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Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin, aged 45 in 1854 and work towards the publication of On the Origin of Species

birthday

February 12, 1809 Mount House ,Shrewsbury , Shropshire, England

death

April 19, 1882 (age 73) Down House ,Downe , Kent, England

dwelling

England

citizenship

British

nationality

British

battle

naturalist

institution

Geological Society of London

alma mater

(tertiary education): University of

Edinburgh (medicine) University of Cambridge (ordinary Bachelor of Arts)

Academic advisors

John Stevens Henslow Adam Sedgwick

Recognized for The Voyage of the Beagle : On the Origin of Species evolution by natural selection ,common source

(S) affected

Alexander von Humboldt John HerschelCharles Lyell

(S) affected

Joseph Dalton Hooker Thomas Henry Huxley George Romanes Ernst Haeckel

Notable awards

Royal Medal (1853) Wollaston Medal(1859) Copley Medal (1864)

signature

Part of series

evolutionary biology

Key topics[hide] 

Introduction to evolution

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common source

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Evidence of common descent

Processes and outcomes[hide] 

population genetics

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variation

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mutations

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Natural selection

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Orientation Polimorpismo (biolihiya)

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Drifting genetic 

Gene flow

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speciation

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Adaptive radiation 

cooperation

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both evolution

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divergent Konberhente

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Parallelong evolution 

extinction

Natural history[hide] 

Origin of life

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Life history

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Time line of evolution

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Evolution of man 

Piloheniya

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biodiversity

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Bioheograpiya

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classifications

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evolutionary taxonomy 

Kladistika

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Transitional fossil

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extinction event

History of evolutionary theory[hide] 

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summary

Line during paleontolohiyay 

History of paleontology

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Renaissance and Enlightenment 

Before Darwin

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Darwin On the Origin of Species

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Before the synthesis

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Modern evolutionary synthesis 

molecular evolution

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Evo-devo

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current research

Fields and applications[hide] 

Applications of evolution

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artificial selection Biosocial criminology

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Ecological genetics

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evolutionary aesthetics

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evolutionary anthropology

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evolutionary computation

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evolutionary economics

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evolutionary ethics

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Evolutionary game theory 

evolutionary linguistics

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evolutionary medicine

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evolutionary neuroscience

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evolutionary physiology

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evolutionary psychology

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experimental evolution

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Phylogenetics 

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systematics

Universal Darwinism

Social implications[hide] 

Theory and fact

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social effects

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Controversy

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objections

Level of support evolutionary biology

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Category: Evolutionary biology 

Related topics

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Evolution

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But Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882) is an English that naturalist . [I] He proved that all speciesof life have descended over much time from common ancestors , [1] and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process called natural selection . [2] published Darwin his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book on the Origin of species (on the Origin of species) that prevailed in the scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species . [3] [4] in 1870, the scientific community and most of the general public will acceptevolution as a fact . However, many favored competing explanations and to the emergence of modern evolutionary synthesisfrom 1930 to 1950, when a broad agreement was reached in which natural selection is the basic or fundamental mechanisms of evolution . [5] [6] in modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the inclusive theory of the life sciences , explaining thediversity of life . [7] [8] The start Darwin's interest in nature forced him to abandoning his medical education at the University of Edinburgh ; but he helped to investigate marine invertebrates . The studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science . [9] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle built him as a famous heolohista whose observations and theories supported the ideas unipormitaryano of Charles Lyell and the publication of his journal of the trip has made him as a writer. [10] As a puzzle to the geographical distribution of animals in the meadow (wildlife) and fossils he collected on the voyage, began Darwin detailed investigations and in 1838 developed his theory of natural selection . [11] Although he discussed the his ideas with other naturalists, he needed time for intensive research and his his work geologically has priority. [12] his writing his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay describing both ieya sail fast joint publication of their same theories . [13]the author of Darwin laid the evolutionary origin with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. [5] in 1871, he observed the human evolution and sexual selection in the Descent of man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , followed by the Expression of the Emotions in man and Animals . His research on plants was published in a series of books and in his final book, he examined the worms and their effects on the ground. [14] In recognition of the fame of Darwin as a scientist, he was honored by a large ceremonial funeral in Westminster Abbey where he was buried close to John Herscheland Isaac Newton . [15] Darwin was described as one of the most influential (most influential) figure in the history of mankind.[16] [17] Contents [ Hide ]

