C5

www.expenglish.com

١

Omar AL-Hourani

‫مقدمة ‪:Introduction‬‬ ‫ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪.Noun‬‬‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺐ ‪play‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ‪drive‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ "‪ "-ing‬ﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻞ ‪
eating‬ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ‪eat‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ‪
teaching‬ﻳﺪﺭ‪‬ﺱ ‪teach‬‬ ‫‪ (٣‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ "‪ "-tion‬ﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ‪
education‬ﻳﻌﻠﱢﻢ ‪educate‬‬ ‫‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪
choice‬ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ‪choose‬‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ‪
question‬ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ‪ask‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ‪
development‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪develop‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ‪
performance‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ‪perform‬‬

‫أداتي التنكير ‪:a , an‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "a , an‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑـ ‪. Indefinite Articles‬‬‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "a‬ﻭ "‪ :"an‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ "‪ "a‬ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﻢ‬‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻭ "‪ "an‬ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻـﻮﰐ "ﺳـﺒﻖ ﺷـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ‪ , an honest‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪ , a university‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪an hour‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "hour‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ h‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ o‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ h‬ﻻﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬ ‫‪ hour‬ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ our‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ o‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﻮﰐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ an‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ "‪ "honest‬ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "university‬ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ u‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ "ﻳﻮ"‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ "‪"an umbrella‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ u‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪.a‬‬ ‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﳓﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻄﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪We have a cat and a dog.‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻦ‪.‬‬‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﺪﺭﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪(I am/I'm) a teacher.‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(She is/She's) an actress.‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬‫‪ ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪ , a pair of‬ﻛﺜﲑ ‪ , a lot‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪ , a little‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ‪a few‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺭﺑﻊ ‪ , a quarter‬ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ , a hundreds of‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪a numbers of‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪ , a couple of‬ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪ , a bit‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪a half of‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺔ‪We invited a lot of guests to the party .‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪There is only a little milk left.‬‬

‫ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻮﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ "ﰲ‪،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ."per‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪once a day. OR once per day.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪twice a week. OR twice per week.‬‬ ‫‪two hundred a month. OR two hundred per month.‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺑـ "‪ "What‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺮﺓ! ﺃﻭ ﻳﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ!‬

‫!‪What a hole‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ‪" Abstract Nouns‬ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ"‪.‬‬‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ "‪."by‬‬‫ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺫﻫﺒ ‪‬‬

‫‪I went by a car.‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﺑﻌﺪ "‪."no‬‬‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻗﻠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have no a pen.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪I have no an idea.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪This is my a pen.‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪I had a lunch with John.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻥ‪" .‬ﻭﺟﺒﺔ"‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫‪I bought a Cosmopolitan at a Paddington Station.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳏﻄﺔ‬ ‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Water contains an oxygen.‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒـﻞ "… ‪ "any- , some- , someone , anybody ,‬ﻷ‪‬ـﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﱪﱐ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ ﺭﺣﻠﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪A Someone told me (that) you left.‬‬

‫أداة التعريف ‪:the‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "the‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑـ ‪.Definite Article‬‬‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ "ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ" ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻤـﻊ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺖ "ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ"‬ ‫‪(I am/I'm) going to the supermarket.‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﻄﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺟﺮﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is puppy.‬‬ ‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ‪ .‬ﻣﺜـﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﻠـﻚ‬‫ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪The earth moves around the sun.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪The President.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﺝ ﺇﻳﻔﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Eiffel Tower.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪The North Pole.‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫‪The British Museum.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Atlantic.‬‬

‫ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬‫‪(The‬‬ ‫‪The)) Brazilians‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪Brazilians are very good at football. .‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪(The‬‬ ‫‪The)) elephant is the largest animal on land.‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ "ﺑﺸـﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻳﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﲨﻌﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﻛﺎﲰﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻛﻲ‪" .‬ﲨﻊ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ"‬

‫‪The Rockies.‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪" .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ"‬

‫‪The West Indies.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪" .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‬

