Diversity Of Education Systems
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DIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS IN CANADA Structure and organization of education in Canada
Diversity of schools in Canada Contemporary Canadian provincial governments fund a diversity of schools including:
Public school systems Separate school systems catering for Roman Catholic and specific Protestant denominations A variety of private or independent groups (Pentecostal Christian education))
Diversity of schools in Canada Public school system In 1985, Canada already had a substantial degree of diversity in the public education system. Several provinces supported more than one p public school system. y For example, p Quebec had separate p systems of English and French language school boards across the province, while Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan supported both “public” p and Roman Catholic school systems. y During g the 1990s,, in response to a series of decisions by the Supreme Court, all provinces also created self-governing Francophone school systems for minority language pupils; Ontario has both “public” public and Catholic francophone systems, giving it four public education systems.
Diversity of schools in Canada Alternative schools Further, many local school boards have long supported a range of alternative schools. Many Canadian school districts have a variety of p programs g such as multi-graded g alternative elementaryy schools, French Immersion (in which non-francophone children are taught in French), International Baccalaureate, and others.
Diversity of schools in Canada Ethnic schools In response to a growing recognition of ethnic diversity in the 1970s and 1980s, schools across Canada began to teach or even specialize p in a range g of languages g g including g German, Chinese, Hebrew, and others. Schools with a focus on Aboriginal culture and heritage, or on black culture and heritage, were created. The Edmonton Public School District was one of the most aggressive gg in creating a wide range of alternative schools, with extensive parental choice, within the ambit of the public school system.
Types of religious school systems in Canada Newfoundland, Quebec City and Montreal
Denominational
Separate or Dissentient
wherein all members of a given religious faith of voting age are, by virtue of the faith automatically the electors of the f ith’ school faith’s h l system t and d their th i children have a right to attend only schools of that system.
in which the members of the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority have exercised a right to withdraw from the p public system to form their own school district.
Newfoundland, Newfo ndland for example, e ample had four fo r denominational school systems: Intergrated Protestant, Roman Catholic, Seven Day Adventist, and Pentecoastal
For example, in Quebec City and Montreal two systems operate, one Roman Catholic and one Protestant
Types of religious school systems in Canada Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories By law in these jurisdictions, the first school system formed was the “public” system. If the public system embraced the Protestant religion, then the Roman Catholic minority was given the right to withdraw from the public system and d set up its own “separate” “ ” school h l district. d C Conversely, l iff the h public board adopted a Roman Catholic character, then a Protestant separate school board could be formed.
Types of religious school systems in Canada Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta In practice, the distinctions between separate and denominational schools has faded. As the years have passed, school systems have grown and almost all Protestant separate g p school districts in Ontario,, Saskatchewan and Alberta have merged with Protestant-majority public districts. As well, most “public” Roman Catholic districts have merged e ged w with Roman o a Ca Catholic o c sepa separate a e sc school oo d districts. s c s. Today, it is most common in these three provinces to speak to the nondenominational or secular public system and the Roman Catholic s stem although system, altho gh Alberta maintains one “public” “p blic” Roman Catholic school district, several public boards in Saskatchewan are dominantly Roman Catholic, and both Alberta and Ontario each have one P t t t separate Protestant t school h l board b d left l ft att the th moment.t
Types of religious school systems in Canada Quebec In Quebec, many Protestant dissentient districts merged with the Protestant denominational boards, while Roman Catholic dissentient boards for the most p part became p part of the p public system. y Traditionally, in Quebec, the Protestant school boards have been associated with the Anglophone community, and the public school boards boa ds have ave bee been assoc associated a ed w with thee French e c Ca Catholic o c majority. ajo y. Nevertheless, a few dissentient Protestant and Roman Catholic school boards remain.
Types of religious school systems in Canada
Rights to denominational, separate or dissentient schools are guaranteed in the Canadian Constitution
Types of private schools in Canada What is a Private School in Canada? If a private school is defined as one that operates outside of the provincially funded and governed school system, then there exist a number of different varieties.
