Bot Med Final Chart

Plant

Asclepias tuberosa (Pleurisy root)

Constituents

Glucosides (asclepidine, asclepione) Resins (galitoxin)

Immune System - Cough

Aspidosperma quebracho Alkaloids (aspidosamine, (Quebracho = breaking the quebrachine) axe) Tannins

Drosera rotundifolia (Sundew)

Ephedra sinica (Ma Huang)

Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)

Diaphoretic Expectorant (cathartic with higher dose) Anti-tussive PNS stimulator

Expectorant Anti-tussive Anti-periodic Anti-microbial

Expectorant Glycosides (napthoquinone) Sedative (cough) Essential oils (small amount) Anti-spasmodic Flavonoids Anti-tussive Spasmolytic

Arial: Alkaloids (ephedrinediuretic) Phytosterols Root: ephedrine, tannin, saponin, flavone, oil

Eriodictyon californicum Resins (Yerba Santa) Flavonoids (eriodictyol)

Eucalyptus globules

Actions

Volatile oils (eucalyptol) Flavonoids (quercitin)

Essential oil (tremerol) Flavonoids (quercitin, eupatorin) Terpenoids (sesquiterpene lactones) Bitter glucosides

Arial Parts: Diaphoretic Stimulant Astringent Decongestant Expectorant Diuretic Root: Diaphoretic

Indications Fever with moist skin (can be dry), strong pulse, flushed Short painful cough/hack that lasts for weeks #1 herb for PLEURISY Patchy infiltrates or linear pattern on radiograph <motion (as clip to chair) Inflammation of serious membranes of thoracic cavity Usually unilateral Wants to hold chest

Pharmacology/Toxicity Dec BP and HR with long term use Fresh plant more potent than dry Galitoxin can irritate mucous mem V high doses --> resp paralysis OD: N/V, GI upset, D, anorexia, death Tx: Emesis, gastric lavage, cathartics, hydration and electrolyte replacement CI: preg. uterine stimulant.

Aids expectoration and improves expansion of lungs (lung pump!) Dyspnea, pale face, cyanotic lips, anxious, soft small irregular compressible pulse, palpitations with cough Chronic heart and lung disease Cardiac asthma, emphysema (tripod position) Hemoptysis with TB Low vitality

Alkaloids: inc depth and rate of respiration - use only for short term Resinous alkaloids: antimicrobial and aids expectoration, leads to mucosal irritation Tannins: inc HR and BP

What a SPAZZ - laryngeal/bronchial/arterial spasm Dry irritating, persistant cough (spasmodic, explosive, expulsive) Dryness worse at night Patient hoarse, children anxious Cough assoc with measles, whooping cough, TB, bronchitis, dry asthma Arteriosclerosis, angina, chest pain

Inc heart rate and elasticity Glycosides appear to work on microbes that cause periodontal disease High doses darken urine

Used in TCM to treat asthma for > 5000 years Acute asthma, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, emphysema (helps break up spasms) Spasmodic conditions of the bronchi Stimulates SNS Root used for sweat and diarrhea

Used for weight loss (appetite supression) Max dose in canada is 24mg/day Relaxes bronchi smooth muscles and vasoconstricts skin and ab viscera Increases BP, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic Dilates pupils OD: N/V, sweat, vertigo, tremors, insomnia, palpitations, convulsions, hypertensive crisis Tx: emesis, GI lavage, charcoal. Palpitations: B-blocker, siezures: diazepam, V tach: Lidocaine, HT crisis: Phentolamin or Nitroprusside CI: MAO inhibitor (can lead to HT crisis). Yin deficiency, anorexia, insomnia, preg, lactation, suicidal disposition

Expectorant Sialogogue and Carminative (aids in digestion) Bitter tonic

Eczema’s such as poison oak and ivy, dry irritated tissues such as dermatitis - resins decrease pruritis and dec spread of irritation Chronic cough with abundant secretions – throat may be dry, but lungs are wet, pneumonia, phthisis (difficult to expectorate, sputum Essential oil - eriodictyol - irritates mucous membranes is deep) Anorexia, impaired digestion, emanciation Soothes dry, irritating persistent cough

Expectorant Anti-periodic Anti-septic/disinfectant Anti-bacterial Rubifacient Febrifuge

Cold extremities with cold perspiration, perspiration during chills Sense of weight and coldness in intestines Yellow mucopurulent discharges Wet asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, mycoplasma, malaria, Gleet Externally for aching joints, sprains, congestion. Lymph congestion and bruises.

