Chapter 29 Reading Guide

AP European History/Neiffer

Reading Guide: Chapter 29: The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe The Emergence of the Cold War • •

What is the traditional view and emerging view of the cause of the Cold War? How did American decisions after World War II help cause the Cold War?

Containment in American Foreign Policy? • Containment • The Truman Doctrine • The Marshall Plan • How did the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan help establish the US and Soviet Union as adversaries? Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe • What was Stalin's response to Western containment policy? • How was Czechoslovakia brought under Soviet control? • What policies were force-adopted by governments under the influence of the Soviet union? • Marshall Josip Tito (1892-1980) The Postwar Division of Germany • How did the West and Soviet Union differ in their German policy? • What was the Berlin Blockade? What was the response from the West? NATO and the Warsaw Pact • NATO • Warsaw Pact

Tito in 1972 (Photo: National The Creation of the State of Israel • The Balfour Declaration Archives) • Zionism • UN Declaration • How did the establishment of Israel play into Cold War Tensions? The Korean War • What issues dominated in the Korean peninsula after World War II? • How did the Korean War play into Cold War Tensions?

The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union Khrushchev's Domestic Policies • How did the free exchange of idea change under Khrushchev? • How did Khrushchev criticize Stalin's regime? • The Secret Speech of 1956 Three Crises of 1856

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How did the Suez Intervention show that world power had shifted? How did the election of Wladyslaw Gomulka expose tensions between Poland and the USSR? How did the Hungarian uprising expose tensions between Hungary and the USSR? What was the result of these three situations on Cold War power?

Later Cold War Confrontations • •

Sputnik US/Soviet U-2 Incident

The Berlin Wall • What was the purpose of the wall? What did it represent?

Nikita Khrushchev and JFK (Photo: National Park Services)

The Cuban Missile Crisis • What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis? • What prevented the Crisis from turning the Cold War hot?

The Brezhenev Era 1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Prague Spring • How did Brezhenev respond to the Prague Spring? • What is the Brezhenev Doctrine? The United States and Detente • How did US/USSR policy change under Nixon? • How did US/USSR policy change under Ford? • How did US/USSR policy change under Carter? The Invasion of Afghanistan • Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan? • Was was the impact on the USSR? … the Cold War? Communism and Solidarity in Poland • Pope John Paul II • Lech Walesa • How did the Polish Communist change during the 1980s?

Lech Walesa (Photo: Slawek)

Relations with the Reagan Administration • What actions did the Reagan Administration make to add to Cold War tensions? What was the result?

Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire • India • •

What broad factors lead to decolonization?

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Indian National Congress

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What events were coupled with the Indian struggle for independence? How did the partition between Indian and Pakistan cause further conflicts in the region?

Further British Retreat from Empire • For what reasons did Britain continue to decolonize after India? • What was the results of those movements?

The Turmoil of French Decolonization France and Algeria • What was the status of Algeria at the end of World War II? • National Liberation Front • What impact of the referendum on Algerian independence? France and Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh • How was the Vietnam issue connected to France during WWII? • How did events of the Vietnamese civil war lead to a split Vietnam? Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War • How did Vietnam become a Cold War front? Direct United States Involvement • What did the United States get involved directly in the conflict? What ended that? • Vietnamization

Ho Chi Minh (Photo: Miguel Monjas)

The Collapse of European Communism Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union • What reforms did Gorbachev put into place to modernize the Soviet Union? • How did Gorbachev's policies weaken the resolve of Soviet strength over its own people? 1989: • • • • • •

Revolution in Eastern Eastern Europe Poland: Solidarity Hungary East Germany/German Reunification Czechoslovakia: The Velvet Revolution Romanic: The end of Nicholae Ceausescu

The Collapse of the Soviet Union • What events lead to the end of Communist Party control the USSR? • Boris Yeltsin • How did parts of the Soviet Union break away from the mother country? • What was the final blow to the Communist Party?

Vladimir Putin (Photo:

The Yeltsin Decade and Putin Alexander • What was the issues in dismantling the Soviet economy and replacing it Zemlianichenko) with a modern economy? 3/4

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How did tensions in Chechnya highlight modern problems in Russia? How did Vladimir Putin help push Russia to be an economic superpower again?

The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War • •

How did Tito's government style lead to ethnic tensions after the collapse of the Soviet Union? What was the impact of the Civil War in the region?

The Rise of Radical Political Islamism Arab Nationalism • What was the cause of the Arab Nationalism movement? The Iranian Revolution • Why did Iranians unite against Western influence in Iran? Was was the impact of their movement? Afghanistan and Radical Islam • How did the Cold War lead to the increase of radical Islam in Afghanistan? • Was was the impact?

A Transformed West • • •

September 11, 2001 George W. Bush The Iraq War (2002-?)

Review Questions •

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How did the United States and the Soviet Union come to dominate Europe after 1945? How would you define the policy of containment? In what areas of the world did the United States specifically try to George W. Bush (Photo: White House) contain Soviet power from 1945 to 1982? Why were 1956 and 1962 crucial years in the Cold War? How did Khrushchev’s policies and reforms change the Soviet state after the repression of Stalin? Why did many people consider Khrushchev reckless? Why did the nations of Europe give up their empires? How did World War II affect the movement toward decolonization? How did Gandhi lead India toward independence? How did French decolonization policies differ from Britain’s? How did the United States become involved in Vietnam? What internal political pressures did the Soviet Union experience in the 1970s and early 1980s? What steps did the Soviet government take to repress those protests? What role did Gorbachev’s attempted reforms play in the collapse of the Soviet Union? What were the major events in Eastern Europe— particularly Poland—that contributed to the collapse of communism? What are the major domestic challenges to the new Confederation of Independent States? Was the former Yugoslavia a national state? Why did it break apart and slide into civil war? How did the West respond to this crisis? How did the American response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, divide the NATO alliance? Why do some European nations feel able to dissent from the U.S. position in the Middle East when they rarely did so during the Cold War? What were the major causes for the rise of radical political Islamism? In what ways is the present U.S. intervention in the Middle East a result of decolonization and in what ways are other factors at work?

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