Types of private schools in Canada Religious schools In many provinces these are excluded from the public system as a result of the terms of Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867. They may y be p private schools that operate p in p provinces, such as Manitoba, where the public system is strictly non-denominational. Or, they may be schools that operate according to the tenets of faiths outside the mainstream Protestant and Roman Catholic churches. These include Jewish and Islamic schools as well as those operated by the Mormon and other Christian communities. Parents whose children attend such religious schools are often required to pay fees for service to those schools. The parents are not, however, exempted from paying school taxes towards the maintenance and operation of the public education system.
Types of private schools in Canada First Nations schools These are excluded from the public system as a result of the various Treaties signed between First Nations and the Government of Canada during g the late 1800s. The federal g government is responsible for the education of First Nations children. Funding for Band schools is provided by the federal government and administered by the Chief and Council of the First Nation. Nation As education is considered a treaty right, parents do not pay fees or taxes to support their school. If non-Band members attend a First Nations school, school or Aboriginal students attend a school off-reserve, off reserve then tuition agreements are developed between the local public school board and the Band.
Types of private schools in Canada Independent private schools These schools modeled on the British public school, where parents pay annual tuition fees in order for their children to attend. There are many independent Th i d d t schools h l across the th country, t eachh off which attempts to establish or define a niche not met by the public school system. What is common to many, however, are that they stress the h smallll class l sizes i and d individualized i di id li d instruction i i available il bl to their students. Such arrangements are possible because fee levels can be manipulated in order to meet organizational needs.
Types of private schools in Canada Charter schools These are essentially schools that have been established to meet the needs of a specific population and yet which operate under provincial legislation. p g Theyy are defined as "autonomous p public schools which would provide innovative or enhanced means of delivering education to improve student learning. It should be noted that in law these schools operate p as p public schools and are not permitted to restrict enrolment to certain groups of students. In practice, however, there are some indications that charters are being written in such a way as to target specific populations.
Types of private schools in Canada Home schools Finally, there are those parents who choose to home school their children in an environment totally separate from a formal school system. y Such p parents have basicallyy withdrawn from the p public system and yet are unwilling, or unable, to send their children to organized alternative settings.
Funding of private schools in Canada
Funding for private education varies from province to province. It is nonexistent in the Yukon, but as much as 75% in Quebec.
Funding of private schools in Canada Ontario In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded, but other faiths receive no such funding. Ontario has several private Jewish,, Muslim,, and Christian schools,, but all are funded through g tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is not uunconstitutional. co s u o a . However, oweve , thee U United ed Na Nations o s has as ruled u ed that a O Ontario's a os system is unfair.
Funding of private schools in Canada British Columbia, Alberta and the rest of the provinces In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays 50% of the cost of religious schools that meet rigorous g provincial standards. The p p province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct d s c app approaches oac es too educa education o w within thee pub publicc sc school oo sys system. e . These ese schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Prior to any early organization among the settlers The native peoples of Canada were educated within the families and communities in which they lived. Basic early educational practices and beliefs were p passed on to the yyoung g byy an older g generation in order to maintain the individual culture and social order of the cultural group.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Early European settlers (1700s – mid 1800s) Education was not only a family matter, but an important concern of the Christian churches to maintain their control over the moral life of the earlyy settlers.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education The arrival of the first colonists from Europe (mid 1800s) It was inconceivable for the churches to separate their religious and education mandates. The colonists willingly provided land grants to aid the cause of religious g education. By 1842, Quebec, Manitoba, and Alberta had formal schooling. By the end of 18th century, three major religious denominations (Ch h off England, (Church l d Roman Catholic C h l and d Methodist) M h d ) were actively l promoting education.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Upper and Lower Canada The first schools in New France were operated by the church. In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to set up publiclyy funded education systems. p y However,, soon religious g divisions became problematic. At the time religious study was considered an integral part of education, but Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided d v ded ove over how ow thiss educa education o sshould ou d be de delivered. ve ed. In Uppe Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower Canada the Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic dogma. Thus in both these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic and a Protestant. Upon Confederation these schools systems were enshrined in the British North America Act, Act 1867. 1867
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Maritime provinces In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single Protestant oriented school system was established in each of them. In Newfoundland there was not onlyy the Catholic/Protestant / split, but also deep divisions between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one catering to each major denomination. de o a o . Eventually ve ua y thee major ajo Protestant o es a boa boards ds merged e ged intoo a an integrated school system.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Prairie provinces The three Prairie provinces adopted a system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the Catholic board,, sparking p g the Manitoba Schools Question. Eventually the Catholic school system in that province was merged with the Protestant one. British Columbia established es ab s ed a non-sectarian o sec a a sc school oo sys system e in 1872. 87 .
