English 1

     





1

 

  



 2006

Dedication To our beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, wife, sons and daughters. To our beloved homeland, martyrs and injuries. To our university, doctors and students. Those who gave us the needed support and encouraged us all the time to complete this work.

Ahmed Ellouh

A



    

  

Subject

  

1

Pronouns

 

.1

5

The Verb



.2

6

Forms of the Verb

 

.3

8

Helping Verbs



.4

8

Verb To Be



.5

10

Verb To Do



.6

11

Verb To Have



.7

12

Defective Verbs



.8

14

Tenses of The Verb



.9

14

The Present Simple Tense



.10

18

The Past Simple Tense



.11

21

Conjugation of Verbs



.12

27

The Present Simple Tense



.13

31

The Past Simple Tense



.14

34

The Present Perfect Tense



.15

37

The Past Perfect Tense



.16

39

The Future Simple Tense



.17

44



.18

47

 

.19

48

 IF 

Conditional Sentences (IF Rules)

53 54

Active and Passive Voice

67

Direct and Indirect Speech

86

Adjectives

91 94

Answers

B

.20

IF 

.21

  

.22



.23



.24

 

.25

 

.26

   Pronouns ‫ﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔٍ ﻭﻻ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﱡﺏ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬،‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ‬

•

.‫ ﻟﻼﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ‬

 • :‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‬:Personal Pronouns1 I, You, He, She, It, They, We -:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬: Subject Pronouns me, you, him , her , it , them , us -:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬: Object Pronouns .ٍ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﻪٍ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻪ‬   

Subject

 



Plural



I

‫ﺃﻨﺎ‬

We

‫ﻨﺤﻥ‬

 

He

‫ﻫﻭ‬

 

She

‫ﻫﻲ‬

Singular

 

   

It

They

‫ﻫﻥ‬/‫ﻫﻡ‬

‫ ﻫﻲ‬/‫ﻫﻭ‬

You

‫ﺃﻨﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻨﺘﻡ‬



Object 

Plural



me

‫ـﻨﻲ‬

us

‫ﻨﺎ‬

him

‫ـﻪ‬

her

‫ـﻬﺎ‬

Singular

them

‫ـﻙ‬

you

you

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬

1

‫ ـﻬﻥ‬/‫ـﻬﻡ‬

‫ ـﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ـﻪ‬

it You

ü

.‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬

1.

I am a doctor.

2.

Samy visited me yesterday.

3.

He is my friend.

.‫ﻫﻭ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬

4.

I welcomed him.

.‫ﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﻪ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺭﺤ‬

5.

We visited our friend.

6.

They welcomed us.

7.

I invited them.

8.

She met her uncle yesterday.

.ِ‫ﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﻋﻤ‬‫ﻗﺎﺒ‬

9.

We shall visit you tomorrow.

.‫ )ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭﻜﹸﻡ( ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺴﻨﺯﻭﺭ‬

10. You should help the old man.

.‫ل ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻭﺯ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

.ِ‫ﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

.‫ﺭﻨﺎ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻨﺎ‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﺯ‬ .‫ﺒﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺎ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺭﺤ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻬﻡ‬

‫ـﻜﻡ‬

 -:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬Possessive Pronouns 2



Singular



 

 

 

my

mine

 

his

his

 

her

hers

 

its

its

 

your

yours

 Plural  

  

our

ours

their

theirs

your

yours

    |

.(‫ ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬،‫( ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬Possessive Adjectives) ‫ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬.1

.(‫ ﻭﻜﹸﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬،‫ﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬‫ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬.2

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

1.

It is my pen.

2.

It is mine.

3.

It is not yours.

4.

I found his bag.

.‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﹶﻪ‬

5.

This bag is his.

.‫ﻪ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬

6.

This is our garden.

7.

This garden is ours.

8.

They entered their garden.

9.

That garden is theirs.

.‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

10. Did you bring your car? 11. This car is yours.

.(‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻻ ﻴﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ )ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻟﻴﺱ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

.‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹸﻨﺎ‬ .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬ .‫ﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺘﹶﻬﻡ‬ .‫ﻬﻡ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔﹸ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﺤﻀﺭﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻙ؟‬ .‫ﻙ‬‫ﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﹸﺼ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴ‬  

  Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3 ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ ﻴ‬:‫ )ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺜﺭ‬

•

.‫( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬selves) (‫ﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺱ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻤ‬self (‫ﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻨﻔﺱ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬

•

.(‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ‬

:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔﹰ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﻭﻨﹸﺠﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻀ‬

2

•

 Singular  

Plural

 

 

I

‫ﺃﻨﺎ‬

myself

‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬

He

‫ﻫﻭ‬

himself

‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬

She

‫ﻫﻲ‬

herself

‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

It You

‫ ﻫﻲ‬/ ‫ﻫﻭ‬

itself

‫ﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل‬

‫ﺃﻨﺕ‬

yourself

 

We

‫ﻨﺤﻥ‬

ourselves

‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻨﺎ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ‬

They

‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻫ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬

themselves

‫ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬

You

‫ ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﹸﻡ‬

yourselves

‫ ﻨﻔــﺴﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔــﺴﻪ‬

(‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻬِﻥ‬/ ‫)ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴِﻬِﻡ‬

(‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻬﺎ‬/ ِ‫)ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪ‬

‫ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻙ‬/ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻙ‬

‫ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ‬ (‫ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻥ‬/ ‫)ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻜﻡ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ ﻟﹸﻤﺕﹸ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬/ ‫ﺨﺕﹸ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬

1. I blamed myself.

.‫ُﻪ‬ ‫ ﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ ﻻﻡ‬/ ‫ﺦﹶ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬

2. He blamed himself.

.‫ﻙ‬‫ ﻟﹸﻤﺕ ﻨﻔﺴ‬/ ‫ﺨﺕ‬‫ﺃﻨﺕ ﻭﺒ‬

3. You blamed yourself.

.‫ﻜﹸﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻨﺘﻡ ﻟﹸﻤﺘﹸﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴ‬/ ‫ﻜﹸﻡ‬‫ﺨﹾﺘﹸﻡ ﺃﻨﻔﹸﺴ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬

4. You blamed yourselves.

.‫ﻡ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ ﻻﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺨﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴ‬‫ﻭﺒ‬

5. They blamed themselves 6. Mr. Ahmed himself visited me.

.(‫ﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ )ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ‬‫ﺯﺍﺭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴِﻪِ ﻫ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺯﺍﺭﻩ‬

7. The manager himself visited him.

   : DemonstrativeAdjectives4

 ‫ﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬  this

‫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬/ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬

•

.‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬

•

 ‫ﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ‬

  these

.‫ﺎ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺇﻤ‬

  ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬

 

that ‫ ﺘﻠﻙ‬/ ‫ ﺫﻟﻙ‬those ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ‬

  |

( this, that, these, those ) ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬DemonstrativePronouns  ü .(noun) ‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ‬ 1. This pen is mine.

.‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﻴﺨﺼ‬

2. This is my pen.

.(‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ) ﺒﻴﺩﻱ‬

3. Those are book.

.‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﻜﹸﺘﺏ‬ . ‫ﺎ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻴﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬ü

3

 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩﻱ‬

1. This is my book in my hand.

.‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻑ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺼ‬‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

2. That book on the shelf is not mine. 3. These pupils in this class are very clever.

.‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬

4. Those pupils in that class are not clever.

.‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺼلِ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﻬﺭﺓﹰ‬

Exercise No. 1

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Choose the right answer between brackets:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

The window is green. (He – She – It) is not yellow. Usama is standing up. (He – She – It) is not sitting down. The pencils are in the box. (He – They – We) are not on the table. The plane is in the air. (She – It – He – They) is flying to Cairo. My name is Ahmed. (I – Me – My) am fifteen years old. (We – Our – Us) are students. (Yours – You – Your) are teachers. (Your – Yours – You) books are new. He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me). He is doing his work; I am doing (my – mine – me) work. The girl is drinking milk. She is drinking (she – it – they – he) from the glass. The children are eating apples. They are eating (them – her – him) in the room. You should do your homework by (yourself – himself – herself). We finished our homework. We finished it by (ourselves – themselves – yourself). I always depend on (himself – myself – herself). The boys helped the old man. They helped him (ourselves – themselves – herself). The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of (themselves – herself – yourself). (Those – This – That) girls are playing basketball. (This – These – That) pupils are polite. (This – These – Those) bag is mine.

Patience is a key to relief. 

4

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪The Verb‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻌل )‪.(Verb‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (Full verb1‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻴﺴﺎﻓﺭ ‪ travel‬ـ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ ‪ visit‬ـ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻲ ‪ ،give‬ﻭﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤـﺩﺙٍ‬

‫ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ (‬

‫‪1. He always travels to France.‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫) ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ(‬

‫‪2. He is travelling to France now.‬‬

‫‪ Helping ( Auxiliary )Vereb2‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺩل ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥٍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺩلّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙٍ‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻭﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ‪ - write‬ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ‪ ........ buy‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻻﺒ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌل )‪.(verb‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺼِﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل )‪.(Passive‬‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﻗﺔٍ ﺘﺎﻤ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔِ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕٍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ )‪ (not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. They are students.‬‬

‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪2. They are not students.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ‪ ،‬ﺒﻭﻀﻊِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )؟(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. He is a doctor.‬‬

‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟‬

‫?‪2. Is he a doctor‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﻗﻭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻌل ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

 Forms of Verb  

ç

 The Infinitive 1

‫ﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬to ‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﻘﻪ‬to ‫( ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬base) ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴ‬‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(base infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

(to) play

‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬

(to) sing

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

(to) be

The Present 2

‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬are ‫ و‬،I ‫ ﻤﻊ‬am :‫ ﻓﻠﻪ ﺸﻜﻼﻥ‬to be ‫ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻌل‬،to ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬

:‫ﺨﺎﻁﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ play

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

sing

‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

am (are)

The Present with 3rd person singular 3 .‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬s) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬- s) ‫ﺃﻭ ﺸﻜل‬ plays

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

sings

‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

is

The Past 4

‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل‬،(Irregular Verbs) ‫ )ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﹼﺓ‬.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬-ed) ‫ﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬

.(Helping Verbs) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ played

‫ﻟﻌﺏ‬

sang

‫ﻏﻨﹼﻲ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬

was (were)

The Past Participle 5

،(Irregular Verbs) ‫ )ﻤـﺎ ﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﺎﺫﹼﺓ‬.‫ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬-ed) ‫ﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬

.(Helping Verbs) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬ played

‫ﻟﻌﺏ‬

sung

‫ﻏﻨﹼﻲ‬

been

‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ The Present Participle 6

.‫–( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ing) ‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻪ‬-ing) ‫ﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل‬‫ﺴﻤ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬ playing

6

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

singing

‫ﻐﻨﹼﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬

being

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

 1

2

Infinitive (base)

Present

3 Present with 3rd person singular

(to) play (to) sing (to) be

play sing am (are)

(-s form) plays sings is

4 Past

5 Past Participle

6 Present Participle

played sang was (were)

(-ed form) played sung been

(-ing form) playing singing being

   |

:‫( ﻟﻪ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻫﻲ‬to be) ‫ﺘﺔ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1 to be

am

is

are

was

were

been

being

‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﺈﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬،(s) ‫ﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺌﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2

،(present) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬:‫ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻔﻅ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ‬.(ing) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬ (base) ‫ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺱِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،(past participle) ‫ ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬،(past) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ :(to) ‫( ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬

Past

Past participle

smile

‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬

smiled

smiled

bring

‫ﺤﻀِﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬

brought

brought

‫ﻴﺭﻓﻊ‬

rose

risen

Present

rise

.{‫( ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ }ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ‬P.P) (Past Participle) ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬

‫( ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜلِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ‬Finite Verbs) ‫ﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤ‬‫ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3 .‫ﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ‬

‫ﻰ‬‫( ﻓﺘﹸـﺴﻤ‬present participle) ‫( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬past participle) ‫( ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬infinitive) ‫ﺎ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬.4 .‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺯﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭ ﺒﻔﺎﻋلِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬،(Non-finites or Infinities) ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎلِ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺭﻜﹼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌلٍ ﻤﺤـﺩﻭﺩٍ ﺨـﺎﺹ )ﻓﻌـل‬‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤ‬.5 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬‫ﻤ‬

1. Dina is playing. 2. He has gone home.

.‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ‬

(finite + non-finite)

.‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬

(finite + non-finite)

 Finite Verb

:‫ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴ‬

Do good and cast it into the sea.    7



 Helping Verbs

Verb To Be

Verb To Do



Verb To Have

 





Defective Verbs

 

 

 1- Verb To Be be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being Pronoun



 Past

Present



‫ﺃﻜﻭﻥ‬

was

‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤ‬

is

‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬/ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

was

‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤ‬

are

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬

were

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ‬

I

am

He , She , It We , They , You

  be

   

  am, is

 was

been are

were

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1.

I am a teacher.

.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤ‬

2.

He is a doctor.

.‫ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ‬

3.

Huda is not a nurse.

4.

I was doing my home work.

5.

I and Ali are neighbors.

6.

Are you a doctor?

7.

Was she angry yesterday?

8.

Today, he is better.

9.

You are not a teacher.

10. They were given a good lesson yesterday.

.‫ﻤﺭﻀﺔ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤ‬‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ؟‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒﺔﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ‬ .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﻟﺴﺕﹶ ﻤ‬ .ِ‫ﺃُﻋﻁﻭﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

  8

     |

‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔِ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬Verb To Be ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻻﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.1 .ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯ‬

.(n't) not ‫ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬Verb To Be ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻔﻲ‬.2 am , is , are , was , were

Exercise No. 2

(n't) not ‫ﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The window........ green. I ......... in the classroom. We ........ students. There ........ a pen and two pencils on the table. There ........ two pencils and a pen on the table.

II) Put (was) or (were) in the spaces:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

My brother ....... ill yesterday. They ........ students five years ago. Huda and Nabila ........ in the hospital last month. There ........ no planes two hundreds years ago. There ........ a map here last week .

Cowards die often. 

9

:‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬are ‫ ﺃﻭ‬is ‫ ﺃﻭ‬am ‫ﻀﻊ‬

:‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬were ‫ ﺃﻭ‬was ‫ﻀﻊ‬

  2- Verb To Do do, does Pronoun

‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀ‬

did

I , We , They , You

do does

He , She , It

Past

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

did ‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

= ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬

do + play = play

does + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

= s + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

does + play = plays

did + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

= ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬

did + play = played

do

+ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬

Present

    • .‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬.1 .‫( ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬n't) not ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬.2

do not = don't

does not = doesn't

did not = didn't

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1.

I do not like smoking.

.‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃُﺤِﺏ‬

2.

He does not remember her name.

.‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬

3.

We do not go to school on Friday.

.‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻻ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬

4.

Do you speak English?

5.

Did she go to school yesterday?

6.

Does he live in Gaza?

‫ﺔ ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬ ‫ﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺫﻫﺒ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻴﺴﻜﹸﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ؟‬ .‫ﺃﻋﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ‬

I do my home work everyday. 7.

(‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻓﻌل ﺃﺼﻠﻲ )ﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬

Exercise No. 3 *) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

10

.………….. he bring money yesterday? She ………….. not speak Arabic. I ………… not care. I and Huda …………. not go to school today. .…………. Samy like smoking?

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬did ‫ ﺃﻭ‬does ‫ ﺃﻭ‬do ‫ﻀﻊ‬

  3- Verb To Have have, has ‫ﻤﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀ‬

Pronoun

had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬

Present

I , We , They , You

have

He , She , It

has

Past

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

had ‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

.‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬not ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬ ¯ has not = hasn't

have not = haven't

had not = hadn't

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﺃﻤﺘﻠِﻙ‬

1. I have a new bag.

.‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬

2. Samy has a larger bag.

.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﹼﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﺫﻴل‬

3. The cat has a tail.

.‫ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺩﺘﹸﻪ‬‫ﻟﺩﻱ‬

4. I had a key but I lost it. 5. We had a useful lesson yesterday.

.ِ‫ﻔﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ ﻤ‬

6. Has Huda got any sisters?

‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻟﺩﻯ ﻫ‬ .‫ﺩﻯ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻫ‬

7. Huda has not got any sisters.

.‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

8. I have done my work.

Exercise No. 4 *) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬has ‫ ﺃﻭ‬have ‫ﻀﻊ‬

I ............... a new watch. You ........... a red pen. Usama ............... a green pencil. We .............. dinner before we go to bed. Ramzy ............... breakfast at home. He ............. two sisters.

Many hands make light work.  11

 

 4- Defective Verbs  

  ç Present shall can may



Past

‫ ﺴﻭﻑ‬/ ‫ ﺴـ‬should ‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬could ‫ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬might





Present

‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬will

Past

‫ ﺴﻭﻑ‬/ ‫ﺴـ‬

‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬must

had to (ought to) ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬

‫ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬/ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬

‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ought to

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

would

‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬/‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬



  

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(‫ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻔﻌـﻭل‬‫ﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ ﺴ‬.1 .‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬go – went – gone :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ٍ‫ﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺩ‬

.(had to) ‫ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺽٍ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬must – ought to ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬.2

.(‫ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬،‫( ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺭﻩ‬s) ‫ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ‬.3

. We ‫ ﺃﻭ‬I ‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤ‬shall ‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬.4

.(They, You, He, She, It) :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬will ‫ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬.5

Examples

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬

1. I can carry this heavy bag . 2. The train will move

.‫ﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬

3. I shall come again.

.‫ﺴﺄﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬

4. We should help our parents.

.‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻟِﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬

5. They may meet us in Gaza.

.‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ‬‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬

6. Students must get up early.

.‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻬﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻼﺏ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬

7. Can you carry this bag?

‫ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ؟‬

8. She couldn't understand me yesterday.

.ِ‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

He is rich that has few wants. 

12



 Exercise No. 5

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Choose the correct answer between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

-:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

She must (help - helps - helped) her mother. Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday. Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls. My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me. A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard. We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.

   

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.‫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔ‬be, have, do ‫ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬.1

.it, she, he ‫ ﻤﻊ‬has, does, was, is ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬.2

Manners make the man. 

13

 

Tenses of The Verb

‫( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬infinitive) ‫ﺍﻟﺦ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.....go ‫ – ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬visit ‫ ﻴﺯﻭﺭ‬:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Full Verb) ٍ‫ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ‬

•

-:‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺩ‬

•

.‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺼﻭﻏﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬Tense) ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Present

Simple 

Past

Continuous Perfect  

 

Simple



Future 

Continuous Perfect



 

 

Simple 

 

  

.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬  



1. The Present Simple Tense 1) Formation :- 

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

(s) ‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﻤ‬،(‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬‫ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬،(he , she , it) ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬ Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat [

1. Ali drinks tea.

drink + s = drinks

2. Huda plays football.

play + s = plays

3. He eats a cake.

eat

4. I play basketball

play

+ s = eats

:‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬he, she, it) ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬   ¯

(es) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬sh, ch, o, x, ss) -:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.1 -: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(s) ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬

wash + es = washes

‫ﻴﻐﺴل‬

watch + es = watches

‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

wish + es = wishes

‫ﻴﺘﻤﻨﹼﻰ‬

teach + es = teaches

‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

finish + es = finishes

‫ﻨﻬﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬

mix + es = mixes

‫ﻴﺨﻠﻁ‬

14

 go + es = goes

‫ﻴﺫﻫﺏ‬

fix + es = fixes

do + es = does

‫ﻴﻔﻌل‬

pass + es = passes

cross + es = crosses

‫ﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻴ‬

match + es = matches

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ﺕ‬‫ﺜﹶﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻭﺼ‬‫ﻴ‬

(y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ‬y) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2 -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ies)

try

‫ﻴﺤﺎﻭل‬

tries

cry

‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬

cries

study

‫ﺱ‬‫ﻴﺩﺭ‬

studies

fly

‫ﻴﻁﻴﺭ‬

flies

( s ) ‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼـﻪ ﻴ‬،(‫ ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )ﺤﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ‬y ) ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3 -:‫ ( ﻤﺜل‬y ) ‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬

play + s = plays

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

obey + s = obeys

‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬

buy + s = buys

‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬

enjoy + s = enjoys

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬

say + s = says stay + s = stays

‫ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ‬

( a, e, i , o, u )vowels

•

2) Usage:  :‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺩ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬

•

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬(fact) .1 .‫ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ُ

1. The earth moves around the sun.

.‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻜﹸل ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬

2. They play football every week.

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬(habit) .2 .‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻜل ﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬

1. Samy goes to school every morning.

.ِ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔِ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‬‫ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬

2. Boys go to school at the age of six.  3) Key words

:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬

never

often

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‬

generally

‫ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ‬

usually

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬

frequently

‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ‬

sometimes

‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ‬

rarely

‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ‬

(... ،‫ﻜل )ﻴﻭﻡ – ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬

seldom

‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ‬

every….