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1Biography o

1.1Youth and education

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1.2Travel Beagle

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1.3Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory

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1.4Overwork, illness, and marriage

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1.5publication of the theory of natural selection

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1.6Responses to publication it

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1.7Pinamgmulan of Man , sexual selection, and botany

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1.8Death and legacy

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2Children

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3Thoughts of Darwin

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4Commemoration

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5References

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6References

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7External links

Biography [ change | change source ] Youth and education [ change | change source ] Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury , Shropshire, England on 12 February 1809 at his family home to the Mount . [18] He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and his mother Susannah Darwin ( néeWedgwood). He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin on his father's side and of Josiah Wedgwood on his mother's side. Her Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods receives Anglicanism . Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinking(freethinker), had baby Charles in an Anglican church, but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother.The eight year old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother, Erasmus attending the nearby AnglicanShrewsbury School as a boarder . [19] Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire before entering theUniversity of Edinburgh Medical School with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. He found lectures dull and the surgery was uncomfortable so he abandoned his studies. He learned taxidermy from John Edmonstone , a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the forests of South America and often sat with this "very pleasant and intelligent man". [20] In Darwin's second year, he joined the Society Plinian a group of natural history students that the debate will deviated from radicalism (historical) radical to materialism . He helped Robert Edmond Grant 's imbestigason its anatomy and life cycle of marine inberterbrato the Firth of Forth and on March 27, 1827 was presented to the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in theshells of oyster eggs will stage skate. One day, Grant praised the evolutionary ideas of JeanBaptiste Lamarck . Darwin was astonished, but had recently read the similar ideas of his grandfather Erasmus and remained indifferent. [21] Darwin was rather bored by natural history course by Robert Jameson covering geology including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism . He studied the classification of plants and help work on the collections of the University Museum , one of the largest museums in Europe at the time. [22]

This neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College for Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican parson . Because Darwin was not qualified for the Tripos , he joined the ordinary degree outlook in January 1828. [23] preferred the ride and shooting than learning. His cousin William Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze collecting beetle earnestly pursued by Darwin published some of her findings in Stevens' Illustrations of British entomology . He became a close friend and follower of professor of botany that John Stevens Henslow and met other leading naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology and met the don as "the man who walks with Henslow" . Shortly before her exam, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of the Evidences of Christianity by William Paley . [24] In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well to come out tenth of the 178 candidates for the ordinary degree. [25] Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June. He studied Natural Theology Paley's make the argument for divine design in nature that explains that adapting as God acting through laws of nature. [26] He read the new book by John Herschel which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation and the Personal Narrative of Alexander von Humboldt 's scientific journey. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerifewith some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics . In preparation, he joined the geology course of Adam Sedgwick and then come here in the summer for a fortnight to map strata in Wales . [27] After a week with friends classmates atBarmouth , he returned home home found a letter from Henslow proposing Darwin as a angko (if unfinished) gentleman naturalist for iasng funded own place with captain Robert FitzRoy more as a partner than just kolekto at HMS Beagle to leave in four weeks on a journey to chart the coast of South America . [28] objected's father Darwin planned two-year journey that considered it a waste of time but urged the brother of his father Josiah Wedgwood to allow the participation of his son. [29]

Travel Beagle [ change | change source ] For more details on this topic, see Second voyage of HMS Beagle .

The journey of the Beagle

Began on December 27, 1831, the trip lasted almost five years and as purpose of Fitzroy, spent Darwin most of his time on earth umiimbestiga in geology and make collections of natural history while the Beagle surveyed and outlined the beach. [5] [30] he carefully preserved the writings of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals while going on the journey, his specimens were sent to Cambridge with his correspondence including a copy of his journal for his family. [31] He had some expertise in geology, collecting beetles and pagdidisekta of marine invertebrates but other areas was a novice and have the ability to collect specimens for expert appraisal . [32] despite suffering badly from the pain of the sea , Darwin wrote copious notes while on the ship. The majority of works of zoology of marine invertebrates from the plankton which he collected in a calm relaxation. [30] [33]

