Discoveries Of Universe Presentation

Discoveries of universe Presented by : UMEMA SHAHID ZUBERI

AGENDA

• Universe • Apollo era on moon discoveries. • Mercury discoveries • Venus discoveries • Mars discoveries • Jupiter discoveries • Saturn discoveries • Neptune discoveries • Uranus discoveries • Pluto discoveries • And other missions of universe

APOLLO ERA ON MOON DISCOVERIES •

The moon is primordial object.

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The moon is ancient and still preserves an early history.

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The youngest moon rocks are virtually as old as the oldest earth rocks.

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The moon and earth genetically related.

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The moon is lifeless.

APOLLO ERA ON MOON DISCOVERIES • All moon rocks originated through high-temperature process with little or no involvement of water. • The moon is slightly asymmetrical. • The surface of moon is covered by a rubber pile of rock fragments and dust.

mercury • Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and second smaller planet in the solar system. • The united states mariner10 became the only spacecraft to reach mercury • Fastest orbiting planet

Discoveries of universe • Mercury's orbit is so close to the Sun that it is difficult to see. • Because the Sun is so bright, Mercury can only be seen in twilight. • Timocharis made the first recorded observation of Mercury in 265 BC.

Missions to mercury Mission

Mariner 10 U.S.A

Launch Date Arrival Date

Mission accomplishmen t

November March 24, Took 10,000 3 , 1977 1974 pictures, covered 57% of mercury

VENUS • Galileo in 1610 was first who observe that Venus had a visible disk and that it had phases like moon. • Venus can be seen through naked eye. • Hottest planet of solar system

MISSIONS TO VENUS Mission

Launch Date Mission Accomplishment

VENERA 1961 to 1983 MISSION (USSR)

First probe to enter Venus’ atmosphere. First successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet. Transmitted first black and white pictures of the planet's surface.

Mariner Missions 1962 to 1973 (USA)

Took pictures of Venus’ atmosphere.

Pioneer 1978 Missions (USA)

First spacecraft to use radar to map Venus’ surface.

Vega Missions 1984 (USSR)

Conducted soil experiments.

Galileo (USA and Europe)

Images of Venus. Used Venus to pick up speed on its way to Jupiter.

1989

Interesting facts about Venus • In the 1950's astronomers noticed that Venus rotates in the opposite direction of Earth. On Venus, the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. • Venus probably once had oceans, but they all boiled away into the atmosphere

MARS

• Mars is very bright, which makes it easy to spot in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of war because its reddish color reminded people of blood. • Mars has the tallest mountain (Olympus Mons) in the solar system, three times the size of Mt. Everest.

MISSIONS TO MARS • • • • •

Mariner 4, 6, 7, & 9 Viking I & II Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Mars Global Surveyor

• Mars Polar Lander

LIFE ON MARS •

Mars might once have harbored life, and living things might exist there even today. The evidence included complex organic molecules, grains of a mineral called magnetite that can form within some kinds of bacteria, and tiny structures that resemble fossilized microbes. The scientists' conclusions are controversial, however. There is no general scientific agreement that Mars has ever harbored life.

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Discovery of Methane Reveals Mars Is Not a Dead Planet

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A team of NASA and university scientists has achieved the first definitive detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars. This discovery indicates that planet is either biologically or geologically active.

JUPITER • Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system! It's also very bright in the sky. • Has the largest moon in our solar system • Pressure on Jupiter is so great it would crush a spaceship

MISSION TO JUPITER Mission Launch Date

Mission Accomplishments

Pioneer 11 (USA)

April 6, 1973

Pictures of Jupiter and its Great Red Spot.

Voyager 1 (USA)

September 5, 1977

Photographs and information on Jupiter's many moons.

Voyager 2 (USA)

August 20, 1977

Found that Jupiter's Great Red Spot is really a complex storm. Found that Io, one of Jupiter's moons, has active volcanoes

Galileo (USA October 18, 1989 and Europe

Entered Jupiter's atmosphere.

Saturn • Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is the second largest planet in the solar system. •

It is often called the ringed planet because many rings of dust and rocks surround it.

• Saturn also has 22 moons • Has thousands of rings made of ice, dust, and rocks

Mission to Saturn MISSION

LAUNCH DATE

MISSION ACCOMPLISHMENT

Pioneer 11 April 6, 1973 (USA)

Took pictures of Saturn. Discovered new rings and moons.

Voyager 1 September 5, (USA) 1977

Took pictures of Saturn's moons. Discovered how complex Saturn’s rings were.

Cassini (USA, October European Space Agency, Italy) 1997

Experiments will help scientists understand Saturn's moons, rings, and atmosphere. Will send a probe into Titan's atmosphere.

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Uranus • Astronomer William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781. • Using a telescope, he spotted a dim object. • He watched it for years and decided it had to be a planet given its orbit.

MISSION TO URANUS • In 1977, scientists saw Uranus blink several times. • They later discovered that rings surrounding the planet caused the blinking. • These rings are very dark and narrow, unlike Saturn's, which are bright and colorful. • Voyager II sent back many pictures that clearly show these rings

Neptune • Neptune wasn't discovered the way all the other planets in our solar system were found. Astronomers didn't scan the sky with their powerful telescopes to find Neptune. They used math instead!

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French astronomer Leverrier and English astronomer John Couch Adams made the mathematical calculations of where Neptune should be in 1843, and German astronomer Johann Galle found it in 1846

MISSION TO NEPTUNE Mission

Launch Date

Voyager 2 August 20, (USA) 1977

Mission Accomplishments Took thousands of pictures of Neptune, its rings, and its moons

Pluto • Pluto, usually the ninth planet from the Sun, is the smallest planet in the solar system. • Some scientists believe that Pluto once was one of Neptune’s moons. It pulled out of Neptune’s atmosphere and made its own orbit. • Pluto is the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft from Earth. • The Pluto Express probe has been delayed.

• The important thing is not to stop questioning. - Albert Einstein