‫‪The Red Sea.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ‪" .‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ"‬

‫‪The Amazon.‬‬

‫‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ‪ " .‬ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ"‬

‫‪The Amazon River.‬‬

‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ"‪.‬‬‫ ﳚﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻗﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫‪The First Winner.‬‬ ‫)‪(I am/I'm‬‬ ‫‪am/I'm) reading the second book.‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‪‬ـﻼﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪I had the lunch with John.‬‬ ‫‪John.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﻥ‪" .‬ﻭﺟﺒﺔ"‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫‪I bought the Cosmopolitan at the Paddington Station.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﳏﻄﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬‫‪The U.S.‬‬ ‫‪U.S , The Netherlands‬‬ ‫‪ Nether-lands‬ﺗﻌـﲏ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿـﻲ‬ ‫ ‪ Netherlands‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ "ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ‪ ،"Holland‬ﻭ ‪Nether lands‬‬‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪This is my the pen.‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰـﺎﺀ‬‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ْ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ْ‪The Water boils at 100‬‬ ‫‪100 C.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪The Milk is good for you.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪I like the potato.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ "ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ "ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻚ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ "ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ"‪.‬‬ ‫ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "‪ "go home‬ﻻ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‪.‬‬‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬

‫‪I (go/went) to home.‬‬

‫ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ(‬ ‫ﺻﺢ )ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺫﻫﺐ‪/‬ﺫﻫﺒ ‪‬‬

‫‪I (go/went) home.‬‬

‫أقسام األسماء‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪:Proper Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ‪ Capital Letter‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳚـﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ "aa , an‬ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "the‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪an‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ ‪ , Friday‬ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ , Germany‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ , Cairo‬ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ‪George‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ‪:Common Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "a , an‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "the‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ , city‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ , book‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪ , cat‬ﻣﺪﺭ‪‬ﺱ ‪ , teacher‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪man‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:Material Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪ ."a , an‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ‪ , air‬ﺭﻣﻞ ‪ , sand‬ﻣﺎﺀ ‪ , water‬ﺛﻠﺞ ‪ , snow‬ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ‪ , iron‬ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ‪oxygen‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪:Collective Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﲰـﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻧـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻـﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻗﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﻑ ‪ , flock‬ﺃﺳﻄﻮﻝ ‪ , fleet‬ﺟﻴﺶ ‪ , army‬ﺣﺸﺪ ‪crowd‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺃﺳﺎﻃﻴﻞ ‪ , fleets‬ﺟﻴﻮﺵ ‪ , armies‬ﺣﺸﻮﺩ ‪crowds‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪:Abstract Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ‪ , pleasure‬ﺿﺤﻚ ‪ , laugh‬ﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎﺝ ‪joy‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫األسماء القابلة للعد وغير القابلة للعد‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ /‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪:Countable‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "a , an‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪ "the‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺔ "‪ "many‬ﻭﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ "‪ ."few‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻮﻥ ‪ , a few men‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ‪ , many men‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪a man‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ‪ , a few of men‬ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ‪many of men‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ‪:Uncountable‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ "ﺃﻱ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪is , has ,‬‬ ‫‪...was‬ﺇﱁ"‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "‪ "a , an‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "‪"the‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪:Substances‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ‪ , nylon‬ﺻﻮﻑ ‪ , wool‬ﺣﺮﻳﺮ ‪ , silk‬ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ‪ , cloth‬ﻗﻄﻦ ‪: cotton‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪Materials‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻓﻀﺔ ‪ , silver‬ﺫﻫﺐ ‪gold‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﺢ ‪ , salt‬ﺳﻜﺮ ‪ , sugar‬ﻗﻤﺢ ‪ , wheat‬ﺧﺒﺰ ‪ , bread‬ﺭﺯ ‪ , rice‬ﻃﺤﲔ ‪: flour‬ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ‪Food‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ‪pepper‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺷﻌﺮ ‪ , hair‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ , skin‬ﻓﺮﻭ ‪ , fur‬ﻣﺮﰉ ‪ , jam‬ﺟﺒﻨﺔ ‪ , cheese‬ﺯﺑﺪﺓ ‪: butter‬ﺁﺧﺮ ‪Other‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻗﺎﻉ ‪ , ground‬ﻳﺎﺑﺴﺔ ‪ , land‬ﻋﺸﺐ ‪ , grass‬ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ‪ , soil‬ﻣﻄﺮ ‪ , rain‬ﺛﻠﺞ ‪ , snow‬ﺟﻠﻴﺪ ‪ice‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺻﺨﺮﺓ ‪ , rock‬ﻓﺤﻢ ‪ , coal‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺪﺑﻮﻍ ‪ , leather‬ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ , plastic‬ﺧﺸﺐ ‪wood‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻻﺻﻖ ‪ , plaster‬ﻃﺒﺎﺷﲑ ‪ , chalk‬ﺍﲰﻨﺖ ‪ , cement‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ‪ , paper‬ﺭﻣﻞ ‪sand‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻃﻼﺀ ‪paint‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

