Disorders

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders ❚ Criteria ❙ Atypical- deviation from norms or statistics ❙ Disturbing to society- varies with time & culture ❙ Maladaptive - difficulty functioning in society ❙ Harmful to self or others homicide/suicide

Three models of psychological disorders 1. Ancient Perspective 2. Bio-Psycho-Social Model 3. Medical Model

Ancient Perspective ❚ Perceived Causes ❙ movements of sun or moon ❘ lunacy- full moon

❙ evil spirits

❚ Ancient Treatments ❙ exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

Psychological Disorders Biological (chemistry, brain)

Sociocultural (Societal expectations, definition of normality and disorder)

Psychological ( learned helplessness, negative perceptions and memories)

❚ Bio-psychosocial Model ❙ assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce

Medical Model ❚ Mental illnesses have physical causes ❚ Diagnosis (will tell you about) ❙ etiology ❙ prognosis ❙ treatment

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ❚ DSM ❙ a guide based on the medical model ❙ gives criteria for classifying psychological disorders

DSM-IV Disorders ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚ ❚

Anxiety Mood Schizophrenia Personality Dissociative

DSM-IV: Anxiety Disorders Physical and mental tension or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety ❚ Generalized Anxiety Disorder ❙ physiological arousal: reports tension and apprehension daily

❚ Phobia ❙ persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Anxiety Disorders ❚ Common and uncommon phobias 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Snakes

Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs in high, on an closed in, and and alone exposed airplane in a insects lightning In a places small house place at night

Afraid of it

Bothers slightly

Not at all afraid of it

Driving Being Cats a car In a crowd of people

Anxiety Disorders ❚ Panic Disorder ❙ periodic episodes of intense dread with terror, chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

❚ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ❙ unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior

Percentage* Reporting Symptom

Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins

40

Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)

24

Symmetry order, or exactness

17

Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming

85

Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework

51 46

Mood Disorders ❚ Mood Disorders: Emotional extremes ❙ Major depressive disorder ❙ Bipolar disorder

Major Depressive Disorder: Some DSM criteria ❚ two or more weeks of depressed moods (sadness) ❚ feelings of worthlessness, and ❚ diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mood DisordersDepression Around the world women are more susceptible to depression

Percentage 20 of population aged 18-84 experiencing 15 major depression 10 at some point In life

5 0

USA Edmonton Puerto Rico

Paris

West Florence Beirut Germany

Taiwan

Korea

New Zealand

Bipolar Disorder ❚ formerly called manic-depressive disorder ❚ the person alternates between the depression and mania ❙ Mania: a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Mood DisordersBipolar ❚ PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

Depressed state

Manic state

Depressed state

Mood DisordersSuicide Suicides per 70 100,000 people 60 50

The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood

40 30 20 10 0

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Males

Females

Mood DisordersDepression

Brain chemistry

Cognition

Mood

❚ Altering any one component of the chemistrycognitionmood circuit can alter the others

Schizophrenia ❚ A Psychotic Disorder ❙ Psychotic: loss of contact with reality ❙ Characteristics: ❘ disorganized and delusional thinking ❘ disturbed perceptions ❘ inappropriate emotions and actions

Schizophrenia ❚ Delusions ❙ false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur ❚ Hallucinations ❙ false sensory experiences (can be auditory or visual)

Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid:

Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

Disorganized:

Disorganized speech, flat or inappropriate emotion

Catatonic:

Immobility (waxy flexibility!)

Undifferentiated or residual:

Schizophrenia symptoms but doesn’t fit one of the above types; or previously schizophrenic

Schizophrenia Lifetime risk 40 of developing schizophrenia 30 for relatives of a schizophrenic 20 10 0 General population

Siblings

Children

Fraternal Children Identical twin of two twin schizophrenia victims

Personality Disorders ❚ Personality Disorders ❙ enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Personality Disorders ❚ Antisocial Personality Disorder ❙ disorder in which the person (usually a man) lacks a conscience or guilt ❙ may be ruthless or a clever con artist

Personality Disorders Adrenaline 15 excretion(ng/min)

Those with criminal convictions have lower levels of arousal

10 5 0 Nonstressful situation

Stressful situation

No criminal conviction Criminal conviction

Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal

Murderer

Dissociative Disorders ❚ Dissociative Disorders ❙ conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

❚ Dissociative Identity Disorder ❙ person has two or more distinct and alternating personalities ❙ formerly called multiple personality disorder