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Residential School System The Canadian residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal children, operated during the 20th century by churches of various denominations ((about sixtyy p per cent byy Roman Catholics, and thirty per cent by the Protestants) and funded under the Indian Act by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, a branch of the federal ede a gove government. e . Thee sc schools' oo s pu purpose pose was, acco according d g too thee Indian da Act, to "civilize" aboriginals, teach them English or French, convert them to Christianity, and end their traditional ways of life.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Private Schools About 8% of students are in private schools. A minority of these are elite private schools. These schools are attended by only a small fraction of students,, but do have a g great deal of p prestige g and prominence. It is not unusual for the wealthy and prominent in Canada to send their children to public schools, especially in the lower grades. A far a larger a ge po portion o oof p private va e sc schools oo s a aree religious e g ous based institutions. s u o s. Private schools are also used to study outside the country. For example CCI has an Ontario curriculum, but the students study in Italy.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Private Schools Private schools have historically been less common on the Canadian Prairies and were often forbidden under municipal and provincial statutes enacted to p provide equality q y of education to students regardless of family income. This is especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist conservative) governments denounced de ou ced thee co concept cep oof p private va e educa education o as thee main a cause oof denial of opportunity to the children of the working poor. These rules lasted longer than Social Credit; it was only in 1989 that private K12 schools were allowed to operate inside the boundaries of the City of Calgary.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Today Over time, the originally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known as the public schools, became increasingly secularized as Canadians came to believe in the separation p of Church and state,, and the main boards became secular ones. In Ontario all overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in 1990. In two provinces the e sec sectarian a a educa education o sys systems e s have ave recently ece y bee been eeliminated a ed through oug constitutional change. Newfoundland, after a close and controversial referendum, eliminated its multiple school boards, merging them into a single public board. In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French language/English language one.
SUMMARY
As in all immigrant societies, the spread of formal education in Canada followed a predictable pattern as religious orders and missions attempted p to "civilize" both the aboriginal g and the settler communities. All levels of formal education from the seventeenth century onward had their roots in Catholicism, Anglicanism, and after 1763, 763, w when e thee British s assu assumed ed co control, o, a w whole o e range a ge oof p protestant o es a denominations.
SUMMARY
Canadian educational history passed through several stages:
1700s to mid 1800s: church-controlled education Mid 1800 1800s: a more centralized li d authority, h i universal i l free f education, and taxation at the local level Late 1800s to 1900: the creation of provincial departments of education, a more consistent curriculum, better trained teachers, continued local taxation together with provincial grants From 1900 to the present day: the creation of Ministers of Education in each province and provincial governments playing an increasingly significant role in the shaping of policy and administration over time
SUMMARY
There is among the Canadian public an overarching belief in the moral rightness of a public education system. This system is based on the historical coming-together g g of three distinct models: the English g grammar school, the French parish school, and the United Empire Loyalist belief in local governance. With regard to public education, Canadians subscribe to three common social and educational values: equality of access, equality of opportunity, and cultural pluralism.
Pictures can also be presented more dramatically in widescreen.