On their first stop ashore at St. Jago , Darwin found that a white band high in the stone vulcanic the plateauinclude seashells. He FitzRoy had given the first volume of Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods, [II] and saw Darwin's something in the way of Lyell that nagteteorisa and thought to write a book on geology. [34] Darwin was pleased with tropical forest in Brazil [35] but found his hated slavery . [36] At Punta Alta in Patagonia he made a major find of bone fossil of a large not exist (extinct) to mammals in cliffs beside modern seashells indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe.He identified the little known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armor which had at first seemed to him like a giant version of the armor on local armadillos . The discovery has brought great interest when they reached England. [37] [38] In his riding with the gauchos into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils he gained social, political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial people during the revolution, and learned that two types of rhea had separate but overlapping territories. [39] [40] further south he saw the stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations. He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of "centers of creation" of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged the ideas of Lyell smooth continuity and of extinction of species. [41] [ 42]

As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorized about geology and extinction of giant mammals.

Three Fuegians on ships seized during the first Beagle voyage and had spent a year in England, were taken back to Tierra del Fuego as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilized, yet their relatives seemed "miserable, degraded savages", as different as the wild animals from the domesticated animals . [43] To Darwin the difference showed cultural advances, not inperioridad or inferiority of the race.Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. [44] A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife and have no desire to return to England. [45] Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land went up among the beds of clams that stranded above high tide .At the height of the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that grow in the sand of the seashore. He theorized that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs around it pout to develop the atoll . [46] [47] On the geologically new Galápagos Islands Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife in the wilderness (wildlife) to an older "center of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of the shell of the turtle showed which island they came but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. [48] [49] In Australia , a marsupial that rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin had thought that almost seems to have two distinct creators are making. [50] he found the Aborigines "with good fun and pleasant" and his noticed their disappearance through the pile of Europeans. [51]

Investigated Beagle how the atoll of Cocos (Keeling) Islands are formed and the survey supported the theorising of Darwin. [47] When FitzRoy began writing the official "Statement" of the Beagle voyage and then read Darwin's diary, he proposed to include it in his statement. [52] the Hornal Darwin was later rewritten as hiwalang third volume on natural history. [53] In Cape Town , met Darwin and FitzRoy with John Herschel , who recently wrote to Lyell Pumpuri in uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "mystery of mysteries, changing species by others" as "a natural kontradistinksiyon in a miraculous process ". [54] in his organizing his notes as the ship was traveling home, Darwin wrote that if his growing suspisyon about the mockingbirds, tortoises and the Falkland Islands Fox were correct," such facts undermine the stability of Species "(such facts would undermine the stability of Species) and then carefully added" would "before" undermine ". [55] He later wrote that such facts" seemed to me provide some clarification on the origin of species ".[56]

Formation of the evolutionary theory of Darwin [ change | change source ]

As a youth, Darwin joined the scientific elite.

Then step on the Beagle in Falmouth, Cornwall on 2 October 1836, Darwin was a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835, powered byHenslow the reputation of his former estadyante by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin's letters. h [57] Darwin visited his home in Shrewsbury and saw relatives, then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised on finding naturalists available to catalog the collections and agreed to take the botanical specimen. The father of Darwin's nangsiwa investments, which allowed his son to be a funded himself a gentleman scientist and a longed to Dawin went to institutions in London gave the fete and looked for eskeprto to describe collections . The zoologist is a great work, and there is a risk that the specimens were left in storage. [58] Eagerly met Charles Lyell Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the coming anatomist Richard Owen with facilities inthe Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. The Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinctground sloths as well as Megatherium , a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and with a size of hippopotamus -and sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara . The armor fragments came from Glyptodon a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought. [59] [38] The extinct animal is related to living species in South America . [60] In mid-December Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organize work on his collections and rewrite his journal. [61] He wrote his first paper showing that the land mass of South America are slowly rising and with the eager support of Lyell read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. on the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society . The ornithologist named John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds , " gros-beaks " and finches were in fact, twelve separate

