) replace or repair tissue through the healing process. When sick people have a decreased appetite and fail to meet their nutritional needs, energy needed for the body functioning is obtained from the body itself. The extra glucose stored in the liver and the muscles in the first source that is used; this supply is used up in 12 to 48 hours, depending on the body requirements. If the supply of nutrients is inadequate for more than one or two days and the stored glucose has been used, the body begins to break down deposits of fatty tissue and the proteins in muscles tissue. This leads to weight loss, higher acetone or ketene levels in the urine, delayed healing of wounds, and a greater susceptibility to infections. Malnutrition is not difficult to see in the estimated 5 to 10 percent of patients in acute medical-surgical units who are emaciated and appear to be only skin and bones after losing much of their body weight. Malnutrition begins long before the extreme weight loss of starvation, however. Even the patient who appears to be well nourished may not be meeting nutritional needs, and this condition is frequently not recognized by members of the health team for a variety of reasons: 

The doctors have written an order specifying the diet patients is the receipt.



The charge nurse or team leader is attending to patient complaints of other problems or needs that are deemed to be more pressing or more serious.



The nurse or nursing assistant talking care of the patients commonly lose their appetite and send their trays back without eating the food, stating “I’m not hungry.” (adapted from English For Pharmacy, Toharuddin, 2002) 122

A. Answer the Questions based on the text. 1. What is food? 2. Should food be supplied at frequent intervals to maintain life? 3. Are there essential nutrition supplied there? 4. What are the functions of nutrition supplied there? 5. If sick people have a decreased appetite and fail to meet their nutritional needs, what is needed by his body? 6. When is the supply of the extra glucose used up in 12 to 48 hours? 7. What will happen if the supply of nutrients is inadequate and the store has been used? 8. Is malnutrition difficult to see in the estimated 5 to 10 percent? 9.

Percent of patients in acute medical-surgical units?

B. Choose the Correct Answers! 1. A basic need of the body and which must be supplied at frequent intervals to maintain health is called . . . . a. Nutrition b. Food c. Protein d. Carbohydrate 2. These are important functions of nutrients supplied by food except . . . . a. Providing energy b. Supplying vegetarians c. Promoting growth d. Replacing tissue through the healing process 3. Energy needed for the body functioning is obtained from . . . . a. The food itself b. The nutrients c. The body itself d. Healing process 4. If the supply of nutrients is inadequate for more than one or two days, the body begins to . . . . a. Break down deposits of fatty tissue and protein in muscles tissue b. Store glucose that has been used c. Provide energy for all of the body functions and activities d. Replace or repair tissue through the healing process 123

5. Malnutrition is not difficult to see in the estimated . . . . a. 2 to 5 percent b. 5 to 7 percent c. 5 to 10 percent d. 7 to 10 percent 6. Malnutrition begins long before . . . . a. The extreme weight loss of starvation b. The extreme high loss of starvation c. Delayed healing of wounds d. A grater susceptibility to infections 7. The patients who appears to be under nourished is frequently not recognized by . . . . a. The doctors b. The nurses c. The nutritionist d. Members of the health team 8. These are the health team’s reasons except . . . . a. The doctor’s order specifying the diet b. The needs that are deemed to be more pressing/serious c. Nursing assistant taking care of the patients and sending their trays back d. The great desire of the patient

GRAMMAR FOCUS NOUN CLAUSES  Noun clause berfungsi seperti kata benda dalam kalimat. Oleh sebab itu, Noun Clause dapat berfungsi sebagai: 1) A Subject of a verb (subjek kalimat) What Billy did shocked his friends. 2) An Object of averb (objek kalimat) Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim. 3) A Subject Complement (subjek komplemen) Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons. 4) An Object of a preposition (objek dari kata depan) Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.  Noun Clause Marker adalah kata sambung yang mengawali Noun Clause. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh: 124

That, If, Whether wh-words: what, when, where, why, who, how many, how much, how, which, whether, whose, whom.  Kita dapat menggabungkan 2 kalimat (2 independent clauses) dengan mengubah salah satu kalimat menjadi Noun Clause sesuai fungsi kalimat tersebut di atas.  Mengubah sebuah pernyataan (a statement) menjadi a noun clause menggunakan “that”. Billy made a mistake and I know this. “berubah menjadi” I know that Billy made a mistake.  Mengubah sebuah pertanyaan tertutup (a yes/ no question) menjadi a noun clause menggunakan “if” atau “whether” Does Fred know how to cook? George wonders this. “berubah menjadi” George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.  Mengubah sebuah pertanyaan terbuka (wh question) menjadi a noun clause menggunakan “wh-words” Where is George?I don’t know this. “berubah menjadi” I don’t know where George is.