15

‫ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ‬

always

•

‫‪‬‬ ‫| ‪  ‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ )‪ (every‬ﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﺸﺭﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺇﻻﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (fact‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ )‪ ،(habit‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫ﺍﻷﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪The earth moves around the sun.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ‬ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‪) .‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻡ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل )‪ (move‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﹼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ )‪ (to‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﻌ‪‬ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:‬‬‫‪ ‬‬ ‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + don't +‬ﻓﺎﻋل(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )‪ ، (s‬ﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ )‪ ،(s‬ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

‫)?‪...‬ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪.(Do +‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (es‬ﻟﻠﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ + doesn't +‬ﻓﺎﻋل (‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻪ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (es‬ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

‫)?‪...‬ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋل ‪.(Does +‬‬

‫‪ Interrogative‬‬

‫‪Negative‬‬

‫‪ Examples‬‬

‫‪I speak English.‬‬ ‫‪I don't speak English.‬‬ ‫?‪Do you speak English‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼ ُﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ؟‬

‫‪1.‬‬

‫‪Ali speaks English.‬‬ ‫‪Ali doesn't speak English.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Ali speak English‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‪‬ﺔ؟‬

‫‪2.‬‬

‫‪Huda washes the car.‬‬ ‫‪Huda doesn't wash the car.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Huda wash the car‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﻻ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫ‪‬ﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﺓ؟‬

‫‪3.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﹸﻤﻁِ ُﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Samy usually stays at home everyday.‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬

‫‪It often rains in winter.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬

‫‪Ahmed always watches TV at night.‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬

‫‪Always they watch TV at night.‬‬

‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪Ameera never visits us.‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

 Exercise No. 6

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

-:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬

He sometimes (take – takes – to take) the bus to school. We generally (spoke – speaks – speak) Arabic. He (watch – watches – is watching) the news on TV every evening. I always (meet – meets – meeting) him on the corner of this street. The sun (give – giving – gives – is giving) us light. He usually (drives – drive – is driving) very fast.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

-:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk. He always (reach) school late. He never (visit) us. He rarely (answer) my letters. Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish. Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television. He always (study) Arabic at school. She usually (get) up early. The moon sometimes (shine) at night. He (to visit) his uncle every week.

 The exception proves the rule.         17

  2.The Past Simple Tense



1) Formation:- .‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬

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.ِ‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕُ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

1. I watched TV yesterday.

.‫ﺒﺘﻌﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﺌﺏ‬

2. The wolf ran away.

.ِ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕْ ﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬

3. Hanan met her friend at school.

   |  (irregular)(regular) 1 ‫( ﺃﻭ‬ed) ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬(Regular Verbs) -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫(ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬d)

help - helped - helped

‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

smile - smiled - smiled

‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬

watch - watched - watched

‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

   

‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺤـﺭﻑ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﹸﻀﻌ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.1 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻙ‬‫ﺘﺤﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬ travel + ed = travelled

‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬

stop + ed = stopped

‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻑ‬

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﺤﺫﻑ ﻭﻴ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ( ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ‬y ) ‫ﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.2 -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ied)

study + ed = studied

‫ﻴﺩﺭﺱ‬

deny + ed = denied

carry + ed = carried

‫ﻴﺤﻤل‬

cry

+ ed = cried

‫ﻨﻜﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬

‫( ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ed) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،ٍ‫( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬y) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.3 -: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ied) ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬y) ‫ل ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬

enjoy + ed = enjoyed

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬

play + ed = played

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ed) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬d) ‫( ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ‬e) ‫( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬e) ِ‫ﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤ‬.4 invite + d = invited

‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬

prove + d = proved

‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬‫ ﻴ‬/‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬

18

smile + d = smiled exercise + d = exercised

‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘﻤﺭ‬

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

‫ﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﹸﻤﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬،‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ‬:(Irregular Verbs)

.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫ‬

 2) Usage:-  -: ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬

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.‫ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1

.‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘِﺼﺹ‬.2

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ‬.3 .ِ‫ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﹸﻪ‬

I met him yesterday.

-: ‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬.4 When I was on holiday, I swam everyday.

.‫ ﺴﺒﺤﺕﹸ ﻜلَ ﻴﻭﻡ‬،ٍ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠﺎﺯﺓ‬

 3) Key words .‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ yesterday once

‫ﺃﻤﺱ‬

in olden times

‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ‬

one day

‫ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ‬

just now in the past

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬

ago last...

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬/ ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ‬

last night

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

last month

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

 4) The Past Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative: :‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬.1   did not  :‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﻭ‬.2  Did? Examples

Negative

They went to school. They didn't go to school. . ِ‫ﻫﻡ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ The wolf ran away. The wolf didn't run away. .‫ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬‫ﻓﺭ‬ .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔِﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬ 19

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Interrogative Did they go to school? ‫ﻫل ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬ Did the wolf run away? ‫؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﺌﺏ‬‫ﻫل ﻓﺭ‬

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 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬

1. Ahmed travelled to Japan last week.

.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

2. Samy wrote the letter.

.‫ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

3. My father bought a new car last year. 4. Huda studied lesson ten a week ago.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ‬‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎﻫﻡ ﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡٍ ﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

5. We invited them for lunch three days ago.

Exercise No. 7 *) Correct the verbs in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

Ahmed ……………. (buy) a new bicycle last week. She ……………. (make) a cake yesterday. Two months ago, we …………(have) a holiday. Samy ……………. (to climb) a tree yesterday. I ……………… (finish) my work two hours ago.

 A stitch in time saves nine.  

20

 Conjugation of Verbs  ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs

7

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬past participle) (‫( ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ )ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬past tense) (‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬ .(‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴ‬.d ‫ ﺃﻭ‬ed ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻨﻁﻘﻪ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤ‬

 Present or infinitive  

Meaning  Past    

Past participle  

prove

‫ﺒﺭﻫﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬

proved

proved

help

‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬

helped

helped

burn

‫ﻴﺤﺭﻕ‬

burnt

burnt

   |

.(d) ‫( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬e) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.1  Present or infinitive  

Meaning  Past    

Past participle  

arrive

‫ﻴﺼل‬

arrived

arrived

change

‫ﺭ‬‫ﻐﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬

changed

changed

invite

‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬

invited

invited

‫ـﻀﺎﻑ‬‫( ﻭﻴ‬i) ‫ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،ٍ‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬y) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.2 .‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ed)

 Present or infinitive  

Meaning  Past    

Past participle  

cry

‫ﻴﺒﻜﻲ‬

cried

cried

marry

‫ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺝ‬

married

married

study

‫ﻴﺩﺭﺱ‬

studied

studied

‫( ﻴﺒﻘـﻰ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑِ ﻋﻠﹼﺔ )ﻤ‬y) ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬.3 .‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ed) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ‬‫ﻭ ﻴ‬

 Present or infinitive  

21

Meaning  Past    

Past participle  

enjoy

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬

enjoyed

enjoyed

obey

‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬

obeyed

obeyed

play

‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬

played

played

stay

‫ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﹸﺙ‬

stayed

stayed

 ‫ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺤـﺭﻑٍ ﺴـﺎﻜﻥٍ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ed) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬.4 .(‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬‫ﻤ‬

 Present or infinitive  

Meaning  Past    

Past participle  

stop

‫ﻴﻘِﻑ‬

stopped

stopped

travel

‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬

travelled

travelled

  Present or  infinitive Meaning     

act damage ask believe attack blink arrive belong to boil call borrow carry change chase check clean close climb compare collect compute condense correct cook control copy correct count crawl cross dance 22

‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺄل‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﻤﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﺎدي‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬

‫ﯾﻘﺘﺮض‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾُﻐﯿُﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻄﺎرد‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻈﻒ‬ ‫ﯾُﻐﻠِﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ ﯾﺤﺼﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﺤﺴﺐ‬

‫ﯾﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺤﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻄﺒﺦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺤﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺪ‬ ‫ ﯾﺤﺒﻮ‬/‫ﯾﺰﺣﻒ‬

‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻗﺺ‬

 Past 

 

Past participle   

acted damaged asked believed attacked blinked arrived

acted damaged asked believed attacked blinked arrived

belonged to

belonged to

boiled called borrowed carried changed chased checked cleaned closed climbed compared collected computed condensed corrected cooked controlled copied corrected counted crawled crossed danced

boiled called borrowed carried changed chased checked cleaned closed climbed compared collected computed condensed corrected cooked controlled copied corrected counted crawled crossed danced

Present or  infinitive   

describe die disappear dive dream drop earn end enjoy erupt evaporate exercise explain explode finish float fold follow form guess happen hate heat hope hurry up introduce join jump kick kill land

 Past  

Past participle  

described died disappeared ‫ ﯾﻐﻮص‬/ ‫ ﯾﻐﻄﺲ‬dived ‫ﯾﺤﻠﻢ‬ dreamed ‫ﯾﺴﻘِﻂ‬ dropped ‫ ﯾﻜﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺗﮫ‬earned ‫ﯾﻨﮭﻲ‬ ended ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ enjoyed (‫ ﯾﺜﻮر)اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن‬erupted ‫ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ evaporated ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺮن‬ exercised ‫ﯾﺸﺮح‬ explained ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ exploded ‫ﯾﻨﮭﻲ‬ finished ‫ﯾﻄﻔﻮ‬ floated ‫ ﯾﻄﻮي‬/ ‫ ﯾﺜﻨﻲ‬folded ‫ﯾﺘﺒﻊ‬ followed ‫ﯾُﻜّﻮن‬ formed ‫ﯾُﺨﻤﻦ‬ guessed ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ happened ‫ﯾﻜﻮه‬ hated ‫ﯾﺄﻣﻞ‬ heated ‫ﯾﺄﻣﻞ‬ hoped ‫ﯾُﺴﺮع‬ hurried up ‫ﯾﻘﺪم‬ introduced ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ joined ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ jumped ‫ﯾﺮﻛﻞ‬ kicked ‫ﯾﻘﺘﻞ‬ killed ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻮ‬ landed

described died disappeared dived dreamed dropped earned ended enjoyed erupted evaporated exercised explained exploded finished floated folded followed formed guessed happened hated heated hoped hurried up introduced joined jumped kicked killed landed

Meaning  

‫ﯾﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻮت‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬

 Present or Past  infinitive Meaning  Past participle         

Present or  infinitive Meaning  Past Past participle         

lift like listen live load look after look at look for look good

‫ﯾﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺼﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ً‫ﯾﺒﺪو ﺟﯿﺪا‬

lifted liked listened lived loaded looked after looked at looked for looked good

lifted liked listened lived loaded looked after looked at looked for looked good

remember replay report rest revise sail scream shop shout

look up

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

looked up

looked up

love marry match measure mend milk

‫ﯾﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺰوج‬ ‫ﯾُﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻠّﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻠﺐ‬

loved married matched measured mended milked

‫ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮد‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﯾُﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺮخ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻮّق‬ ‫ﯾﺼﯿﺢ‬

remembered replayed reported rested revised sailed screamed shopped shouted

remembered replayed reported rested revised sailed screamed shopped shouted

slope

‫ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬

sloped

sloped

loved married matched measured mended milked

sow start stay stop support store

‫ﯾُﺒﺬّر‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜُﺚ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾُﺨﺰُن‬

sowed started stayed stopped supported stored

sowed (sown)

/‫ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺟﮭﺎز‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﻮر‬

switched on

switched on

‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺪرب‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬

talked tasted tied thanked touched trained translated

talked tasted tied thanked touched trained translated

‫ﯾﺴﺎﻓﺮ‬

travelled

travelled

‫ﯾﻘﺪم ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻋﻦ‬

started stayed stopped supported stored

miss

‫ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺪ‬

missed

missed

switch on

move need open order own paint pass

‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮّك‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﺪھﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬

moved needed opened ordered owned painted passed

moved needed opened ordered owned painted passed

talk taste tie thank touch train translate

phone

ً‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﯿﻔﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬

phoned

phoned

travel

pick plant

‫ﯾﻘﻄﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺰرع‬

picked planted

picked planted

try turn

‫ﯾﺤﺎول‬ ‫ ﯾﻠﻒ‬/‫ﯾﺪور‬

tried turned

tried turned

play

‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ‬

played

played

type

‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﺔ‬

typed

typed

‫ﯾﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫ ﯾﺬوق‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺬوق‬

plough point to post pour practice prefer

‫ﯾﺤﺮث‬ ‫ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺮن‬ ‫ﯾُﻔﻀّﻞ‬

ploughed pointed to posted poured practiced preferred

ploughed pointed to posted poured practiced preferred

use visit wait want wash watch

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﯾﺰور‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ‬

used visited waited wanted washed watched

used visited waited wanted washed watched

pretend

/ ‫ﯾﺪّﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻈﺎھﺮ‬

pretended

pretended

water

‫ﯾﺮوي‬

watered

watered

pronounced pulled pushed rained received

pronounced pulled pushed rained received

weigh welcome work worry

pronounce pull push rain receive

23

‫ﯾﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ ﯾﺠﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺪ‬ ‫ ﯾﺰق‬/‫ﯾﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬

‫ﯾﺰن‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺣﺐ ﺑـ‬

weighed welcomed ‫ ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬worked ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻖ‬ worried

weighed welcomed worked worried

 ،‫ﻨـﺔ‬‫ﻌﻴ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻤ‬:The Irregular Verbs 

7

.‫ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻅﻬﺭِ ﻗﻠﺏ‬

  Present or  infinitive   

abide agree am are arise awake be bear bear beat become begin bend bet bet bid bid bind bite bleed blend blend blow break breed bring bring up broadcast build burn burst buy can cast catch choose cling 24

Meaning  

‫ ﯾﻘﯿﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﺚ‬ ‫ﯾﻮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫أﻛﻮن‬ ‫ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا‬/‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﯾﻨﮭﺾ‬ ‫ ﯾﺴﺘﯿﻘﻆ‬/ ‫ﯾﻮﻗﻆ‬

‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ ‫ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬

‫ ﯾﺒﺘﺪئ‬/ ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ ﯾﺤﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺮاھﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺮاھﻦ‬ ‫ﯾُﻘﺪّم ﻋﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺄﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ ﯾﻠﺪغ‬/‫ﯾﻌُﺾ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺰف‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﺰج‬/ ‫ﯾﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﺰج‬/ ‫ﯾﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﻔﺦ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺬﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺮق‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫ ﯾﺮﻣﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺬف‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﺎر‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬

 Past  

abode agreed was were arose awoke was / were bore bore beat became began bent bet betted bade bid bound bit bled blent blended blew broke bred brought brought up broadcast built burnt (burned)

burst bought could cast caught chose clang

Past participle   

abode agreed been been arose awoken been born borne beat (en) become begun bent bet bet bidden bid bound bitten bled blent blended blown broken bred brought brought up

broadcast built burnt burst bought ---cast caught chosen clung

Present or  infinitive 

Meaning  

 Past  

 

clothe come cost creep cut dare deal dig do/does draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forecast foretell forget forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang

‫ﯾﻜﺴﻮ‬ ‫ ﯾﺤﻀﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬

Past participle   

clothed came cost crept cut

clothed come cost crept cut

dared (durst)

dared (durst)

dealt dug did drew dreamt (ed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fit (fitted) fled ‫ ﯾﻘﺬف‬/ ‫ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻄﻮي‬flung ‫ﯾﻄﯿﺮ‬ flew ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ forbade ‫ﯾﺘﻜﮭﻦ‬/‫ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬ forecast ‫ﯾﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬ foretold ‫ﯾﻨﺴﻰ‬ forgot ‫ ﯾﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻦ‬/ ‫ ﯾﺴﺎﻣﺢ‬forgave ‫ ﯾﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ‬/ ‫ ﯾﮭﺠﺮ‬forsook ‫ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ froze ‫ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ got ‫ ﯾﻤﻨﺢ‬/‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬ gave ‫ﯾﺬھﺐ‬ went ‫ﯾﻄﺤﻦ‬ ground ‫ ﯾﺰرع‬/ ‫ ﯾﻜﺒُﺮ‬/ ‫ ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬grew ‫ﯾُﻌﻠّﻖ‬ hung

dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit (fitted) fled flung flown forbidden forecast foretold forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got given gone ground grown hung

‫ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬/ ‫ﯾﻜﻠّﻒ‬

‫ﯾﺰﺣﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺮؤ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺮب‬ ‫ ﯾﺴﻮق‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﻮد‬ ‫ ﯾﺴﻜﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﻛﻞ‬ ‫ ﯾﻘﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ ﯾُﻐﺬّي‬/‫ﯾُﻄﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺗﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺮب‬

 Present or  infinitive   

hang have / has have to hear hide hit hold hurt is

Meaning  

 Past  

Past participle  

Present or  infinitive 

Meaning  

 

‫ﯾﺸﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺒﺊ‬ ‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺴﻚ‬ ‫ ﯾﺆﻟﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺆذي‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬

hanged had had to heard hid hit held hurt was

hanged had had to heard hidden hit held hurt been

say see seek sell send set out set aside sew shake

‫ﯾﻘﻮل‬ ‫ ﯾﻔﮭﻢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺮى‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺳﻞ‬

 Past 

 

Past participle   

‫ ﯾﺼﺎﻓﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺰ‬

said saw sought sold sent set out set sewed shook

said seen sought sold sent set out set sewn shaken

‫ ﯾﻐﺮب‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺮع ﻓﻲ‬

ً‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﯿّﻂ‬

keep

‫ﯾﺤﻔﻆ‬

kept

kept

shed

/ ً‫ﯾﻨﺰف دﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﯾﺬرف دﻣﻮﻋﺎ‬

shed

shed

kneel

‫ﯾﺮﻛﻊ‬

knelt

knelt

shine

‫ ﯾﺴﻄﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﻤﻊ‬

shone

shone

knit (knitted)

knit

shoe

shod

shod

shot

shot

showed shrank shut sang sat sank slew slept slid

shown shrunk shut sung sat sunk slain slept slid

slung

slung

smelt (ed)

smelt (ed)

sowed sped

sown sped

spent

spent

spilt span spat split ran rose sawed sold spoilt spread sprang stood stole

spilled spun spat split run risen sawn sold

knit

ً‫ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﺧﯿﻮﻃﺎ‬

know

‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬

knew

known

shoot

lade lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let

‫ﯾُﺤﻤّﻞ‬

laded laid led leant (leaned) leapt

laden laid led leant (leaned) leapt

lie

‫ ﯾﺒﯿﺾ‬/ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ‬

‫ﯾﻘﻮد‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﺎدر‬ ‫ﯾُﻘﺮض‬ ‫ﯾﺪع‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻗﺪ‬

learned (learnt)

learned (learnt)

left lent let

left lent let

show shrink shut sing sit sink slay sleep slide

lay

lain

sling

lied lit (lighted) lost

lied lit (lighted) lost

smell sow speed

lie light lose

‫ﯾﻜﺬب‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻲء‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ‬

make

‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬/ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬

made

made

spend

may mean meet mistake mow overcome pay put quit read rid ride ring

ّ‫ ﻟﻌﻞ‬/ ‫رُﺑّﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﯾﻘﺼﺪ‬/‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻄﺊ‬

might meant met mistook mowed overcame paid put quit read rid rode rang

---meant met mistaken mown overcome paid put quit read rid ridden rung

spill spin spit split run rise saw sell spoil spread spring stand steal

25

‫ ﯾﺨﺰن‬/ ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬

‫ﯾﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ً‫ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻧﻘﻮدا‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ‬ ‫ ﯾﮭﺠُﺮ‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺮأ‬ ‫ ﯾﺨﻠّﺺ‬/ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﻞ‬