species of finches . On 17 February Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society and the speeches of Lyell has presented the findings of Owen fossil Darwin's emphasis on geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas. [62] Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be closer to his work to go around that knows scientists of Lyell and eskpertong like Charles Babbage , [63] who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus , part of the premises of the Whig and close pull writer Harriet Martineau who promoted Malthusianismunderlying the controversial to the repromang Poor Law to prevent welfare to cause overpopulation and more poverty. As a Unitarian , he accepted the radical implications oftransmutation of species, promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy . The Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order [64] but the prominent scientists are open to discuss the subject and has extensive interests in the letter of John Herschel praising deal of Lyell as a way to find a natural cause of origin of species. [54] Gould met Darwin and told him that the mockingbirds of the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just differences and Darwin had thought a " wren " was in the finch group as well. No Darwin had labeled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the Beagle, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands.[65] The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how the distribution changed going south. [66]

In mid-July 1837, Dawin's sinimlan in his notebook "B" about the "transmutation of species" and on page 36 wrote "I think" above his firstevolutionary tree .

In mid-March, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as rhe and the extinct animals such as exotic Macrauchenia which looks like a giantguanaco . Her mind during life, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction developed in his notebook "B" in mid-July on to variation in offspring "to adapt & alter the race to changing world" explaining the Galápagos tortoises, mockingbirds and rheas. He sketched branching descent, then a genealogical branching of

a single evolutionary tree, which "benighted absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another" throwing the independent clans (lineages), which leads to higher form of Lamarck [67]

Overwork, illness, and marriage [ change | change source ] See also: Health of Charles Darwin While composed his intense study of transmutation , Darwin is plunging into more jobs. While rewriting his Hornal , he took on editing and publishing the reports of experts on his collections and with the help of Henslow has gained a gift of money to £ 1,000 to support the multivolume Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle that an amount equivalent to £ NaN in 2014. [68] he extended the funding to include his planned books on geology, and agreed unrealistic dates with the publisher. [69] as the Victorian era , the Darwin continued writing hisHornal and in August 1837 began to rectify the proof printer . [70] Darwin's health suffered from this endeavor. On September 20, he had an "uncomfortable palpitations of the heart ", so his doctors urged him to "cease all work" and live in the province of a few weeks. Then visit the Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall , Staffordshire, but they discovered that they too told the story of his journey he was to makagpahinga. His graceful, intelligent and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood nine months older than Dawin takes care of her paralyzed aunt. His uncle Jos pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under loam and suggested that it is made of worms that will inspire "a new and important theory" on their role in the formation of ground that presented by Darwin Geological Society on November 1. [71] Pushed by William Whewell to take the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society. After initially refuse the job, he accepted it in March 1838. [72] Despite the laborious writing and editing reports Beagle , Darwin commit remarkable progress on transmutation to take every opportunity to the tanuning expert naturalist and not ordinary, people with practical experience such as farmers and caregivers pigeons. [5] [73] over time his research drew on information from his relatives and children, the family butler, neighbors , colonists and former shipmates. [74] he included mankind in his speculations from the outset and on seeing an orangutan in the zoo of 28 March 1838 was observed as the children of this behavior. [75] The fatigue caused damage and in June, he was lying on some days with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. The rest of his life, he was repeatedly paralyzed stages of abdominal pain, nausea, boil , the palpitations , trembling and other symptoms, especially in times of stress such as attending meetings or socializing. The cause of Darwin's illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had little success. [76] On June 23, he will take a rest and leave "nagheheolohisa" (geologizing) in Scotland . He visited Glen Roy in good weather to see the parallel "roads" that divided the sides of mountains in three heights. He later published his view that these were marine increased sea shore but he accepted that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake . [77]

Darwin chose to marry his cousin, Emma Wedgwood .