Bug repellant Inhibits mast cell degranulation and cyt p450 OD: dec BP, cold, pale, gastroenteritis, death Tx: nux-vomica (causing emesis), beladonna (slows peristalsis), monitor 24 hr creatinine CI: hypotension, inflamed KI or GI tract

Febrifuge Emetic (high doses) Anti-periodic Stomachic (bitter) Bacteriostatic

Flu with deep muscle and bone pain along the rib cage; feels bones are broken - bone pain due to influenza SOB and hard full pulse (like a bone) Cough with measles, asthma, hoarseness, common cold Persistent embarrassed cough, chest pain and dyspnea, severe or periodic fever, muscle spasm, swollen, moist skin Turbid urine, inc frequency Alcoholism (to stimulate digestion) Intermittent headache (digestion related), GI/musc spasm Tertiary syph - bone pain

Polysacc are immune stimulatory (inc phagocytosis) Essential oil tremerol - drying dec concentration OD: N/V, anorexia, thirst, constipation, muscle tremors, rapid shallow resp, coma, death Tx: GI lavage, saline cathartic, electrolytes

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Glechoma hederaceae (Creeping Charlie)

Immune System - Cough

Grindelia robusta (Gum plant)

Hyssopus officinalis (Hyssop)

Inula helenium (elecampagne)

Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco)

Marrubium vulgare (Hoarhound)

Populus balsamifera (Balm of gilead)

Prunus serotina (Wild black cherry)

Petasites hybridus (Butterburr)

Amino acids Flavonoids Steroids Terpenoids (ursolic acid) Volatile oils

Expectorant GI and Mental Stimulant

Lead colic Headache with cough Deep lung cough with pectoral pain Dry asthma with cough Hypochondrial pain and distension

Resin (grendolin) Alkaloids (grendaline) EO (barenol, pinene) High in selenium

Expectorant Anti-spasmodic Sialagogue Respiratory stimulant Diuretic Vulnerary Cardiac tonic

Phlegm can be heard but cannot be coughed out Non-productive/dry cough Cough with cyanosis, dyspnea, arrhythmias Asthma, walking pneumonia External for skin ulcers, burns, rashes, herpes zoster, poison oak

Glycosides (diosmine) Volatile oils (limonen, Bpinene - both monoterpenes) Resins Tannins

Carminative Dypeptic Vulnerary Expectorant (weak)

GI catarrh where mucous --> congestion and poor digestion Sore throat assoc with cold and flu - gargle Tea for bronchitis and wet asthma External for bruises, trauma, ulcers - not as good as Grindelia. Soothing for eczema and psoriasis.

Volatile oils (sesquiterpene lactones, helenin, inula) CHO Terpenoids

Anti-tussive Mild diaphoretic

Expectorant Emetic (only large doses) Alkaloids (piperidine Sialigogue toxicity) Stimulant - SNS and PNS Bitter glycosides (lobelacrin) Dec CO2 threshold to inc resp Cathartic Diuretic