‫ﯾﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺮن‬

‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﺣﺪوة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﮭﻢ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎص‬

‫ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬

‫ﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬ ‫ﯾُﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺪ‬/‫ﯾﻐﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﻮص‬ ‫ ﯾﺴﻠﺦ‬/ ‫ﯾﺬﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ / ‫ﯾﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺤﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺬف ﺑﻤﻘﻼع‬

‫ﯾﺸﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺬر‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ / ً‫ﯾﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻀﻲ وﻗﺘًﺎ‬ ‫ ﯾﺮﯾﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﻜﺐ‬

‫ﯾﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺼﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻄﺮ ﺷﻄﺮﯾﻦ‬

‫ﯾﺠﺮي‬ ‫ ﯾﺮﻓﻊ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺮق‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر‬

‫ﯾﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺴﺪ‬/‫ﯾﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺮق‬

spoilt (ed)

spread sprung stood stolen

 Present or  infinitive 

Meaning  

 Past  

Past participle  

stick sting stink stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tell think throw thrust tread undergo understand undertake upset wake wear weave wed weep win wind wring write

‫ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺼﻖ‬ ‫ ﯾﻠﺪغ‬/ ‫ﯾﻠﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﯾﻀﺮب‬ ‫ ﯾﺨﺒﻂ‬/ ‫ﯾﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ ﯾﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﺿﻞ‬ ‫ ﯾﺤﻠﻒ‬/ ‫ﯾُﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮرم‬ ‫ ﯾﻌﻮم‬/ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺢ‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﮭﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﯾُﻌﻠّﻢ‬ ‫ﯾُﺨﺒﺮ‬ ‫ ﯾﺆﻣﻦ‬/ ‫ﯾﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻄﻌﻦ‬ ‫ ﯾﺪوس‬/ ‫ﯾﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﮭﺪ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﺐ‬/‫ﯾﺰﻋﺞ‬/‫ﯾﻘﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻗﻆ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺪي‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺴﺞ‬ ‫ ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺮان‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺰوج‬ ‫ﯾﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ ﯾﺮﺑﺢ‬/‫ ﯾﻔﻮز‬/ ‫ﯾﻜﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬

stuck stung stank strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swang took taught told thought threw thrust trod underwent understood undertook upset woke (ed) wore wove wedded wept won wound wrung wrote

stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught told thought thrown thrust trodden undergone understood undertaken upset woken (ed) worn woven wedded wept won wound wrung written

 

 

26

 

3.The Present Continuous Tense

1) Formation:-  -:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ 

•

 am is are

I He, She , It They, You, We

+ ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬+ ing

1. I am watching TV now.

.‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃُﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬

2. Samy is eating an apple.

.‫ﻴﺄﻜلُ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺤﺔﹰ‬

3. We are doing our home work.

.‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻨﺎ‬

2) Usage: 

•

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻠﱡﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ‬.1 I am writing now.

.‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬ -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺁﺨﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻤ‬.2

While she is making tea, I am reading her new book.

.‫ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺜِﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬.3 .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺎﺭِﻋِﻨﺎ‬

1. They are building a new school in our street.

.‫ﺒﺎﺡ‬‫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻁﹶﻊُ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤ‬‫ﺘﹶﺴ‬

2. The sun is shining this morning.  3) Key words

:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ now

‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬

still

while

‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

as

‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

at this moment

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬

Look!

!‫ﺃُﻨﹾﻅﹸﺭ‬

at the present

ِ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬

Listen!

!‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ ﺃﺘﹶﺴ‬/!‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﺴ‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬

Smell!

!‫ ﻫل ﺘﺸﹸﻡ‬/ !‫ﺃﺘﹶﺸﹸﻡ‬

as long as

27

‫ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬

•

‫‪‬‬ ‫• ‪   ‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭِ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭِ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙﹶ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل (‬

‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪He is going to buy some sugar.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (e‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪، (ing‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻲ‪ /‬ﻴﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬

‫‪ride + ing = riding‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬

‫‪write + ing = writing‬‬

‫‪ing = giving‬‬

‫‪give +‬‬

‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬

‫‪come + ing = coming‬‬

‫‪ing = inviting‬‬

‫‪invite +‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﺘﺴﻡ‬

‫‪smile + ing = smiling‬‬

‫‪.3‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒـ )‪ (ee‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪.4‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻐﻠﻕ‬

‫‪shut + ing = shutting‬‬

‫ﻴﻀﻊ‬

‫‪put + ing = putting‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬

‫‪travel + ing‬‬

‫ﻴﻭﻗﻑ‬

‫‪stop + ing = stopping‬‬

‫‪dig + ing‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬

‫‪run + ing = running‬‬

‫‪= travelling‬‬

‫ﻴﺤﻔﹸﺭ‬

‫‪= digging‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺒﺢ‬

‫‪= swimming‬‬

‫‪swim + ing‬‬

‫ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (t‬ﻷﻨﹼّﻪ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ )‪ ،(r‬ﻻﻥ‪ ‬ﺘﻀﻌﻴﻔﻪ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﻌ‪‬ﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻁﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﻠِﺱ‬

‫‪sit + ing = sitting‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺤ‪‬ﺏ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﺤﻴﻲ‬

‫‪greet + ing = greeting‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺩﺨل‬

‫‪enter + ing = entering‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒـ )‪ (ie‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (y‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻭﺕ‬

‫‪.6‬‬

‫‪agree + ing = agreeing‬‬

‫‪die + ing = dying‬‬

‫ﻴﺭﻗﹸﺩ‪ /‬ﻴﻜﺫﺏ‬

‫‪lie + ing = lying‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪(Verbs of Sense) ‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ‬

‫‪notice‬‬

‫ﻴﺭﻯ‬

‫‪see‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﺫﻭ‪‬ﻕ‬

‫‪taste‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﻤﻊ‬

‫‪hear‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤِﻅ‬

‫‪observe‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﹸﻡ‬

‫‪smell‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻤِﺱ‬

‫‪touch‬‬

‫‪(Verbs of Thinking) ‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ‪ /‬ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﹸﻥ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﻔﻜﹼﺭ‬

‫‪mean‬‬ ‫‪believe‬‬ ‫‪think‬‬

‫ﻴﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭِﺽ‬

‫‪understand‬‬ ‫‪suppose‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﻌ‪‬ﺭ‬

‫‪feel‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬

‫‪know‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬

 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(Verbs of Emotion)

love

‫ﺤﺏ ﺸﺨﺼﺎﹰ‬‫ﻴ‬

like

‫ﺤﺏ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻴ‬

desire

‫ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ‬

hate

‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‬/‫ﻴﻤﻘﹸﺕ‬

want

‫ﺭﻴﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‬

refuse

‫ﻴﺭﻓﹸﺽ‬

‫ﻐﻨﻲ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ‬

forgive

‫ ﻴﻌﻔﻭ ﻋﻥ‬/ ‫ﺴﺎﻤﺢ‬‫ﻴ‬

dislike care



‫ﻴﺭﻏﺏ‬

wish

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،( Verbs of Possessing )

 

own belong

‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬

possess

‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬

‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻌﺯ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻴﺨﹸﺹ‬ 

 Verb To Have, Verb To Be  Helping Verbs  :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،

 



appear

‫ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬/‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬

disobey

seem

‫ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬/‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬

suit

‫ﻼﺀﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬

fit

‫ﻼﺀﻡ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﻴ‬

contain obey matter

‫ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬/ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻊ‬‫ﻴ‬

consist of

‫ﻴﻌﺼﻰ‬

‫ﻥ ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬

‫ﺔ‬‫ﺸﻜﹼل ﺃﻫﻤﻴ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻴﻬ‬

The Present Simple ‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﹸﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺔٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺩﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺒﻼﻏﻴ‬ I am understanding; he is hating her.

.‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ‬

‫ﻘﺎل ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻻ ﻴ‬

I understand; he hates her.

.‫ ﻴﻜﺭﻫﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ُﻴﻘﺎل‬

I am seeing you tomorrow.

(Emphasis) (‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻔﻴ‬‫ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬.‫ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﹼﺄﻜﻴﺩِ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬ ( Threat) (‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻬﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻔﻴﺩ‬‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﻙ؟ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Are you forgetting your promise?

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1. The train is travelling now. 2. We are having a test at this moment.

.‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻐﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﺎﺭ‬ .ِ‫ﻨﺄﺨﺫﹸ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬

3. Listen! The tractor is working.

.‫ﺍﺴﻤﻊ! ﺍﻟﺸﹼّﺎﺤﻨﺔﹸ ﺘﻌﻤل‬

4. Look! The plane is crashing.

.‫ﺃُﻨﻅﺭ! ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﻁﻡ‬

5. I am drinking tea at this moment.

29

.ِ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺃﺸﹾﺭ‬

•

 4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative: .(Verb To Be) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌلِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬not) ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴ‬1 am, is, are + not + + ing ‫ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ‬،‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬Verb To Be) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2 .‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Examples 1. 2. 3.

Negative

She is not working now. Is she working now? She is working now. .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬ They are playing. I am playing.

They are not playing. Are they playing? .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ؟‬ I am not playing. Are you playing? .‫ﺇﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬ .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ؟‬

Exercise No. 8 I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬

Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting). (Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)? Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters. Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now. Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil. The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment. At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house. I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teacher’s question now. She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening. . I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.

II) Correct the verbs in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Interrogative

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

He (wait) for you at this moment. You can’t see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath. He is (drive) his car. Look! it (rain) heavily. Now, we (hear) very well what he say. I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now.

 Glory to my God, the Greatest.   30

  4.The Past Continuous Tense



1) Formation:

-:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü





I, He, She , It

was +  + ing

They, You, We

were +  + ing .ِ‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‬

1. I was walking in the street. 2. Ahmed was reading a story.

.‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬

3. They were cooking the food.

.‫ﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺩ‬

2) Usage : 

 ü .‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬.1 .‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬ ِ ً‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻠﺔﹰ‬

1. They were making a party yesterday. 2. They were sitting behind as she was driving her car.

.‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﻠﺴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻑِ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬

.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‬،‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬drive ‫ ﻭ‬sit ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ‬2 ç :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉِ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺁﺨﺭٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬.2 While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her. .‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺸﹸﺭﻁﻲ‬   ç .‫ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬،ً‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺍ‬stop ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬.1

.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ‬،‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬drive ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬.2  3) Key words:

:‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴ‬ü while still

31

‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل‬

as when

‫ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫• ‪ ‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ while‬ﺃﻭ ‪ as‬ﻟﺘﻌﺒ‪‬ﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥِ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥِ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱِ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﻬﻤﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻌلٌ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺤﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﹶﻪ‪ ‬ﺘﹸﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎً ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺘﺕ ‪ when‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫ﺃُﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻁﺒ‪‬ﺦﹸ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺕﹸ‪.‬‬

‫‪My mother was cooking, when I came.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻟﻨﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﻤﺘﺼلٍ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓٍ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔٍ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ )ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴـﻭﻡ ـ ﻜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺒﺎﺡ ـ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ـ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻴل‪ ،(......‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺘﺴﻭ‪‬ﻕ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. I was shopping all afternoon.‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺩﻭﺴﻭﻥ ﻁِﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. They were studying all day.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ as‬ﺃﻭ ‪ while‬ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉِ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend.‬‬

‫‪4) The Past Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Verb To Be‬ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ + ing‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ were + not +‬ﺃﻭ ‪was‬‬

‫‪.2‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )‪ (Verb To Be‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Interrogative‬‬

‫‪Negative‬‬

‫‪Examples‬‬

‫‪I was working.‬‬ ‫‪I was not working.‬‬ ‫?‪Were you working‬‬ ‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻋﻤل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ‪ ‬ﺃﻋﻤل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻌﻤل؟‬ ‫‪They were working. They were not working.‬‬ ‫?‪Were they working‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ؟‬ ‫‪1.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻴﺕُ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺸﹶﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻁﹸﻔﺌِﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Examples‬‬ ‫‪1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy.‬‬ ‫‪2. While we were having supper, all lights went out.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺩ‪ ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺨ ﹶﻠﺕﹾ ﻗِﻁـﺔﹲ ‪The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked‬‬ ‫‪into the room.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭ‪‬ﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ُ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﹶﺎﻫِﺩ ﻓﻴﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪3.‬‬

‫‪4. He was reading a book, when the bell rang.‬‬ ‫‪5. Yesterday, he was watching a good film on TV.‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

 Exercise No. 9

:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺼ‬

I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London. While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter. I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden. When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still sleeping - still slept). He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him. What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room. Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying - studies). She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).

The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath. She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was 10. beginning) to cry.

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house. He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath. She (cook) all morning yesterday. As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door. As we (to play), it (rain). The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come). What you (do) when I came in? As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us. The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move). He (watch) TV, when I (come).



 He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained.       33

 

5. The Present Perfect Tense 1Formation: ) -:‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬has + Past Participle (P.P) (‫)ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬ I, They, We, You He, She, It

have + P.P has + P.P

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕُ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ‬

1. I have finished my homework.

.‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬

2. Nader has written a letter.

.‫ﺴﻬﻡ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻤ‬

3. They have met their teacher. 2) Usage :

  ü :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ )ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻜﻠﱡﻡ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ‬.1 .(‫ )ﻟﻡ ﻴﻤﺽِ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻤِﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻗﻴ‬

We have just received this letter.

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ‬.2 .(‫ )ﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻌﻠﹸﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻪِ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹸّﻤِﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ‬

Maged has learnt English recently.

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻨﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡِ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ‬.3 We have already written the letter. Or: We have written the letter already.

.(‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ )ﻨﹸﻨﻭﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭ‬.‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،ِ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬.4 She has changed some words in the contract.

‫ ﻤـﻥ‬‫ )ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ‬.‫ﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻏﻴ‬

.(‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻪِ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬‫ﺠﺎﻨِﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﹼﺏ‬

3Key words : :‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬‫ﺭﺠﺢ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü already

34

‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬/ ‫ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬

just

‫ُْﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﻠﻴل‬‫ ﻤ‬/ ‫ﺍﹰ‬‫ﺘﻭ‬

ever

(‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

since

‫ﻨﹾﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬

yet

‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

for

‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬

never

‫ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬

recently

‫ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ‬

lately

‫ﻤﺅﺨﹼﺭﺍﹰ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫• ‪‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔِ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺒﻕﹸ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﺩ( ﺃﻭ)ﻟﻘﺩ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have finished my work.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ just‬ﺃﻭ ‪ already‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺩﺙٍ ﺘﻡ ّﻤﻨﺫﹸ ﻭﻗﺕٍ ﻗﺭﻴﺏٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓِ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ just‬ﻗﺒـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ already‬ﻓﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﹼﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪have, has + P.P + already‬‬

‫‪have, has + already (just) + P.P‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) yet‬ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ )ﺒﻌﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫‪He has not received the money yet.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪) ever‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻟﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪) never‬ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪ ever‬ﺒﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪ ever‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‪ ‬ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻫل ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ؟‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل(‬

‫?‪Have you ever travelled by air‬‬

‫ﻨﻌﻡ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻓﺭﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪Yes, I have travelled by air.‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻟﻡ ﺃُﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ ﺠﻭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻔﻲ(‬

‫‪No, I have never travelled by air.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) recently‬ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎﹰ( ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ )‪ (P.P‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .8‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) since‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ(‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have recently written a new book.‬‬

‫ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Recently, I have written a new book.‬‬

‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻤ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺩِﺩ ﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪.‬‬ ‫‪since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last …… etc‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1995‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .9‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) for‬ﻟِﻤﺩﺓ(‬

‫‪I haven't seen Ahmed since 1995.‬‬

‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩ‪‬ﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‪.‬‬ ‫‪for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years …..etc‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ ﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺓِ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪She has been in London for seventeen years.‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ since‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﻤ‪‬ﻨﹾﺫﹸ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﺩﺭﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have come here since you left.‬‬

‫‪4) The Present Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ü‬ﻴ‪‬ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ‪ not‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ have‬ﺃﻭ‪.(has‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬



‫ ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ‬،‫( ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬has ‫ ﺃﻭ‬have ‫ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬:‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ü .‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples

Negative

Interrogative Have you finished work? ‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕَ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟‬

1.

I have finished work. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻴﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬

I have not finished work. .‫ﻟﻡ ﺃُﻨﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬

2.

Samia has met Mona. .‫ﻨﻰ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ‬

Samia has not met Mona. Has Samia met Mona? .‫ﻨﻰ‬‫ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹸﻘﺎﺒل ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨﻰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤ‬

Exercise No. 10

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Correct the verbs in the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

:‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

I ………………. (not, see) my friend since last month. Hatem ………………. (already, eat) his breakfast. Hassan …………….. (never, be) to Jordan. I and Ali ……………. (finish) the work yet. She ………….. (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.

It is no use crying over silt milk. 

36

 

 6.The Past Perfect Tense







 1) Formation:  :‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻜﻭ‬ü had + past participle (P.P)   1. She had bought a paper.

.‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ‬

2. They had met their friends.

.‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻬﻡ‬

  2) Usage: ،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﻭﻀـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺯﻤـﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻡ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﺤﺩ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠ‬ü .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school. .ِ‫ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻓﻁﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬  3) Key words : 

:‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü before

‫ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ‬

until

‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ‬

after

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬

by the time

‫ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺤﺘﹼﻰ‬

as soon as

‫ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬

till

 • .( ‫( )ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺒل‬before Before) ‫ ﺃﻱ‬before ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.1  (past perfect



before

(had + P.P)

(past simple) 



.( ‫( ) ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ‬after After) ‫ ﺃﻱ‬after ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.2   (Past simple)

after

 

37

 (Past perfect (had + P.P)

 

 .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ‬:‫ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬.3

‫ﺩ‬

.‫ ﻟﻌِﺒﺕُ ﻜﹸﺭﺓﹶ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕُ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬

1. After I had done my home work, I played football. 2. I had washed my face before I came to school. 4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:

.ِ‫ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺁﺘﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬،‫ﻠﹾﺕﹸ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ‬‫ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻏﹶﺴ‬

 

.(had) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬not ‫ﻨﻔﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ ﻴ‬ü

ِ‫ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬،‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬had) ‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ü .‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

Examples

Negative

Interrogative

Had she made a cake? She had made a cake. She had not made a cake. .‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ .‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻜﻌﻜﺔﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ We had written a letter. We had not written a letter. Had they written a letter? 2. .‫ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬ .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ؟‬ 1.

Exercise No. 11

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Correct the verbs between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

Mazen …….. (drink) much tea before he ……… (finish) his supper. After Nadia …….... (cook) the food, her father …… (come). They ………… (leave) Rafah before I …………. (reach). Samy ……. (go) to school after he ……. (take) his breakfast. She ……….. (thank) him because he (save) her daughter. The police ………… (arrest) the thief who ………… (steal) the bag.

If you want peace, be prepared for war.   

38

  7.The Future Simple Tense







 1) Formation:  :‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

•

 shall will + (infinitive) 

   |

:‫ ﺃﻱ‬We ‫ ﻭ‬I ‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‬‫( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬shall ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ‬.1 (I , We

shall + Infinitive) -:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬،‫( ﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬will ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺴﻭﻑ‬.2

( He, She, It, They, You

will + infinitive) .‫ﺤﻤﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﺄُﻗﺎﺒل ﻤ‬

1. I shall meet Mohammed tomorrow. 2. They will visit us next Friday.

.‫ﻤﻌﺔِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

3. Shadia will come next month.

.‫ﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬

 2) Usage:  

•

.‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺩ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺒﺅ ﻋﻤ‬.1 .‫ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻭﻨﻨﺎ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬

1. They will visit us tomorrow.

.ِ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺴﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬

2. Cars will move without petrol in the future.

.‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒلِ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﻋﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﺴﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.2 .‫ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬

I shall see you tomorrow. 