ADVERB CLAUSES  Adverb Clause berfungsi seperti kata keterangan dalam kalimat yang memiliki hubungan dengan kalimat induk dalam hal berikut ini: -

waktu (time)

-

sebab-akibat (cause and effect)

-

kontras (contrast)

-

pengandaian (condition)

 Kita dapat menggabungkan 2 kalimat dengan hubungan seperti tersebut di atas dengan langkah sebagai berikut:  Menggabungkan 2 kalimat dengan menambahkan kata sambung di awal kalimat yang akan menjadi anak kalimat.

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Billy couldn’t swim. He jumped off the pier. (contrast) “berubah menjadi” Although Billy couldn’t swim, he jumped off the pier. Atau bisa juga “berubah menjadi” Billy jumped of the pier although he couldn’t swim.  Bila Noun Clause diletakkan di depan induk kalimat, kita perlu menggunakan koma setelah Noun Clause tersebut. Tetapi bila Noun Clause terletak di belakang induk kaliamat, kita tidak perlu menggunakan koma.  Subordinating Conjunctions (kata Penghubung) -

Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long as.

-

Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that.

-

Contrast: although, even though, whereas, while.

-

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that), in case, in the event (that).

 Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh kalimat yang memliki adverb clause. 

After he took lessons, George could swim well.



George could swim well after he took lessons.



Because he couldn’t swim, Billy drowned.



Billy drowned because he couldn’t swim.



Although he isn’t interested in food, Fred works as a cook.



Fred works as a cook although he isn’t interested.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES  Adjective Clause berfungsi seperti kata sifat dalam kalimat. Adjective clause yang juga disebut dengan Relative clause berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda. Dan letaknya selalu setelah kata benda yang ingin diterangkan. 

The teacher has a car. (“Car” adalah kata benda)



It’s a new car. (“New” adalah kata sifat yang menerangkan “car”)



The car that she is driving is not hers. 126

(“that she is driving” adalah adjective clause yang menerangkan “car”. Disebut sebagai clause (anak kalimat) karena mempunyai subjek yaitu “she” dan predikat “is driving”. Dan disebut sebagai Adjective clause karena clause ini menerangkan kata benda. 

Perhatikan kata sifat (adjective) letaknya di depan kata benda, tetapi adjective clause letaknya setelah kata benda yang akan diterangkan.

 Kalimat yang terdiri dari satu adjective clause dan satu kalimat induk (independent clause) adalah hasil dari penggabungan 2 kalimat yang memiliki kata benda yang diulang.  Berikut ini adalah langkah-langkah dalam membuat adjective clause. 1. Harus ada 2 kalimat yang memiliki kata benda yang sama. -

The book is on the table & I like the book.

2. Hilangkan salah satu kata benda yang sama dan ganti dengan relative pronoun (kata ganti sambung) di depan kalimat yang akan dijadikan anak kalimat. -

The book is on the table & I like which.

3. Pindahkan ke relative pronoun tersebut ke depan kalimat, maka kalimat itu akan menjadi anak kalimat. -

Which I like

4. Letakkan anak kalimat itu di belakang kata benda yang akan diterangkan. -

The bookwhich I like is on the table.

 Relative Pronoun (kata ganti penghubung) yang paling umum adalah who, whom, that, which Relative Pronoun berikut ini dapat dihilangkan bila berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja. 

who kata ganti untuk orang sebagai subjek.



whom kata ganti untuk orang sebagai onjek.



which kata ganti untuk binatang atau benda.



that kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, atau barang.

 Kata-kata berikut ini juga dapat menjadi kata penghubung: whose, when dan where.  WHOSE 127

-

Whose adalah kata ganti empunya untuk orang, binatang atau benda.

 WHEN -

When adalah kata ganti untuk waktu.

 WHERE -

Where adalah kata ganti untuk tempat.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

 Complex Sentence (Kalimat kompleks) adalah kalimat yang memiliki  kalimat induk (independent/main clause) dan satu atau lebih anak kalimat (a dependent clause). A dependent clause bukanlah kalimat yang lengkap dan harus dikaitkan dengan kalimat induk. Dalam contoh berikut ini, anak kalimat digaris bawahi dan dicetak miring. 1. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 2. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 3. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.  A dependent clause dapat berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (an adjective), kata keterangan (an adverb), atau kata benda (a noun). Yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat disebut an Adjective clause dan sebagai kata benda disebut a Noun clause. GRAMMAR TASK 1 1.