Diterpenes (marrubin) Essential oils Vitamin C

Stimulant Tonic Expectorant Diuretic and purgative and high doses

Resin/oleoresin (salicin) Mucilage Volatile oil Caullophylloid

Expectorant Anti-pyretic Anti-rheumatic Bitter tonic

Chronic wet cough (especially in elderly) with substernal pain, influenza, wet humid asthma, profuse secretions Teasing, persistent wet cough Female with thick catarrhal leukorrhea (douche) Anorexia & sluggish liver (hepatic torpor) Ab atonia, relief by flatus, dyspepsia, weak digestive process Vermifuge Sensation of suffocation, feeling of heaviness (like someone is sitting on chest - angina/neuralgia), short laboured breathing (dyspnea); bronchial mucous; tachycardia Rigid os & rheumatism Acute asthma Smoker’s cough - decreases nicotine cravings; croup, pneumonia, bronchitis (spasm) Hypertension d/t over-stimulation Smooth muscle spasm Chronic larynx and bronchial mucous mem irritation Cough and cold with chronic catarrh, generally chilly Asthma with copious amounts of mucous that is hard to expectorate - can hear but non-productive Dyspepsia Laryngitis, hoarseness, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, smoker's cough with catarrh Fever with URTI (common cold, sinusitis, hay fever, laryngitis) Bronchial catarrh assoc with poor digestion Deep hoarse voice Rheumatism (topical resins), ulcerations (EO probably antimicrobial) Nephritis

Chronic persistant irritating cough, chronic smoker Bronchitis, whooping cough Prunasin (source of cyanide) Anti-tussive Expectorant for profuse mucopurulent discharge Organic acids Mild sedative (specific to Heart pain due to coughing (palpitations, weak pulse, poor Tannins, resins, VO respiratory tract) circulation) Dyspnea, anorexia (due to bitters) External for wounds, ulcers, opthalmias Historically for fevers due to Yersinia pestis Smooth muscle spasm Sesquiterpenes (petasin) Anti-spasmodic (asthma, Smasmotic cough - asthma, whooping cough Flavonoids cough, migraine, urinary tract) Poor digestion with colic, obstructed bile flow Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Cholagogue Obstructed urinary flow (especially from Gleet) Menstrual colic

ough

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Ursolic acid: anti-viral (good for EBV), inhibits tumors Essential oil irritates mucus mem in high doses Tx: flush with water CI: essential oil: GI and oral ulcers, sensitive skin, dermatitis

Dec HR - do not use in bradycardic patients Se and Mg overdose Caution with chronic renal disease (resins)

Muscle relaxant for Gi spasms (IBS) Caution with GI bleeding and spongy KI due to volatile oils

Immunostimulant Sesqiterpene lactones - inh many cell lines (e.g. M. tuberculae) Volatile oils irritate mucous membranes

Increases resistance to diptheria Alkaloids - lower doses stim nicotinic receptors, in higher doses they supress - (Stimulant to PNS in low doses and SNS in high doses) OD: esophageal burning, N/V, stupor, tremor, pinpoint pupils, rapid pulse, sinus arrhythmia, death Tx: GI lavage, emesis CI: Heart problems, pregnancy

Volatile oils used for IBS Marubin - expectorant and inc bile flow Anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive Caution: high doses diuretic, v high doses purgative. CI preg: may stim uterus

Caullophyloid: anti-coagulant Salicin only activated if right microflora is present, action via COX-1 inhibition CI: allergy to poplar pollen, salicylates Prunasin aids with digestion Prunasin can be made into cyanide OD: difficult respiration, spasms, stupor, vocal cord paralysis, twitching, convulsions, coma, death Tx: IV diazepam (seizures), GI lavage, B12 counteracts cyanide CI: preg - cyanide is teratogenic Sesquiterpines - inti-inflammatory (inh lipoxygenase, down regulates LT synthesis) Migraine prophylaxis Prevents SI ulcers, dec seasonal rhinitis Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: unsaturated are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. No studies on saturated.