Widescreen Pictures
Diversity of schools in Canada Contemporary Canadian provincial governments fund a diversity of schools including:
Public school systems Separate school systems catering for Roman Catholic and specific Protestant denominations A variety of private or independent groups (Pentecostal Christian education))
Diversity of schools in Canada Public school system In 1985, Canada already had a substantial degree of diversity in the public education system. Several provinces supported more than one p public school system. y For example, p Quebec had separate p systems of English and French language school boards across the province, while Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan supported both “public” p and Roman Catholic school systems. y During g the 1990s,, in response to a series of decisions by the Supreme Court, all provinces also created self-governing Francophone school systems for minority language pupils; Ontario has both “public” public and Catholic francophone systems, giving it four public education systems.
Diversity of schools in Canada Alternative schools Further, many local school boards have long supported a range of alternative schools. Many Canadian school districts have a variety of p programs g such as multi-graded g alternative elementaryy schools, French Immersion (in which non-francophone children are taught in French), International Baccalaureate, and others.
Diversity of schools in Canada Ethnic schools In response to a growing recognition of ethnic diversity in the 1970s and 1980s, schools across Canada began to teach or even specialize p in a range g of languages g g including g German, Chinese, Hebrew, and others. Schools with a focus on Aboriginal culture and heritage, or on black culture and heritage, were created. The Edmonton Public School District was one of the most aggressive gg in creating a wide range of alternative schools, with extensive parental choice, within the ambit of the public school system.
Types of religious school systems in Canada Newfoundland, Quebec City and Montreal
Denominational
Separate or Dissentient
wherein all members of a given religious faith of voting age are, by virtue of the faith automatically the electors of the f ith’ school faith’s h l system t and d their th i children have a right to attend only schools of that system.
in which the members of the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority have exercised a right to withdraw from the p public system to form their own school district.
Newfoundland, Newfo ndland for example, e ample had four fo r denominational school systems: Intergrated Protestant, Roman Catholic, Seven Day Adventist, and Pentecoastal
For example, in Quebec City and Montreal two systems operate, one Roman Catholic and one Protestant
Types of religious school systems in Canada Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories By law in these jurisdictions, the first school system formed was the “public” system. If the public system embraced the Protestant religion, then the Roman Catholic minority was given the right to withdraw from the public system and d set up its own “separate” “ ” school h l district. d C Conversely, l iff the h public board adopted a Roman Catholic character, then a Protestant separate school board could be formed.
Types of religious school systems in Canada Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta In practice, the distinctions between separate and denominational schools has faded. As the years have passed, school systems have grown and almost all Protestant separate g p school districts in Ontario,, Saskatchewan and Alberta have merged with Protestant-majority public districts. As well, most “public” Roman Catholic districts have merged e ged w with Roman o a Ca Catholic o c sepa separate a e sc school oo d districts. s c s. Today, it is most common in these three provinces to speak to the nondenominational or secular public system and the Roman Catholic s stem although system, altho gh Alberta maintains one “public” “p blic” Roman Catholic school district, several public boards in Saskatchewan are dominantly Roman Catholic, and both Alberta and Ontario each have one P t t t separate Protestant t school h l board b d left l ft att the th moment.t
Types of religious school systems in Canada Quebec In Quebec, many Protestant dissentient districts merged with the Protestant denominational boards, while Roman Catholic dissentient boards for the most p part became p part of the p public system. y Traditionally, in Quebec, the Protestant school boards have been associated with the Anglophone community, and the public school boards boa ds have ave bee been assoc associated a ed w with thee French e c Ca Catholic o c majority. ajo y. Nevertheless, a few dissentient Protestant and Roman Catholic school boards remain.
Types of religious school systems in Canada
Rights to denominational, separate or dissentient schools are guaranteed in the Canadian Constitution
Types of private schools in Canada What is a Private School in Canada? If a private school is defined as one that operates outside of the provincially funded and governed school system, then there exist a number of different varieties.