 3) Key words: :‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‬‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩﺕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü tomorrow next .....

‫ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬

...‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩِﻡ‬/‫ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬tonight

next (week, month, year, …)

39

in the future

soon

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬

 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1. The match will begin soon.

.‫ﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺤﺎﻻﹰ‬‫ﺴﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ُ

2. Ramy will travel tomorrow.

.‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬ .‫ﺴﺄُﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

3. I shall watch TV tonight.

.‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺭ‬

4. It will be hot in the future.

.‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬

5. She will come back next year. 

4)The Future Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:   .(shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬not) ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

ü

 shall will not + ‫ ﻭﻭﻀـﻊ ﻋﻼﻤـﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺅﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

ü

.‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 |

.‫ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ‬‫'( ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ll ) ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﹸﻠﹼﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ‬‫ ﻴ‬.1 .(‫ )ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ‬shan't

.(‫ ) ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ‬won't

shall not ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬

Ÿ

will not ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬

Ÿ

:‫ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﻌﻴﻥٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁٍ ﻤ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﻴ‬.2 am / is / are + going to   1. He is going to read a new story. 2. Shadi is going to weekend in London.

Examples

(‫ﺔ‬‫) ﻨﻴ‬ (Planning) (‫)ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬

Negative

.‫ﺴﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬ ُ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ .‫ﻁﻠﺔﹶ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷُﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‬‫ﺴﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻋ‬ Interrogative

1.

I shall go to school. I shan't go to school. Will you go to school? .ِ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ‬ .ِ‫ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏُ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬

2.

He will leave school. He won't leave school. Will he leave school? .‫ﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺘﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺴ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﻙَ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ؟‬

3.

He'll come to school. He won't come to school. Will he come to school? ‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ؟‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬

40

 Exercise No.12

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house. He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow. We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week. Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea. Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

:‫ﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺼ‬

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

She (clean) the rooms tomorrow. We (see) him next Friday. Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday. My father (be) forty next May. I (take) the exam next Tuesday. Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow. Nadia (study) at home tomorrow. We (meet) Ali next week. When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock. He (leave) in a few days.



Birds of a feather flock together.  

41

 Exercise No. 13

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

 General Exercises on Tenses I) Correct the verbs between brackets:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

He usually (visit) us once a month. I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes. He (live) in England since 1985. We (finish) the project by the end of the year. Many planets ( to move) round the sun. He (travel) to France next week. If you think it over, you (see) I am right. The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills. After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door. I (wait) her till she comes back. I (wait) her till she came back. Samy (come) tomorrow. My uncle (become) better. She (leave) London before we (reach). I (not see) my friend since his absence. I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a café. The pupils (learn) English grammar now. Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents. Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast. They (buy) some fruits now. A policeman always (direct) traffic there. Rain (fall) heavily tonight. He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France. She (see) the accident before she (go) to school.

II) Choose the correct answers between brackets: :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 42

I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week. My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980. Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV. After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink. While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag. I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks. Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?

 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Have you (did - do - done) your work? She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet. Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad. Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave). Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - was receiving) a telephone call. We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon. They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow. Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem? I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem. Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot. While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend. Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping). By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang rung). As soon as he (had finished – finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang rung). She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays. What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher entered? I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy. He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes.

The exception proves the rule.         

43

    Tense

Formation :‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀ‬

The Present Simple  

:‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ I, You, We, They s + ‫× ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

Examples 1) I play football. .‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ‬

 doesn't + He, She, It :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬

.‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬

The Present Continuous 

44

1) They watched TV. .‫ﻫﻡ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ 2) He studied the lesson. .‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺩ‬

:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ am, is, are + ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬+ ing

 Do + …. ?

Does + +…. ? He, She, It :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬

He doesn't read a story. Does he read a story? .‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻗﺼﺔ؟‬

He, She, It

The Past Simple 

 don't +

 Interrogative

I, You, We, They :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬I, You, We, They :‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ I don't play football. Do you play football? 2) He reads a story. .‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻟﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟‬ .‫ﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼ‬

:‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻵﺘﻴـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀ‬ :‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬

Negative

  didn't +

.‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀ‬

Did +...?

1) They didn't watch TV. 1) Did they watch TV? .‫ﻫﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ؟‬ 2) He didn't study the lesson. 2) Did he study the lesson? .‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭ‬ ‫؟‬‫ﺭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻫل ﺩﺭﺱ‬

1) I am writing now. Am, Is, Are + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+  + ing … ? am, is, are + not + ing .‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬ 1) I am not writing now 1) Are you writing now? 2) He is reading a story. .‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ‬ 2) Is he reading a story? 2) He is not reading a story. 3) They are walking. ‫ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔﹰ؟‬ .ً‫ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺭﺃُ ﻗﺼﺔ‬ .‫ﻡ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ‬‫ﻫ‬ 3) Are they walking? 3) They are not walking ‫ﻡ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻫ‬

 .‫ﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺸﻭﻥ‬

 



 Tense

The Past Continuous

Formation :‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ was, were + ‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬+ ing

 

:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

The Present   Perfect

 

45

have‫ ﺃﻭ‬has + P.P

Examples 1) I was running. .‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ‬

Negative was, were + not +‫ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬+ ing

 Interrogative Was, Were + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬+ ing.. ?

1) I was not running. 1) Were you running? .‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﺃﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶَ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ؟‬ .‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬ 2) She was not making tea. 2) Was she making tea? 3) We were drinking milk. .‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬ ‫ ﺸﺎﻴﺎﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﻌِﺩ‬ .‫ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬ 3) We were not drinking milk. 3) Were they drinking milk? ‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﹸﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺤﻠﻴﺒﺎﹰ؟‬ 2) She was making tea.

1) I have done my work. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹸ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬has +not + P.P

Have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬Has + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ P.P …..?

1) I have not done my work. 1) Have you done your work? 2) He has written the letter. .‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻗﹸﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل ﻗﹸﻤﺕﹶ ﺒﻌﻤﻠِﻙ؟‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬ 2) He has not written the letter. 2) Has he written the letter? 3) They have played basketball. .‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬ .‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻟﻌِﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ 3) They have not played basketball. 3) Have they played basketball? .‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻟﻌِﺒﻭﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

 :‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ had + P.P

The Past  Perfect 

1) I had met Ali.

had + not + P.P Had + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ P.P …..? .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬ 1) Had you met Ali? 1) I had not met Ali. 2) She had cooked the food. .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹶ ﻋﻠﻴ‬ .‫ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬ 2) She had not cooked the food. 2) Had she cooked the food? 3) You had done the work. .‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻁﺒﺨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟‬ ‫ ﹶ‬‫ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬ .‫ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ 3) You had not done the work. 3) Had you done the work? .‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؟‬  



 Tense

The Future Simple 

Formation

Examples

Negative

:‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫× ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

1) I shall visit you tomorrow. shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will + not + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ Shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬Will + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫… ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬.? .‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻙ‬ shall ‫ ﺃﻭ‬will +‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ 1) I shan't visit you tomorrow. 1) Will you visit me tomorrow? 2) He will arrive next Friday. .‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻥ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻙ‬ we ‫ ﻭ‬I :‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ‬ shall ‫ﻫل ﺴﺘﺯﻭﻨﻲ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟‬ .‫ﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬‫ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ 2) He won't arrive next Friday. 2) Will he arrive next Friday? :‫ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ‬ will .‫ﻟﻥ ﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺼل ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ؟‬ He, She, It, They, You

 

Nobody listens until you say something wrong. .   46

 Interrogative



       

 

Key words of the Tenses 

 Key Words

  Tense

47

The Present Simple

The Past Simple

The Present Continuous

The Past Continuous

always

‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‬

yesterday

‫ﺃﻤــﺱ‬

now

‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬

while

often

ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬

once

‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ‬

at the present ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻀﺭ‬

when

usually

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬

sometimes ‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎﹰ‬

just now

‫ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻵﻥ‬

Look!

‫ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ‬

!‫ ﺃُﻨﻅﹸﺭ‬still

‫ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬/ ‫ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬

just ‫ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﻠﻴل‬/ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﹰ‬ 

never ‫ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬/‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺯل‬

‫ﻨـﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬

!‫ﺍﺴﻤﻊ‬

every….. ….‫ ﻜﹸـل‬in olden times Smell! ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬

!‫ﺃﺘﺸﹸﻡ‬

‫ﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﻋ‬

‫ ﺒﻴﻨـﻤﺎ‬already

The Past Perfect after

‫ﺒـﻌﺩ‬

before ‫ﻗـﺒل‬

The Future Simple tomorrow

‫ﻏـﺩﺍﹰ‬

soon

‫ﺤـﺎﻻﹰ‬

one day at this moment ever as soon as in the future as ‫ ﻁـﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫِﻩِ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ‬ (‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤـﺭﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﺤـﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

Listen!

generally

The Present Perfect

ago

‫ﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬/ ‫ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬

until ‫ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ‬ till

tonight

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺤـﺘﹼﻰ‬

‫ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬/ ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬by the time next … ... ‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬ since ‫ﻨـﺫﹸ‬‫ﻤ‬ (next month, year, yet

 in the past ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬ frequently ‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬/ ‫ﻤِـﺭﺍﺭﺍﹰ‬

while

never last …. ....‫ ﺴﺎﺒﻕﹸ‬as ‫ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ‬/‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ‬last month, year, day….) still rarely

48

‫ﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ‬

‫ﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

recently

lately

‫ﺤﺩﻴـﺜﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺅﺨﹼـﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬

‫ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬

as long as ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬

for

‫ـﺩﺓ‬‫ﻟﻤ‬

day…) ‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟـﺴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺎﻟﻲ‬ (.. ،‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

  Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)   .‫ ﺇﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﻭ‬،‫( ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ‬if) ü

.‫( ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ‬if)‫ ﺘﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ü

.‫ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﻟﺘﻌ‬if) ‫ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü .‫ﺔ ﻓﻌل ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻡ ﺴﻨﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü :‫ﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü



1-The Zero Conditional  1) Form:

 if + Present Simple ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬

Present Simple ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬



 2) Usage:  100 ‫ﺍﺌﻤﺔ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ü ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬if) ‫ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ ﺃﻤ‬،ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬, ) ‫( ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬if) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ u .‫ﻓﻼ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬ 1.

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

(‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻠﺞ‬‫ ﻴﺘﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺘﺠﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬

2.

If we put sugar in water, it dissolves.

(‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ‬،‫ﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

3.

If we heat iron, it expands.

2.The First Conditional

(‫ )ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﹸﺴﺨﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬



 1) Form:  if + Present Simple ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬

Future Simple ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤ‬ shall / will + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ .will ‫ ﺃﻭ‬shall ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬can ‫ ﺃﻭ‬may ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬

49

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

 2) Usage:

.(Probable) (‫ﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺙ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘـﻕ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ü  50

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

Examples 1.

If you eat too much, you'll be sick.

.‫ ﻓﺴﺘﻤﺭﺽ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﺘﺄﻜﹸل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬

2.

If he works hard, he will succeed.

.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒِﺠﺩ‬

3.

If he works hard, he can succeed.

.‫ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

4.

If he works hard, he may succeed.

.‫ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

5.

You'll fall if you are not careful.

6.

If he does not work hard, he will not succeed.

3.The Second Conditional

.‫ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﺫﺭ‬،‫ﺴﺘﻘﻊ‬ .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬



 1) Form:   should / would + ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

if + Past Simple ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬  2) Usage:

‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬ .would ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬could ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬

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-:‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹸﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

ü

Improbable

 10

If he won the prize, he would buy a new car. .(‫ ﺴﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ﺢ ﺃﻨﹸﻪ‬‫ﺭﺠ‬‫ﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫) ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬‫ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺴﺏ‬/ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬   If they had some money, they would stay at a hotel. .(‫ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﺜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ )ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.ِ‫ ﻟﻤﻜﺜﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﻕ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻘﻭﺩ‬

1.

.‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺩﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔﹰ‬،‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﻨﻴ‬ .(‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬:‫ )ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ( ﻟﻨﹸﺒﻴ‬I ) ‫( ﻤﻊ‬was) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were) ‫ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ ♦

If I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car.

2. 3.

If I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police.

.‫ ﻷﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬

.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ )ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ( ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬،(I, He, She, It) ‫( ﻤﻊ‬was) ‫( ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬were) ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ u 50

 Examples

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬ .(‫ ﻟﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺩ‬

1.

If he studied hard, he would (could) succeed.

2.

If I met a lion, I would climb a tree.

3.

If I were you, I'd take the money.

4.

If I were a car, I would be Mercedes.

5.

If you found a snake in your room, you should run away.

3.The Third Conditional

.‫ ﻓﺴﺄﺘﺴﻠﹼﻕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﺴﺩﺍﹰ‬ .‫ ﻷﺨﺫﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ُﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ‬ .‫ ﻟﺭﻏﺒﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉِ ﻤﺭﺴﻴﺩﺱ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬

.‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺭﺏ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺜﻌﺒﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺘِﻙ‬



 1) Form: 



if + Past Perfect ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬

should have / would have + P.P ‫ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬

.would have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬should have ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬could have ‫ ﺃﻭ‬might have ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬

ü

 2) Usage: ‫ﺙ ﺃﻭ‬‫( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤـﺩ‬Impossible) ‫ﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺠ‬

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0 .‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ‬

Examples

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

1.

If he had informed the police, he wouldn't have been killed.

2.

If he had studied hard, he would (could) have ‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ ) ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ succeeded. .( ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬

3.

If I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗـﺩ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﻌﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺘﻪ‬ the money. .(‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ‬‫) ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬.‫ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬

4.

If my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born.

.‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻟِﺩﺕﹸ‬،‫ﺠﺎ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﹸﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ‬

5.

If he had made a mistake, he would have apologized.

.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺫﺭ‬،ً‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻤِلَ ﺨﻁﺄ‬

51

.َ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﹸﺘِل‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﹶﺒ‬

  u  

 

If ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﻭﺀﺓﹰ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬‫ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،( if ) ‫ﺫﻓﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫ﺔﹰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺸﺭﻁﻴ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬

ü

‫ﺅﺍل( )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫( ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Should - Had - Were) ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ .‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬should) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬1 If he studies hard, he will succeed. = Should he studies hard, he will succeed. If he succeeded, he would join the university. 2. = Should he succeeded, he would join the university. 1.

(‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل‬

.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻭ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺠﺩ‬

(‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬

.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻨﺠﺢ‬

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬were) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬2 1.

If I were a bird, I would fly. = Were I a bird, I would fly.

2.

If he bought that car, it would cost him much. = Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much.

.‫ ﻟﻁِﺭﺕﹸ‬،‫ﺼﻔﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕﹸ ﻋ‬ .‫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ ﻟﻜﻠﹼﻔﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‬

.if ‫ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤِﻥ‬were…. to ‫ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ‬ 

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤِﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Had) ‫ ( ﻭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬if ) ‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ‬‫( ﻴ‬3

1. 2. 3.

.‫ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

ü

.‫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬had ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬

ü

If I had enough money, I would buy a new house. = Had I enough money, I would buy a new house. If he studied hard, he would have succeeded. = Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded. If they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize. = Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize.

(‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ‬

.‫ ﻻﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﺯﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬،‫ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﺃﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬

(‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ‬

.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ ﺒﺠﺩ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩ‬

(‫)ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

.‫ ﻟﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﺎﻋﻭﻨﻲ‬

.unless ‫ﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﻴ‬‫( ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬4

unless = if…..not .‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬‫ﻌﺒ‬‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻴ‬

.‫ﺤﺩِﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ ﻭﻓﻌل ﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁ‬‫( ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬unless) ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 1.

If he does not succeed, he will not join the university. = Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.

2.

If he did not work hard, he would not succeed. = Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed.

52

ü ü

.‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬ .‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠﺩ‬

 If he had not paid money, he would not have received the goods. .‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬،‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ 3. = Unless he had paid money, he would not have received the goods. If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better. 4. .‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺴ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ = Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.

Exercise No. 14

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

I) Choose the correct answer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If she (had – has – have) time, she will visit us. What (will – would – do) you do if you (has – had – have) a lot of money? If he (came – come-comes), I (should – shall – would) forgive him. (Was – Were – Am) I a car, I (will – would – shall) be Ford. If she (stayed – stays – had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends. Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop). If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick. Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him. If he played well, he (win) the match.



Books and friends should be few but good.  

53



If   The Zero Conditional  If  

 

Probability  percentage

%100

The First Conditional

If

If

if + Present Simple ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬

Present Simple ‫ﻣُﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬

%50

if + Present Simple

%10

if + Past Simple ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬

should, would + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

if + Past Perfect

should (would) have + P.P

 The Second conditional

 Form

‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬

Future Simple ‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ (will, shall + ‫)ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬

  Usage

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻘ ﺎﺋﻖ‬ .ً‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ‬

ٍ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﺷ ﻲء‬ ‫ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺤُﺪوث‬ .(‫)ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲ ٍء‬ .‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣُﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗُﻮع‬

 Time    any time ‫ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‬

future ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

future ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬



The Third Conditional

If 

54

%0

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬

‫ﻣُﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

ٍ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء‬ .‫ﻣُﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع‬ ‫* ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺪم‬ ‫أو اﻷﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺣﺪث‬

past ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

 Examples

If water freezes, it turns into ice. .(‫ ﻓﺈﻧّﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮّل إﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺞٍ )ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺘﺠﻤّﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ 1) If you clean my bike, I'll give you a dollar. .ً‫ ﻓﺴﺄُﻋﻄﯿﻚ دوﻻرا‬،‫ﻟﻮ ﺗُﻨﻈﻒ دراﺟﺘﻲ‬ 2) Should he studies hard, he will succeed. .‫ ﻓﺴﯿﻨﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﯾﺪرس ﺑﺠﺪ‬ 1) If he won the prize, he would buy a car. .ً‫ ﻓﺴﯿﺸﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرة‬،‫إذا ﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬ 2) If I were a bird, I would fly. .‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔُﻮرا‬ 3) Were I a bird, I would fly. .‫ ﻓﺴﺄﻃﯿﺮ‬،ً‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻋُﺼﻔﻮرا‬ 1) If he had studied hard, he would have succeeded. .‫ ﻟﻜﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ‬،ٍ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ درس ﺑِﺠﺪ‬ 2) If I had listened to his advice, 3) I would not have lost my money. ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ‬،ِ‫ﻟﻮ ﻛُﻨﺖُ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖُ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﮫ‬  ‫ﻓﻘﺪتُ ﻧُﻘﻮدي‬

  Active Voice and Passive Voice .‫( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬subject) ‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬Active Voice) ‫ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬.1 

ç 

   

  .‫ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔﹰ‬

1. Ahmed rides a bicycle.

.‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻫ‬

2. Huda plays games.

.‫( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬Object) ‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬‫( ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬Passive Voice) ‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬. .2    

 Verb To Be  

ç

by  

‫ل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬،‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل‬‫* ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀ‬ .‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬

1. A bicycle is ridden by Ahmed. 2. Games are played by Huda.

.‫ﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺘﹸﺭ‬ .‫ﺩﻯ‬‫ﺘﹸﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ‬

 

 Active & Passive Voice

 

 (Statement)

55

‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬

    (Order)

 (Question)

ç

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 1. Statement‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪ :Passive Active ‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل )ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ (‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻨﻀﻊ ) ‪ ( Verb To Be‬ﻤ‪‬ﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ) ‪.( Verb To Be‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ ،by‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﺸﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺩ‪‬ﺍﻓﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﹼﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻷﻫﻤﻴ‪‬ﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Verb To Be  ‬‬

‫‪by‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪) .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ‪ by‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻨﹸﺠﻤـل‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ‪ active‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪-:passive‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ç‬‬

‫‪you‬‬

‫‪they‬‬

‫‪we‬‬

‫‪it‬‬

‫‪she‬‬

‫‪he‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪you  ‬‬

‫‪them‬‬

‫‪us‬‬

‫‪it‬‬

‫‪her‬‬

‫‪him‬‬

‫‪me‬‬

‫‪To Be‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ Tenses‬‬

‫‪Verb To Be‬‬ ‫‪am, is, are‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫‪Present Simple‬‬

‫‪was, were‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫‪Past Simple‬‬

‫‪am being, is being, are being‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬

‫‪Present Continuous‬‬

‫‪was being, were being‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬

‫‪Past Continuous‬‬

‫‪has been, have been‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬

‫‪Present Perfect‬‬

‫‪had been‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬

‫‪Past Perfect‬‬

‫‪shall be, will be‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫‪Future Simple‬‬

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 

ç 

be ‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓـﻲ‬

:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ will, would, shall, should can, could, must, had to, ought to

am, is, are

was, were

‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤﻥ‬

.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

been

being

‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺯﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻤـﻥ‬

.‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

.‫ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ‬

‫ـﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

‫ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﹼــﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Active Voice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

 Passive Voice

Shadi studies English. English is studied by Shadi. .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺸﺎﺩﻱ ﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬ She bought many books. Many books were bought by her. .ِ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﹸﺏِ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺸﹸﺭﻱ‬ They visited the farm. The farm was visited by them. .‫ﻫﻡ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ‬ .‫ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻡ‬ Samia is studying the map. The map is being studied by Samia. .‫ﺱ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬  ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﺩ‬ She is cooking dinner. .‫ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ‬Dinner is being cooked by her. .‫ﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬ She was arranging them. They were being arranged by her. .‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﹼﺒﻬﻡ‬ .‫ﺭﺘﹼﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴ‬ Television was being watched by them. They were watching television. .‫ﺸﹶﺎﻫﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴ‬ .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺸﹶﺎﻫ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‬ Huda is writing the letters. The letters are being written by Huda. .‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﻫﺩﻯ ﺘﻜﺘﺏُ ﺍﻟﺭ‬ .‫ﺩﻯ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ‬

They congratulated us. .‫ ﻫﻨﹼــﺎﺅﻨﺎ‬We were congratulated by them. .‫ﻨـﱢﺌِﻨﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬ He has mended a chair. A chair has been mended by him. 10. .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺴﻴ‬‫ﻠﹼﺢ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ‬ .‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ ﻜﹸﺭﺴﻴ‬‫ﻠﱢﺢ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺼ‬ They have built the road. The road has been built by them. 11. .‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ‬ .‫ﻨِﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒ‬

9.

