Ch4 Reproduction.pptx

CHAPTER 4: Reproduction

4.1 SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Reproduction ????

Process of producing new individuals from living organisms

REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL

ASEXUAL

Involves reproductive cells

Does not Involve reproductive cells

THE IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION Produce new generation • different from its parents • Shows genetic variation

Avoid death species

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION involve two parents

FEMALE PARENT Carries female reproductive cell

MALE PARENT Carries male reproductive cell

FERTILISATION fusion of male and female gametes to produce new life

INTERNAL FERTILISATION

EXTERNAL FERTILISATION

Occur inside female Occur outside the female parent’s body parent’s body

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

• • • •

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Only ONE PARENT involve Have NO FERTILIZATION process New individual SIMILAR to their parent Have NO VARIATION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BINARY FISSION

REGENERATION

BUDDING

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

SPORE FORMATION

BINARY FISSION

Division of a single parent cell into two daughter cells. Eg: Amoeba, paramecium

BUDDING

-

Forming a bud on the organism’s body Starts off as a swelling

REGENERATION

PLANARIA

Ability of the fragments of some organisms to grow and develop into completely new individuals STARFISH

SPORE FORMATION

Spore (in sporangium) which is tiny and light get scattered by the wind

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

-

Produce new plants from a vegetative part of plant Vegetative part: roots, stem, bulb, leave Eg: carrot, onion, ginger, potato

4.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Know structure, label and function of HRS 2. Physical changes during puberty 3. Compare male & female gametes

MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM Urinary bladder

Seminal vesicle prostate gland Sperm duct Urethra scrotum penis

testis

TESTIS Produce male gametes (sperms) and male sex hormones

SCROTUM Hold and protect the testis

SPERM DUCT Transport sperms from testis to urethra

SEMINAL VESICLE Secretes nutritional fluid for the sperms

PROSTATE GLANDS Secrete fluid which contains nutrients and protects sperm cell

URETHRA Channel to discharge sperm and urine from the body

PENIS Transfer sperm into vagina of the female during copulation

FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM Fallopian tube

uterus vagina

ovary cervix

OVARY Produce female gamete (ovum) and female sex hormones

FALLOPIAN TUBE Place where fertilization occur (between sperm and ovum)

UTERUS (WOMB) Place embryo develops and grows

CERVIX Produce mucus (enable sperm to swim into the uterus)

VAGINA - receive sperm - channel through which a baby is born

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Vocal cord enlarge and voice become deeper

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Moustache and beard begin to grow

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Hair grows on the face, armpits and chest

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

MALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Testes produce sperm and sex hormones • Hair grows at pubic region • Penis and scrotum  enlarge

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE

• Hair grows on the armpits

Early stage of the maturity

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Breast grow • Hip become firm and broader

PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY

FEMALE

Early stage of the maturity

• Ovaries produce ovum and sex hormones • Hair grows at pubic region • Menstrual cycle  begins

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES

real picture of

real picture of

SPERM

OVUM

SPERM testis

OVUM Produced by

ovary

Male gamete

Gamete

Female gamete

Able to move

Ability to move

Not able to move

Smallest cell in the male’s body

size

Smallest cell in the female’s body

4.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

menstrual cycle??? menstruation???

MENSTRUATION When women reach puberty

MENSTRUATION Breakdown of the lining of the uterine wall and discharge of blood through the vagina

FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Ovary and ovum

1. Controlled by the brain and endocrine system - Secrete hormone

2. Lasts for 28 days (differs for each individual)

3. Factors that affect the menstrual cycle • Nutrient intake • Abrupt change in body weight • Emotional changes and mental pressure

MENSTRUAL CYCLE - Series of changes that occurs in the uterine wall and the ovaries

- Involve formation and release of mature ovum

4 PHASE

1.

MENSTRUATION PHASE day 1-5 - Uterine lining  breaks down (menstruation) - Discharged together (blood, unfertilized ovum and mucus)

2.

REPAIR PHASE day 6-11 - Uterine lining  starts to rebuild and thicken - Blood vessels form - Ready to receive implantation of fertilized ovum

3.

FERTILE PHASE day 12-17 - Ovum released (14th day)  OVULATION - Uterine lining  continues thicken - Fertilisation occur  if sperms are present

4.

PREMENSTRUAL PHASE day 18-28 - Uterine lining  thicken/richly supplied with blood vessel - if fertilisation occur  Ready for implantation of an embryo - If fertilization not occur menstrual cycle will repeat

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Importance of personal hygiene during menstruation - Ensure reproductive system is not infected with microorganisms like bacteria, virus and fungi

1. Change sanitary pad 3-4 times a day  prevent infection of bacteria and virus

2. Menstruating women  bathe frequently

IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION (negative effect) - Infertility (eg: ovarian cancer, uterus cancer) - Difficulties in family planning - Health problem (eg: anaemia)

4.4 FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY

After that ??

- Fusion between sperm and ovum

In this chapter, u will know:-

1.

2.

3.