Immune System - Cough

Isoquinoline alkaloids berberine, sanguinarine Organic acids (citric, malic)

Expectorant Cholegogue Sialogogue Emmenagogue Eschariotic Emetic (at high doses) Haemostatic Nervine

Thymus vulgaris (Thyme)

Resins Tannins Volatile oils - thymol

Carminative Spasmolytic Anti-tussive Expectorant Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal Vasodilator

Tylophora asthmatica (Indian ipecac)

Alkaloids (tylophorine) Steroid

Emetic (large doses) Expectorant

Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot)

Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot)

Immune System - Cough

Verbascum thapus (Mullein)

Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk cabbage)

Pulmonaria offcinalis (Lungwort, Sticta)

Pyrolizidine alkaloids Triterpenoids, Volatile oils, Anti-tussive Bitter glucosides, Tannins, Expectorant Mucilage, Flavonoids, Organic acids

Demulcent Bio-flavonoids (hesperidin, Anti-tussive verbaside, accubin) Expectorant Essential oils, Saponins, GU sedative, anodyne Mucilage (leaf), resin Diuretic (weak action)

Alkaloids (duboisine/ hyocyanine) Gums, resins, tannic acid

Diaphoretic Expectorant Anti-spasmodic

Mucilage Silicic acid, silicon Minerals (K, Mg, Ca) Saponins, Tannins

Anti-tussive Expectorant Anti-rheumatic

Tickling, dry, irritated throat & cough Burning in air passages on inspiration, anxious Red, irritated mucosa; cold extremities Stomach queasy and uneasy with nausea Ulcerous skin lesions (eschariotic) Amenorrhea (anemic and chilly, prone to headaches); vicarious menses Hepatitis A (small doses) Topical: Cervical dysplasia, anti-fungal (warts, scabies, ringworm) Snuff: Nasal polyps Cold infusion: Dyspepsia with weak irritated stomach, food sensitivity, poor appetitie, IBS Warm infusion: flatulence, HA, diaphoretic Tincture: Smasmolytic, sore throat, whooping cough Oil inhalation: asthma, lung cancer, bronchial diseae, diptheria Topical: Antiseptic, anti-microbial. Putrid pus, neuralgia, reumatic pain, dry cough Encapsulated: anti-candida Fomentation: directly on chest for cough, to warm and vasodilate

Asthma - chew and swallow leaf (1/day)

Irritated mucosal membranes with cough (all types) Spasmodic respiratory conditions: laryngitis, pharyngitis, whooping cough, asthma GI catarrh, stimulates digestion because of bitters Silicosis, chronic emphysema, scrofula HA with nasal obstruction and sinusitis. Vertigo from nasal obstruction Scoliosis related to pott's disease in TB Internal: nervous bronchial irritation with dry hoarse cough, hoarseness, < lying. Substitute for tobacco, for sore throats, asthma. Irritated GU, cancer of the GU systems External: anodyne for otitis, rheumatic joints, ulcers, tumors, tonsilitis, sore throat, mumps Flowers (steeped in oil): for otitis and asthma Tea: for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung CA Influenza with perspiration, cold Respiratory congestion, coughs Wet asthma Substitue for atropine in glaucoma or fundal disease Eclectics: antidote to mushroom poison (antagonizes muscarinic action on heart) Smoker's cough, sharp pain on coughing Aching pectorals < deep breathing/exertion/fever HA with sinusitis or hayfever, sneezing/ corrhyza with hayfever Pleurisy, acute bronchitis External: Mild burns and traumas, swelling, bruises, haemorrhoids, elarged lymph nodes and thyroid

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Isoquinoline alkaloids can cause gastric irritation, contact dermatitis OD: N/V/D, irregular pulse, cold extremeties, dilated pupils, glaucoma, severe HA, inc thirst, vertigo, shock, coma, death Tx: Charcoal and GI lavage, demulcent CI: preg, breast feeding Cautions: acute angle glaucoma

Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antioxidant Mosquito prophylaxis Volatile oil thymol - mucosal irritant OD: N/V, heat in stomach, perspiration then chill, stupor, death Tx: flush with water, GI lavage CI: pregnancy (b/c spasmolytic) Caution: dilute essential oils Allergic rhinitis and asthma Alkaloids toxic to some cell lines Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial Strong stimulation on adrenal glands - can produce cortisol Chewing leaf can cause nausea - this is good!