:Liquids ‫( ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬٢ w water ‫ ﻣﺎﺀ‬, milk ‫ ﺣﻠﻴﺐ‬, coffee ‫ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ‬, tea ‫ ﺷﺎﻱ‬, oil ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬،‫ ﺯﻳﺖ‬, petrol (‫ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ )ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬, gasoline (‫ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ )ﺃﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ‬, juice ce ‫ ﻋﺼﲑ‬, alcohol alcoho ‫ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ‬, … :Gases ‫( ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬٣ air ‫ ﻫﻮﺀ‬, smoke sm ‫ ﺩﺧﺎﻥ‬, steam ‫ ﲞﺎﺭ‬, oxygen ‫ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺠﲔ‬, hydrogen ‫ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‬, … :‫( ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬٤ music ‫ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬, luggage ‫ ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺔ‬, baggage ‫ ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺔ ﳏﺰﻭﻣﺔ‬, pay ‫ ﺃﺟﺮ‬, noise ‫ ﺿﻮﺿﺎﺀ‬, traf ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬, furniture ‫ ﺃﺛﺎﺙ‬, accommodation ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ‬, traffic homework ‫ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ‬, … ."‫ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‬Abstract Nouns ‫( ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‬٥ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬."little little" ‫" ﻭﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬much much" ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ :‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ water ‫ ﻣﺎﺀ‬, much water ‫ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑ‬, a little water ‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ sugar ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ‬, much sugar ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ ﻛﺜﲑ‬, a little sugar ‫ﺳﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ water ‫ ﻣﺎﺀ‬, much of water ‫ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬, a little of water ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ sugar ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ‬, much of sugar ‫ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬, a little of sugar ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬ .‫ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‬ She has much of gold and a little of beauty

.‫ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬Uncountable Nouns ‫ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬

This water are sterilized.

(‫ﺻﺢ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ‬

This water is sterilized. sterilized.

www.expenglish.com

٩

Omar AL-Hourani AL

‫ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏـﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ "‪ "coffee‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ "ﻗﻬﻮﺓ" ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﺪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ "ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ" ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ )ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ‪/‬ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ(‪" .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ"‬

‫‪I want a coffee.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ‪" .‬ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ"‬

‫‪I like coffee.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ "… ‪"tea , potato,‬‬ ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪ"‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﻣﻰ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ‪" .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫‪The boy threw a stone..‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪ"‬ ‫"ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ‬

‫‪This wall is made of stone.‬‬ ‫‪stone.‬‬

‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬‫"‪ "s‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ , opinions‬ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ‪ideas‬‬ ‫‪ , truths‬ﺃﺭﺍﺀ ‪opinion‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ‪truth‬‬ ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊـﺮﻑ "‪ "s‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬‫ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ‪‬‬