Types of private schools in Canada Religious schools In many provinces these are excluded from the public system as a result of the terms of Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867. They may y be p private schools that operate p in p provinces, such as Manitoba, where the public system is strictly non-denominational. Or, they may be schools that operate according to the tenets of faiths outside the mainstream Protestant and Roman Catholic churches. These include Jewish and Islamic schools as well as those operated by the Mormon and other Christian communities. Parents whose children attend such religious schools are often required to pay fees for service to those schools. The parents are not, however, exempted from paying school taxes towards the maintenance and operation of the public education system.
Types of private schools in Canada First Nations schools These are excluded from the public system as a result of the various Treaties signed between First Nations and the Government of Canada during g the late 1800s. The federal g government is responsible for the education of First Nations children. Funding for Band schools is provided by the federal government and administered by the Chief and Council of the First Nation. Nation As education is considered a treaty right, parents do not pay fees or taxes to support their school. If non-Band members attend a First Nations school, school or Aboriginal students attend a school off-reserve, off reserve then tuition agreements are developed between the local public school board and the Band.
Types of private schools in Canada Independent private schools These schools modeled on the British public school, where parents pay annual tuition fees in order for their children to attend. There are many independent Th i d d t schools h l across the th country, t eachh off which attempts to establish or define a niche not met by the public school system. What is common to many, however, are that they stress the h smallll class l sizes i and d individualized i di id li d instruction i i available il bl to their students. Such arrangements are possible because fee levels can be manipulated in order to meet organizational needs.
Types of private schools in Canada Charter schools These are essentially schools that have been established to meet the needs of a specific population and yet which operate under provincial legislation. p g Theyy are defined as "autonomous p public schools which would provide innovative or enhanced means of delivering education to improve student learning. It should be noted that in law these schools operate p as p public schools and are not permitted to restrict enrolment to certain groups of students. In practice, however, there are some indications that charters are being written in such a way as to target specific populations.
Types of private schools in Canada Home schools Finally, there are those parents who choose to home school their children in an environment totally separate from a formal school system. y Such p parents have basicallyy withdrawn from the p public system and yet are unwilling, or unable, to send their children to organized alternative settings.
Funding of private schools in Canada
Funding for private education varies from province to province. It is nonexistent in the Yukon, but as much as 75% in Quebec.
Funding of private schools in Canada Ontario In Ontario the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded, but other faiths receive no such funding. Ontario has several private Jewish,, Muslim,, and Christian schools,, but all are funded through g tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is not uunconstitutional. co s u o a . However, oweve , thee U United ed Na Nations o s has as ruled u ed that a O Ontario's a os system is unfair.
Funding of private schools in Canada British Columbia, Alberta and the rest of the provinces In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays 50% of the cost of religious schools that meet rigorous g provincial standards. The p p province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools, which are fully funded schools offering distinct d s c app approaches oac es too educa education o w within thee pub publicc sc school oo sys system. e . These ese schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Prior to any early organization among the settlers The native peoples of Canada were educated within the families and communities in which they lived. Basic early educational practices and beliefs were p passed on to the yyoung g byy an older g generation in order to maintain the individual culture and social order of the cultural group.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Early European settlers (1700s – mid 1800s) Education was not only a family matter, but an important concern of the Christian churches to maintain their control over the moral life of the earlyy settlers.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education The arrival of the first colonists from Europe (mid 1800s) It was inconceivable for the churches to separate their religious and education mandates. The colonists willingly provided land grants to aid the cause of religious g education. By 1842, Quebec, Manitoba, and Alberta had formal schooling. By the end of 18th century, three major religious denominations (Ch h off England, (Church l d Roman Catholic C h l and d Methodist) M h d ) were actively l promoting education.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Upper and Lower Canada The first schools in New France were operated by the church. In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to set up publiclyy funded education systems. p y However,, soon religious g divisions became problematic. At the time religious study was considered an integral part of education, but Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided d v ded ove over how ow thiss educa education o sshould ou d be de delivered. ve ed. In Uppe Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower Canada the Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic dogma. Thus in both these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic and a Protestant. Upon Confederation these schools systems were enshrined in the British North America Act, Act 1867. 1867
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Maritime provinces In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single Protestant oriented school system was established in each of them. In Newfoundland there was not onlyy the Catholic/Protestant / split, but also deep divisions between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one catering to each major denomination. de o a o . Eventually ve ua y thee major ajo Protestant o es a boa boards ds merged e ged intoo a an integrated school system.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Prairie provinces The three Prairie provinces adopted a system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the Catholic board,, sparking p g the Manitoba Schools Question. Eventually the Catholic school system in that province was merged with the Protestant one. British Columbia established es ab s ed a non-sectarian o sec a a sc school oo sys system e in 1872. 87 .