After full recovery, he returned to Shrewsbury in July. The adaptations for everyday writing about paglalahi animal (animal breeding), he wrote wandering disrespectful thoughts about career and prospects on two papers that one with columns with the heading "Marry" and "Not Marry" .The advantages included "constant companion and a friend in old age ... better than a dog anyhow", and against points such as "less money for books" and "terrible loss of time ". [78] the decision in favor of it, he discussed it with his father and visited Emma on July 29. he did not propose breached but against the advice of his father, he mentioned his ideas on transmutation. [79 ] Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of An Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus "In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work ... "[80] In October 1838, fifteen months after my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for fun and Malthus on Population, and being better prepared to recognize the difficulty for existence that everywhere goes on from long patulkoy observations of behavior of animals and plants, again struck me that under these circumstances, the favorable variations (differences) tend to keep, and the favor is not destroyed. The result is the formation of new species . Here, then, finally have a theory to work ... " Liss Malthus that unless human population is uncontrollable, it will rise to a progresyong geometrical and the moment would exceed food supply called katastropiyang Malthusian. [5] Darwin was so ready to see that it applies also in the "battle against the species" of plants by de Candolle and the existence of conflict ahayop explaining how the number of species is relatively stable. Since the species has always been escalating over the available pinagkukuna, the favorable variations would make organisms more closely continuity (surviving) and passing the variations on to their offspring while those who do not favor that variation will be lost . This will result in the formation of new species. [5] [81] On 28 September 1838, he stressed the information they described it as a kind of stuffing, INDEMNITY the suit structure at intervals in the economy of nature while weaker structures were displaced. [5] in the middle of December, he saw similarities between farmers choosing best of breed and the nature Malthusian selects from the chance to others to "every part of the new achievements whole structure is practical and perfected ", [82] thinking this comparison" is a beautiful part of my theory ". [83] On November 11, Darwin returned to Maer and proposed to Emma restated his ideas with him. Took this Emma and exchanges of loving letters she showed how she appreciated the openness of Darwin to their differences as well as the manifestation of his strong belief Unitarian and anxiety that the loyal doubts Darwin could between them in the afterlife . [84] While he was looking for a house in Londo, the stage of the illness continued and Emma wrote to Darwin urging him to rest almost prophetic marks "so do not get sick again , my beloved Charley to join you to take care of you. " He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" in Gower Street , then moved his "museum" in Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin inihilalal as allies of the Royal Society . [85]

On 29 January Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were ikinasala at Maer in an Anglican seremonyong arranged to suit the Unitarians once and then take a train to London and go to their new homes. [86]

Publication of the theory of natural selection [ change | change source ] For more details on this topic, see the publication of Darwin's theory .

Charles Darwin, aged 46 in 1855 during which it makes to the publication of his theory of natural selection . [87]

At the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could continue to travel in seawater to spread species across oceans.Rising doubted by Hooker traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was firmly against evolution . TheLyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realizing it covers. When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace "On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species", he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged her to print it, to lay the first here. Though Darwin saw no threat here, he began work on a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions repeated delay him and he extended his plan "a big book on species" titled Natural Selection . He continued his research that achieves the information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo . The American botanist Asa Gray also showed both interest and on 5 September 1857 Darwin sent Gray a detailed outline of his ideas including an abstract of Natural Selection . In December, Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book will investigate the origins of man . He replied that he avoided the topic "excessive surrounded by prehudisyo" while encouraging Wallace in theorising and adding that "I will pass over you." [88] The Dawin's book is only partially written down on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection . In pagkabiglas he was delayed, sent this Dawin that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace [89] [90] , and although not ask Wallace for printing, Darwin proposed that will be downloaded it to any journal Wallace chose. His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever and her put the matter in the hands of Lyell and Hooker. After some discussion, they decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection . However, the baby son of Darwin died in scarlet fever (fever) and he was very disappointed to attend it. [91] Few quick atention to the revelation of the theory. The president of the Linnean Society in May 1859 marks the year was not marked by any revolutionary discoveries. [92] Only one review is enough to choke Darwin to recall it later. Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed "everything new in them was false and true was old." [93] Darwin struggled for thirteen months to

produce an abstract of his "big book" experiencing pain but draws constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Overseen by Lyell to publish it's John Murray . [94] The On the Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species) proved unexpectedly popular that the entire supply of 1,250 copies was so purchased will be sold on 22 November 1859. [95] In this book, Darwin laid "one long argument" of detailed observations, inference, and consideration of anticipated objections. [96] his only allusion to human evolution the statement that "light will be thrown on (or given light) source and people its history ", [97] his theory is simply stated in the introduction: As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected . From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form. [98] While many individuals of each species are born may continue; and as a result, there are often recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes changing conditions of life, there is more good chance of progression and thus naturally selected .From the strong principle of inheritance , any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.