12.

He drives a car.

13. We met them.

.‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻘﻭﺩ‬‫ ﻫﻭ ﻴ‬A car is driven by him. .‫ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻨﺎﻫﻡ‬They were met by us.

.ِ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ﺘﹸﻘﺎﹸﺩ‬ .‫ﻗﹸﺒِﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻨﺎ‬

14.

She had prepared everything. Everything had been prepared. .‫ﺕ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺩ‬

15.

It was making much noise. Much noise was being made by it. .‫ ﻀﺠﺔﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺩِﺭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺼ‬ .‫ﺍﺌِﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﻀﺠﺔﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬‫ﺩَﺭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﹸﺼ‬

16. I have remembered it. 17.

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.‫ﺘﹶﻪ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﹶﺫﹶﻜﹼـﺭ‬

It has been remembered by me.

.‫ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃُﻋِﺩ‬

.‫ﻩ‬‫ ﻟﻲ ﺘﺫﻜﹸﺭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬

The government will build a bridge. A bridge will be built. .‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺠﺴﺭ‬ .‫ﺴﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﺴﺭﺍﹰ‬ .(‫ﺫﻓﺕ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬the government ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬)

    | :‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭلِ ﻴ‬‫ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫( ﻓﺈﻥ‬Defective Verb) ‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻌل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺠ‬.1 The Defective Verb + be + P.P be 

× 

will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must - ought to (had to).  Active Voice 1.

He may bring them.

 Passive Voice

They may be brought by him. .‫ﻡ‬‫ﻫ‬‫ﺤﻀِﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ .ِ‫ﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻪ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤ‬

2.

They will cross the lake. The lake will be crossed by them. .‫ﺤﻴﺭﺓﹶ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺒ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺴﻴﻌﺒﺭﻭﻥ‬ .‫ﺒﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬِﻡ‬‫ﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﻋ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒ‬

3.

She can not carry it. It can not be carried by her. .‫ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﺤﻤلَ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻬﺎ‬ -:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺭﻜﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ‬.2  have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + -: ‫( ﺘﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬Passive) ‫ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬  have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be + 

 Active Voice 1.

 Passive Voice

Everyone has to follow the orders. The orders have to be followed. .‫ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ‬ .‫ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺩٍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﹼﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬The ‫( ﻷ‬have) ‫ل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫( ﺘﺤﻭ‬has) ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬

.‫ ﺠﻤﻊ‬orders

They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out. .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﹸﻩ‬ 2. project. .‫ﺴﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫِ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ (‫ﻔﺭﺩ‬‫ ﻤ‬project ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻷﻥ‬is ‫ ﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬are  I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared. 3. .‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺴﺄُﺤﻀ‬ .‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬ .(Passive) ‫ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬Verb To Be ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺠ‬.4  Active Voice 1. 2. 58

 Passive Voice

He does not make the mistake. .‫ﻘﹸﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬

The mistake is not made by him. .‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬

I did not write the lesson.

The lesson was not written by me. .‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪُ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬

.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺩ‬  ‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﻜﹾﺘﹸ‬

 3. 4.

They have not met Ali. .‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬

Ali has not been met by them. .‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻴ‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬

She won't write the letter. .‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏَ ﺍﻟﺭ‬

The letter won't be written by her. .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔﹶ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﺘﹸﻜﹾﺘﹶﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬

‫( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤلُ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨـﻲ‬Passive) ‫( ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﺘﻠِﻙ ﻜﻔﻌلٍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Verb to Have) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬.5 -:‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬

  possess  own  belong to + P.P   Active Voice 1.

I have a car.

2.

I had a car.

 Passive Voice

.‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺘﻠِﻙ‬A car is had by me. XX ‫ﺨﻁﺄ‬ A car is owned by me. Or: A car is possessed by me. .(‫ﻤﺘﻠﻜﺔﹰ ﻟﻲ )ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒﻠﻲ‬‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻤ‬ Or: A car belongs to me. .‫ ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻜﺕﹸ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬A car was owned by me. Or: A car was possessed by me. Or: A car was belonged to me. .‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺍﻤﺘﹸﻠِﻜﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒﻠﻲ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻅﹼﺭﻑ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺘﹼـﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟـﺙ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬Adverb of Manner) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬.6 .‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﻤ‬

 Active Voice 1.

The teacher punished the lazy boy severely.

.ٍ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭﺓ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬‫ﺱ ﻋﺎﻗﹶﺏ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬

 Passive Voice The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.

.‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻭل ﺒﻘﺴﻭﺓٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻭﻗِﺏ‬‫ﻋ‬

Mother cooks the food excellently. The food is excellently cooked by mother. .‫ﻲ‬‫ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﺠﻴﺩﺓٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺃُﻤ‬‫ﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﻴ‬ .ٍ‫ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓٍ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‬‫ﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﺦﹸ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﺃُﻤ‬ He speaks English well. English is well spoken by him. 3. .‫ﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ ﺘﹸﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬ 2.

‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌلِ ﻋﻨﺩ‬‫ ﻴﻅل‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ‬،‫( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬Preposition) ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔِ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠِﺩ‬.7 .‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠ‬  Active Voice

59

 Passive Voice

1.

They are looking for the map. The map is being looked for by them. .ِ‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﺤﺜﻭﻥَ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ .‫ﺙﹸ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔﹶ ﻴ‬

2.

She looks after her children. Her children are looked after by her. .‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﻋﻰ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ‬ .‫ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺭﻋ‬‫ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ ﻴ‬

3.

I looked at the picture carefully. The picture was carefully looked at by me. .(ٍ‫ﻭﺭﺓِ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔٍ )ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭﺕﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ .‫ﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﹸﻅِﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔٍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀـﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤل ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭلٍ ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ‪‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﹼﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓٍ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌلِ(‪.‬‬

‫§‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻤ‪‬ﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻤ‪‬ﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺤ‪‬ﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻨﺎﺌﺏ‬

‫§‬

‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ‪ to‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ }ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﹸﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ( ﻨﻀﻊ ‪ to‬ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ({‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻡ ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪They gave me a present.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪(2‬‬

‫§‬

‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻷﻭل( ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Active Voice‬‬

‫‪ Passive Voice‬‬

‫‪A present was given to me by them.‬‬ ‫‪They gave me a present.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻁﻭﻨﻲ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ ﺃُﻋﻁِﻴﺕ ﻟﻲ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Or: I was given a present by them.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃُﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﻫﺩﻴ‪‬ﺔﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪They were taught many lessons by him.‬‬ ‫ﻋ‪‬ﻠﱢﻤﻭﺍ ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘِﻪِ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﻋ‪‬ﻠﱢﻤ‪‬ﺕﹾ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪He taught them many lessons.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﹼﻤ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻡ ﺩ‪‬ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬

‫ﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻻ ﻴﺠـﻭﺯ‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﺎلٍ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭﻍﹶ ﺠﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﻭﻕٍ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ٍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‪:‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔِ‪.‬‬

‫‪Samy went to school.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺠﺭ‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ ،(to +‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻴﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬـﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎل ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ‬ ‫)ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (to +‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻔﻌﻭﻟِﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫ﻴ‪‬ﺭﺴِل‬

‫‪ send‬ﻴﻨﺼﺢ‬

‫‪ advise‬ﻴ‪‬ﺨﺒﺭ‬

‫‪tell‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺭﺽ‬

‫‪ offer‬ﻴﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ‬

‫‪ expect‬ﻴﺴﺄل‬

‫‪ask‬‬

‫‪ Passive Voice‬‬

‫‪ Active Voice‬‬

‫‪He advised me to give up smoking.‬‬ ‫‪I was advised to give up smoking.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺃُﻗﻠِﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﻨﹸﺼِﺤﺕﹸ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺃُﻗﻠِﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺩﺨﻴﻥِ‪.‬‬

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 -:‫ﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻴ‬

 Active Voice

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 Passive Voice

I never expected the police to arrest the thief. I never expected the thief to be arrested. .ِ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ ﺘﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ‬ .ِ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ ﺃُﻟﻘِﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﺃﺘﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﻤﺠﻬـﻭل‬‫ ﻓﺎﻋـل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻴ‬،‫ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠ‬.11 -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬، (Passive) ‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻪ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻴ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬somebody

people someone

‫ ﻤﺎ‬‫ ﺃﺤﺩ‬the police

‫ ﻤﺎ‬‫ ﺸﺨﺹ‬nobody

‫ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬the government

 Active Voice

‫ﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬

 Passive Voice

The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested. .‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻔﺕ )ﺃﻟﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ( ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ ﺃُﻭﻗِﻑ )ﺃُﻟﻘِﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ 1. .‫ﺫِﻓﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬The police ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

2.

Someone stole her jewels yesterday. Her jewels were stolen yesterday. .ِ‫ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺭﻕﹶ ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ .ِ‫ﺭِﻗﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺫﻓﺕ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﺘﹸـﻀﻴﻑ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬Someone ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ 

.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬

Nobody has attacked him yet. He has not attacked yet. .(‫ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻬﺎﺠﻤﻪ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ .(‫ﻡَ ﺒﻌﺩ )ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻬﺎﺠ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬ 3. .‫ﺫِﻓﺕ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺤ‬Nobody ‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ -:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.12 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬

People say Doctors believe

‫ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ‬

Scientists know

People think

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﻠﻤﻭﻥ‬

One newspaper reports

‫ﺤﻑ ﺘﻨﺸﺭ‬‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ‬The police allege

‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬

-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬  Active Voice People say…. People said ….

‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬It is said.... ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻟﻭﺍ‬It was said ….

Doctors believe....

‫ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬It is believed ….

People knew.…

‫ ﻋﺭِﻓﻭﺍ‬/ ‫ً ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻋﻠِﻤﻭﺍ‬It was known ….

The police allege….

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 Passive Voice

‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬It is alleged….

.... ‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬ .... ‫ﻗﻴل ﺒﺄﻥ‬ .... ‫ﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬ .... ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ .... ‫ﻋﻲ‬‫ﺃُﺩ‬

 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Active Voice

 Passive Voice

People say that he is mad. It is said that he is mad. Or: He is said to be mad. 1. .‫ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬

.‫ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ َ‫ﻗِﻴل‬ People say that peace will prevail soon. It is said that peace will prevail soon. 2. .‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ ﺴﻴﻌ‬‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon. .‫ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ ﺴﻴﻌ‬‫ﻼﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬ The police allege that the thief escaped. It is alleged that the thief escaped. 3. .‫ ﻫﺭﺏ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻋﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﺘﺩ‬Or: The thief is said to be escaped. .‫ ﻫﺭﺏ‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﺹ‬‫ﻋﻰ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻨﻪ‬ People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round. .‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ‬Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round. 4. .‫ﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬ ‫( ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬Reflexive Pronoun) ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻤ‬،(َ‫ل‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻉ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ )ﻴ‬Let ‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬.13 -:‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

 Active Voice

 Passive Voice

Don't let yourself (or: yourselves) be heard. Don't let people hear you. .‫ﻭﻙ‬‫ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﺴﻤﻌ‬ .‫ﻻ ﺘﺩﻉ ﻨﻔﺴﻙ )ﺼﻭﺘﻙ( ﻤﺴﻤﻭﻋﺔﹰ‬ He let people cheat him. He let himself be cheated. 2. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺘﹸﻐﺵ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻐﺸﻭﻩ‬ 1.

 Smile . . . tomorrow may be worse.  . 

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 2.Order .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻐﻠﹸﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬

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-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺠ‬

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 Let + object + be + P.P  be  Active Voice 1.

Open the window.

 Passive Voice Let the window be opened.

.‫ﺍﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓـﺫﺓﹶ‬

.‫ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﻓﺫﺓﹶ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔﹰ‬ Let this medicine be kept away from heat. Keep this medicine away from heat. 2. .‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺎﹰ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﺩ‬ Clean the room. Let the room be cleaned. 3. .‫ﻨﻅِّﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓـﺔﹶ‬ .‫ﺍﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻐﹸﺭﻓﺔﹶ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔﹰ‬ Give me your book. 4.

.‫ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ‬

Let your book be given to me. .‫ﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﻲ‬‫ﻉ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ ﻴ‬‫ﺩ‬ Or: Let me be given your book. .‫ﻋﻨﻲ ﺃُﻋﻁﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻙ‬‫ﺩ‬

If you think education is expensive -- try ignorance. .

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 3. Question 

 

ç 

 Question

begins with a question word (Yes, NO question) 

begins with a helping verb (Wh- question)  

 (Yes, NO question)

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.(‫ ﻭﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ ٍﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺅﺍل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻴ‬.1 .‫( ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ‬Passive ) ‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬.2

‫ ﻭﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔِ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ‬.3 .ِ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬  (Wh- question)

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 

‫( ﻤﻊ ﺇﺘﹼﺒـﺎﻉ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( )ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬By whom) ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( ) ﻤ‬Who) ‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.1 (By whom

Who) .‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

‫ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋـل( ﻤـﻊ ﺇﺘﹼﺒـﺎﻉ‬‫ـﻥ‬‫( )ﻤ‬Who) ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻭل( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫( )ﻤ‬Whom) ‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‬.2 (Who  Active Voice Did she help him? 1.

2.

Whom) .‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

 Passive Voice

1. She helped him. ‫؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‬2. He was helped by her. 3. Was he helped by her?

‫ﻭﻋِﺩ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺴ‬ Can anyone answer this question? 1. Anyone can answer this question. ‫ﺅﺍل؟‬‫ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻫل ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ‬2. This question can be answered. 3. Can this question be answered? ‫ﺅﺍل؟‬‫ﻫل ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥِ ﺤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

3.

Does she break the plates? 1. She breaks the plates. ‫ﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻲ ﺘﹸﻜﹶﺴ‬2. The plates are broken by her. 3. Are the plates broken by her? ‫ﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺘﹸﻜﺴ‬

4.

Were they playing football? 1. They were playing football. ‫ ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ؟‬2. Football was being played by them. 3. Was football being played them by? ‫ﻫل ﻟﹸﻌِﺒﺕ ﻜﹸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟‬

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 5.

Have they painted the walls? 1. They have painted the walls. ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻥ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺠ‬2. The walls have been painted by them. 3. Have the walls been painted by them? ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﻡ؟‬‫ﻫِﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﺩ‬

6.

Why are you making a fuss? 1. You are making a fuss. ‫ﺔﹰ؟‬‫ﻠﹶﺒ‬‫ ﺠ‬‫ﺩﺜﹸﻭﻥ‬‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ‬2. A fuss is being made by you. 3. Why is a fuss being made by you? ‫ﺔﹰ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻜﻡ؟‬‫ﻠﹶﺒ‬‫ﺙﹸ ﺠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺤ‬

7.

8.

Will Ali write the lesson? 1. Ali will write the lesson. ‫ﺭﺱ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻫل ﺴﻴﻜﺘﹸﺏ‬2. The lesson will be written by Ali. 3. Will the lesson be written by Ali? ‫ﺭﺱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺎً ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺍﻟﺩ‬ Where did she hide it? 1. She hid it. ‫؟‬‫ـﺄﺘﻪ‬‫ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺨﺒ‬2. It was hidden by her. 3. Where was it hidden by her? ‫ﺊ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺘﻬﺎ؟‬‫ﺃﻴﻥ ﺨﹸﺒ‬ Who killed the cat?

1. The cat was killed. ‫ ﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﺘﹶلَ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟‬2. Was the cat killed? 9. 3. By whom was the cat killed? ‫ ﻗﹸﺘِﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘِﻁﹼﺔ؟‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬ Who will carry out the project? 1. The project will be carried out. ‫ﻨﻔﹼﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬‫ ﻤﻥ‬2. Will the project be carried out? 10. 3. By whom will the project be carried out? ‫ﻨﻔﺫﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ؟‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤ‬ Whom did you meet? 1. I met someone. ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺕ؟‬ َ ‫ﻥ‬‫ ﺒﻤ‬2. Someone was met by me. 3. Was someone met by me? 11. 4. Who was met by you? ‫ ﻗﹸﻭﺒِلَ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻙ؟‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬

All great discoveries are made by mistake. .  

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 

Exercise No. 15

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice   Change Into Passive Voice:

:‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻭل‬‫ﺤﻭ‬ .‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ٍ ٍ‫ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺏ‬

1.

Kamel wrote many letters.

2.

They may have to cancel the meeting.

3.

He was carrying two big bags .

4.

I shall help him.

.‫ﻩ‬‫ﺴـﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬

5.

She ate an apple.

.‫ﺔﹰ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﹶﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﺘﹸﻔﹶﺎﺤ‬

6.

Passing cars have crushed it.

.‫ﺓ‬‫ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﻫﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

7.

The man is carrying a heavy box.

.‫ﻨﺩﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺜﻘﻴﻼﹰ‬‫ل ﺼ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺭ‬

8.

Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary.

9.

She was washing clothes.

