China-africa Relations A Bibliography

CHINA-AFRICA RELATIONS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY By David H. Shinn Adjunct Professor, Elliott School of International Affairs George Washington University

There are fifty-three (fifty-four if you include the disputed Western Sahara) countries on the African continent, islands in the Atlantic, and islands in the Indian Ocean. This bibliography encompasses material on countries in both Sub-Saharan and North Africa. As a result, some citations focus on the Middle East as they include information on Egypt and/or North Africa. The bibliography covers all aspects of the China-Africa relationship. It is not restricted to trade, aid, investment, and political ties that constitute so much of the writing on this subject in recent years. A special effort has been made to include older material. With rare exceptions, the citations are limited to English and French, although some of the material has been translated into English from other languages, especially Chinese. A few of the entries discuss China’s relations with Africa generally or individual African countries during the period that predates the establishment in 1949 of the People’s Republic of China. The vast majority deal with PRC-Africa relations after 1949. Many of the most recent citations come from sources that are only available on-line. As this material on the web occasionally moves around or even disappears, I have included an access date for each web citation. Authors from the People’s Republic of China and Ethiopia appear with family name first as is the custom in those countries. All other names have been alphabetized by surname, followed by the given name. I compiled this bibliography in connection with research for a book that Joshua Eisenman and I are writing on China-Africa relations. The book will be published by the University of Pennsylvania Press. The bibliography contains material noted up to March 2009. ARD intends to publish supplements as the literature on China and Africa continues to burgeon.

Abegunrin, Layi. (1983-1984) “Soviet and Chinese Military Involvement in Southern Africa,” Current Bibliography in African Affairs, 16 (3), pp. 195-206. Adie, W.A.C. (1962) “China, Russia, and the Third World,” China Quarterly, no. 11 (July-September), pp. 200-213. __________. (1964) “China and Africa Today,” Race and Class, 5 (4), pp. 3-25.

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__________. (1964) “Chou En-lai on Safari,” China Quarterly, no. 18 (AprilJune), pp. 174-194. __________. (1970-1971) “The Communist Powers in Africa,” Conflict Studies, no. 10 (December-January), pp. 1-20. __________. (1972) “China Returns to Africa,” Current Scene, 10 (8), pp. 1-12. __________. (1973) “China’s West Asian Strategies,” in China and the World Community by Ian Wilson (ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson, pp. 179-199. African Forum and Network on Debt and Development. (2008) Mapping Chinese Development Assistance in Africa: A Synthesis Analysis of Angola, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: AFRODAD. See at www.afrodad.org/downloads/publications/China%20in%20Africa%20Draft .pdf. Accessed 5 October 2008. African Union Commission. (2006) “Meeting of the Task Force on Africa’s Strategic Partnership with Emerging Powers: China, India and Brazil,” Report of 11-13 September meeting. Ahmed, Gaffar K. (2005) “China Relations with the Middle East and North Africa,” International Review (Shanghai), (autumn). See at www.siis-orgcn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/2008724233116XBG4.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2008. Ai Ching-Chu. (1964) “China’s Economic and Technical Aid to Other Countries,” Peking Review, 7 (34), pp. 14-18. Aicardi de Saint-Paul, Marc. (2004) “La Chine et l’Afrique,” Mondes et Cultures, 1 (4), pp. 342-355. __________. (2004) “La Chine et l’Afrique – Entre Engagement et Intérêt,” Géopolitique Africaine. See at www.afriquechine.com/2004/la-chine-etl’afrique-entre-engagement-et-interet.html. Accessed 4 June 2008. Ajakaiye, Olu. (2006) “China and Africa – Opportunities and Challenges,” presentation before African Union Task Force on Strategic Partnership between Africa and the Emerging Countries of the South (11-13 September). See at www.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/Opportunities_and_ Challenges%20_Olu.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2009. Akindele, R.A. (1985) “Africa and the Great Powers, with Particular Reference to the United States, the Soviet Union and China,” Afrika Spectrum, 20 (2), pp. 125-151. Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. (2001) “‘We Cast About for a Remedy’: Chinese Labor and African Opposition in the Gold Coast, 1874-1914,” International Journal of African Historical Studies, 34 (2), pp. 365-384.

