uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onf tvSw&m; cdkifatmifatmif &cdkifom;wdkif;u ta=umif;udpPwckckudk qkHrdajymrdwdkif;rSm wpkHwckta=umif;t&mudk vkyfuwfzdk h vdk h pkrdwdkifyifrdwdkif;rSm “nDnGwfa&;” qdka&pum;vkH;udk &&uf&a&mzazmooD okH;pGJyem ajymuwfqdkedefuwfaw? a'pum;a& ajym&pGm vG,o f avmuf ta*giaf *gihf taumiftxnfazmfzkd t h ydik ;f usa&cg uaumif;cufcpJ mG udk tm;vk;H ol&dk u h , kd w f DG =h uKHz;l uwfzkd v h kd h xifrad &? oaocscsm cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm=unfv h u kd af u ydv k kd yh if txJvm; &Syk f xGD;edefpGmudk jrifuwf&ygzdk h? ZmtwGuf uGsefawmf&kd h nDnGwfcsifpGmav? nDnGwfjyD;au Zmvkyfuwfzdk hvJ? Zm tcsed f Zmumvxd nDnw G &f zdk v h ?J a'ydik f nDnw G af &;jzpfpOfxrJ mS um; Zmol&dk yh guwf&zdk v h ?J Zmydik yf pHk rH sKd ;eef h Zmavmufxd yyl;uuyfnn D w G u f wf&zdk v h ?J tp,Sad & rde;f cGe;f wdukd ajzzdk =h udK;pm;edeaf & tcsdefrSmyif a'nDnGwf a&;c&D;pGm pdkif;pm;&cufyem ed*kH;csLyfvm;EdkifpGmu usdef;oDedefyga&? [kwfzdk hvm;vdk hESif;cH waygavsmh qdka&ydkif tiftm;pkpnf;csiv f kd n h n D w G u f wfzkd =h udK;pm;rdcgrS tiftm;ysuv f m;uwf&a& om"u tjzpftysuw f d trsm;=uD; udkavh uíefawmf&kd hywf0ef;usifrSm wGDuwfjrifuwf&ygzdk h? ,au wjcm;&GD;p&m tajz,Sdodrfh,Sifhvm;? u|efawmfhtjrifuawmhau uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;a& tvSw&m;/ obm0u zefwD;yD;xm;a& wefzdk;/ tESpfom& eef hjyD;jynfhpkHedefa& avmuoabm? a'ydkif yuwdjzpfysufwnf,Sdedefa& ed,mrt,Sdw&m;udk vufcHEdkifjcif;u&m oDG;ppfaw nDnGwfjcif;/ vrf;a=umif;rSefa& pnf;vkH;jcif;/ cdkifrma& oGD;pnf;jcif; vdk h qdk&ygzdk h? OyrmyD;&auyef;jcH =uD;wckxrJ mS yef;wrsKd ;wnf;&m,Sad u wckyikd af vh =unfv h kd v h v S zD kd rh [kwyf gAsm,f? yef;aygi;f pk/H ta&mifp/Hk oif;&eH h pkHrS&m yef;jcH.tvSudk jynfhjynfh00 qif,ifyD;jcif;vdk h owfrSwfuwf&ygzdk h? oZifuavh ol htvSeef hol/ ESif;qDu avh ol htqif;eef hol/ *E
ar#mfrSef;wefzdk; (expected value) u jrifhrm;jyD;au ar#mfrSef;&v'f (expected outcome) u tvGew f &m enf;edeaf &cg pdwyf sujf cif;wdeef h tm;aysmv h m;Edik yf em aemufxyf wckcv k yk cf siaf & qENacswad wmif aysmufvm;EdkifpGmu aocsmedefyga&? &ifavmufrSef;xm;pGm 'l;avmufrusbJ jcDz0g;atmufudk&m a&mufvm; uwf&jcif;a& a'edef humv&cdkifhvl habmifxJu nDnGwfa&;=udK;yrf;rSKbdkifpukyfjyuGufwdvdk h ajymau vGefvDzdk hvdk h rxifrdyg? &cdkif&kd ha'edef husifhokH;edefuwfaw nDnGwfa&;twGufcsO;f uyfrKS u twGi;f uspu f spaf w enf;AsL[mvdk h ajymEdkifzdk hxifyga&? tjyifuzdtm;wdrsm;vGef;vdk h twGif;xJrSm&m xGufayguf&Smyem wa,mufudkwa,muf ESaESmif;=uD;zufvdk huspfxm;uwfjcif;yifjzpfyga&? uspfzefrsm;au uGJ=uDwwfawydkif jyify0ef;usiftajymif;tvJ wdeef havh rsufjcDjywfusefvdkufwwfpGmu vl habmifavmu. qef;=u,feufeJa& y&d,m,frm,m vSnfhpm;jcif; wrsdK;vdk h qdk&zdk h xifyga&? woGD;wnf; woHwnf; wrdef hwnf; bdk hwbdk h0g'udk pGJudkifvdk h A[dkxdef;csLyfrSKAsL&kdua&pDvufeef h wwif;ususyfxdef;csLyfyem tiftm;csJ hxGifvufraxmif0ifh=uGm;edefca& wcsdefu qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.ed*kH;udk urBmhordkif;pmrsufESmwdrSmwGD huwf&ygzdk h? vlwOD;csif;pD.qENb0wufvrf;tcGifhta&;wdudk ydwfqdk h qkyfudkifxm;