Communicate about fertilization and implantation Importance and function of placenta and umbilical cord Development of

4. Embryo implant on uterine wall and grow as foetus

3. Zygote divide and form embryo.

2. If ovum present in fallopian tube, fertilization may occur (produce zygote

1. Sperm will swim into the vagina during copulation

ABNORMAL PREGNANCY

Growth of zygote to embryo and foetus until birth

IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD PLACENTA Place where • exchange oxygen & CO2 • supply nutrients • removal of waste materials through mother’s blood and foetus

AMNION Membrane that form a sac and contain fluid

UMBILICAL CORD • Tube that connects foetus to placenta • There are bood vessels (transport blood to & from foetus)

AMNIOTIC FLUID Act as cushion to • absorb concussion • Protect foetus from injuries

TWIN

BABY, PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD

In this chapter, u will know:1.

Communicate about fertilization and implantation

2.

Importance and function of placenta and umbilical cord

3.

Development of

4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FOETUS AND BABY

In this chapter, you will :1.

Relate the importance of taking nutritious food during pregnancy to the health of both mother and foetus.

2.

Justify the importance of avoiding the intake of harmful substances to the foetus

Same or different nutritional requirement?

Nutritional requirement of pregnant lady • A pregnant woman must have a healthy and balanced diet and take good care of her health to deliver a healthy baby • The calorie requirement for a pregnant woman is higher

Foetus obtain nutrients and oxygen from the mother

HEALTHY FOOD  HEALTHY BABY

UNHEALTHY FOOD  UNHEALTHY BABY

ABNORMAL FOETUS

Carbohydrate Fat Protein

CALCIUM Iron Vitamin C Folic Acid Fibre Phosphorus

Calcium for: • healthy formation of foetus bones • Protect bones/teeth of the mother

Recap Questions What are the main nutrients needed by pregnant woman? Carbohydrate, fat, protein, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron and fibre

What are the functions of the following nutrients ? Carbohydrate & fat Provide energy for daily activities Protein Growth of new cells of foetus

Fibre Iron Vitamin C

Folic acid Calcium & Phosphorus

Prevents constipation Formation of haemoglobin to prevent anaemia For healthy skin & to prevent bleeding gums Nervous system development Strong bones and teeth

Can pregnant woman do this? Taking drugs

Smoking

Consuming alcohols

Will affect their babies

Low birth weight Higher mortality rate

Premature baby

Retarded baby miscarriage

• Foetal development may be delayed • Foetal Alcohol Syndrome • The brain, nervous system and the heart may be damaged Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Characteristics of a baby who suffers from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome: • born with a low birth weight • small head measurement • retarded • facial abnormalities

FOETAL DEFECTS

Recap Questions The 3 harmful activities that a pregnant woman should avoid is? Taking drugs, Consuming alcohols & Smoking What are the effects smoking to foetus & pregnant lady? Low birth weight, high mortality rate, retarded, premature babies, miscarriage

Recap Questions What are the effects consuming alcohols to foetus & pregnant lady? Foetal Alcohol Syndrome, foetal development delayed, nervous system and heart may be damaged

What are the effects taking drugs to foetus & pregnant lady? Foetal Defects

IMPORTANT OF BREAST MILK Babies depend solely on milk as their source of nutrients - does not have teeth and cannot eat solid food • Contain all essential nutrients • Contain antibodies protect baby from certain diseases • Mother/baby  become closer • Better digestion compare to formula milk

Recap Questions Why breast milk is better than formula milk? • Contain all essential nutrients • Contain antibodies protect baby from certain diseases • Mother/baby  become closer • Better digestion compare to formula milk

4.6 INFERTILITY AND CONTRACEPTION

In this subtopic, u will know:1. Meaning of infertility and how to overcome them 2.

Differentiate method of contraception

3.

Importance of health screening/immediate treatment (related to RS)

INFERTILITY Inability to produce offspring (children)

Factor of sterility in male and female

• Reproductive system infected with disease

• defective reproductive system

Poor quality sperm

Cannot produce sperm

impotent Factor of sterility in

Block in Fallopian Tube

Cannot produce ovum

Abnormal uterus Tumor

Factor of sterility in female

Methods to overcome 1. Hormone treatment sterility For those who have imbalanced hormone

Methods to overcome sterility 2. Surgery For those who have blockage in their fallopian tube/sperm duct

Methods to overcome sterility 3. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

blockage in their fallopian tube

Takes out the ovum to be fertilized with the sperm outside the body. Embryo formed then put inside the uterus

Methods of Contraception 1. Contraceptive pills

Married couple can plan their family

Can prevent ovulation

Methods of Contraception 2. Implants

Secrete the hormone that prevent ovary from producing ovum

Methods of Contraception 3. Use of condom

Prevent sperm from entering the vagina

Methods of Contraception 4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)

Inserted inside the woman’s uterus (prevent implantation)

Methods of Contraception 5. Vasectomy

Cut the sperm duct, two ends are then tied to prevent sperm from being transported

Methods of Contraception 6. Ligation

Cut the fallopian tubes, two ends are then tied to prevent ovum from meeting the sperm

The importance of practicing frequent health screening to get immediate treatment for problems related to reproductive system

HEALTH SCREENING  detect early symptoms of chronic diseases

Yearly (starting at the age of 40)

CANCER (uterine, cervical, prostate)  Can be treated if detected earlier

Reduce risk of health problem  which require high cost treatment

Doctor can consult the correct and safe contraceptive method

Q & A Session

Homework

4.7 PLANT REPRODUCTION

In this subtopic, u will know:1. Structure and function of flower’s parts 2.