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Albright, David Edward. (1975) “The Soviet Union, Communist China, and Ghana, 1955-1966.” PhD diss., Columbia University. Alden, Chris. (2001) “Solving South Africa’s Chinese Puzzle: Democratic Foreign Policy-Making and the ‘Two Chinas’ Question,” in South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Dilemmas of a New Democracy by Jim Broderick, Gary Burford, and Gordon Freer (eds.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave. __________. (2005) “China in Africa,” Survival, 47 (3), pp. 147-163. __________. (2005) “Red Star, Black Gold,” Review of African Political Economy, 32 (104/5), pp. 415-419. __________. (2006) “China and Africa: Special Report,” CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets (September), pp. 1-27. __________. (2007) China in Africa. London: Zed Books. __________. (2007) “Emerging Countries as New ODA Players in LDCs: The Case of China and Africa,” Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, Gouvernance Mondiale paper no.1, pp. 1-14. See at www.iddri.org. Accessed 15 December 2008. __________. (2008) “South Africa and China: Forging Africa’s Strategic Partnership,” China Brief, 8 (13), pp. 9-11. __________ and Ana Cristina Alves. (2008) “History and Identity in the Construction of China’s Africa Policy,” Review of African Political Economy, 35 (115), pp. 43-58. __________ and Garth Shelton. (1999) “Camarades, Parias et Homme d’Affaires: Mise en Perspective des Relations entre l’Afrique du Sud et la Chine,” Politique Africaine, no 76 (December), pp. 18-29. __________ and Martyn Davies. (2006) “Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa,” unpublished paper presented at China-Africa workshop in Hong Kong on 11-12 November, pp. 1-11. See at www.cctr.ust.hk/chinaafrica/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporations.pdf. Accessed 13 April 2008. __________. (2006) “A Profile of the Operations of Chinese Multinationals in Africa,” South African Journal of International Affairs, 13 (1), pp. 83-96. __________, Daniel Large, and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira (eds.). (2008) China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace. London: Hurst. Alemayehu Geda. (2006) “The Impact of China and India on Africa: Trade, FDI and the African Manufacturing Sector Issues and Challenges,” African Economic Research Consortium, paper no. ADWP-03 (September), pp. 1-15. See at www.aercafrica.org/publications/item.asp?itemid=337. Accessed 24 March 2008. African Research & Documentation No. 108 2008

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__________ and Atnafu G. Meskel. (2008) “China and India’s Growth Surge: Is It a Curse or Blessing for Africa? The Case of Manufactured Exports,” African Development Review, 20 (2), pp. 247-272. Ali, Ali Abdalla. (2006) The Sudanese-Chinese Relations before and after Oil. Khartoum: National Centre for Scientific Research. Allen, Kenneth. (2005) “China’s Foreign Military Relations: 2003-2004,” Chinese Military Update, 2 (5), pp. 3-7. __________ and Eric A. McVadon. (1999) China’s Foreign Military Relations. The Henry L. Stimson Center. See at www.stimson.org/china/pdf/chinmil.pdf. Accessed 11 April 2008. Aluko, Olajide (ed.). (1977) The Foreign Policies of African States. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Alves, Ana Cristina. (2006) “Emerging Postcolonial Solidarities: China’s New Economic Diplomacy towards Subsaharan Africa,” unpublished paper presented to the 16th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia on 26-29 June. See at http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennialconference/2006/Alves-Ana-Cristina-ASAA2006.pdf. Accessed 26 September 2008. __________. (2008) “China’s Lusophone Connection,” Report no. 2, South African Institute of International Affairs. See at www.saiia.org.za/images/stories/pubs/chap/chap_rep_02_alves_200803.p df. Accessed 26 September 2008. Alves, Philip. (2006) Engaging Asia’s Biggest Tiger: Exploring the Contours of a SACU-China Trade Deal. South African Institute of International Affairs Trade Policy Report No. 14, pp. 1- 55. See at http://saiia.org.za/images/upload/TPR_14.pdf. Accessed 12 March 2009. Amnesty International. (2006) “People’s Republic of China: Sustaining Conflict and Human Rights Abuses. The Flow of Arms Accelerates.” See at www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/030/2006/en/roozfI-zFwI. Accessed 29 March 2008. __________. (2006) “Sudan/China: Appeal by Amnesty International to the Chinese Government on the Occasion of the China-Africa Summit for Development and Cooperation,” (1 November). See at www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AFR54/072/2006. Accessed 11 April 2008. __________. (2007) “Sudan: Arms Continuing To Fuel Serious Human Rights Violations in Darfur,” (8 May). See at www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AFR54/019/2007. Accessed 11 April 2008. 6