10. You can keep these papers. 11. They could not open the door. 12. She has written twenty letters to her friends. 13. He is looking for his bag. He gave them many useful lessons. 14. a) Begin with: They…….. b) Begin with: Many useful lessons……. I showed him my new book. 15. a) Begin with: He……… b) Begin with: My new book……. He offered us a big house in Gaza. 16. a) Begin with: We……. b) Begin with: A big house in Gaza……….. 17. People say that there is no water on the moon. 18. I am having a car. 19. Don't open the door. 20. Give this book to Emad. 21. I don't want any buildings here. 22. You must leave everything as it is. 23. They have not cleaned the room. 66

.‫ﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬‫ﻭﻥ ﻷﻥ ﻴﻠﻐﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﻁﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﺭ‬ .‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻤل ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬

.‫ﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻁﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺴﺎﹰ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻤ‬‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ .‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻐﺴل ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ‬ .‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ )ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ( ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ .‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺘﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ .‫ﺕﹾ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﹶﺘﹶﺒ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘِﻪ‬ .‫ﺭﻭﺴﺎﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬‫ﻡ ﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻫ‬ .‫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃﺭﻴﺘﹸﻪ‬ .‫ﺓ‬‫ﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﺯﻻﹰ ﻀﺨﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬ .ِ‫ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ .‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ .‫ﻻ ﺘﹸﻐﻠﻕﹶ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ .‫ ﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﻁِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ .‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺒﺎﻥٍ ﻫ‬‫ﻻ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ‬ .‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬ .‫ﺠﺭﺓ‬‫ﻨﻅِﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤ‬‫ﻟﻡ ﻴ‬

 .ِ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺸﻔﺕﹸ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬

24. I have looked up this word. 25. People say that she is innocent.

.‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬

26. People said that she is innocent.

.‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﺔﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺭﻭﺭﻴ‬‫ﻀِﺭ ﻜلَ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ﺃﺤ‬

27. Bring all necessary things.

‫ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺕﹶ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻲ؟‬

28. Where have you left my car? 29. Do people speak English all over the world?

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﻫل ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺎﺱ‬

30. Will they allow us five minutes break?

‫ﻫل ﺴﻴﺴﻤﺤﻭﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﺨﻤﺴﺔِ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔِ؟‬ ‫ ﻗﻁﻊ ٍ ﻟﻠﻐﻴﺎﺭِ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹶ ﺃﻱ‬

31. Did you buy any spare parts? 32. Who asked both boys to leave?

‫ﻟﹶﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﻐﺎﺩﺭﺍ؟‬‫ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬

33. Who showed him the way?

‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕِ )ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ(؟‬‫ ﺃﺭﺸﺩﻩ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬

34. Who has cooked the food?

‫ﺦ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌﺎﻡ؟‬ ‫ ﹶ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻁﹶﺒ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺔ؟‬‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬

35. Who told this story? 36. When did they find the ring?

‫ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻡ؟‬

37. Is Ali writing the letter now?

‫ﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻫل ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ‬

38. Has anybody answered your question?

‫ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻙ؟‬‫ﻫل ﺃﺠﺎﺏ ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ؟‬‫ﻫل ﻴﺭﺒﺤ‬

39. Do they gain much money? 40. Why did not they tell me the truth?

‫ﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔِ؟‬‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ‬

For a "TRUE" problem, there is no solution. .

67

  Direct and Indirect Speech Reported Speech

‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺨﺹ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ‬-:() Direct Speech

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‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻫ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻘل ﻓﺤﻭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ‬-:() Indirect Speech

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-:‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡ ٍﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬

7

.(‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬

.‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬

 Sentences

  (Statement)

  (Question)

  (Command)

begin with a question word

begin with a helping verb

 

 





   

 

(Request)

(Exclamation)

 (Yes / No - questions)  

 What, Where, Who :‫ ﻤﺜل‬ Are, Do, Have, Will :‫ﻤﺜل‬

 1. Statement indirect(direct) 

7

 :‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﺃﻱ‬1  Direct Speech say

‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭل‬say - declare

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻌﻠِﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬

says

‫ ﻴﻘﹸﻭل‬says - declares

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﻌﻠِﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬

say to

‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬tell - declare

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/‫ﺨﺒِـﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬

says to

‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬tells - declares

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬/ ‫ﺨـﺒِﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬

‫ ﻗﺎل‬said - declared

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺼﺭ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

‫ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ‬told - declared

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺼﺭ‬/‫ﺃﺨﺒـﺭ‬

said said to shall say 68

 Indirect Speech

‫ ﺴﻴﻘﻭل‬shall say - shall declare

‫ﺡ ﺒـ‬‫ﺼﺭ‬‫ ﺴﻴ‬/‫ﺨﺒﺭ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (that‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﺃﻥ‪ (‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺘﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ )ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ـﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫‪ Past Simple‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬

‫‪ Past Perfect‬ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ‬

‫‪ Past Perfect‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫×‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬

‫‪ Past Continuous‬ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫‪ Past Perfect Continuous‬ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬

‫‪Present Simple‬‬ ‫‪Past Simple‬‬ ‫‪Present Perfect‬‬ ‫‪Present Continuous‬‬ ‫‪Past Continuous‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺸﻜل )ﺼﻴﻐﺔ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﻲ‪. had + been +  + ing :‬‬ ‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪ should‬ﺴﻭﻑ‪ /‬ﺴـ‬

‫‪shall‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪ would‬ﺴﻭﻑ ‪ /‬ﺴـ‬

‫‪will‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪ could‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬

‫‪can‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‪ /‬ﺭ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ might‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ‪ /‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ‬

‫‪may‬‬

‫)‪ had to (must‬ﻴﺠﺏ ‪ /‬ﻴ‪‬ﻠﺯِﻡ‬

‫‪must‬‬

‫‪ to ought‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪ought to‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ‬

‫‪ should have + P.P‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪should +‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺴـ‬

‫‪ would have + P.P‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـ‬

‫‪would +‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ‬

‫‪ could have + P.P‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪could +‬‬

‫ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬

‫‪ might have + P.P‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪might +‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻫ‪‬ﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ )ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ( ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗـﻭﺍﺱ )ﻓﻌـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ـﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻤ‪‬ـﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ‪-:‬‬

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  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ‬/ ‫ ﻫﺫﺍ‬that

this

‫ ﺘﻠﻙ‬/ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬

these

‫ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬those

‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌـﻙ‬

here

‫ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬there

‫ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬

‫ ﻫﻜـﺫﺍ‬so

thus now

‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬then / at once

today

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬

tonight yesterday the day before yesterday yesterday afternoon tomorrow tomorrow morning the day after tomorrow last .... last night ago a year ago

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

that day

‫ ﻓﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬/‫ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬/ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬

the same day

‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬

that night

‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

the same night

‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫ ﺃﻤﺱ‬the day before / the previous day ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻤﺱ‬two days before ‫ ﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺱ‬the previous afternoon ‫ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬the following day / the next day ‫ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻐﺩ‬the following morning ٍ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩ‬in two days' time

the previous ….. the .....before the previous night ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ the night before ‫ ﻤﻨـﺫ‬before / previous

‫ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬/ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬

‫ﻤﻨـﺫ ﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ‬/ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

a year before the previous year

‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ٍ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺩ‬

...‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

come here

‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻫ‬go there

bring this

‫ ﺍﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ‬take that

‫ﺨﹸـﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ‬

He said, "yes ".

."‫ "ﻨﻌﻡ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He agreed.

.‫ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

He said," No".

." ‫ " ﻻ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He refused. / He disagreed.

He said, "Good morning".

."‫ "ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

He said, "thank you".

." ‫ " ﺃﺸﻜﺭﻙ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬He thanked me.

He wished …. good morning.

‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬

.‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬/ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﻓﺽ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﺎﹰ ﻁﻴﺒﺎﹰ‬ .‫ﻫﻭ ﺸﻜﺭﻨﻲ‬

.‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‬‫ﻤﻥ )ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻤ‬‫ﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ 

×        

70

 Examples  Direct Speech 1.

3.

 Indirect Speech

He said to me, "I shall see you tomorrow".

He told me that he would see me the next day. .‫ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ ."‫ "ﺴﺄﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬

They say, "We shall play basketball tomorrow".

2.

‫ﺃﻤـﺜﻠﺔ‬

."‫ﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ "ﺴﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬:‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ‬

They say that they will play basketball tomorrow.

.‫ﻠﺔ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﻠﻌﺒﻭﻥ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .(‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‬‫ﻫ‬

She says that she is very happy today. She says, "I am very happy today". .‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬ ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭل‬ .‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬‫( ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬says) ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬

4.

•

We say that we are playing football now. We say, "We are playing football now". .‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ."‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬:‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل‬ .‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫( ﻤ‬says) ‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬‫ﻫ‬

5.

•

We said to Ali, "We are playing football now".

."‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ‬:ٍ‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﻗﹸﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬

•

We told Ali that we were playing football at once.

.‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻨﻠﻌﺏ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬‫ﻨﺤﻥ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴ‬ .‫( ﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬said to)‫ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ‬‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

6.

He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with his father the day before. father yesterday". .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻴﻪِ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ ."‫ "ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﺢ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬

7.

Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his father's advice to me". father's advice to him. ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺘﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻟﻲ‬:ِ‫ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻷﺨﺘِﻪ‬ .‫ ﻟﻪ‬‫ ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﺎﻩ‬‫ﺨﺒِﺭ ﺃُﺨﺘﻪ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻴ‬

8.

I said to the boy, "You have neglected your I told the boy that he had neglected his duties. duties". .ِ‫لَ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘِﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻫ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻟﹶﺩ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ."‫ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘِﻙ‬ ‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻠ ﹶ‬:ِ‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻠﻭﻟﹶﺩ‬

9.

He said," I must go now". He said that he had to go at once. ."‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﹾﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻓﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﹾﻫ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

10.

He said, "I must not go there". He said that he had not to go there. ."‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ " ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻﹼ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺫﹾﻫ‬‫ﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬‫ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﻴ‬‫ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

   |

.‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔِ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻓﻀﻌ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡِ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬.1  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

The boy said that he had written his lessons "I wrote my lessons yesterday", the boy said. the day before. 1. .‫"ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬ .‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺩﺭﻭﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻭﻟﺩ‬ 2.

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"You have written a good letter", said my father.

.‫"ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹶ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺒﻲ‬

My father said that I had written a good letter.

.‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﺕﹸ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺓﹰ‬



‫ـﺭ‬‫( ﻓﺤﻴﻨﺌﺫٍ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬shall say ‫ ﺃﻭ‬says to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬say to ‫ ﺃﻭ‬says ‫ ﺃﻭ‬say) :‫ﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﻤِﺜل‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‬.2 .‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬‫ﺃﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

 Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

1.

He says, "I feel hungry". He says that he feels hungry. ."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬ .ِ‫ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭﻉ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬

2.

I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for in the house". him in the house. ."ِ‫ ﻏﹸﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ "ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﹶﻙ‬:‫ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﻟﹶﻪ‬ .ِ‫ ﻏﹸﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﹶﻪ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺴﺄﻗﻭل ﻟﹶﻪ‬

3.

Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car tomorrow". tomorrow. ."‫ "ﺴﺄﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬:ٍ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬ .‫ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓً ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ -:‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ) ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل( ﻤﺜل‬‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.3  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

1.

He said," The earth is round". "‫ "ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬

He said that the earth is round. .‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ‬

2.

Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun. round the sun". .ِ‫ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻤ‬ ."ِ‫ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ‬‫ "ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬:‫ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤ‬ .‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻴ‬.4  Direct Speech I said," I want to speak to you, Ali". ."‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺭﻴﺩ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ‬

 Indirect Speech I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him. .ِ‫ﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴ‬

ٍ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠـﺔٍ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‬،‫ﻤل‬‫ﺔٍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠ‬.5

‫( ﻭﻨـﻀﻊ‬... ‫ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﻭﺃﻥ‬that ‫( ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﹼﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬Comma) (‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺸﻭﻟﺔ )ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬‫ﻔﹾﺼِل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺠ‬‫ﻭﻴ‬

.‫ﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫( ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠ‬and added that) ‫ …( ﺃﻭ‬and that …)  Direct Speech

1.

 Indirect Speech

She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it". had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that chair and then she did not find it. ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ‬.‫ﺕﹸ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﹶﻘﹶﺩ‬.‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻓﻊ‬:‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗـﺩ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬،‫ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﹸﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ‬

.‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺠﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻵﻥ‬.‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﹼﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺭﺴﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﹼﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺭﺴﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬

2.

72

.‫ﺒﻌﺩﺌﺫٍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ‬ I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport "Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ". the day before and that (and added that) the ‫ "ﻏﺩﺍﹰ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻓﺭ‬.‫ﺯﺕﹸ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ" ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺠﻬ‬next day she would travel abroad. ِ‫ﺎﺒﻕ‬‫ﺯﺕ ﺠﻭﺍﺯ ﺴﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺠﻬ‬ ."‫ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ .ِ‫ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝِ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬

 3.

Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late and that he had been about to leave when he late. I was about to leave when I saw you". had seen him. ‫ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕﹶ ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل ﻷﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺍﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻤ‬‫ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﺃﺨﺒﺭ‬ ."‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻙ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﺝ‬ .‫ﺝ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺁﻩ‬‫ﻭﺸﻙِ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺭ‬

.ِ‫ﻤﻠﺘِﻪ‬‫( ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜل ﻓﺎﻋل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺠ‬and) ‫ ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒـ‬،‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺠ‬.6  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed book", said Ahmed. said that it was his book. .‫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ" ﻗﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ "ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬."‫ "ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹸ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬:‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﻗﺎل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬

Always has been * always will be 

73

 Exercise No. 16

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Put the following sentences into indirect speech (Reported Speech)::‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻶﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺃُﻨﻘﹸل ﺍﻟﺠ‬ 1.

''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he ‫"ﺴﺄُﺤﻀِﺭ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻨـﻭﺍ ﻗـﺩ‬ said to them. .‫ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﺘﻡ" ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ‬

2.

I said to her, ''I have something to show you''.

3.

She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''.

4.

He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''.

."‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﺩل ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬

5.

She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''.

."ِ‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬‫ "ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻭِ ﻀﺒﺎﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

6.

Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk ‫ ﻜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ‬‫ ﺃﺠﺩ‬،‫ "ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ‬:‫ﺤﺴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل‬ beside my bed". ."‫ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺴﺭﻴﺭﻱ‬

7.

She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our house this morning''.

8.

He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning".

9.

He said," I must go again next week".

10. He said, "I hope to go there''. 11. He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book". 12. She said, "Iron is heavier than gold". 13.

15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year".

."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﻜﺜﺕﹸ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﻲ ﺒﻤﻨﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬ ."‫ "ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻤﺱ ﺘﹸﺸﺭﻕ ﻜلّ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ."‫ "ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷُﺴﺒﻭﻉِ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

."‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ ."ً‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻴﺕﹸ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ‬."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻐﻭلٌ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬:‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬

." ‫ "ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

."‫ "ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃُﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ ﻤﻌﻙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬

."‫ﻨﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺼﻭلِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ "ﺍﻟﺭ‬:‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭ‬

She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless ‫ ﻻ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬.‫ "ﻻ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬ you pay 300.000 dollars for me now". ."‫ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ‬300.000 ‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻲ‬

17. She said to him, "My bag was full of money". 18.

."ِ‫ "ﻓﻘﺩﺕﹸ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬

‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺤـﻀﺭ ﹸ‬.‫ﻜﻡ‬‫ "ﻁﺎﺏ ﺼﺒﺎﺤ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ‬ He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all ‫ﺕ ﻜﹸـل‬ papers. I hope to reach an agreement". ."ٍ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺁﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬.‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬

14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".

16.

."‫ ﻟﻙ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ "ﻤﻌﻲ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻷُﺭﻴ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻬﺎ‬

."ِ‫ " ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﱡﻘﻭﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬

She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some ‫ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬‫ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻋِﺭﻙ‬.‫ﻙ‬‫ "ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬ books. I have many useful books on this subject". ."‫ﻔﻴﺩﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻱ ﻜﹸﺘﺒﺎﹰ ﻤ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘﺏ‬

19. He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''.

."‫ "ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﱟﺼﻠﺕﹸ ﺒﻙ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬

He says, "We are living in a house near to my school. ‫ "ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻌﻴﺵ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨـﺯلٍ ﻗﺭﻴـﺏٍ ﻤـﻥ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭل‬ I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in ‫ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬.‫ ﻻ ﺃﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷُﺘﻭﺒﻴﺱ‬.‫ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ‬ 20. 5 minutes". ." ‫ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‬5 ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

74

 2.Questions  begin with a question word

begin with a helping verb

 

 

 What, Where, Who :‫ ﻤﺜل‬ (Yes / No - questions)  

   Are, Do, Have, Will :‫ﻤﺜل‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1.

2.

He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?".

(Direct)

He asked me where I had gone the day before.

(Indirect)

."‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹶ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ .ِ‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺫﻫﺒﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱ‬

Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''.

(Direct)

."‫ "ﻫل ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺒﻴل؟‬:‫ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺎل‬

Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long.

(Indirect)

.‫ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺴﺄل ﻨﺒﻴل ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﺙ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ‬

Indirect Direct

ç

.‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬.1

-:‫ل ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻜﺎﻷﺘﻲ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻴ‬.2  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech ‫ﻴﺴﺄل‬

ask saysay to

‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬

enquire

‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬

want to know

‫ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻭﺏ‬/ ‫ﻴﺴـﺄل‬

question

‫ﻴﺴـﺄل‬

asks sayssays to

‫ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ ﻴﻘﻭل‬enquires

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬

wants to know

‫ﺴﺄل‬

asked said / said to

‫ ﻗﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ ﻗﺎل‬enquired (inquired) wanted to know

shall say

‫ﺴﻴﻘﻭل‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺭِﻑ‬

shall say

‫ﺴﻴﺴـﺄل‬

shall enquire

‫ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬ .(‫ ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﻋﻼﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ‬.3

75

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻔﻌلٍ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩٍ )‪(Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be‬‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ if‬ﺃﻭ ‪ whether‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪ (...‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ٍ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡٍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much … etc‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ )ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل )ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔٍ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔٍ )ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭٍ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل( ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺎﻁﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )?( ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔﹰ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔﹰ )‪.(.) (Full stop‬‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﹼﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﺃﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺴﺘﻤﺭ( ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺘﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Indirect Speech‬‬

‫‪ Direct Speech‬‬

‫‪Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the‬‬ ‫‪yesterday, Azza?".‬‬ ‫‪film the day before.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﻋﺯ‪‬ﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕِ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ ﻴﺎ ﻋﺯ‪‬ﺓ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫‪She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".‬‬ ‫‪She asks Ali if he is happy today.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ‪ ":‬ﻫل ﺃﻨﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬

‫‪2.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯ‪‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻷﻥ‪ ‬ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤ‪‬ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫"?‪I said to Mazen, "Have you met the teacher‬‬ ‫‪I asked Mazen if he had met the teacher.‬‬ ‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕَ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ؟"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬

‫‪She wanted to know whether they had departed.‬‬ ‫‪She said, " Have they departed?".‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ؟"‪.‬‬

‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the‬‬ ‫‪yesterday?".‬‬ ‫‪day before.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ‪" :‬ﻫل ﻜﹸﻨﺘﹸﻡ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺱِ؟"‪.‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬

‫‪Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the‬‬ ‫‪problem?".‬‬ ‫‪problem.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤ ّل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹶﺤِلﱢ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟"‪.‬‬

‫‪6.‬‬

‫‪Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved‬‬ ‫"?‪the question‬‬ ‫‪the question.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕﹶ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤلّ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل؟"‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﺴﺄﻟﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺅﺍل‪.‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬

‫‪He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the‬‬ ‫"?‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫‪next day.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩِ ‪" :‬ﻫل ﺴﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ؟"‬ ‫ﺴﺄل ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ‪ ‬ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬

‫‪I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?" I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.‬‬ ‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻌﻠﻲٍ‪" :‬ﺃﻻ ﺘﹸﺼﺩﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‪‬ﺔ؟"‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺕﹸ ﻋﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴ‪‬ﺼﺩﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‪‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪9.‬‬

‫‪"What are you doing now?'' said John.‬‬ ‫‪John asked what I was doing at once.‬‬ ‫"ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻔﻌل ﺍﻵﻥ؟"‪ :‬ﻗﺎل ﺠﻭﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻥ ﺴﺄل ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃﻓﻌل ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‪.‬‬

‫‪10.‬‬

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 I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to London. 11. London?" "‫ "ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‬‫ﺃﺭﺩﺕﹸ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﻰ ﺴﻴ‬ 12.

"Who has finished his work?" said the man. The man asked who had finished his work. .‫ل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ؟" ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫"ﻤ‬ .‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﺭ‬ He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English?"

13.

