Gross Structure Hollow, Muscular organ 4 chambers. 2 layered sero fibrous sac-Pericardium. Endocardium. Rt & Lt atria/ventricles. Interatrial septum. Interventricular septum.
Valves Atrioventricular valves:Rt Tricuspid & Lt Mitral.
Pulmonary valve-Rt. Aortic valve-Lt.
Blood Supply Rt & Lt coronary arteries. During diastole. Venous drainage: Coronary sinus Rt atrium.
Circulation Deoxygenated blood Rt atrium Tricuspid
valve Rt ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary circulation. Oxygenated blood Pulmonary vein Lt atrium
Mitral valve Lt ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Systemic circulation.
Cardiac cycle Sequence of events takes place during a
single beat of the heart. 70 to 75 Bpm. Each beat – 8/10th a second. Atrial systole – 1/10th second. Ventricular systole – 3/10th second. Relaxation – 4/10th second.
Atrial Systole Closes SVC, IVC, Pulmonary veins & Coronary
sinus. AV valves open. Blood enters ventricles.
Ventricular Systole Atria relax. Blood enters into atrium. Closes AV valves. Opens Aortic & Pulmnary valves. S1 – Lubb – AV valve cosure.
Total Diastole Aortic & Pulmonary closure. AV valve opens. S2 – Dup – Closing of Aortic Pulmonary valves.
Contraction of Heart SA node (Rt atrium near to SVC open) Impulses
Atrial muscle AV node (Rt atrium near interatrial septum and ventricle) Atrioventricular bundle Purkinji fibres.
Regulation of Heart Beat Automaticity. CNS. Regulation by ANS :– Parasympathetic Vagus nerve & Sympathetic nerves. Cardioaccelerator (sympathetic)&
Cardioinibitor(Parasympathetic) centre -Medulla. Hormones – Adrenal medulla of kidney – ↑rate.
Congestive Cardiac Failure(CCF) Def: “inability of the heart to maintain an
output, at rest or during stress, necessary for the metabolic needs of the body(systolic failure) and inability to receive blood into the ventricular cavities at low pressure during diastole(diastolic failure)”.
Etiopathogenesis Heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction: i. Mitral or tricuspid stenosis ii. Constrictive pericarditis iii. Restrictive cardiomyopathy iv. Acute volume overload(acute aortic or mitral regurgitation) v. Myocardial ischaemia vi. Marked ventricular hypertrophy vii. Dilated cardiomyopathy
Causes of CCF: Infants: Congenital heart disease Myocarditis & primary myocardial disease Paroxysmal tachycardia Anemia Miscellaneous:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. •
Infections, Upper respiratory infection, Hypoglycemia, Hypocalcemia, Neonatal asphyxia, Persistent fetal circulation
CCF causes: Children: 1.
Rheumatic fever & RHD
2.
CHD complicated by anemia, infection & endocarditis
3.
Hypertension
4.
Myocarditis & primary myocardial disease
5.
Upper respiratory obstruction
Congenital Heart Disease Left to Right shunts: CCF within 6-8 wks of life. at birth pulmonary resistance is high
pulmonary pressure = systemic pressure.
Right to Left shunts: CCF does not occur. With pulmonary or tricuspid atresia CCF
Obstructive lesions: Mild Late CCF. Severe CCF. E.g: COA.
Transpositions: Transposition of Great vessels CCF within 2-3
months. Tachycardia & Anoxic Myocardium CCF.
CCF in congenital lesion Age
Lesion
Birth-
Pulmonary, aortic & mitral atresias
72hrs 4day-
Hypoplastic left & right heart syndromes, Trans Of Great
1week 1-4weeks
Vessels TOGV, endocardial fibroelastosis, COA
1-
TOGV, endocardial cushion defects, VSD, PDA, Total
2months
anamolous pulmonary venous connection, Anamolous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery
26months
TOGV, VSD, PDA, TAPVC, Aortic Stenosis, COA
Myocardial disease Cause: Coxsackie B infection – age of few hrs
to 7 wks. Primary myocardial diseases: glycogen
storage disease, endocardial fibroelastosis, coronary artery necrosis, anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Left cardiac enlargement , absence of
murmurs, congestive failure, gallop rhythm & ECG showing conduction disturbance,
Arrythmias 3rd important cause of CCF in infancy –
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. 4 months age, male predominate. Heart rate above 180BpmCCF.
Anemia With normal heart hemoglobin 5gm/dl CCF.
With diseased heart hemoglobin of 7-8gm/dl
CCF.
Infections :Upper & Lower respiratory tract
CCF. Miscellaneous: hypoglycemia, neonatal
asphyxia, hypocalcemia. Rheumatic fever. Anemia and infections complicating CHD. Hypertension: with acute glomerulonephritis,
Clinical Features Symptoms: Slow weight gain. Easy fatiguability Excessive loss of calories for breathing Facial puffiness Pedal edema Irritable infant cry Orthopnea Wheezing Excessive perspiration
Signs Left sided failure
Failure of either
Right sided failure
Tachypnea
side Cardiac enlargement
Hepatomegaly
Tachycardia
Gallop rhythm(S3)
Facial edema
Cough
Peripheral cyanosis
Jugular venous engorgement
Wheezing
Small volume pulse
Rales in chest
Absence of weight gain
Pedal edema
Treatment 1. Reducing cardiac work 2. Augmenting myocardial contractility 3. Improving performance by reducing the
heart size 4. Correcting the underlying cause
Reducing cardiac work Bed rest, Sedatives(morphine, diazepam),
Treatment of fever, anemia, obesity. Vasodilators. Neonates: incubator, 30 degree incline. 36-37degree Celsius temp. Humidified oxygen. Antibiotics. Blood transfusion. Calcium channel blockers.s
Augmenting myocardial contractility Digoxin. Digitalis. Diuretics. Potassium chloride.
Improving performance by ↓heart size Digitalis. Diuretics(frusemide). Potassium supplement. Low sodium diets. Concentrated milk with protein preparations.
Correcting the underlying cause Curative / Palliative operations. Supraventricular tachycardiaverapamil
digoxin. Bed rest, vasodilators. Anticongestive measures. Betablockers. Steroid with immunosuppressants. Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy.
Stepwise Management Step one: frusemide, amiloride &
triameterene. Step two: adding digoxin. Step three: adding ACE-inhibitors & stopping diuretics. Step four: adding isosorbid nitrate. Step five: intermittent dobutamine & or dopamine. Step six: myocardial biopsy, steroids, betablockers. Step seven: cardiac transplantation.