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Amosu, Akwe. (2007) “China in Africa: It’s (Still) the Governance, Stupid.” Foreign Policy in Focus, 9 March Discussion Paper. See at www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4068. Accessed 21 March 2008. Ampiah, Kweku. (2007) “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? China and Africa: Engaging the World’s Next Superpower,” concept paper for conference hosted by the Centre for Conflict Resolution in Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 1-10. See at www.ccr.uct.ac.za/fileadmin/template/ccr/concept_papers/china_africa_se p2007.pdf. Accessed 26 March 2008. __________ and Sanusha Naidu (eds.). (2008) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? Africa and China. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. An Yanjun and Zhang Yue. (2006) “An Inventory of Current China-African Relations,” International Strategic Studies (Beijing), 4 (82), pp. 54-60. An Yongyu. (2002) “China-Africa Political and Economic Cooperation: Retrospect and Prospect,” Foreign Affairs Journal, no. 66 (December), pp. 7-22. __________. (2007) “Common Effort Should Be Made for Africa,” unpublished paper delivered 13 March in Beijing at Third Dialogue on US-China Relations in a Global Context sponsored by China Institute of International Affairs and George Washington University. Ancharaz, Vinaye Dey. (2008) “David V. Goliath: Mauritius Facing Up to China,” report prepared for the African Economic Research Consortium (January). See at www.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/Mauritius.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2009. Aning, Kwesi and Delphine Lecoutre. (2008) “China’s Ventures in Africa,” African Security Review, 17 (1), pp. 39-50. Anonymous. (1964) “China, the Arab World and Africa: A Factual Survey 1959-1964,” special China issue of The Mizan Newsletter, 6 (5), pp. 1-56. __________. (1974) “At Banquet Welcoming President Boumediene and Joint Communique,” Peking Review, 17 (10), pp. 6-11. Anti-Taylor, William. (1964) “China through African Eyes,” Race and Class, 5 (4), pp. 48-51, Anyu, J. Ndumbe and J.-P. Afam Ifedi. (2008) “China’s Ventures in Africa: Patterns, Prospects, and Implications for Africa’s Development,” Mediterranean Quarterly, 19 (4), pp. 91-110. Arbab, Farah. (2007) “China-Africa Interaction: Prospects for a Strategic Partnership,” Strategic Studies, vol. 27, no. 3. See at www.issi.org.pk/journal/2007_files/no_3/article/a4.htm. Accessed 26 February 2009. African Research & Documentation No. 108 2008