‫‪I met three Johns yesterday.‬‬

‫جمع األسماء ‪:The plural‬‬ ‫"‪ "s‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌـﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ "‬‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪" -s‬ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ"‪.‬‬ ‫"‪ "ve‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ .-s‬ﻭﻫﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑـ "‪ "f‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "fe‬ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ "‬‫‪leaf
leaves‬‬ ‫‪ , loaf
loaves‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪ , sheaf‬ﺭﻏﻴﻒ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪shea
sheaves‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪thie
thieves‬‬ ‫‪thief‬‬ ‫‪thie‬‬ ‫‪ , calf
calves‬ﻟﺺ‬ ‫‪ , self‬ﻋﺠﻞ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪sel
sel‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻧﻔﺲ ‪selves‬‬ ‫‪wolff
wolves‬‬ ‫‪ , half‬ﺫﺋﺐ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪ , scarf‬ﻧﺼﻒ ‪hal
halves‬‬ ‫‪scar
scar‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻭﺷﺎﺡ ‪scarves‬‬ ‫‪li
lives‬‬ ‫‪life‬‬ ‫‪ , wife‬ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ‪ves‬‬ ‫‪ , knife‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪wi
wives‬‬ ‫‪kni
kni‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﲔ ‪knives‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺮ ‪hoof
hooves‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬‫‪ ,‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﺎﺀ ‪ , woman
women‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ :‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ‪man
men‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻗﺪﻡ ‪ :‬ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ‪ , foot
feet‬ﻃﻔﻞ ‪ :‬ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ‪child
children‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻓﺄﺭ ‪ :‬ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ ‪ , mouse
mice‬ﺳﻦ ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ‪tooth
teeth‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻗﻤﻠﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﻤﻞ ‪ , louse
lice‬ﺇﻭﺯﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﻭﺯﺍﺕ ‪goose
geese‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﺣﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺎﺕ ‪ , oasis
oases‬ﺛﻮﺭ ‪ :‬ﺃﺛﻮﺍﺭ ‪ox
oxen‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ ‪ , index
indices‬ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻄﺒﻌﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻄﺒﻌﻴﺔ ‪erratum
errata‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫… ‪ ,‬ﺧﻨﺰﻳﺮ ‪ :‬ﺧﻨﺎﺯﻳﺮ ‪ , swine‬ﺧﺮﻭﻑ ‪ :‬ﺧﺮﺍﻑ ‪ , sheep‬ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ‪ :‬ﻏﺰﻻﻥ ‪deer‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫‪ ,‬ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ‪ , police‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪ , clergy‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ , cattle‬ﺷﻌﺐ ‪people‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ , vermin‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ‪ , public‬ﺩﺟﺎﺝ ‪poultry‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Police have just arrived.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﻌﲎ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ "‪ "people‬ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺷﻌﺐ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Peoples of Europe eat much of potato.‬‬

‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ "‪ "s‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍ ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫‪ ,‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪ , score : three score‬ﺩﺯﻳﻨﺔ ‪dozen : two dozen‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻣﺌﺔ ‪ , hundred : eight hundred‬ﺃﻟﻒ ‪thousand : five thousand‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺭﺃﺱ ‪ , head : two head‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ‪million : nine million‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ‪ , hundreds of boys‬ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ‪dozens of eggs‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬‫ﻣﺸﻨﻘﺔ ‪ , gallows‬ﻧﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ , innings‬ﺧﱪ‪،‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ‪news‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ‪ , physics‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ , mathematics‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ‪ethics‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎﺕ ‪phonetics‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘـﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﺷﺔ‪ ...‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬

‫‪The scissor is lost.‬‬

‫ﺻﺢ )ﺍﳌﻘﺺ ﺿﺎﺋﻊ(‬

‫‪The scissors are lost.‬‬

‫التذكير والتأنيث ‪:Gender‬‬ ‫ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ‪ He‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪ .him‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻝ ‪ , uncle‬ﺃﺥ ‪ , brother‬ﺃﺏ ‪ , father‬ﺭﺟﻞ ‪ , man‬ﻭﻟﺪ ‪ , boy‬ﺍﺑﻦ ‪son‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺯﻭﺝ ‪ , husband‬ﻣﻠﻚ ‪ , king‬ﺃﻣﲑ ‪ , prince‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪nephew‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ‪ She‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪ .her‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺃﺧﺖ ‪ , sister‬ﺃﻡ ‪ , mother‬ﻣﺮﺁﺓ ‪ , woman‬ﺑﻨﺖ ‪ , girl‬ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ‪daughter‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ‪ , queen‬ﺃﻣﲑﺓ ‪ , princess‬ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪ , niece‬ﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺔ ‪aunt‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪wife‬‬ ‫‪ (٣‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪ .it‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗـﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﻛﻠﺐ ‪ , dog‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪ , cat‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ , city‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ , book‬ﺑﺎﺏ ‪ , door‬ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ‪ , table‬ﻗﻠﻢ ‪pen‬‬ ‫‪ (٤‬ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ‪ , doctor‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‪ , friend‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ‪child‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﳋﺎﻝ ‪ , cousin‬ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪judge‬‬ ‫… ‪ ,‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ‪ , teacher‬ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﺎﻧﺔ ‪artist‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺗﺪﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫‪actress‬‬ ‫ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ‪ctress :‬‬

‫‪actor‬‬ ‫ﳑﺜﻞ ‪ctor :‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺖ ‪girl :‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺪ ‪boy :‬‬

‫ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‪girlfriend‬‬

‫ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ‪boyfriend‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﺖ ‪sister :‬‬

‫ﺃﺥ ‪brother :‬‬

‫ﺑﻘﺮﺓ ‪cow :‬‬

‫ﺛﻮﺭ ‪bull :‬‬

‫ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪hen :‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻚ ‪cock :‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺒﺔ ‪bitch :‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺐ ‪dog :‬‬

‫ﺃﻡ ‪mother :‬‬

‫ﺃﺏ ‪father :‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻌﻠﺒﺔ‪vixen :‬‬

‫ﺛﻌﻠﺐ ‪fox :‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺱ ‪mare :‬‬

‫ﺣﺼﺎﻥ ‪horse :‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪wife :‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺝ ‪husband :‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ‪queen :‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻚ ‪king :‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ‪lady :‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ‪lord :‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ‪woman :‬‬

‫ﺭﺟﻞ ‪man :‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺔ ‪nun :‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺐ ‪monk :‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪niece :‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ‪nephew :‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﺠﺔ ‪ewe :‬‬

‫ﻛﺒﺶ ‪ram :‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺍﻡ ‪madam :‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪ ‪sir :‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ‪daughter :‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻦ ‪son :‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺔ ‪aunt :‬‬

‫ﻋﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻝ ‪uncle :‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ country , city‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ‪.it‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫حاالت إعراب االسم ‪:Case of Nouns‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ‪:Nominative‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪The boy broke the window.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺗﺘﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳋﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﰊ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﰊ‪.‬‬

‫‪This man is my father.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﺃﰊ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ "ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮ ‪:Object‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪The boy broke the window.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﳊﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﻊ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Put your cup on the table.‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪He came yesterday.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ /‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ( ‪ :Possessive‬ﺗﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ "‪:"X's Y‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ‪ 's‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪The girl's dress.‬‬

‫ﺛﻮﺏ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Shakespeare's plays.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺷﻜﺴﺒﲑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪١٤‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ' ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﻏﹰﺎ ﺑـ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ -s‬ﺃﻭ ‪.-es‬‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪The girls' dresses.‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪The boys' books.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺎﻍ ﺑـ ‪ -s‬ﺃﻭ ‪ -es‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 's‬ﰲ ﺁﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪The men's room.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪The children's teacher.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "‪ :"Y of X‬ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ "‪ "of‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ‬ ‫‪the engineers‬‬

‫‪Names of‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪the table‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪of‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫‪The leg‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

‫'‪:"X‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ "‪X's Y‬‬‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﻗﻄﺔ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ"‬