Stronger anti-tussive than expectorant. Anti-pyretic in animal studies.

Smoking in excess amounts with Datura stramonium and KNO3 may cause vertigo

Burning in the mouth and throat if overused OD of straight alkaloids: stumbling, sleepiness, dilated pupils OD of entire botanical: slurred speech, dilated pupils (impaired vision), loss of motor control, tired, loss of sphincter control, inc then dec in temperature, seizure

Immune S

Sticta pulmonaria (Lungwort)

Immune System - Infection

Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)

Commiphora myrrh (Myrrh)

Stictic acid

Cinnamyl acetic aldehyde and ester, eugenol Tannins, Lignans, fiber, starch

Resins (commiphoic acid) Gum Essential oil and bitter (cresol) Organic acids

Astringent Anti-spasmodic Carminative Anti-microbial Anti-diabetic

Expectorant Anti-septic Historically for vermifuge and gangrenous ulcers

Internally: Uterine hemorrhage and profuse flow; pale with cold extremities. Menorrhagia and post-partum hemorrhage GI UPSET Hemoptysis URTI: patient looks pale, cold, chilly and has trouble shaking infections Externally: fungal infections, over spine for coughs, over abdomen for babies with restless colic. Children for sleeping. Excess mucous or discharge - gleet, respiratory catarrh Laryngitis, wet asthma, bronchitis, pharyngitis - conditions with profuse secretions. Mucous difficult to expectorate. Leukorrhea or amenorrhea - dragging sensation in pelvis Dyspepsia with pale tongue and halitosis Apthous stomatitis, ulcerated throat and tonsils, gingivitis and spongy gums External: gangrene ulcers, stomatitis, inflamed mucosa

Dilates blood vessels: inc circulation, acts as diaphoretic Anti-microbial and anti-pyretic. Analgesic for spasmodic pain in smooth muscle Internal toxicity: N/V, KI damage, coma Tx: emesis, GI lavage, charcoal, monitor KI and LIV enzymes. External toxicity: redness, burning, dermatitis. Treat with water. Anti-inflamm, anti-pyretic, anti-fungal, antitussive, expectorant Schistomosiasis - eradication Non-irritating, non-sensitizing, non-phototoxic CI: documented hypoglycemic effects, so may interfere with anti-diabetic therapy Caution on preg due to emmenagogue properties

Alkaloids, tannins, iridoid glycosides, saponins, organiz acids, polysaccharides

Used in TCM - root is bitter, pungent & warming Used to treat infections, especially lyme disease (Borrelia) Muscle and tendon symptoms

Comparable to vit E in rats Saponins cytotoxic in some CA lines, may benefit B-amyloid protein (Alzheimer's) Organic acids prevent atherosclerosis Polysaccharides are immune modulating: stimulate phagocytes and lymphocytes Terminates pregnancies

Myrica cerifera (Bayberry)

Flavonoids (mytricitrin) Tannins, terpenoids (myticadiol), gum, resin, starch

Expectorant Sialogogue Astringent

Profuse mucous discharge with poor circulation hypersecretion Apthous stomatitis with halitosis, ulcers, foul stools Dysentry, mucoenteritis, measles, typhoid, scarlet fever, malaria, jaundice Stimulates digestion if taken before meals Stimulates blood production, nutrition in very weak (slow pulse, low temp, yellow tonge) Externally: for spongy, flabby, bleeding gums. Gargle for sore throat or scarletina. Vaginal douche for muco-leukorrhea, excess bleeding

Myricitin has choleretic, bacteriocidal and spermatocidal activity Myricadiol has mineralcorticoid activity CI: large doses may interfere with existing hypertensive, hypotensive or steroid therapy CI: preg (mineralcorticoid and carcinogenic)

Larix occidentalis (Larch)

Arabinogalactan: long branched polysacc of glactose and arabinose Trace of uronic acid Tannins

Immune stimulant

Chronic non-responding GU infections Chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, rhinitis, URTIs Purpura hemorrhage, passive hemorrhage Chronic antibiotic use in children, otitis media

Anti-inflamm, anti-allergic, anti-complement Inc NK cell cytotixicity, inc phagocytosis

Dipsacus spp.