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Armstrong, J.D. (1977) Revolutionary Diplomacy: Chinese Foreign Policy and the United Front Doctrine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Asche, Helmut. (2008) “Contours of China’s ‘Africa Mode’ and Who May Benefit,” China Aktuell, no. 3, pp. 165-180. Askouri, Ali. (2006) “China’s Investment in Sudan: Destroying Communities,” Pambazuka News, (14 December), pp. 4-9. See at www.pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/38848. Accessed 6 February 2008. Attwood, William. (1967) The Reds and the Blacks. New York: Harper and Row. Austin, Angelica, Danila Bochkarev, and Willem van der Geest. (2008) Energy Interests and Alliances: China, America and Africa. Policy Paper no. 7 (August), EastWest Institute. Ayittey, George B.N. (1992) “Africa in the Postcommunist World,” Problems of Communism, 41 (1-2), pp. 207-217. Azikiwe, Emeka Ayo. (1966) “Chinese Communism in Africa,” SAIS Review (spring), pp. 18-24. Bailey, Martin. (1975) “Tanzania and China,” African Affairs, 74 (294), pp. 3950. __________. (1976) Freedom Railway: China and the Tanzania-Zambia Link. London: Rex Collings. Bajpaee, Chietigj. (2005) “Sino-U.S. Energy Competition in Africa,” Power and Interest News Report (7 October). See at www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=378&language_id=1. Accessed 29 March 2008. Bamou, Ernest and Adeola Adenikinju. (2006) “Evaluating Asian Drivers Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa Oil and Gas Industries: A Methodological Framework,” unpublished paper presented to a conference hosted by the African Economic Research Consortium in Addis Ababa on 9-10 October, pp. 1-26. Bang Quan Zheng. (2006) “A Rising China: Catalysts for Chinese Military Modernization” in China’s ‘Peaceful Rise’ in the 21st Century by Sujian Guo (ed.). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, pp. 183-209. Bark, Dennis L. (ed.). (1988) The Red Orchestra: The Case of Africa. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. (1998) Chinese Foreign Policy During the Cultural Revolution. London: Kegan Paul International.

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Barrows, Walter L. (2007) “China’s New Activism in Africa,” Defense Intelligence Journal, 16 (2), pp. 9-27. Bartke, Wolfgang. (1975) China’s Economic Aid. London: Hurst. __________. (1992) The Agreements of the People’s Republic of China with Foreign Countries 1949-1990. Munich: K.G. Saur. Behar, Richard. (2008) “Special Report Imbalance of Power: China Africa,” Fast Company (June), pp. 100-123. Behbehani, Hashim S.H. (1981) China’s Foreign Policy in the Arab World. London: KPI Ltd. Bello, Walden. (2007) “China Eyes Africa: The New Imperialism?” Multinational Monitor, 26 (1), pp. 23-26. __________. (2007) “China Provokes Debate in Africa,” Foreign Policy in Focus (9 March). See at www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4065. Accessed 13 December 2008. Ben-Dak, Joseph D. (1970) “China in the Arab World,” Current History, 59 (349), pp. 147-152, 174. Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor. (2008) “‘Nine Years in Egypt:’ Al-Azhar University and the Arabization of Chinese Islam,” HAGAR: Studies in Cultures, Polity and Identities, 8 (1), pp. 105-128. Berger, Bernt. (2006) “China’s Engagement in Africa: Can the EU Sit Back?” South African Journal of International Affairs, 13 (1), pp. 115-127. __________ and Uwe Wissenbach. (2007) “EU-China-Africa Trilateral Development Cooperation: Common Challenges and New Directions,” German Development Institute Discussion Paper 21, pp. 1-27. See at www.die-di.de/die_homepage.nsf/FSepub?OpenFrameset. Accessed 23 March 2008. Bergsten, C. Fred, Charles Freeman, Nicholas R. Lardy, and Derek J. Mitchell. (2008) China’s Rise: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. Beri, Ruchita. (2007) “China’s Rising Profile in Africa,” China Report, 43 (3), pp. 297-308. Bermingham, Jack and Edwin G. Clausen. (1981) “Revolution and Foreign Policy: Sino-African Relations 1949-1976,” Munger Africana Library Notes, issue 59/60, pp. 1-40. Bertoncello, Brigitte and Sylvie Bredeloup. (2007) “The Emergence of New African ‘Trading Posts’ in Hong Kong and Guangzhou,” China Perspectives, no. 2007/1, pp. 94-105.