Pollination process

3.

Process of fertilization and formation of seeds and fruits

4. 5.

Germination process of a seed What to do if germination

Plant need to reproduce to ensure their survival. They have to be replaced with new organisms

Activity 1 : Dissect a flower •

Dissect your specimens.

• Identify the following parts: (a) Flower petal and sepal. (b)Male reproductive organ. (c)Female reproductive organ.

• 3. Draw and label the structures of the flowers that you have observed.

Longitudinal section of a flower

Longitudinal section of a other flowers

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EACH PART OF A FLOWER

Female Reproductive Organ

Male Reproductive Organ

Usually colourful to attract insects and animals

Protect flower during the bud stage

Types of flowers • Bisexual and unisexual flowers • Bisexual - they have both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive organs in the same flower • Unisexual - they only have stamen or pistil Papaya plant, corn plant

POLLINATION - Process of transferring matured pollen grains from anther to stigma

POLLINATION - Matured anther will burst and spread the pollen grains Some might fall on soil

Some are brought by pollinating agents to the stigma

POLLINATION – (selfpollination) Pollen grain  transferred to the stigma (same flower)

Pollen grain  transferred to the stigma of another flower (same plant)

POLLINATION – (cross-pollination)

Pollen grain transferred to the stigma of another flower (different plant of the same species)

POLLINATION AGENTS

How pollen grains from a plant get transferred from the anther to the stigma?

1. Pollen grain from anther (flower A) sticks on the body/legs of the insect

2. Pollen grain carried by the insect are transferred to the stigma (flower B)

POLLINATION AGENTS 1. Animals and insects - pollen grain stick on the beak/body - When insects suck its nectar Flower’s characteristic - big/colorful petal - Have nectar/smell nice - Rough/sticky pollen grain

durian

rambutan

EXAMPLES

POLLINATION AGENTS 2. Wind - Light pollen grain blown by the wind - Reaches the stigma of another flower Flower’s characteristic - White/pale petal - Long and furry stigma - Plenty of small, smooth and light PG - Long filament and style

grass

corn

EXAMPLES

paddy

lalang

The Advantages of Cross-Pollinatio - Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

1. New varieties of plants

The Advantages of Cross-Pollinatio

- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

2. Good quality seeds

The Advantages of Cross-Pollinatio - Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

3. More resistant to pests and diseases

The Advantages of Cross-Pollinatio - Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

4. Healthier plants which can adapt better to changes in the environment

The Innovation Of Cross-pollination In Agriculture

- Widely used to produce better crops with higher quality

PALM OIL

PAPAY

CORN PADDY

PALM OIL Pisifera + Dura

Tenera

• More fruits and flesh • Thinner shell

PAPAYA Subang 6 + Sunrise solo

EKSOTIKA

• Sweeter fruits • More flesh

CORN

Sweet corn (Taiwan) + Sweet corn (Mexico)

MASMADU

• Sweeter • bigger • Higher resistance

PADDY Siam-29 + Pebifun

MALINJA

• More harvest • Ripe faster

Activity : Future Scientist GMO food is not something new to everyone. Especially now when you have learn about the advantages of cross pollination. Just imagine that you are a scientist now. You would like to invent a new GMO food that has better quality. Which food will you choose to upgrade and how would you do that ? Why you choose the particular food ? Explain everything in an essay form.

Fertilisation Process

- Male gamete carried by the pollen fuses with the female gamete in the ovule

1.Pollen grain  fall onto stigma 2.Pollen tube  carried male gamete towards ovary 3.Pollen tube penetrate the ovule 4.Male gamete fuses with female gamete (fertilisation)

• • • •

After fertilisation, the ovule grows inside the ovary and then develops into seeds A seed is made up of an embryo wrapped in a seed coat or testa The other parts of the flower will wither and fall. Seeds are divided into two which are monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous

Structure of Seed and Their Function - Ovule grows inside ovarydevelop into seed - Other part of flower wither and fall

Protects the seed Small hole to allow air/water to enter the seed

Stores/provide food for the seed

Develop into new shoot Develop into the root

Activity 2 : Drawing & Labelling Work in group to complete : a.The process of fertilisation b.Upon fertilisation, the development of seed c.Present in front of class

Germination of Seeds • Testa bursts • Radicle starts to appear and grow downwards into the soil to form root • Plumule grows upwards to form a new shoot

Certain cotyledons are carried out of the soil and this is known as epigeal germination

There are also cotyledons that remain in the soil during germination. This germination is known as hypogeal germination

Cotyledon are carried out of the soil

Cotyledon remain in the soil during germination

The conditions required for germination of seeds

• Water • Air • Suitable temperature

Homework