Rumex acetosa (Green sorrel) Immune System - Infection

Cough with pain in shoulders, extrinsic repiratory muscles - pain to occiput - rheumatism Soft, wiry pulse Muscular pain. Pains < deep breath (soreness as if bruised) Chills, fever, night sweats of TB Cough: raspy, wheezing, dry, persistant, especially July-Aug, hayfever, summer influenza Bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping cough, croup, catarrhal asthma La grippe - hot watery mucus, thick, yellow green, bloody

Rumex acetosella

Oxalic acid (binds iron-fatal) Anthroquinones

Fresh leaf: refrigerant, diuretic (eaten in salad) Infusion: fevers and inflammation Roasted leaf: wrapped around tumors, wens, boils to induce suppuration Fresh juice: cutaneous tumors or injected into tumors Used for treponema infections, scrofula and CA Patients with difficulty urinating (destructive tissue process)

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OD: N/V/D, mucosal irritation, renal damage Tx: induce emesis and then give milk or water to dilute, charcoal IV Ca gluconate for tetany and hypocalcemia, maintain fluids while monitoring BUN, Ca, 24hr creatinine

Immune System - Infection

Stillingia sylvatica (Queen's root)

Uncaria tomentosa/ guainensis (Cat's claw)

Usnea barbata (Old Man's Beard)

Verbena hastata (Blue vervain)

Immune System - Lymphatic System

Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea)

Galium aparine (Cleavers)

Iris versicolor (Blue flag)

Alkaloids (stillingine) Alcohol (sylvacrol) Gum, starch, oil

Alterative Cathartic Cholagogue Astringent

Alkaloids (rynchophylline, Immunostimulant hisutine)

Bitter Organic acids (usnic acid, Anti-microbial: anti-bacterial, barbatic acid) anti-fungal Iridoid glycosides (verbenanine) Essential oil (limonene) Flavonoids (luteolin, scutellarin)

Diaphoretic Diuretic Expectorant Anti-periodic Emmenagogue Galactogogue

Dry, irritated, red mucous membrances Skin lesions that appear red moist and irritated Blood dyscrasia (leukemia) with weakness Paroxysmal, hoarse, croupy cough, irritating, cough of cold winter Anti-syphilitic (tertiary) - cachexia of tertiary syphilis Weak pale sick children with anemia, anoreia, GI and LIV atony, otitis, debility and weakness Historical use: daily as tea to ward off disease and "give life"; bone pain and wound healing; KI cleanser; recovery post childbirth; gonorrhea; dysentry; female urinary tract cancer Infections Female urinary tract cancer; leukemia PMS HIV/AIDS Arthritis, bursitis, rhematism Historically for disinfectant for cuts, infections, fungus, impetigo Anti-viral: use for patients refractory to Echinacea spp. Rheumatoid arthritis: jts that are < from Echniacea spp Douche intravaginally for Trichomonas vaginalis Native Americans used this for fever, GI colic and spasm, and as a hemostatic. Epilepsy. Fever and HA associated with cold or flu Throat and lung congestion, with spasm Liver dysfunction, worms, jaundice Irregular menses with dysmenorrhea Topically: leaves in rheumatism, wound healing, ulcers

Toxicity due to sylvacrol (alcohol) OD: GI burning, D/N/V, tachycardia, muscular weakness and prostration

Alkaloids inc Ig's in cancer patients Anti mutagenic, appears to need ST acid for effect Rynchophylline decreases BP, HR, cholesterol, vasodilates heart and central and peripheral BV's (inhibitis SNS) Hisutine is a diuretic, decreases bladder contractions

Usnic acid inhibits gram + bacteria. Antidotes tetanus and diptheria toxins. Smooth muscle relaxant.