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Besada, Hany, Yang Wang and John Whalley. (2008) “China’s Growing Economic Presence in Africa,” Policy Brief, The Centre for International Governance Innovation, no. 6 (October), pp. 1-6. Bischof, Henrik. (1970) “China and Russia Clash in Africa,” Afrika-Heute (translated from German), 1 October, pp. 285-288. JPRS Translations on Africa, 145 (51837) no. 967, pp. 1-9. Bitzinger, Richard A. (1992) “Arms to Go: Chinese Arms Sales to the Third World,” International Security, 17 (2), pp. 84-111. Blake, Alex. (1967) “Peking’s African Adventures,” Current Scene, 5 (15), pp. 1-9. Bodomo, Adams. (2009) “The African Presence in Contemporary China,” The China Monitor (January), pp. 4-6. Booyse, Wim J. (1988) “The People’s Republic of China’s Role in Africa 19551988,” Southern African Freedom Review, 1 (4), pp. 20-28. Bosshard, Peter. (2006) “Export Credit Agencies and Environmental Standards: An Invitation to Join the Dialogue,” paper prepared by policy director of International Rivers Network (December), pp. 1-6. See at www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/1265. Accessed 31 May 2008. __________. (2007) “China’s Role in Financing African Infrastructure,” International Rivers Network (May). See at http://internationalrivers.org/files/ChinaEximBankAfrica.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2008. __________. (2008) “China’s Environmental Footprint in Africa,” SAIIA China in Africa Policy Briefing, no. 3 (April), pp. 1-12. See at www.internationalrivers.org/files/SAIIA%20policy%20briefing%20508.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2008. Boungou Bazika, Jean-Christophe. (2008) “Les Relations Économiques de la Chine avec la République du Congo,” report prepared for the African Economic Research Consortium (February). See at www.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/Congo.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2009. Braeckman, Colette. (2008) “Manoeuvres Spéculatives dans an Katanga en Reconstruction,” Le Monde Diplomatique (July), pp. 12-13. Brandtzæg, Bjørn, He Wenping, Chibuzo Nwoke, Anna Eriksson, and Osita Agbu. (2008) “Common Cause Different Approaches: China and Norway in Nigeria,” Research Report 2008-014, pp. 1-49. See at http://eitransparency.org/files/publication_file/RR-2008014%20BJB%20Common%20cause%20different%20approaches.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2008. 10

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Bräutigam, Deborah. (1998) Chinese Aid and African Development: Exporting Green Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press. __________. (2003) “Close Encounters: Chinese Business Networks as Industrial Catalysts in Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Affairs, 102 (408), pp. 447-467. __________. (2007) “‘Flying Geese’ or ‘Hidden Dragon’? Chinese Business and African Industrial Development,” presentation at UCLA workshop, April 27, pp. 1-4. See at www.globalization-africa.org/papers/79.pdf. Accessed 18 April 2008. __________. (2008) China’s African Aid: Transatlantic Challenges. Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States, pp. 1-32. See at www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?parent_type=P&id=406. Accessed 25 April 2008. __________ and Adama Gaye. (2007) “Is Chinese Investment Good for Africa?” Council on Foreign Relations online debate (February 20). See at www.cfr.org/publication/12622/is_chinese_investment_good_for_africa.ht ml. Accessed 22 March 2008. Brea, Jennifer. (2008) “Lessons Learned from China in Africa,” Ebony, 63 (3), pp. 68-71. Bredeloup, Sylvie and Brigitte Bertoncello. (2006) “La Migration Chinoise en Afrique: Accélérateur du Développement ou ‘Sanglot de l’Homme Noir’?” Afrique Contemporaine, no. 218 (2), pp. 199-224. Brenthurst Foundation. (2006) “Africa-China-US Dialogue: Report of the First Meeting of the Trilateral Dialogue,” Brenthurst Discussion Papers, no. 6, pp. 1-10. See at www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/Brenthurst_Commissioned_Report s/BD0606_AfUsCh.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2008. __________. (2007) “Competition or Partnership? China, United States and Africa – An African View,” Brenthurst Discussion Papers, no. 2, pp. 1-5. See at www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/Brenthurst_Commissioned_Report s/BD0702_China_US_Africa.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2008. __________. (2007) Africa-China-U.S. Trilateral Dialogue: Summary Report. Breslin, Shaun and Ian Taylor. (2008) “Explaining the Rise of ‘Human Rights’ in Analyses of Sino-African Relations,” Review of African Political Economy, 35 (115), pp. 59-71. Brewer, Nicole. (2008) “The New Great Walls: A Guide to China’s Overseas Dam Industry.” International Rivers (July). See at www.internationalrivers.org/files/New%20Great%20Walls%20low%20res.pdf. Accessed 11 November 2008. African Research & Documentation No. 108 2008