‫‪A cat's tail.‬‬

‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ"‬

‫‪The men's‬‬ ‫‪men room.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ"‬

‫‪The women's‬‬ ‫‪women society.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍ‪‬ﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪The beauty's‬‬ ‫‪beauty queen.‬‬

‫‪:"Y of X‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "‪X‬‬‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻴﺔ "ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ "‪."X's Y‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬

‫‪The table's‬‬ ‫‪table leg.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ )ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ(‬

‫‪The leg‬‬ ‫‪eg of the table.‬‬

‫‪."X's‬‬ ‫"‪X's Y‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪Y‬‬ ‫‪Names of the engineers.‬‬ ‫‪engineers. OR The engineer‬‬ ‫‪engineers' names.‬‬ ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻨﺰﱄ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪My house is larger than Mark's.‬‬ ‫)‪Mark . (= Mark's house‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻷﺧﱵ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Thesee books are my sister's.‬‬ ‫)‪sister . (= my sister books‬‬

‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬

- Questions (1-10); select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in each question: 1) Plural of "spoonful" is: A. spoonfuls. B. spoonsful. C. spoonful. D. spoons. 2) Plural of "antenna" is: A. antennas. B. antenns. C. antenna. D. antennes. 3) Plural of "omen" is: A. omens. B. omena. C. omenas. D. omen. 4) Plural of "sheep" is: A. sheeps. B. sheep. C. All above. D. None of all above. 5) Plural of "standby" is: A. standby. B. standbies. C. standbys D. standbyes. 6) Plural of "fish" is: A. fish. B. fishes. C. All of above. D. None of all above. 7) Noun of "steal" is: A. steal. B. stealing. C. stealance. D. steel. E. None of all above.

www.expenglish.com

١٧

Omar AL-Hourani

8) Noun of "accept" is: A. accept. B. acceptance. C. accepting. D. None all of above. 9) Noun of "administrate" is: A. administrate. B. administrating. C. administrator. D. None of all above. 10) Noun of "collect" is: A. collect. B. collecting. C. collection. D. None of all above. - Questions (11-14); decide whether they are common, proper, abstract, or collective: 11) That holiday was the best. A. Common. B. Proper. C. Abstract. D. Collective. 12) He's obviously the leader of the gang. A. Common. B. Proper. C. Abstract. D. Collective. 13) Every winter we used to go to Scotland for the skiing. A. Common. B. Proper. C. Abstract. D. Collective. 14) Pauline is so weary of the life she leads. A. Common. B. Proper. C. Abstract. D. Collective - Questions (15-21); decide if these statements about articles are (True) or (False): 15) An American man wants to make a business. 16) Water contains a hydrogen. 17) The earth is third planet from the sun. 18) I have just read news from the New York Times. www.expenglish.com

١٨

Omar AL-Hourani

19) We have a lots of wood. 20) I visited the Niagara. 21) He went to the college. - Questions (22-40); choose the correct article (a, an, the, nothing): 22) She is … very nice girl. 23) Next month I'm going to go to … Paris to see … Eiffel Tower. 24) Wait, I have … idea. 25) That is … strangest thing I've ever seen. 26) Yesterday, I talked to … MTV Producer. 27) … Ukrainians are more intelligent than … Italians. 28) Have you ever taken … trip to … North Pole? 29) I'd like to be … President of … United States someday. 30) Who's … guy over there with a duck on his head? 31) I'm … happiest girl in town! 32) I like … cats better than … dogs. 33) We saw … Mr. Smith at … bank. 34) We made some delicious soup using … head of … cow! 35) It should take … hour. 36) Please put … gun on … table and listen to me! 37) This is … Europe car. 38) She had … one dollar note in her hand. 39) In … end we decided not to go to the cinema but to watch television. 40) It is important sometimes to stop and look around you at all the wonderful things in … nature.

www.expenglish.com

١٩

Omar AL-Hourani