Glycosides are toxic, have an analgesic effect Verbanine: inc milk flow in lactation. Inhibits SNS nerves of heart, blood vessels, intestines, salivary glands. Promotes blood coagulation. Inc urinary output in Schistosomiasis.

Organic Acids (ceonothic) Alterative Alkaloids (integerrin) Astringent Flavonoids Hemostatic Tannins

Historically: as tea for splenitis, anemia, dysentry. GI and LIV disorders with englarged spleen and possible GI bleeding: more chronic congestion/inflammation like malaria, thalasemia, sickle cell anemia, mono, TB, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Ceanothic acids inhibit bacteria that cause gingivitis Ciprofloxatine cased hepatosplenomegaly Useful for treatment of infections, cancer with splenomegaly Spleen hypertrophy with sallow, doughy skin and expressionless face Cough, bronchitis, dry cough, weak lungs

Organic acid Iridoid glucosides (asperuloside) Tannins

Historical: treat ulcers and nodular growths of the skin and mucous membranes (on or under the skin) Lymphatic system tonic - lymphadenitis anywhere in the body Exanthem diseases (rubella, rubeola, varicella, roseola, fifth's) Decreases BP without decreasing HR Treatment of UTI's associated with pain (anuria caused by stones, Anti-cancer for leukemia KI and BL inflammation, gonorrhea) External: psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus. Cancer nodules or scrofula.

Refrigerant Diuretic Anti-nodular

Historical use: secondary syphilis Thyroid or Lymphatic enlargement GI/endocrine: bilious HA or fever with nausea <motion, vomiting, and indigestion eyes and Oleoresins (iresin, iridin) Lymphatic alterative forehead. Hepatitis with constipation, steatorrhea, jaundice. Acute Organic acid (salicylic acid) Cholegogue diarrhea/dysentry. Chronic pancreatitis especially with alpha-phytosterol, volatile oil, Laxative (with fresh root and/ or splenomegaly: blanched or pale skin (anemia), dropsy (due to gum, tannins higher doses) stones and excessive alcohol consumption) Reproductive system: uterine hypertrophy and enlarged ovary. Leukorrhea. Ulceration of cervical os (HPV). Spermatorrhea. Skin: greasy and oily. Eczema, acne, psoriasis, pigmentation

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More effective/stronger than taraxacum for Liv cleansing Toxicity - oleoresin (iricin). Topically: contact irritant. Tx: soap and water. Internally: increase salivation in very high doses (known as vegetable Hg). Tx: decrease dose. OD: Oral/GI/esophageal burning, N/V/D with heat in rectum, GI colic, HA. Tx: flush with saline cathartic, emesis, GI lavage, monitor hydration and electrolytes

Immu GU System

Phytolacca americana (Poke root)

Agrimonia eupatoria (Agrimony)

Agropyron repens (Couch grass)

Saponins (phytolaccagenin) Lectins Formic acid, tannins, phytolaccotoxin Alkaloid (phytolaccine)

Volatile oils Bitters Tannins Coumarin (agrimol)

Purgative: enhances peristalsis, may produce gastric pain and severe diarrhea in large doses Convulsive: increases resp and BP, after longer use respiration and HR decrease Diuretic: increase blood flow to KI <10 berries fatal in thildren. <2g root. OD: N/V tingling throughout body, hypotension, resp failure, plasmocytosis, death Tx: emesis, GI lavage, monitor vitals, diazepam if convulsing

Genitourinary tonic Astringent Bitter

Deep colicky lumbar pain with unseasy sensation from KI and hips to umbilicus and genitals (tip of urethra) Chronic GB problems with low ST acid Urinary atony and decreased KI fxn leading to dropsy, dribbling with cough Cyctitis, incontinence, gonorrhea, catarrhal discharge Urine has a muddy smell and look UTI with dropsy Chronic mucous discharge: leukorrhea, icterus/itchy skin, TB HA on side of head External: throat, mouth, tongue ulcers (gargle)