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Brink, Gustav. (2006) “The Memorandum of Understanding and Quotas on Clothing and Textile Imports from China: Who Wins?” TRALAC Working Paper, no. 17 (October), pp. 1-30. See at www.tralac.org/pdf/20061024_Brink_SouthAfrica-Chinaclothing_quotas.pdf. Accessed 25 March 2008. Broadbent, Kieran. (1970) “Chinese Aid and Trade in African Countries,” Contemporary Review, 216 (1248), pp. 19-22. Broadman, Harry G. (2007) Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. Washington: The World Bank. __________. (2008) “China and India Go to Africa: New Deals in the Developing World,” Foreign Affairs, 87 (2), pp. 95-109. Brookes, Peter. (2006) “The Global Dragon—China’s New Strategy: Making Friends, Creating Enemies,” Armed Forces Journal (July), pp. 32-35 & 49. __________. (2007) “Into Africa: China’s Grab for Influence and Oil,” Heritage Foundation Lecture (9 February). See at www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/hl1006.cfm. Accessed 22 March 2008. __________ and Ji Hye Shin. (2006) “China’s Influence in Africa: Implications for the United States,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, no. 1916 (February 22), pp. 1-9. See at www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/bg1916.cfm. Accessed 25 March 2008. Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. (1962) “Red Rivalry in the Black Continent,” The Reporter, 26 (2), pp. 23-25. Bruce, Guenther. (2008) “The Asian Drivers and the Resource Curse in SubSaharan Africa: The Potential Impacts of Rising Commodity Prices for Conflict and Governance in the DRC,” European Journal of Development Research, 20 (2), pp. 347-363. Brunson, James. (1985) “African Presence in Early China,” Journal of African Civilizations, 7 (1), pp. 120-137. Buckens, Marie-Martine. (2007) “EU-Africa-China, A New Triangular Relationship?” The Courier, no. 3 (November/December). See at www.acpeucourier.info/EU-Africa-China-a-ne.174.0.html. Bukarambe, Bukar. (2002) “Nigeria-China Relations: The Unacknowledged Sino-Dynamics,” African Journal of International Affairs and Development, 7 (2), pp. 27-49. Burke, Christopher. (2007) “China’s Entry into Construction Industries in Africa: Tanzania and Zambia as Case Studies,” China Report, 43 (3), pp. 323-336.

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__________, Sanusha Naidu and Arno Nepgen. (2008) “Scoping Study on China’s Relations with South Africa,” report prepared for the African Economic Research Consortium (January). See at www.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/SouthAfrica.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2009. Burrack, Dieter. (1972) “Peking’s Influence in Black Africa,” Aussenpolitik (English edition), 23 (2), pp. 216-224. Butler, Tina. (2005) “Growing Pains and Growing Alliances: China, Timber and Africa,” African Renaissance, 2 (4), pp. 42-46. Byman, Daniel L. and Roger Cliff. (1999) China’s Arms Sales: Motivations and Implications. Santa Monica CA: RAND. Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. (2006) “Relations between France and China: Towards a Paris-Beijing Axis?” China: An International Journal, 4 (2), pp. 327-340. Camilleri, Joseph. (1980) Chinese Foreign Policy: The Maoist Era and its Aftermath. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Campbell, Horace. (2008) “China in Africa: Challenging US Global Hegemony,” Third World Quarterly, 29 (1), pp. 89-105. Campos, Indira and Alex Vines. (2008) “Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership,” working paper presented at Center for Strategic and International Studies Conference on 5 December 2007, pp. 1-26. See at www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/603/. Accessed 21 March 2008. Canby, Kerstin, James Hewitt, Luke Bailey, Eugenia Katsigris, and Sun Xiufang. (2008) “Forest Products Trade between China and Africa: An Analysis of Imports and Exports,” Forest Trends report (February), pp. 1-36. See at www.forest-trends.org/documents/publications/ChinaAfricaTrade.pdf. Accessed 24 March 2008. Carey, Kevin, Sanjeev Gupta, and Ulrich Jacoby. (2007) Sub-Saharan Africa: Forging New Trade Links with Asia. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, pp. 1-55. Carmody, Pádraig R. and Francis Y. Owusu. (2007) “Competing Hegemons? Chinese versus American Geo-economic Strategies in Africa,” Political Geography, 26 (5), pp. 504-524. Castellani, Luca, Pang Zhongying, and Ian Taylor (eds.). (2007) China outside China: China in Africa. Torino, Italy: Centro di Alti Studi Sulla Cina Contemporanea.

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Centre for Chinese Studies. Stellenbosch University. (2006) “China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors,” study prepared for DFID China, pp. 1-110. See at www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/Chinese-investment-africa-full.pdf. Accessed 26 March 2008. __________. (2007) “China’s Engagement of Africa: Preliminary Scoping of African Case Studies Angola, Ethiopia, Gabon, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia,” study prepared for the Rockefeller Foundation, pp. 1-208. See at www.ccs.org.za/research.html. Accessed 1 April 2008. __________ and The Development Bank of Southern Africa. (2008) “China As a Driver of Regional Integration in Africa: Prospects for the Future,” 31 March – 1 April Conference Report. See at www.ccs.org.za/downloads/DBSA%20Conference%20Report.pdf. Accessed 13 February 2009. Chai, Winberg (ed). (1972) The Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China. New York: Capricorn Books. Chakravarti, Raghubir. (1964) “Chou En-Lai in Africa,” Foreign Affairs Reports (March), pp. 33-36. Chaliand, Gérard. (1982) The Struggle for Africa: Conflict of the Great Powers. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Chan, Cheryl. (2007) “China in Africa-Spreading the Wealth,” Canada Asia Commentary, no. 44 (March), pp. 1-8. See at www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/commentary/cac44.pdf. Accessed 5 June 2008. Chan, Stephen. (1985) “China’s Foreign Policy and Africa: The Rise and Fall of China’s Three World’s Theory,” The Round Table, no. 296, pp. 376-384. Chan-Fishel, Michelle. (2007) “Time to Go Green: Environmental Responsibility in the Chinese Banking Sector,” study sponsored by Friends of the Earth US and Bank Track (May), pp. 1-102. See at www.foe.org/pdf/Chinese_Bank_Report_5-9-07.pdf. Accessed 29 April 2008. __________ and Roxanne Lawson. (2007) “Quid pro Quo? China’s Investmentfor-Resource Swaps in Africa,” Development, 50 (3), pp. 63-68. Chang, Andrei. (2009) “China Expanding African Arms Sales,” UPI Asia Online (26 January). See at www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/01/26/china_expanding_african_arms_sal es/1148/?view=print. Accessed 1 February 2009. Chang Qing. (1989) “Chinese Foreign Minister Tours Africa,” Beijing Review, 32 (35), pp. 10-11.

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