rdvdk h pD;yGg;ysufjyD;au aemufqkH;rSm tpdwfpdwfjydKuGJysufokOf;vm;c&jcif;jzpfawvdk h ,lqaurSm;vDzkd h rxifyg? emarausmf vlrSKody`Hynmo#if z&efppfh zlul,m;rm; (Francis Fukuyama) u qdkAD,uf,leD,HrjydKuGJcif xkwfa0ca& ol. ordkif;ed*kH;eef haemufqkH;vlom; pmtkyfrSm vlwd.qifjcifwkHw&m;u woGD;wa&mifwnf; A[dkjyK0g'.qdk;usdK;a=umifh jzpfvma& pD;yGg;a&;tusyftwnf;udk a&&SnfvufcHEdkifzdk hr[kwf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmif pk=uD;. uGefjrLepfpepfed*kH;csLyfZmwfodrf;vm;vDzdk hvdk h =udKwifcef h rSef;a[mudef;xkwfyD;zl;ypfca&? ol=udKjrif ca& twdik ;f qifjcifww Hk &m;xGe;f um;vma& ordik ;f wauG rh mS vl wdu uGefjrLepfqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk Zmwfodrf; yD;vdkufuwfpGm/ bmvifwHwdkif;=uD;udk jzdKcsyem oGD;ppfawnDnGwfjcif;eef havmuygvw&m;udk&SmazGc uwfpGm wdudk urBmhvl hordkif;rSm atmifjrifjcif;rSwfwdkifwdtjzpf tm;vkH;ol&kd h jrifzl;=um;zl;cvDuwfygAsm,f? a'edef humv tm;aumif;armif;oef Oa&my=uD; zGH hjzdK;wdk;wufvm&jcif;ta=umif;&if;a& uGJjym;jcm;em;a& EdkifiHa&;t,ltqoDtdk&D0g'wd tm;vkH;udk vufcHEdkifjcif; (toleration) a=umifh jzpfawvdk h ajym&ygzdk h? wa&mif wnf;jzpfcsifa& twWarm[wda=umifh yxr 'kwd,urBmhppfrD;awmufwd xyem jymykHb0udk t=udrf=udrftvDvD usa&mufuwfc&a&aemufydkif; ordkif;oifcef;pmwdudk &ifrSmydkufyem acwfopfudk xkqpfedefa& armf'efOa&mya&
twk,zl kd ah umif;a& tD;csr;f vl ah bmifypHk o H pfacswck jzpfeed pf mG udk jiif;vdk rh &Edik pf mG u trSeyf ifjzpfyga&? aomrmpf [kwfpf (Thomas Hobbes) tpysdK;ca& uGefqmaA;wpft,ltq/ *íefavmhcf (John Locke) pdkif;pm;&D; xm;ca& vpfb&,f0g' eef h *sef;*sufaumha&mifhpfqD;ef(Jean Jacques Rousseau) ajymca& qdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m; tp,Sda& EdkifiHa&;awG;ac:rSKwdudk tnrnusus wajy;nDvufcHusifhokH;aygif;pkHxkqpf xm;a& a'edef humv Oa&myor*a& yef;aygif;pkHyGifhedefa& yef;jcH=uD;wckydkif ta&mift0gpkHawmufyem vSyedefpGmu ajym p&m,SdvDzdk hrxifygAsm,f? oma&;ema&;/ vlrSKa&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&; tp,Sda& tzGJ htpnf;wckcsif;pD tm;aumif;vmatmif wnfaqmufjyD;cgrS&m &cdkifwd ordkif;pdkifquf=udK;yrf;vmuwfaw bkHnDnGwfjcif;eef h vl h abmiftcif;tusif;opfw&yfudk xlaxmifvmEdkifzdk hpGmu usdef;oDedefyga&? a&&Snftem*wftjrif qifjcifwkH w&m;eef h udk,fcsif;pmempdwftajccHaumif;rS&m uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;obm0ed,mrudk vufcEH ikd pf rG ;f ,Sv d mzdk v h kd h xifjrifrdvdkufyg,ifh? ? ?
cdkifatmifatmif 12-09-200