Dawsushort

(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;) a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; atmifqef;pk=unf (a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm) “ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr# jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991) (tzGifhpmrsufESm)

a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; (tzGifhpmrsufESm) atmifqef;pk=unf a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; ESifh tjcm;pmwrf;rsm; a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf? La Haule Books

(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm) ra=umufr±GHŒESifh vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh EdkifiHa&;pepfukd awmifhwaeol jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm; &nf!$ef;ygonf? This collection copyright © Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993 The moral right of the author has been asserted. ISBN 0 86120 049 7

This first edition of Freedom from Fear and Other Writings in the Burmese language first published in 1993 by La Haule Books West Lodge La Haule Jersey Channel Islands United Kingdom The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness"

Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford

(rmwdum) rmwdum pma&;ol. trSm 1 pwnf;. trSm 2 Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5 a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef;

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tydkif; - u 1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm; 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 11? 12? 13?

atmifqef; 54 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97 a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113 ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120 &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127 awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132 ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141 EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145 EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151 vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155 ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159

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a&$wd*HkapwDawmftaemufrkcfvlxkpnf;a0;yJG 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-3 187 wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; 198 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&; 203 Zlvkdifckepf&ufae‹ 212 wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ 219 e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&; 227 owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-6 235 jynfolvkdcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 253 rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 266

172 182

pma&;ol. trSm pma&;jcif;/ rdef‹cGef;ajymjcif;/ pum;ajymjcif; paom vkyf&yfrsm;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufwckum; vltcsif;csif; em;vnfr_wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfonf[k usr ,lqygonf? jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹udk urBmu ydkrdkI od&Sdem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwEkdifiHudk trSefwu,ftusKd;ðyEkdifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefydkifcGifhESifh todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fydkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr ,Hk=unfygonf? 1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf 'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk wnfaxmifvdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk‹udk trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifiHa&;yif jzpfygonf? aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef‹cGef;rsm;/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;udk pkaygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;jzifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkolrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? Tpmtkyfudk xkwfa0Ekdif&ef tm;ay;ulnDcJholwdk‹tm; aus;Zl;wifvsuf&Sdygonf? rsm;jym;vSaom tvkyfwm0efrsm;=um;rS apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh t"dubmomjyefoltjzpf‚if;/ pmwnf;jzwfoltjzpf‚if; aqmif&GufcJhonfh a'gufwmatmifcif(vef'ef) udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf pmwnf;. trSm (1) vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS

vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹ pka0;=uonf? xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.? a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrek f‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.? a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm; jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf? (2) xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf; a':pkudk awG‹&onf? usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk; EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf? a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf? (3) a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom "Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹ jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk

ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ &,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf? (4) uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/ tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf? a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹. udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf? pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf? rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef” [laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf jzpfonf? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf? a'gufwmatmifcif vef'ef 7-9-93 Am;pvAf [mAJvf. pum;OD; Am;pvAf[mAJvf (Vaclav Havel) onf txl;±dkav;pm;jcif;cH&aom jyZmwfESifh pma&;q&mjzpf+yD; ,cktcgwGif csuf (Czech) EkdifiH. orwjzpfonf? csmwm-77 [k xif&Sm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1977 ckESpfY pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m; (Czechoslovakia) wGif 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;vmEkdifjcif; jzpf.? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcscH&jcif;/ aetdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJholjzpfojzifh Am;pvAf [mAJvfonf atmifqef;pk=unftay:wGif txl; pmemaxmufxm;/ ±dkaoav;pm;ol jzpfonf? olrudk 1991 ckESpfY EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkay;&ef tqkdðyolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;yg0ifonf?

* * * a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹*k%foduQmtwGuf tm%m&Sifpepftm; qef‹usifonfh olr. wkdufyJGudk ,cktcg tjynfjynfqkdif&mu todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? olronf TqkESifh tvGefyif xdkufwefolwOD;jzpfonf? olronf &Sif;vif;jywfom;cdkifrmpGm ajymqdkoljzpfonf? olrtm; E_wfqdwfoGm;ap&ef &nf±G,fI EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ t+rJwrf; oGm;a&mufaexkdifyg&ef qJGaqmifurf;vSrf;vmonfudk olru vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf? tus,fcsKyf uscHae&onfhb0wGif opPmw&m;udk apmifhxdef;vsuf&Sdonf? tm%mrJholwdk‹. pGrf;tm;udk olru tvGefxif&Sm;pGm Oyrmjyaeygonf? EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf olrtm; tqdkðycJh&onfudk usaemf av;eufpGm *k%f,lrdonfhtavsmuf olrtm; a&G;cs,fvdkufonfudk aumif;csD;=obmay;=uolrsm;wGif usaemftygt0if jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfY 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef OD;wnfaom wkdufyJGwGif b0udk ðryfESHxm;jcif;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr. wkdif;jynfY w&m;r#wr_&Sd&eftwGufomru rdrdwdk‹. yef;wkdifudk rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkol tm;vHk;twGufyg &J&ifhpGm ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfygonf? urBmwcGifvHk;wGif vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfaeor# umvywfvHk; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xkwfazmfajymqdkcsufuJhodk‹aom ajymqdkr_rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udkyg v_H‹aqmfodrf;oGif;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&; awmifhwonfh [pfaºuG;oHonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;rS xGufay:vmonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;rSjzpfap/ tmz&durSjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tm&SrSjzpfap woHwnf;xGufaeygonf? ‚if;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk vl‹*k%foduQmESifhtnD qufqHyg&efESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wGif ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[laom [pfaºuG;oHyifjzpfygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ olr. pum;rsm;onf jrefrmESifh urBmhtajccHt,ltqudk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEkdifyg? “vlom;. oaE
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p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk (Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek) wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdu k faom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm; csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;) tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf? Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf) ("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;) tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf (0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh (a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf) ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/ zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm; xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu 0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf? usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/ rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?) +Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom

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