Spring is the season when everything blooms a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

2.

When spring arrives, the flowers bloom a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

3.

At Halloween, you can be whomever you want a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

4.

The house where I was born has been turned into appartments a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

5.

We didn’t understand the reason why our experiment failed 128

a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause 6.

The fact that you are here is reassuring to me a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

7.

After Boston won the pennant in 2004, the entire city celebrated a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause

GRAMMAR TASK 2 1. The woman, who you saw last night, is my sister. A B C D 2. Because I had free time, I visit your house. A B C D 3. The man whom wallet I found is happy. A B C D 4. After much criticism, the politician quick retracted his controversial statement of the A B C previous day. D 5. A gifted scientist, Newton who discovered some of the most fundamental laws in the A A B C D history of Science

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UNIT 12 READING COMPREHENSION

HOW TO USE A PRESCRIPTION DRUG SAFETY

Basic fact you should know Whenever your doctor prescribes a medication, you need to know: 1.

The name(s) of the drug. Many drugs go by several names. For instance, the antibiotic known by the generic name tetracycline is also sold under the brand names Achromycin (made by Lederle) and Sumycin (made by Squibb).

2.

The reason you are taking the drug. This is especially important with a “silent” disease such as high blood pressure, which people often do not realize they have. At first, the medication for this problem may make patients feel worse, and unless why they know are taking the drug, they may stop using it.

3.

How you should take the drug. Drugs can come in pills, liquids, or other forms. They can be swallowed, injected, inhaled, or taken via some other route of administration. Many drugs need to be taken with water to dissolve them or dilute their strength. Aspirin may be taken with milk to avoid stomach upset. On the other hand, tetracycline, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, should not be taken with milk or milk products.

4.

The strength of the dose the physician has prescribed.

5.

The frequency of administration that the physician recommends. If you take the correct dosage ____ but take it too often or not often enough ____ you may suffer an unpleasant reaction or a prolongation of your disease. Instructions to “take three times a day,” for instance.

6.

Does taking the drug require any change in your diet or activities? A number of drugs are dangerous if you drink alcohol while you are taking them. Certain other drugs may cause drowsiness or interfere with your coordination: if you are taking any of these you should avoid driving, working with dangerous machinery, or other hazardous activities.

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7.

What side effects can you expect? All drugs can cause side effects, ranging from trivial to serious. You should know whether to expect serious adverse effects ____ and how these effects can be treated.

To make sure that you know these essentials, you should review them with your doctor when he or she gives you the prescription. Then you should be sure the pharmacist includes the relevant information on the label he or she prepares for you.

The prescription form A prescription is an authorization that a physician prepares so that a patient may buy a certain drug from a licensed pharmacist. To be legal, a prescription must be written on a special prescription form in ink or indelible pencil. The typical prescription form contains the following elements: the heading, superscription, inscription, subscription, signature, doctor’s signature.

A. Answer these questions 1.

What should you do when your doctor prescribes a medication?

2.

Give an example of the kind of a silent disease.

3.

Why are you taking a drug?

4.

What are the forms of drugs?

5.

What drug may be taken with milk?

6.

What drug should not be taken with milk products?

7.

What drugs are dangerous to the users?

8.

What the user should avoid if he takes drugs causing drowsiness?

9.

What is a prescription?

10. What does a typical prescription form contain?

B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases 1. Things you should think about while your doctor prescribes a medication are all but … . a. a physician prescribing a drug b. side effects of drugs c. the way of taking a drug d. the names of the drug 2.

Tetracycline is sold under the brand names Achromycin and a. Lederle 131

b. c. d.

Sumycin Squibb Medication

3.

A disease than can be categorized as silent is a. malaria b. stomach upset c. high blood pressure d. ulcer

4.

Drugs in pills, liquids, or other forms entering into the body may be swallowed or a. injected b. inhaled c. applied to the skin d. all of the above

5.

To dissolve drugs or dilute their strength, they may be taken with …. water. a. fresh b. warm c. unboiled d. a and b

6.

To avoid stomach upset, taking aspirin needs to be mixed with … . a. heroin b. alcohol c. contaminated water d. milk products

7.

According to a physician’s advice, tetracycline should not be taken with … . a. warm water b. boiled water c. fresh water d. milk products

8.