He asked Adel where he learnt English. "‫ﺔ؟‬‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻌﺎﺩل‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺴﺄل ﻋﺎﺩل ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬

   | ‫ل‬‫ ﻭﻨﺤـﻭ‬،told ‫ ﺃﻭ‬said ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠ‬،asked ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ ﻓﻨﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻭﺠ‬.1 .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ‬،‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ﺅﺍل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬

 Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked going now?" where I was going then. "‫ ﺍﻵﻥ؟‬‫ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺏ‬.‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓﹲ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ "ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤ‬:‫ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﺕ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺎﹰ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤ‬ .and asked ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﺭﺒﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒـ‬.2  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea and asked how I should go there. there?" said Ramy. .‫ ﻗﺎل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ‬: "‫ﻨﺎﻙ؟‬‫ " ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻫ‬،"‫ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭِ "ﻫل ﺘﹸﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭِ؟‬‫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺏ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃُﺭﻴﺩ‬ .‫ﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ﻭﺴﺄل ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﺄﺫﻫﺏ‬

 

 |

:‫ﻎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺼِﻴ‬.1  Direct  What about..? Why don't you ..? Could I have... ? Would you like….?

 Indirect ‫؟‬...‫ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ‬suggest

‫؟‬.....‫ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‬advise ‫؟‬.....‫ ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ask ‫؟‬....‫ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ‬

offered offered to + ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﹸﺏ‬ ‫ﺽ‬‫ـﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬ ......‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ـﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬

‫؟( ﻫـﺫﻩ‬...‫ ) ﻫل ﺴـ‬Will you...? / (‫؟‬.... ‫ )ﻫل ﺴـ‬Would you…? / (‫؟‬....‫ )ﻫل ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﺕ‬Could you ...? .2 .‫ﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﹸﻌﺒ‬

ٍ‫ل ﻜـﺴﺅﺍلٍ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻭ‬،asked …. to ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫؟( ﺘﺤﻭ‬....‫ ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬، ‫؟‬......‫ )ﻫل ﺘﹸﻤﺎﻨﻊ‬Would you mind….? .3 .(if ) ‫ﻭﺘﻅل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ ﺒـ‬

77

 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

"What about flying?" he said. He suggested flying. ."‫ "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ ؟‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬ 1. ."‫ "ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ؟‬:‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬

.‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬

2.

"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him. ."‫؟‬‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺄﻟﹶﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ ﺃﺴـﺄﻟﹶﻪ‬‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﺘﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬

3.

"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﺕ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻱ‬

4.

"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book. "‫ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ؟‬،‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﻤﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃُﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻁﻠﺏ‬

"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door. said. .‫ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺃُﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ؟‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the 5. door. .‫ﺴـﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺍﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻔﺘﺢِ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ 6.

''Would you like a drink?" he said. He offered me a drink. ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

.‫ ﻟﻲ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﺒﺎﹰ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻋ‬

''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me. .‫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻅِﺭﻨﻲ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﻋ‬ 7. like?" he said. ‫ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬:"‫ﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹶ ﺘﺭﻏﺏ؟‬‫ ﺴﺄﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬،‫ﻙ‬‫"ﻫل ﺃﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬

It is the end that counts  

78

 Exercise No. 17 Change Into Indirect Speech:1. 2.

Soha said, "What do you want to do on Friday, Nadia?". Mona said, "How are you going to travel to France, Samia?".

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ :‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬ ."‫ﻤﻌﺔ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ؟‬‫ "ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻏﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻪِ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺴ‬ ."‫ "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﹸﺴﺎﻓﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ؟‬:‫ﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬‫ﻤ‬ ."‫ "ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼﻠﺕﹶ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬

3.

I said to my friend, "When did you arrive?".

4.

Mr. Hesham said, "Where was the voice coming from?".

5.

I said, "Did I make anything wrong?".

6.

"Would you mind waiting?" he said.

7.

He said to her, "How did you come here?" ‫ "ﻜﻴﻑ ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ؟" "ﻫل ﺤﻀﺭﺕِ ﺇﻟﻰ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ‬ "Did you come here on foot?". ."‫ﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡِ؟‬‫ﻫ‬

8.

She said, "Why do you blame me?".

."‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﻭﺒﺨﻨﻲ )ﺘﻠﻭﻤﻨﻲ(؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

9.

Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?".

."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻘﹼﺔ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬

10. "Could you wait a moment?" he said.

."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

."‫ﻭﺕ؟‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ "ﻤِﻥ ﺃﻴﻥ‬:‫ﻴﺩ ﻫِﺸﹶﺎﻡ ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﻨﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺕﹸ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻁﺄ؟‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which ٍ‫ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬‫ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻱ‬:‫ ﻗﹸﻠـﺕﹸ‬."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺭﻏﺏ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﺔٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ‬ way are you going?" I said. ."‫ﺴﺘﺫﻫﺏ؟‬ She said to me, "Can you do it before ."‫ "ﻫل ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻏﺩٍ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ 12. tomorrow?"

11.

13. Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?". "Why are you looking through the keyhole?" 14. said to him. "Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?" 15. he said.

."‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ‬ ."‫ﻔﺘﺎﺡ؟‬‫ "ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺜﹸﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤ‬:‫ﻗﹸﻠﺕﹸ ﻟﻪ‬ ."‫ "ﺃﻴﻥ ﻜﹸﻨﹾﺕﹶ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺎﺯﻡ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

16.

She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to ‫ "ﻫل ﻨﺤﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕِ ﻟﻨﺭﻯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?". ."‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ؟‬‫ﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ‬

17.

"How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?" Hassan said.

18. He says, "Is the weather good today?". 19. He said, "Is the weather good today?". He said to me, "Did you answer this exercise?". 20. I replied, "Yes". Or: I replied, "No".

79

."‫ "ﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﻤﻜﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻴﺎ ﺨﻠﻴل؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺤﺴﺎﻥ‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟‬:‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ ."‫ "ﻫل ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹶ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻤﺭﻴﻥ؟‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ ." ‫ "ﻨﻌﻡ‬:‫ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ‬ ."‫ "ﻻ‬:‫ ﺃﺠﺒﺕﹸ‬:‫ﺃﻭ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 3. Command (Order) ‬‬ ‫‪4. Request‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  .1‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻨﺎ‪" :‬ﻨﻅﹼﻔﹸﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪."‬‬

‫)‪(Direct‬‬

‫‪The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor".‬‬

‫ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺩﺭ‪‬ﺱ ﺒﺄﻥ‪ ‬ﻨﻨﻅﹼﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Indirect‬‬

‫‪The teacher ordered us to clean the floor.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‪" :‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Direct‬‬

‫‪My father said to me, "Don't be late".‬‬

‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻ ﺃﺘﺄﺨﹼﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Indirect‬‬

‫‪My father advised me not to be late.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ﻤﺎﺯﻥ‪" :‬ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻙ ﻴﺎ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﺭ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻋ‪‬ﻤﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﻁﻴﻪ‪ ‬ﻗﻠﻤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen.‬‬ ‫‪2. Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen.‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل )ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل(‪.‬‬

‫‪  ç‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻨﹸﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ordered‬ﺃﻭ ‪) command‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺭ‪ ،(‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤـﺎﹰ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪) prayed‬ﻴﺘﻭﺴ‪‬ل( ﺃﻭ ‪) begged‬ﻴﺭﺠ‪‬ﻭ(‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒـﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺴِﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ Please‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺤﻭﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ asked‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ،told‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺨﺹٍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤ‪‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭٍ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‪‬ﺘﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪) advised ... to‬ﻨﹶﺼﺢ‪ ،(‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔﹰ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـ( ‪ said to‬ﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ advised ... not to ...‬ﻭ ‪ ordered ... not to‬ﻭ ‪ ،begged ... not to‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل )ﺃﻤﺭ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻨﺼﻴﺹ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ( ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (to +‬ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ )ﺃﻥ(‬ ‫ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎﹼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﺎﻨﻲ )ﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌل ﺸﻲﺀ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺒﺩل ‪ Don't‬ﺒـ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ‪ (not to +‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ) ﺃﻥ ﻻ‪.(....‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ( )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺨﺎﻁﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏِ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﺩﻭل )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‪‬ﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

 Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other chance to prove his honesty and ability. 1. chance to improve my honesty and ability". ."‫ "ﺩﻋﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﹶل ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃُﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻲ‬:‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤ‬.‫ ﻭﻗﹸﺩﺭﺘﻪ‬‫ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺘﻪ‬‫ﻨﹶلْ ﻓﹸﺭﺼﺔﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺭ‬

The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an dress". other dress. 2. ."‫ "ﺃﻋﻁِﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﺨﺭ‬:‫ﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﻌﻁِﻬﺎ ﺜﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﺨﺭ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻩ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃﻤ‬ Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle for half an hour. 3. for half an hour". ."‫ﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻤ‬‫ﺍﺠﺘﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬:ِ‫ ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻋﻠﻲ‬ .‫ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﺠﺘﻪ‬‫ ﺩﺭ‬‫ﻌﻁﻴﻪ‬‫ ﻴ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬‫ﺴﺄل ﻋﻠﻲ‬ The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that point again. 4. this point again". ."‫ﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ ﺍﺸﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ﺱ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻠﻤ‬ .‫ ﻴﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺭﺓﹰ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺱ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﺭ‬ The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their names clearly. 5. names clearly". .ٍ‫ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬‫ ﺒﺄﻥ‬‫ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬‫ﺢ‬‫ﺱ ﻨﹶﺼ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ."ٍ‫ "ﺃُﻜﺘﺒﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺌَﻜﹸﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬:‫ﺱ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻸﻭﻻﺩ‬‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ She said to her husband, "Don’t trouble She advised her husband not to trouble troubles till troubles trouble him. 6. troubles till troubles trouble you". ."‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬،‫ "ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭٍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭﻩ‬،‫ﺴﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ‬‫ﻬﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨﺼﺤﺕ ﺯ‬ The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid. 7. ."‫ "ﻻ ﺘﹶﺨﻑﹾ‬:ِ‫ﺍﻷُﻡ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻔل‬ .‫ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺌﻔﺎﹰ‬‫ﺍﻷُﻡ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻁِﻔِل ﺒﺄﻥ‬

   | ،that ‫ ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬،‫ـﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺔ ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،(‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺠ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﺕﹶ ﺠ‬.1 .asked ‫ ﻴﺴﺒﻘﻪ‬‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﺅﺍل‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻴ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺔ( ﺘﹸﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow". take that medicine and said that he would visit me the next day. 1. ‫ ﺃﻨـﺎ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ "ﺍﺒﻕﹶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵِ ﻭﺨﹸﺫ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ ."‫ﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﺄﺯﻭﺭﻙ ﻏﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ ﺃﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺵِ ﻭﺃﺨﹸﺫﹸ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟـﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺒﻴﺏ ﻨﺼﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬ .‫ ﺴﻴﺯﻭﺭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡِ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻭﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ The poor man said to me, "Please, give me some food to eat, will you help me cross the road?" 2. ‫ ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌـﺎﻡ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠ‬

The poor man begged me to give him some food to eat and asked if I should help him to cross the road. ‫ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻌـﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺄﻜﹼـل‬‫ ﻷُﻋﻁﻴﻪ‬‫ﺴل ﺃﻟﻲ‬‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﺘﻭ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬

"‫ ﺃﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ؟‬‫ ﻫل ﺘﹸﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﺄﻥ‬،‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻜﹸل‬

.‫ ﻟﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻕ‬‫ﻭﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﺴﺄُﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ‬

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

.(‫ )ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬suggest ‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫( )ﺩﻋﻨﺎ( ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻌﺒِّﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻗﺘِﺭﺍﺡٍ ﻭﺘﹰﺤﻭ‬Let us) Let's .2

 suggested thatshould  Or:suggested  gerund + .....

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said. Mary suggested that they (we) should go to the cinema. ."‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭﻨﺎ ﻨﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ "ﺩﻋ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ .‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ )ﻨﺫﻫﺏ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ‬ 1. Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema. .‫ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﹼﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ He said, "Let's not say anything about this He suggested not saying anything about that subject". subject. ."‫ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ﻭﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﹶﻘﹸل ﺃﻱ‬‫ "ﺩﻋ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﻗﹾﺘﹶﺭ‬ 2. Or: He suggested saying nothing about that subject. .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬‫ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﻭل ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﺍﻗﹾﺘﹶﺭ‬   3

.asked ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬said ‫ل‬‫ﺃ( ﻨﹸﺤﻭ‬ .Please ‫ﺏ( ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

"Please, take a seat", he said to me. He asked me to take a seat. ."‫ ﺍﺠﻠﺱ‬،‫ "ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ .‫ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤِﻨﹼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﺱ‬

A chip of the old block.  

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 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 18

:‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤﻭ‬

*) Change Into Indirect Speech:1. 2. 3.

The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me the bag of maps". Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English book".

4.

The father said to his son, "Don't go alone".

5.

She said, "Forgive me".

6.

"Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said.

7. 8.

."‫ "ﺃﻋﺭﻨﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ‬:ِ‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬

He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera".

."‫ "ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﻟﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔﹶ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬:‫ﻨﺩﻱ‬‫ﺎﺒﻁ ﻟﻠﺠ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺍﻟﻀ‬ ."‫ﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻙ‬‫ "ﺃﻋﻁﻨﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬:‫ﻫِﺒﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟِﻠﻁﻴﻔﺔ‬

."‫ "ﻻ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﻟﻭﺤﺩِﻙ‬:ِ‫ﺍﻷﺏ ﻗﺎل ﻻﺒﻨﻪ‬ ."‫ ﺴﺎﻤﺤﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ "ﺍﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﹼﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ ." ‫ ﺍﻀﺭﺒﻪ‬،‫ "ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﺎ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬

"Please, don't smoke", said the lady to the .‫ل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻠﺱ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﺠ‬‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ‬:"‫ ﻻ ﺘﹸﺩﺨﹼﻥ‬،‫"ﻤﻥ ﻓﻀﻠﻙ‬ man sitting beside her. "Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring ‫ ﻫـل ﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ـﺴﺭ‬‫ "ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻲ‬ this bag with you?" said my friend. ."‫ﺘﹸﺤﻀﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻙ؟‬

9.

Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father ‫ "ﺍﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻗﹸل ﻷﺒـﻲ ﺒـﺄﻨﹼﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺃﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ‬ that I cannot come home tonight". ."‫ﺃﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯلِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

10.

He said to her, "Don't waste our money in this foolish way".

."‫ﻌِﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩِ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﺭﻴﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻘﺎﺀ‬‫ "ﻻ ﺘﹸﻀﻴ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ‬

Every cloud has a silver lining  .

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  5. Exclamation    ‫ﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬‫ﻁﺒ‬‫ ﻭﻴ‬،‫ﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺤﺔ‬‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺩ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﹸﻭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠ‬ ç .‫ﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

‫ﺏ ﻓـﻲ‬‫ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ‬how , what :‫ ﻤﺜل‬، ç :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‬‫ﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻤ‬‫ ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺠ‬ ،(!) ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ Ugh!

‫ﻋﺏ‬‫ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭ‬Alas!

!‫ ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ‬Oh!

!‫ ﺃﻭﻩ‬Hurrah!

!‫ﻤﺭﺤﻰ‬

  ç .ٍ‫ﺒﻁ‬‫ ﻜﺄﺩﺍﺓِ ﺭ‬that ‫ ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.1

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫لُ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﹶﺘﺩ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﺤﺫﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱠﻌ‬.2 .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻔﺭﺡ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

1.

say, cry, exclaim with joy ….

2.

say, cry, exclaim with anger ….

3.

say, cry, exclaim with sorrow ….

4.

say, cry, exclaim with admiration ….

5.

say, cry, exclaim with sadness….

.... ٍ‫ﺯﻥ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﺤ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

6.

say, cry, exclaim with regret …..

.... ٍ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﻨﹶﺩ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

7.

say, cry, exclaim with horror …..

.... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻔﺯﻉ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

8.

say, cry, exclaim with pleasure ….

.... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒِﻐﻀﺏ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒﺄﺴﻑ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ .... ٍ‫ﺏ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

.... ٍ‫ﻭﺭ‬‫ﺏ ﺒِﺴﺭ‬‫ ﺘﻌﺠ‬/ ‫ ﺼﺎﺡ‬/ ‫ﻗﺎل‬

.(‫ﺨﺎﻁﺏ‬‫ﺘﻜﻠﹼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋلِ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ )ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﻀ‬‫ ﻏﻴ‬.3

ٍ‫ﺘﻌﻠﹼﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭٍ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﹶﻜﹸﻥ‬‫ﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺤﻭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫( ﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺠ‬Tense) ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺭ ﺍﻟﺯ‬‫ ﻴﺘﻐﻴ‬.4 .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴ‬‫ﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ ﻭﺘﺘﻐﻴ‬،(‫ﺭ )ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓٍ ﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴ‬

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬  Direct Speech

 Indirect Speech

He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was completely damaged. 1. damaged". ."‫ﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻰ! ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻲ ﻤ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬ .‫ﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ‬‫ﺩﻤ‬‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤ‬‫ ﻤﺤل ﺘِﺠﺎﺭﺘﻪ‬‫ﺯﻥٍ( ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﺴﻰ )ﺒﺤ‬ He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize". He cried with joy that he had won the first prize. ."‫ﻰ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻓﹸﺯﺕﹸ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓِ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ "ﻤ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬ 2. .‫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺼﺎﺡ ﺒﻔﺭﺡٍ ﻗﺎﺌﻼﹰ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬ 84

 3.

He said with regret that he had been foolish. He said, "How foolish I have been!". .‫ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﺒﻨﺩﻡٍ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻪ‬ ."‫ "ﻜﻡ ﻜﹸﻨﺕﹸ ﻏﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

Fadi said, "What a great idea". Fadi said with admiration that the idea was 4. ."ٍ‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓٍ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ‬:‫ ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ‬very great. .‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‬‫ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎﺏٍ ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ."‫ "ﺸﹸﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

5. He said, "Thank you".

.‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﺸﹶﻜﹶﺭ‬

He thanked me.

6.

He said, "Congratulation".

."‫ "ﺘﻬﺎﻨﻲ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

He congratulated me.

7.

He said, "Liar".

."‫ "ﻜﺫﺍﺏ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

He called me a liar.

.‫ﻨﹼــﺄﻨﻲ‬‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﺎﻨِﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺫﹼﺍﺏ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺩ‬

 The absent party is not faulty.    

Exercise No. 19

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

*) Change the following sentences into indirect ( Reported) speech:-:‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤل ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﻭل ﺍﻟﺠ‬‫ﺤ‬ 1.

She said, "What a fool! You have spoilt everything."

2.

He said, "Happy Christmas."

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

."ٍ‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﻕٍ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺴﺩﺕﹶ ﻜلّ ﺸﻲﺀ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﹶﻪ‬ ."‫ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‬‫ "ﻋﻴﺩ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

The poor man said, "Alas! I have lost my only child." She said, "Hurry! My daughter has succeeded." She said, "Oh! What a nice dress. Thanks daddy."

."‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑِ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻀﻌﺕﹸ ﻁِﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬:‫ل ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭ ﻗﺎل‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ."‫ "ﻤﺭﺤى! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺍﺒﻨﺘﻲ‬:‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ ."‫ ﺃﺸﻜﹸﺭﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺃﺒﻰ‬.ٍ‫ ﻤﻥ ﻓﹸﺴﺘﺎﻥٍ ﺠﻤﻴل‬‫ "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﻴﺎ ﻟﹶﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ ."!‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺕٍ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬

"What a lovely girl!", he said. She said, "Oh! It's a snake. Don't get near it children". Khalil said, What a surprise! I have not seen you since we were in Paris ". He said, "Oh! My son has returned to me safe and sound ".

."‫ ﻴﺎ ﺃﻁﻔﺎل‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺒﻭﺍ ﻤِﻨﻪ‬.‫ﻪ ﺜﹸﻌﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ "ﺃﻭﻩ! ﺇﻨﹼ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ ."‫ ﻜﹸﻨﹼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬‫ﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ‬‫ ﻤ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ! ﻟﻡ ﺃﺭﻙ‬:‫ﻗﺎل ﺨﻠﻴل‬ ."‫ﻌﺎﻓﻰ‬‫ﻠﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤ‬‫ ﺴ‬‫ "ﻭﺃﻓﺭﺤﺘﺎﻩ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﺒﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻲ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬

10. He said," Alas! I shan't recover my money".





 Do as you would be done.  

