Chapter 3 Of Nursing Research

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Space Introduction. (Paragraph Form, Indented, justified) Example: CORRELATES OF SMOKING INITIATION AMONG ADOLESCENT 10 TO 17 YEARS OLD, BARANGAY 704, SAN ANDRES, MANILA, PHILIPPINES The chapter includes the study design, the method of subject selection, tools and instruments used, the detailed methodology, and the statistical tool employed during the conduction of the study. Space The Methods of the Research Used (Bold, Left Justified) Space This study utilized a cross-sectional design. Primary data was obtained from the adolescent residing at Barangay 704 of San Andres, Manila. In this study, the prevalence of smoking initiation among the youths was identified through selected factors (socio-demographic, individual characteristics and environmental factors). Similarly, the characteristics associated with smoking initiations among the 10- to 17-years-olds adolescents were identified. The association of environmental factors (parental, peer and media influences) will serve as guide in designing appropriate preventive intervention. Space POPULATION FRAME, SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE (Bold, Left Justified) Space A simple random sample of residents of Barangay 704, San Andres, Manila was used in this study. From the household roster, respondents were chosen using the table of random numbers. The sample population consisted of smoking adolescent categorized into: early adolescence (10 to

12 years of age), mid-adolescent (13 to 15 years of age) and late-adolescence (16 to 17 years of age). Preliminary subject selection was conducted to determine the sample size. Adolescents, who were illiterate, resided in the area for less than six months and married, were excluded from the study. All eligible adolescent with the consent from parents and the freedom to participate were included for sampling. Of those visited, 55 (4.5%) adolescents were dropped from the study for the following reasons: refusal to participate, incompleteness of forms, and inconsistencies of responses. Out of the partial 1,200 subjects that were obtained, a total number of subjects included in the analysis were 1,145 adolescent who were asked during the time of interview if he has ever tasted one or a few puffs of cigarettes. Space Instrumentation (Bold, Left Justified) Space A Smoking Initiation interview questionnaire was prepared prior to data collection proper. It consisted of 42 items and required approximately 15 minutes to complete. The questionnaire is divided into three parts: demographic profiles, individual factors and smoking initiation factors. The demographic profiles included in the study were age, gender, educational background of the respondents and the socio-economic status. Individual factors are measures about the adolescent attributes which include self-esteem, self-efficacy and intention to smoke. The self-esteem items were adapted from the Hare Selfesteem tests validated by Zarco (1979). Self-efficacy items pertains to specific situation such as when his friend is smoking, when he is alone, when his friend is smoking, when his mad at an authority, when sibling is also smoking and when he just wants to relax. The first two attributes were scored, as follows: 1 (lowest), 2 (low) and 3 (high). Respondents were asked to answer the intention to smoke in one, three and five years either ‘Yes’ for those who have an intention to smoke and ‘No’, for those who have no intention to smoke.

Smoking initiation factors are environmental factors associated with smoking initiation, which are divided into the following: a) Parental influence, will be assessed in two ways: by perceived parenting and parental modeling. The perceived parenting is conceptualized as composite of four smoking-specific dimensions: parental monitoring, parental communication, negative parental response and easy access of tobacco. The perception of adolescent and not the self-report parenting behavior are not the measure of interest here. While, parental modeling item was assessed by determining the smoking behavior of one or both parents. b) Peer influence item will asked whether an adolescent is exposed to current cigarettes use of friends. And, c) Media influence, where adolescent will be asked of the five dimensions of the effect of cigarette advertisement. Scoring in each item was categorized into ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Space Data Gathering Procedure (Bold, Left Justified) Space This should be detailed. You can divide the procedure into subheadings, as follows: A. Approval for the Conduct of Study B. Distribution of Questionnaires C. Data Collection Example: A. Approval for the Conduct of Study A letter (Appendix A) was sent to the Dean of the College of Nursing with the letter noted by the Research Adviser for the approval of the research. Upon approval, a letter of information for the conduction of the study (Appendix B) was transmitted to the Barangay Captain of Barangay 704, San Andres, Manila. Space B. Selection of Respondents

With consent from the respective barangay, letters (Appendix C) were sent to the parents of the respondents asking for permission for their children to participate in the study. Five days after the distribution, households were visited within the study site to identify the respondents. Parents who approve their children to participate in the study were asked to write the names of the smoking adolescent and affixed their signature as a gesture of approval in the List of Respondents (Appendix D). However, adolescent who decline to participate despite the consent of the parents will be excluded. Illiterate adolescent, those who have resided in the area for less than six months and married were excluded as well. Also, despite the presence of guardians, adolescent in the absence of parents were not included in the study. Subjects were refined further with the following criteria: those who decided to refuse participation during the interview, incompleteness of forms and inconsistencies of responses. Space C.

Conduct of Study All eligible subjects from different respective household were interviewed right after the

consent to participate. They were asked to locate a spot most convenient for the conduction of the study. They were informed of the objectives and purpose of the study and instructed of the directions in answering the interview. The researchers address questions raised by the respondents before the interview begun. During the interview proper, the researchers asked the questions in politeness and unclear items where elaborated if the needs arises. No follow up questions was made in each items after an answer was made. The interview lasted approximately 15 minutes. Afterwards, the respondents were assured of confidentiality of the responses made during the interview. Then, the researchers appreciated the time and participation extended to this study. At the end, the respondents received an item from the researchers containing Smoking Information pamphlet and grocery bag.

D. Data Collection After the interview, the data (demographic profiles, individual and environmental factors) are collected. Encoded data was entered using Microsoft Excel and processed with SPSS Version 14 to determine the correlates of smoking initiation. Space Statistical Treatment (Bold, Left Justified) Space Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to arrive at the results. The following statistical tool was employed, as follows: Frequencies, Percentage Distribution and Proportion. These were computed to present the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of age, gender, educational attainment, socio-economic status. The formula to compute such are as follows: Percentage Distribution (% Dist.) Formula

where:

Formula

where:

Proportion

Chi-square Test. This was employed to determine whether the difference across the categories of individual and environmental factors were significant. The computation for such as found below: Formula

Crude Odds Ratio.

where:

This was calculated to determine the relationship of selected

demographic factors, individual attributes and environmental factors with smoking initiation, as shown below: Formula

where: