Cancer Of Reproductive System

Prepared by: Mariane S. Montemayor

BREAST CANCER • A cancer that starts in the cells of the breast in women and men

BREAST CANCER Risk factors you cannot change

GenderAge Genetic risk factors Race Personal history of breast cancer • Menstrual periods • Treatment with DES • • • • •

Risk Factor you can change lifestyle choices

• Nullipara • Use of birth control pills • Postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT) • Use of alcohol • Being overweight or obese

BREAST CANCER Cause:

• Exact causes of Cancer is UNKNOWN

Study

• Lesions to DNA such as genetic mutations • Abnormal growth factor- signaling • Inherited defects in DNA repair genes

Paget's disease • named after Sir James Paget • include redness and mild scaling and flaking of the nipple skin and resembles eczema, and can be itchy

Male Breast Cancer • Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt • men have breast tissue and that they can develop breast cancer.

BREAST CANCER SYMPTOMS

• a “lump” in the surrounding breast tissue. • changes in breast size or shape, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, or spontaneous single-nipple discharge • “Mastodynia” – breast pain • peau d'orange- pain, swelling, warmth and redness throughout the breast, as well as an orange-peel texture to the skin- inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) • Paget's disease of the breast

BREAST CANCER

Diagnostic Test

 common methods screening are: self and clinical breast exams Incision and biopsy) mammography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Genetic testing may also used

BREAST CANCER Treatment

 surgery when the tumor is localized  adjuvant hormonal therapy (with tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor)  Adjuvant therapy Hormone Therapy Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILT)

Cancer of the Reproductive System Female

Reproductive System

Ovary Uterus Endometrial Uterus – Cervical Vagina/Vulva

Ovarian Cancer • is a cancerous growth arising from different parts of the ovary • most cases, there are no known causes • called a “silent killer” • Ovarian cancer can develop at any age

Ovarian Cancer • Risk factors

Genetic risk factors Increasing age- menopausal women Nullipara Early menstrual cycles- start before 12 years old and late menopausal • Use of estrogens or hormone replacement therapy • Use of Talc, High fat diet • • • •

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms • pelvic pressure or frequent urination • unexplained changes in bowel habits

• pain or swelling in the abdomen • pain during intercourse • vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women

Ovarian Cancer Diagnostic Exams PE pelvic examination CA-125 assay one or more various imaging procedures (MRI, CT’s scan, UTZ) • a lower GI series, or barium enema • • • •

• diagnostic laparoscopy

Treatment Ovarian Cancer Treatment • Surgery- oophorectomy, bilateral oophorectomy,TAHBSO • Chemotherapy- via the lymphatic system or the blood stream • Radiation

UTERINE CANCER • Cancer of uterine cavity • Divided into two primary forms Endometrial Cancer Cervical Cancer

Endometrial Cancer • develops when the cells that make up the endometrium become abnormal and grow uncontrollably • exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer • CAUSES • high levels of estrogen

• Risk Factor Age- age of 50 and above Obesity Estrogen replacement therapy Diabetes Hypertension Early first menstruation or late menopause Tamoxifen Genetic factors Nullipara women

Symptoms of Endometrial cancer

• Vaginal bleeding

• Anemia menorrhagia • Lower abdominal metrorrhagia pain or pelvic in premenopausal women cramping in women older than 40: extremely long, heavy, • Thin white or or frequent episodes of clear vaginal bleeding (may indicate discharge in premalignant changes) postmenopausal women.