He put a strong case for common descent (common descent), nugnit avoided nowadays controversial term " evolution ". At the end of the book, he concluded that: There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. [99] There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and, though the planet has gone through pagsisiklo according to the fixed law of gravity , from the simple, not the beginning hanggangng forms most beautiful and most wonderful have evolved and evolving .

Responses to this publication [ change | change source ]

Family holidays in Darwin's 1868 hut Isle of Wight , and Julia Margaret Cameron took pictures showing growing beard Darwin noong1866.

A cartoon in 1871 following the publication of The Descent of Man that is common to many showing Darwin with the body of the ape (gorilla) that connects him to the popular culture as the main author of the theory evolutionary . [100]

For more details on this topic, see Reaction to Darwin's theory . This book will inspire international interest with less controversy than to greet the popular Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . [101]Although the illness Darwin prevented him from public debates, he eagerly inquired the response scientist, commenting on the passage of newspapers, articles, satires, cartoon and and respond to it with its partners around the world. [102] Darwin had only said "Light will be thrown on the origin of man" , [103] but the first review claimed it made a creed of the "men from monkeys" idea from Vestiges . [104] among the start pumpabor response, the review of Huxley is criticized Richard Owen, leader of the scientific establishment tried Huxley overthrow. [105] in April, the review of Owen attacked friends of Darwin and arrogantly rejected his idea angered Darwin, [106] but Owen and others began to promote ideas guided by the supernatural that evolution . [107] The response of the Church of England (Church of England) are mixed. The former tutor of Darwin at Cambridge were Sedgwick and Henslowrejected this idea nugnit the liberal priest is defined by the natural selection as an instrument of the design of God that saw it cleric Charles Kingsley as "such a monumental conception of god". [108] in 1860, the publication of Essays and Reviews by seven liberal Anglican theologians nagpalihis the attention of priests from Darwin to the idea including its high criticism (higher criticism) was attacked by church authorities as heresy. Here, argues Baden Powell that miracles violate the law of God, so belief in them ateistiki and praised the "great bolsiyum Mr. Darwin [support], the great principle of selfevolving powers nature ". [109] discussed Asa Gray 's teleology with Darwin imported and distributed the pamphlet Gray about theistic evolution that" natural selection is not inconsistent with natural theology ". [108] [110] the most unknown confrontation public debate about evolution at Oxford in 1860 as they happen pagpupuplong of the Association for the Advancement of Science , which the bishop of OxfordSamuel Wilberforce , though not opposed to transmutason of species, argued against Darwin explains and Davidic man from the ape . AndJoseph Hooker strongly argued for Darwin and the legendary replied Thomas Huxley that he is better from an ape than a man who misused his gifts, has become a symbol of the triumph of science over religion . ' [108] [111] Even the close friend of Darwin Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support as other particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley painted a polarization between religion and science. He was hostile campaign against the authority of the clergy in education, [108] which

aims to beat the supremacy of the clergy and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favor of a new generation of professional scientists. The claim of Owen to the anatomy of the brain proves that people separatebiological order from apes were shown false by Huxley in a long dispute pinarodiya's Kinsgley as the " Great Hippocampus Question " and refuted Owen . [112] The Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1862, the Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 'sLyell has shed new history (prehistory) although his concern for evolution with Darwin disdain. After a few weeks Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature Huxley proved to anatomy , humans are apes and then tap The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empiricalevidence of natural selection . [113] the influence (lobbying) is brought to Darwin's highest honor scientists Britansiya the Medal Copley awarded on 3 November 1864. [114] on the same day, Huxley held the first meeting that became known influence that X Club is intended for "scientific, concentrated, and independent, not suppressed by the dogma religious". [115] in the last decade, most scientists agree that evolution has happened but one only minority support Darwin's view that the primary mechanism of natural selection . [116] The On the Origin of Species was translated into many languages became major scientific text attracting attention from all of the way of life among the male workers who attended lectures by Huxley. [117] Darwin's theory is intensified also different movements at this time [III] and became a major part of popular culture . [IV] Pinarodiya kartoonista of the ancestors of animals in an old tradition that shows people with a touch of animal and in Britain, these images have made the Darwinian not threatening manner. While ill in 1862, Darwin began to grow a beard and when he reappeared in public in 1866, the caricature of him as an ape (gorilla) has helped to link up with all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism. [ 100]

Pinamgmulan of Man , sexual selection, and botany [ change | change source ]

In 1878, the emerging Darwin suffered years of sickness.