85

."‫ ﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ‬‫ "ﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ! ﻟﻥ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﺩ‬:‫ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎل‬

 Exercise No. 20

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercise on Direct and Indirect Speech  

*) Change into Indirect Speech:-

-:ٍ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤ‬‫ﺤ‬

1.

She said to him, "I didn't find anything here. Where did she hide the bag? Go and make ‫ﺄﺘﻬـﺎ ؟ ﺍﺫﻫـﺏ‬‫ ﺃﻴـﻥ ﺨﺒ‬.‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ ﺸﻲﺀٍ ﻫ‬‫ "ﻟﻡ ﺃﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻪ‬ her think we've found it. She will come and .‫ ﺘﺘﺄﻜﺩ‬‫ ﺴﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﻭﺍﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ try to make sure. What a surprise! I've !‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺘﻬﺎ! ﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺠﺄﺓ‬ found it!".

2.

She said to me, "What a foolish deed you ‫! ﺍﺫﻫﺏ‬‫" ﻴﺎ ُﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻴﻊٍ ﺃﺤﻤﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﺕ ﻟﻲ‬ have done! Go by your own means to the ‫ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﻜل ﺸـﻲ ٍﺀ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬.‫ﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ‬‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼ‬ police. Tell them everything as it has happened. Do not tell any lies. It is better to ‫ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺃﻨﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﺃﻜﺎﺫﻴﺏ‬‫ ﻻ ﺘﻘﹸل ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ go to the police than to be arrested". ."‫ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ‬‫ﻘﺒﺽ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺭﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴ‬

Cut your coat according to your cloth.    

86

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Adjectives ‬‬ ‫‪  .1‬ﻫﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻤﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺭﺍﹰ‪ ..... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺠﻤﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤ‪‬ـﺫﻜﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻤ‪‬ﺅﻨﺜـﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺼـﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻔـﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ )ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺘﹸﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﺫﹶﻜﹼﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻨﹼﺙ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬

‫‪ç‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺫﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. He is clever.‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺫﻜﻴ‪‬ﺔٌ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. She is clever.‬‬

‫ﻫﻡ ﺃﺫﻜﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪3. They are clever.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓﹲ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‪‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺕﹲ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪‬‬

‫‪ an old woman‬ﻭﻟﺩ‪ ‬ﺫﻜﻲ‪ / ‬ﻤﺎﻫﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ a new house‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺃﺤﻤﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪a clever boy‬‬ ‫‪a red book‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻴ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ،Verb to Be‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. Fadi is polite.‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻁـﻭﻴﻠﺔﹲ‪.‬‬

‫‪2. She is tall.‬‬

‫ﺃﻨﺎ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪3. I am happy.‬‬

‫| ‪   ‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ‪ the‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﹸـﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫‪the poor‬‬

‫ﻓـﻘﻴﺭ‬

‫‪poor‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻏـﻨﻴﺎﺀ‬

‫‪the rich‬‬

‫ﻏـﻨﻲ‬

‫‪rich‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﱡـﺠﻌﺎﻥ‬

‫‪the brave‬‬

‫ﺸﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬

‫‪brave‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﻔﺔ ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‪ ...‬؟‬ ‫ﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ...‬؟‬

‫? …‪ Which‬ﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ‪...‬؟‬ ‫?… ‪ How much‬ﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ‪...‬؟‬

‫?… ‪What sort‬‬ ‫?…‪How many‬‬ ‫‪87‬‬

 Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines. .‫ﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻤِﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‬‫ﻜﺒ‬‫ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ‬  

×

.(How many...?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬numerous) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.1 .(Which…?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬these) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ‬.2

.(What sort…?) ‫ﺅﺍل‬‫( ﺘﹸﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴ‬reliable) ‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ‬.3

Comparison of adjectives  ‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﹸﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔِ ﺘﻭﻓﹼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

7

-:‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ )ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ( ﻫﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼِﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ‬(Positive Degree) .1 -:‫ﻤﺜل‬

.ٌ‫لٌ ﻁﻭﻴل‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺭﺠ‬

1. He is a tall man.

.‫ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓﹲ ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‬

2. She is an old woman. 3. I saw a tall tree near a big shop.

.ٍ‫ ﻤﺤلٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭﺃﻴﺕﹸ ﺸﺠﺭﺓﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻗﹸﺭﺏ‬

‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬(Comparative Degree) .2 .‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ (Superlative Degree )  .3 .‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬  

7  

 

 

‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬



 

 

‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

ٍ‫ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤـﻥ ﺼـﻭﺕِ ﺤـﺭﻑ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ‬ .1 -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(ٍ‫ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬

88

expensive

‫ ﻏﺎﻟﻲ‬dangerous

beautiful

‫ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬/‫ ﺠﻤﻴل‬important

‫ ﺨﻁﻴﺭ‬wonderful ‫ﻬِﻡ‬‫ ﻤ‬valuable

‫ﺭﺍﺌﻊ‬ ‫ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬/ ‫ ﺜﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﻗﹶﻴ‬



،(‫ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺕِ ﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩٍ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻔﻅ )ﺃﻱ‬ .2 -:‫ﻤﺜل‬

short big quick

‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭ‬

fat

‫ﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬

cold

‫ﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬

‫ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬/‫ﻀﺨﻡ‬

old

‫ﻥ‬‫ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬/ ‫ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬

tall

‫ﻁﻭﻴل‬

‫ﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬

hot

‫ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬/ ‫ﺤـﺎﺭ‬

thin

‫ﻨـﺤﻴﻑ‬

   

ç

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

ü

.‫ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬than ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬more ‫ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬   more + + than  

1. Nadia is more beautiful than Samira.

.‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

2. The lion is more dangerous than the dog.

.‫ ﺨﻁﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬

.‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﹼﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ )ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ( ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬the most ‫ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬  the most +  



-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬ 1. Water is the most important thing in our life

.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﻲﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬

2. Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class.

.‫ﺒﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﻤل ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

ü

 

1. Arabic is more difficult than English. 2. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket.

.‫ﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴ‬

.‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﺘﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻜﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻏﻼﺀ‬

3. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim.

.‫ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺤﺫﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺫﻜﺎﺀ‬

4. The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano.

.‫ﺭﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓﹰ )ﺃﺨﻁﺭ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒ‬

  

ç  

.‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺼ‬than ‫ ﺜﻡ ﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬er) ‫ﺃ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺸﻴﺌﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻴﻥ ( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ‬

89

  er than  er

-:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻭﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺠ‬

ü

.‫ ﺴِﻨﹼﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬

1. Fadi is older than Ahmed.

.‫ﺘﻐﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻁﻭلُ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﺘﻬﺎ‬

2. Tagreed is taller than her brother.

.‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬est) ‫ﻔﺔ ﻭﻨﹸﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ‬‫ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬the ‫ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺏ( ﻟﻠﻤ‬

the + est .ِ‫ﺴﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻁﻭلُ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

1. Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class.

.ِ‫ﻫﺩﻯ ﺃﺫﻜﻰ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

2. Huda is the cleverest girl in the class.

 .‫ﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬ‬

1. He is the tallest of them all. 2. The lion is the strongest in the world.

.‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﺓﹰ )ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺩ‬ .‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺨﺹ‬

3. This book is the cheapest one.

    | (er) ‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬:‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙٍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ )ﺃﻱ‬‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑٍ ﻤ‬،‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ﻀﻌ‬‫ﻗﺩ ﻴ‬ -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﻟﻠﺼ‬est) ‫ﺃﻭ‬



 

   

fat

‫ ﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬/ ‫ﺒﺩﻴﻥ‬

fatter than

the fatter

big

‫ﻀﺨﻡ‬

bigger than

the bigger

hot

‫ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‬

hotter than

the hotter

thin

‫ ﻨﺤﻴﻑ‬/ ‫ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬

thinner than

the thinner

‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ ﻓﻘـﻁ‬‫( ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬er) ‫( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬r) ‫( ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬e) ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺜﻨـﻴﻥ‬‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤ‬est) ‫( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ‬st) ‫ ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬،( + r + than) -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،(the + + st)

90

.1

.2

 

 

   

large

(‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ )ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬

larger than

the largest

nice

‫ﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬

nicer than

the nicest

simple

‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬

simpler than

the simplest

fine

‫ﺠﻤﻴل‬

finer than

the finest

(er) ‫( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬i) ‫ﻘﻠﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫( ﻴ‬y) ‫ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟـ‬‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬،‫( ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬y)‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ‬ -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻔﺔ‬‫( ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬est) ‫ﺃﻭ‬



     

easy

‫ﺴﻬل‬

easier than

the easiest

happy

‫ﺴﻌﻴﺩ‬

happier than

the happiest

Funny

‫ﻀﺤِﻙ‬‫ﻤ‬

funnier than

the funniest

heavy

‫ﺜـﻘﻴل‬

heavier than

the heaviest

noisy

‫ﺯﻋِﺞ‬‫ﻤ‬

noisier than

the noisiest

pretty

‫ﺠﻤﻴل‬

prettier than

the prettiest

‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻋﻥ ﻜﹸـل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﹼﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻫ‬ -:‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺎﹰ‬‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔِ ﺍﻟﺫِﻜﺭ ﺸﹸﺫﻭﺫﺍﹰ ﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬



 

 

 

good

‫ ﺠﻴﺩ‬/ ‫ﺤﺴﻥ‬

better than

the best

bad

‫ ﺴﻴﺊ‬/ ‫ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‬

worse than

the worst

ill

‫ﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬

worse than

the worst

far

‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩ‬

further than

the furthest

little

‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬

less than

the least

less

‫ﺃﻗل‬

lesser than

the least

many

‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ‬

more than

the most

much

‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

more than

the most

old

‫ﻋﺠﻭﺯ‬

older than

the eldest

Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬ 1. Nabil is better than Usama. 2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class. 91

.3

.‫ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﺴﺎﻤﺔ‬‫ﺒﻨﻴل ﺃﺤﺴﻥ‬ .‫ﺭﻤﺯﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

ç

      

 

 

more ++ than

 the most +

Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class. .‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﺩﻯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻫ‬ .ِ‫ ﺠﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬  er (r)than

 

  the ++ est (st)

1) Ahmed is taller than Ali. 1) Ahmed is the tallest of them all. .‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ .‫ﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻤﻨﻬ‬ 2) This question is simpler than that. 2) This question the simplest of them all. .‫ﺅﺍل ﺃﺴﻬل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ .‫ﺅﺍل ﺍﻷﺴﻬل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ‬

    | -:‫ﻔﺔ‬‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺒﻴ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.1   as ++ as .‫ﻫﻲ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺜﻠﻲ‬

1. She is as tall as me. 2. Mosab is as clever as Abed Allah.

.‫ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﺼﻌﺏ ﺫﻜﻲ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ‬‫ﻤ‬

-:‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ‬‫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ‬،‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.2  not ( as / so) + + as 1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah.

.‫ﺼﻌﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬‫ﻤ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔﹰ ﻤِﺜﻠﻲ‬

2. She is not so tall as me.

‫ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼـﻔﺔ‬‫ﻜﺔ( ﻴ‬‫ﺘﺤﺭ‬‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻔﻅﻴﻴﻥ )ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.3 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬

 



 

 

 

‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬

polite

‫ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‬

politer than

the politest

‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬

polite

‫ﻤﺅﺩﺏ‬

more politer

the most politer

،‫ ﻟﻸﻤﺎﻜﻥ‬in ‫ﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ( ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰً ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ‬‫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺤﺴﻥ )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹼﻔﻀﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﹸﺼﻭﻯ( )ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ ﺒﻌﺩ‬.4 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬of ‫ﻭﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ‬

92

 1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class.

.ِ‫ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒِﻨﹾﺕﹸ ﺍﻷﺠﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬

2. Khalil is the cleverest of them all.

.‫ﺨﻠﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﻜﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ‬

3. He is the tallest man in our house.

.‫ل ﺍﻷﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺭ‬‫ﺇﻨﹼﻪ‬

‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ‬est) ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ‬er) ‫ﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬‫( ﻴ‬ow) ‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒـ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬.5 :‫ ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬

 narrow

  ‫ﻕ‬‫ﻀﻴ‬

  narrower than

  the narrowest

If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.  . 

93

 Exercise No. 21

‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

I) Correct the words between brackets: 1.

Hany is the (old) student in our classroom.

2.

A train is (fast) than a car.

3.

Huda is the (thin) girl in the class.

4.

Football is the (popular) game in Gaza.

5.

Ali is the (good) football player in our school.

6.

Old men need (little) sleep than children.

7.

This is the (difficult) lesson in the book.

8.

Magda is the (clever) girl in the class.

9.

My table is (high) than yours.

10.

August is the (hot) month in the year.

:‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ‬‫ﺼﺤ‬

:‫ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬‫ﺃﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ‬

II) Choose the right word:1.

Ali is as (old – older – oldest) as his friend.

2.

This is the (easy – easier – easiest) exercise.

3.

Oxygen is the (useful – more useful – most useful) gas.

4.

I have bought the (good – better – best) television.

5.

This is the (interesting – more interesting – most interesting) book I have read.

 Conciliation is the matter of the law.   

94



Answers ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 1

13. ourselves

17. Those

10. it

14. myself

18. These

7. Your

11. them

15. themselves

19. This

8. mine

12. yourself

16. themselves

1. It

5. We

9.

2. He

6. You

3. They / It 4. I

my

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 2 I II

1. is

2. am

3. are

4. is

5. are

1. was

2. were

3. were

4. were

5. was

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 3 1. Did

2. does

3. do

2. have

3. has

4. have

2. get

3. write

4.

Exercise No. 6 I 1. takes II

95

2. speak

1. drinks 6. enjoys

3. watches

2. reaches 7. studies

5. hhas

6. has

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 5 1. help

5. Does

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 4 1. have

4. do

3. visits 8. gets

buy

5. study

6. help

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ 4. meet

5. gives

4. answers 9. shines

6. drives

5. goes / catches 10. visits

 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 7 1. bought

2.

made

3.

had

4. climbed

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 8

I

II 1. is waiting

1. are shouting Are you listening / 2. am saying 3. is typing 4. is making 5. are welcoming

2. is having

3. driving

are standing

7.

is building

is raining 5. hear

4.

was Samy telling was shouting / was studying was living / began was getting was talking / began

I

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

met were playing / wrote found / was digging arrived / was still sleeping was sitting / saw

II

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

rang / was leaving 6. had (was having) / was having 7. was cooking 8. were working / knocked 9. were playing / rained 10.

2.

has already eaten

Exercise No. 11 1. had drunk / finished 2. had cooked / came 3. had left / reached

6. think / know

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

was sleeping / came were you doing were coming / stopped jumped / was moving was watching / came

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 10

96

6.

8. am answering 9. is doing / does 10. am not wearing

Exercise No. 9

1. have not seen 5. has not met

finished

5.

3.

has never been

4.

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ 4. went / had taken 5. thanked / had saved 6. arrested / had stolen

have not finished

 Exercise No. 12 I 1. are going 2. will study

II

3. shall start

will clean shall see will visit will be shall take (am going to take)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Exercise No. 13 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

I

II

97

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

visits make / makes has lived shall finish move will travel will see examined / gave had worked / heard shall wait waited will come became borrowed has lived is watching had had was making / opened since see done hasn't finished think went / had left slept / received shall move

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

4. shall swim

5. will build

will arrive will study shall meet will you meet / shall meet will leave (is going to leave)

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

had left / reached haven't seen saw / sat are learning visited was learning / had came / had eaten are buying directs will fall was travelling / met

25. had seen / went 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

will visit ever never goes was walking / saw is jumping rang / had finished had finished / rang writes were they doing have lived / was

25. felt / had eaten

 ‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Exercise No. 14

I

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

has would / had comes / shall Were / would had stayed

II

Exercise No. 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 98

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

had won / bought obeyed / would not stop eat told would win

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

Many letters were written by Kamel. The meeting may have to be canceled by them. Two big bags were being carried by him. He will be helped by me. An apple was eaten by her. It has been crushed by passing cars. A heavy box is being carried by the man. He was taught French and was given a dictionary. Or: French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him. Clothes were being washed by her. These papers can be kept by you. The door couldn't be opened by them. Twenty letters have been written to her. His bag is being looked for by him. a) They were given many useful lessons by him b) Many useful lessons were given to them by him. a) He was shown my new book by me. b) My new book was shown to him by me. a)We were offered a big house in Gaza by him. b) A big house in Gaza was offered to us by him. It is said that there is no water on the moon. A car is being possessed by me. Or: A car is being owned by me. Or: A car is being belonged to me. Don't let the door be opened. Let this book be given to Emad. Any building are not wanted here. Everything must be left as it is by me. The room has not been cleaned by them. This word has been looked up by me. It is said that she is innocent. It was said that she is innocent. Let all necessary things be brought. Where has my car been left?

 29. Is English spoken all over the world? Shall we be allowed five minutes break? 30. Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them? 31. Were any spare parts bought by you? 32. By whom were both boys asked to leave? By whom was he shown the way? 33. Or: By whom was the way shown to him? 34. By whom has the food been cooked? 35. By whom was this story told? 36. When was the ring found? 37. Is the letter being written by Ali now? 38. Has your question been answered? 39. Is much money gained by them? Why was not I told the truth by them? 40. Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?

Exercise No. 16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

99

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished. I her that I had something to show her. She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day). He says that Adel has written him a long letter. She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before. Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed. She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning. He told us that the sun shines every morning. He said (that) he would have to go again next week. He hoped to go there. He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book. She said that iron is heavier than gold. He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped to reach an agreement. She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself. The man said that Spring is the best season of the year. She did not agree telling him that she couldn’t sign that contract unless he paid 300,000 dollars for her at once. She told him that her bag had been full of money. She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had many useful books on that subject. He told me that he had phoned me twice. He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.

 Exercise No. 17 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Soha asked Nadia what she wanted to do on Friday. Mona asked Samia how she was going to travel to France. I asked my friend when he had arrived. Mr. Hesham asked where the voice had been coming from. I asked whether I had made anything wrong. He asked me to wait. Or: He asked me if I would mind waiting. He asked her how she had gone there and inquired (‫ )ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬if she gone there on foot. She asked why I blamed her. Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap. He asked me to wait a moment. Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going. She asked me if I could do it before the next day. Her husband asked what a suitable dress is. I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole. He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night. She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices. Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza. He asks if the weather is good today. He asked if the weather was good that day. He asked me if I had answered that exercise. I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.

Exercise No. 18 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

100

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

He asked his friend to lend him his camera. The officer ordered the soldier to bring him the bag of the maps. Heba asked Latefa to give her her English book. The father advised his son not to go alone. She asked for forgiveness. (‫ﻤﺎﺡ‬‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴ‬ She urged (‫ )ﺤﺜﹼﺕ‬Nagi to hit the other boy. The lady asked the man sitting beside her not to smoke. My friend asked me to wait for him at the bridge and asked if I could bring that bag with me. Nader told me to go and tell his father that he could not go home that night. He advised her not to waste their money in that foolish way.

 Exercise No. 19 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything. He wished me a happy Christmas. The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child. She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded. She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy. He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl. She exclaimed with disgust (‫ )ﺍﺸﻤﺌﺯﺍﺯ‬that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it. Khalil said with joy that he hadn’t seen me sine we had been in Paris. He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound. He said with sorrow that he wouldn’t recover (‫ ) ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩ‬his money.

Exercise No. 20

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬

General Exercise on Direct and In direct Speech

1.

2.

She told him that she hadn’t found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag. She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it. She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.

Exercise No. 21

I

oldest or eldest faster thinner most popular best

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II 1. old 2. easiest

3.

most useful

‫ﺇﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬ 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 4.

less most difficult cleverest higher hottest best

5.

After black clouds* clear weather.   

101

most interesting