Although you take the correct dosage of drug, you may suffer an unpleasant reaction or a prolongation of your disease if you take it … . a. excessively b. often enough c. according to a physician’s suggestion d. a and b

9.

if you are taking a drug causing drowsiness should avoid … . a. driving b. working with dangerous machinery c. hazardous activities d. all of the above

10. A prescription a physician prepares to a patient must legally written by … . a. a computer b. an indelible pencil 132

c. d.

a typewriter all of the above

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Compound-Complex Sentence Compound-complex sentence adalah(tipe kalimat) yang merupakan kombinasi antara compound dengan complex sentence. Tipe kalimat ini memiliki 3 atau lebih klausa di dalamnya, dimana minimal terdiri dari 2 independent clause dan 1 dependent clause.

Contoh Compound-Complex Sentence: While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but didn’t get rid of it immediately. (Ketika dia sedang membersihkan dapur, dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa, tapi dia tidak membuangnya segera.) Dimana kalimat di atas merupakan gabungan dari: 

Complex Sentence:While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food. (dependent, independent)



Compound Sentence:He found a lot of expired food, but he didn’t got rid of it immediately. (independent, independent)

Sehingga secara keseluruhan compound-complex sentence tersebut memiliki 2 independent dan 1 dependent clause. GRAMMAR TASK 1 Identify the structure of each sentence by selecting simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. 1.

Lauren and Jerome will set up for the meeting, and the rest of us will clean up later. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

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2.

Because our history class will be at the museum, I'll miss the Spanish quiz, but I'll take it after school. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

3.

In history class, our group is writing and presenting a report about the culture and history of Australia. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

4.

Mr. Tanaka helped us identify the person who could answer the questions correctly. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

5.

James's injury was why the coach took him out of the game, but he was able to play during the fourth quarter. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

6.

Anna and Luis will buy the tickets, which go on sale tomorrow. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

7.

Joe's brother has the lead in the musical because his voice best fits the part. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex Will you read your report to the class? a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

8.

9.

My dad taped Silas Marner last week; we can watch it in English class tomorrow. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

10.

After we paint the scenery Saturday, we will set it up on the stage, but the cast won't rehearse onstage until Monday. a. Simple c. compound b. Complex d. compound-complex

GRAMMAR TASK 2 Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences and determine whether they are complex or compound-complex. You can check your answers below. Example:

While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but didn’t get rid of it immediately. 134

While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, DEPENDENCE CLAUSE

INDEPENDENCE CLAUSE

he didn’t get rid of it immediately. INDEPENDENCE CLAUSE 1. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player and we watched a great movie. 2. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up the stairs, and he checked out the strange noise. 3. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do. 4. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-checked it so she wouldn't forget anything. 5. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot.

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REFERENCES

1. 2.

Agustien, Helena, 2008, English For a Better life, Pakar Raya, Bandung Arifin, Zainal, 1999, English for Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah University press, UMS, Surakarta 3. Clanchy, John, Ballard Brigid, 1991, Essay Writing For Student: A Practical Guide, Longman, New York 4. Hartono, Rudy, 2005, Genre Based Writing, English Department faculty of Language and Art semarang State University, semarang 5. Ken,Hylan, 2004, Genre And Second Language Writing, The University of Michigan Press, London 6. Martin Jr, Claire Painter, 1997, Working With Functional Grammar, Arnold, London 7. Martinet, Thomson, 1986, Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, London 8. Oshima, Alice, Hogue Ann, 1997, Introduction to Academic Writing: Second Edition, Longman, New York 9. Pardiyono, 2006, SURE, English for Writing Acquisition, MUP, Surakarta 10. Pyle, A Michael, Mary Ellen Munoz Page, 1995, Cliff TOEFL Preparation Guide, Lincoln, Nebraska 11. Riggs, Paule De Graffenried, 2007, Drug in World Book, D. S Encyclopedia, Chicago 12. Smith, Austin, 1978, Pharmacy in the Encyclopedia Americana Vol 21, Americana Corporation 13. Toharuddin, M, et al, 2002, English For Pharmacy, MUP, Surakarta 14. Alice Oshima and Ann Hague, 1999, English For Agriculture, Longman, White Plains, New York 15. Fatimah, Siti, 2009, Englis For Medical Science, MUP, Surakarta 16. Sutopo, Anam, 1996, English For Nutrition, MUP, Surakarta VIRTUAL REFERENCES http://www.wordsmile.com http://www.geogle.com http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com http://tangguhdotcom.blogspot.com http://www.bahasainggris-online.com http://www.oxforddictionaries.com http://www.geocities.com

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