Despite repeated stage of the disease at the end of twenty-two years his life, Darwin's work continues. With the publication of his On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he continued to experiment, researching and writing "big book". He took the origin of man from earlier animals including evolution of society and the potentials mental well papapaliwanag nagpapalamuting beauty of cattle and deploy new study of plants. His investigations on pollination by insects has led in 1861 to the great studies of wild orchids showing the orientation (adaptation) of their flowers to attract specific gamu depends on each species and ensure cross fertilization . His 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave the first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions or predictions. While weakening his health, he was lying in his bedroom at the point of those who iimbentong experiment to plot the movement of vine . [118] The

admiring guests include by Ernst Haeckel , a zealous advocate of Darwinismus incorporating lamarckism and the idealism of Goethe . [119] Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism . [120] The The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication in 1868 the first part of the planned "big book" of Dawin and include unsuccessful hypothesis of panhenesis attempting to explain heredity . It is sold quickly at the beginning despite its size and translated into many languages. He wrote the majority of Third Printing phase but remained unpublished during his lifetime. [121]

Punch's almanac for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm .

Pinasikat of Lyell 's prior history (prehistory) man and did Huxley in description anatomical, humans are apes . [113]With the publication of The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex in 1871, laid Darwin's evidence from different sources that people are animals that demonstrates the continuity of the physical, and consider the nature and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the plumage of the peacock as well as the evolution of human culture, gender differences, and physical and cultural attributes racial while emphasizing that humans are all one species. [122] his research using images was expanded in his book in 1872 that the expression of the Emotions in man and animals , one of the first books printed presents the picture that discusses the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behavior of animals . Both books are been verified rises and Darwin was impressed by the overall tailoring his views which his views were accepted and nagmamarkang "everyone is talking about it without shock". [123] the conclusion was "the man in his all noble qualities, with sympathy feeling for pinakanababa, with goodness extends not content with other people but the most humble creature, with godlike intelligence to penetrate actions and constitution of the solar system -all the power-waxed man still carries its framework materially the indelible mark of his lowly origin. " [124] His experiments related to evolution and the investigation led to the book Insectivorous Plants , The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom , different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants . In his last book, he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms .

Death and legacy [ change | change source ]

The last photograph is believed by Darwin in 1881 before his death.

In 1882, Darwin was diagnosed with called "angina pectoris" means in this era of coronary thrombosis and heart disease. At the time of his death, diagnosed by doctors "anginal attacks" and "heart failure". Darwin died at Down House on April 19, 1882. His last words to his family, telling Emma "I am not afraid of death, remember how you became a good wife to me, Tell all my children to remember how they were good to me "and then while Emma rests, repeatedly said Darwin with Henrietta and Francis" it's almost worth getting sick to care for them ". [125] he hoped to be buried in the churchyard at downe , but at the request of partners of Darwin and after public andparliamentary petition, organized by William Spottiswoode (president of the Royal Society ) that Darwrin honor of a large ceremonial funeral in Westminster Abbey near kauy John Herschel and Isaac Newton . [15] [126] Darwin convinced most scientists that evolution as a source with modification was right and he was considered a great scientist nagrebolusyonisa ideas. While few agree with his family that "natural selection is the main but not exclusive means of modification", he was awarded in June 1909 more than 400 officials and scientists from around the world met in Cambridge to commemorate his th 100 years and the 15th anniversary of his book On the Origin of Species . [127] at this time called " the eclipse of Darwinism ", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms later proved mapagtatanggol. The formation of the modern evolutionary synthesisfrom 1930 to 1950 that includes natural selection with population genetics and Mendelian that genetics has brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection is the basic mechanism of evolution . This synthesis has laid the framework for modern debates and refinements of the theory. [6]