Diagnostic Exams for Endometrial cancer • • • • • •

Pap smear Endometrial curettage Hysteroscopy Endometrial biopsy or aspiration Transvaginal ultrasound TruTest- uses the small flexible Tao Brush to brush the entire lining of the uterus

Treatment for Endometrial cancer • Surgical treatment – TAHBSO Abdominal hysterectomy more prefer than vaginal hysterectomy

• Radiation therapy • Chemotherapy • Hormone therapy

CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER • • a disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. • third most common cancer of the female reproductive tract

CERVICAL TUMOR/CANCER • RISK FACTOR:

 Multiple Sex Partner  Smoking  some hormonal contraception, diethylstilbestrol (DES)  a family history of cervical cancer.  Lack of regular Pap tests

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding – Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods – after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam – Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than before – Bleeding after menopause • Increased vaginal discharge • Pelvic pain • Pain during sexual intercourse

CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER • PREVENTION – Awareness (human papillomavirus) – Screening (Pap smear) – Vaccination of HPV – Use of condoms

• DIAGNOSTIC EXAM

– Pap smear – BiopsyEndocervical curettage – cystoscopy – Colposcopy – CT scan, MRI

CERVICAL TUMOR/ CANCER • TREATMENT  SURGERY • Hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy  Radiation therapy  Chemotherapy  Alternative and Complementary Therapies

Vaginal Cancer • a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina • When found in early stages, it can often be cured

Vaginal Cancer • CAUSES The cause of vaginal cancer is not known. Age and exposure to the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) before birth affect a woman’s risk of developing vaginal cancer.

Vaginal Cancer • Risk Factor  aged 60 or older  exposed to DES while in the mother's womb  Having (HPV) infection  history of abnormal cells in the cervix or cervical cancer  very poor hygiene

Vaginal Cancer • SYMPTOMS o Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge not related to menstrual periods. o Pain during sexual intercourse. o Pain in the pelvic area. o A lump in the vagina.

Vaginal Cancer • DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS

Physical exam and history Pelvic exam- exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. Speculum is also use to visualize Pap smear Biopsy Colposcopy- lighted, magnifying instrument to check the vagina and cervix

Vaginal Cancer • Surgery- vaginectomy- removal of vagina Hysterectomy • Radiation therapy • Chemotherapy

Reproductive Disorder in

Male • TESTICULAR CANCER • PENILE CANCER

TESTICULAR CANCER • cancer that develops in the testicles • Rare but usually occur between ages 15-35 • No known etiology/cause

TESTICULAR CANCER Risk Factor

• major risk factor for the development of testis cancer is cryptorchidism • inguinal hernia • mumps orchitis • sedentary lifestyle • hormones

TESTICULAR CANCER SYMPTOMS • a lump • loss of sexual activity or interest • A burning sensation specially following physical activity.

• hydrocele

build-up of fluid in the scrotum

or tunica vaginalis, known as

• a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin

sometimes described as a "heavy" sensation

• Lumbago • severely enlarged testicle (tumor) lower back pain

as much as

3 times the original size.

• other testicle may be shrunken in size • blood in semen • general weak and tired feeling

TESTICULAR CANCER Diagnostic Exams

Treatment  ORCHIECTOMY

• Scrotum examination-  Surgical removal of one or both testes palpation  Followed by • scrotal ultrasound  Adjuvant Treatment • CT scans  Chemotherapy • tumor markers- AFP  Radiotherapy alpha1 feto protein,  CT scans Beta-HCG, and LDH  blood tests • Biopsy- inguinal orchiectomy

Penile Cancer • growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis

• ETIOLOGY • exact cause of penile cancer is unknown • cancers may be related to chronic exposure to carcinogens • associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Penile Cancer Symptoms Risk Factor • Person (HPV) infection • Redness • Smoking • rashes • phimosis • treatment of psoriasis w/ UV light • Age • AIDS • poor hygiene

• a lump on the penis • Penile lesions • ulcerations from irritation • allergic reactions • Severe- penile papule

Penile Cancer Diagnostic Exams • Penile Examination) • CT scan • Biopsy

Treatment

• SURGERY Amputation (penectomy) - a partial or total removal of the penis, and possibly the associated lymph nodes • RADIATION THERAPY • CHEMOTHERAPY • BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

Thank you…