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Residential School System The Canadian residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal children, operated during the 20th century by churches of various denominations ((about sixtyy p per cent byy Roman Catholics, and thirty per cent by the Protestants) and funded under the Indian Act by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, a branch of the federal ede a gove government. e . Thee sc schools' oo s pu purpose pose was, acco according d g too thee Indian da Act, to "civilize" aboriginals, teach them English or French, convert them to Christianity, and end their traditional ways of life.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Private Schools About 8% of students are in private schools. A minority of these are elite private schools. These schools are attended by only a small fraction of students,, but do have a g great deal of p prestige g and prominence. It is not unusual for the wealthy and prominent in Canada to send their children to public schools, especially in the lower grades. A far a larger a ge po portion o oof p private va e sc schools oo s a aree religious e g ous based institutions. s u o s. Private schools are also used to study outside the country. For example CCI has an Ontario curriculum, but the students study in Italy.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Private Schools Private schools have historically been less common on the Canadian Prairies and were often forbidden under municipal and provincial statutes enacted to p provide equality q y of education to students regardless of family income. This is especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist conservative) governments denounced de ou ced thee co concept cep oof p private va e educa education o as thee main a cause oof denial of opportunity to the children of the working poor. These rules lasted longer than Social Credit; it was only in 1989 that private K12 schools were allowed to operate inside the boundaries of the City of Calgary.
The Emergence of Public/Private Education Today Over time, the originally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known as the public schools, became increasingly secularized as Canadians came to believe in the separation p of Church and state,, and the main boards became secular ones. In Ontario all overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in 1990. In two provinces the e sec sectarian a a educa education o sys systems e s have ave recently ece y bee been eeliminated a ed through oug constitutional change. Newfoundland, after a close and controversial referendum, eliminated its multiple school boards, merging them into a single public board. In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French language/English language one.
SUMMARY
As in all immigrant societies, the spread of formal education in Canada followed a predictable pattern as religious orders and missions attempted p to "civilize" both the aboriginal g and the settler communities. All levels of formal education from the seventeenth century onward had their roots in Catholicism, Anglicanism, and after 1763, 763, w when e thee British s assu assumed ed co control, o, a w whole o e range a ge oof p protestant o es a denominations.
SUMMARY
Canadian educational history passed through several stages:
1700s to mid 1800s: church-controlled education Mid 1800 1800s: a more centralized li d authority, h i universal i l free f education, and taxation at the local level Late 1800s to 1900: the creation of provincial departments of education, a more consistent curriculum, better trained teachers, continued local taxation together with provincial grants From 1900 to the present day: the creation of Ministers of Education in each province and provincial governments playing an increasingly significant role in the shaping of policy and administration over time
SUMMARY
There is among the Canadian public an overarching belief in the moral rightness of a public education system. This system is based on the historical coming-together g g of three distinct models: the English g grammar school, the French parish school, and the United Empire Loyalist belief in local governance. With regard to public education, Canadians subscribe to three common social and educational values: equality of access, equality of opportunity, and cultural pluralism.
Pictures can also be presented more dramatically in widescreen.
Widescreen Pictures
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