Children [ change | change source ] Darwin's children William Erasmus Darwin

(27 December 1839-1914)

Anne Elizabeth Darwin

(2 March 1841 - 23 April 1851)

Mary Eleanor Darwin

(23 September 1842 - October 16, 1842)

Emma Henrietta "Etty" Darwin

(25 September 1843-1929)

George Howard Darwin

(July 9, 1845 - December 7, 1912)

Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin

(July 8, 1847 to 1926)

Francis Darwin

(16 August 1848 to 19 September 1925)

Leonard Darwin

(15 January 1850 - 26 March 1943)

Horace Darwin

(13 May 1851 - 29 September 1928)

Charles Waring Darwin

(December 6, 1856 - June 28, 1858)

Darwin and his wife Emma had 10 children: two died in infancy. His daughter Anne Darwin died at the age of 10 and it has a harmful effect on Darwin and his wife. He lived with the children, George , Francis and Horacebecame Fellows of the Royal Society, [128] respectively unique astronomer, botanist and civil inheryong [129] . His son Leonard became a soldier, politician, economist and educator of statistical and evolutionary biologist wasRonald Fisher . [130]

Darwin's views [ change | change source ]

In 1851, Darwin was collapsed when his daughter Annie died. During this time, his faith in Christianity is less and less and he stopped attending church.

[Page 131]

The religious tradition of Darwin's family was not konpormistang Unitarianism . His father and grandfather wereindependent thinkers, and his baptism and boarding school the Church of England . [19] When he went to Cambridge to become a man of the church (clergyman), he did not doubt the literal truth the Bible . [24] He learned the science of John Herschel , like theology naturally by William Paley sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design. [ 26] [27] While on board theBeagle , Darwin was quite orthodox and quoting / quote the Bible as an authority on morality . [132] he sought the "center of creation" to explain distribution and linked the antlion found a close the kangaroo 's unique "time of Creation". [50] upon his return, he became a critic of the Bible as a history and wondered why all religions should not be equal validity. [132] in the following few years as strongly predicative of geology and transmutation of species , he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with Emma that these beliefs are rooted in masidihing learning and inquiry. [84] the teodosiya by Paley and Malthus argued in evils such as starvation as a result of the laws of the Creator well with overall good effect. For Darwin, natural selection has created the good of adaptation but he removed the need for design. [133] He has not seen the work of a god almighty with all the pain and suffering as a ichneumon wasp that nagpaparalisa a caterpillar as live food for its eggs.[110] he still saw the organism as a perfect fit and on the Origin of Species will reflect his theological insights. Although he believed the religion as a strategic long- tribe of continuity, he hesitated to reject the idea of God as a last lawgiver . He

was constantly agitated in the problem of evil .[134] [135] Darwin remained a close friend of the vicar of Downe said John Innes and continues to perform a basic activity parish church [136] but in 1849 was walking every week while his family attended church. [131] he deemed "absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent teistä and an evolutionist" [137] [138] and though silent about his views religious, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of rejecting the existence of a God . - I think that in general ... the agnostic is most correct description of my state of mind . " [84] [137] the" story Lady Hope"published in 1915 claimed that Darwin back to Christianity while in bed nakalatay. The claims were denied by Darwin's children and is rejected as false by historians. [139]

Commemoration [ change | change source ]

Statue of Charles Darwin at the Natural History Museum in London

Throughout the life of Darwin, many geographical features were named after him. Including the Darwin Sound and Darwin became the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia. [140] The more than 120 species and 9 genera were named after him. [141] An example of the group of tanager associated with findings by Darwin 's Galápagos island popularly known as Darwin's finches . [142] the author of Darwin will continue celebrating many publications and events. Remembered the Linnean Society of London 's Darwin made through Prize DarwinWallace since 1908. The Day of Darwin has become an annual celebration of various groups and individuals and in 2009 organized a celebration of the dalawaang hundred years of the birth of Darwin and the 150th anniversary of the publication of on the Origin of Species. [143] Darwin was commemorated also in the United Kingdom that his picture is printed on the opposite of the money £ 10 including ahummingbird and the HMS Beagle issued by the Bank of England . [144] a life size statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of theNatural History Museum in London. [145]