May cause photosensitivity and hypoglycemia Hypotensive in high doses Hypertensive in low doses

Frequent dysuria (irritable bladder) - pain extends to the back Chronic cystitis, incipient nephritis (early stages) Discharge with urination, gonorrhea Enlarged prostate, chronic prostatitis - often with hematuria Gravel/sediment in urine Gout, rheumatism, joint pain Europe: spring tonic to get KI working after long winter

Non-toxic

Saponins (laevulose, triticin) Weak diuretic Organic acid (malic acid, Anti-irritant silicic acid) Prostatic herb and Tonic B carotene

Urethral sedative Anti-histamine Diuretic

Apis mellifica (Honey Bee)

Genitourinary System

Lymphatic Anti-viral Emetic Purgative, Laxative

Historical use: diptheria Hard, indurated, painful, glandular swellings (orchitis due to mumps, mastitis, diptheria) Oral: pale mucosa, ulcerations, cough, sore throat, SOB, diptheria, difficult respiration due to extent of illnees External: conjunctivitis, mastitis, lymphadenopathy, ulcers/ hemorrhoids, blisters

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry)

Glycosides: arbutin Flavonoid: quercitin Resins, Tannins, gallic and ellagic acids

Barosma betulina (Buchu)

Volatile oils (diosphenol, pulegone) Glycoside (diasmon) Bioflavonoid (similar to hesperidin) Ethone, mucilage, Mn

Genitourinary sedative Renal anti-septic Not a diuretic

Renal anti-septic Diuretic (weak action) Carminative

Historical use: anuria Anuria, urethral and cystic irriation, burning, stinging pain with constant desire to urinate and little urine produced Ascites, post-scarlatina ascites Ovarian congestion, cyst with menorrhagia, amenorrhea, edema of external genitalia Anaphylaxis in acutely allergic individuals, may develop from Swollen sore throat with edema, diff swallowing repeated exposures. Urticaria, hives, injury with swelling Injuries producing swelling/stinging/burning pains Rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis - Apitherapy - allow a bee to sting one joint, increase by one bee eact visit Especially useful in autoimmune conditions Angina, dropsy Chronic urinary bladder irritation with a lot of pain, tenesmus, catarrh, cystitis Blood, mucus discharge from GU tract (gonorrhea/leukorrhea) Weight, dragging or heaviness in loins/urinary tract/ perineal area, enlarged prostate Sensation UB has lost muscle tone, sensation of a presence in prostate region GI infection: H. pylori Alkaline urine

Increase anti-inflamm effect of prednisolone Inhibits cell maturation of B lymphocytes Arbutin and methylarbutin undergo enzymatic reaction in alkaline environment Avoid long term use to tannins Symptoms of long term use: GI irritation CI: pregnancy (oxytocic)

Chronic inflammation of UB and urethral mucus membranes, cystitis Urethral irritation with copious mucopurulent discharge (gleet) Uric acid crystals Acid urine, constant urgency but no relief with micturation Prostate incontinence For some people their urine will turn brown and may develop a new odor

Volatile oil diosphenol: may darken urine with brownish precipitate, may cause change in urine odor OD: Gastroenteritis, strangury/spasm Volatile oil - pulegone: uterine stimulation and mucosal irritation in mice, therefore caution in pregnancy

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Chimaphila umbellate (Pipsissewa)

Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)

Eupatorium purpureum (Gravel root)

Glycoside (arbutin) Organic acids (ursolic acid) Methyl salicylate Tannin

Saponins Silica Aconitic/equisetic acid, salicilic acid, mucilage

Oleoresins (euparin, eupurpurin)

Genitourinary anti-septic Kidney tonic

Irritation in the GU tract Alkaline urine Catarrh of the bladder with offensive urine, mucus in urine, mucupurulent urine, hematuria, burning dysuria Chronic protatic irritation, prostatitis with discharge, gonorrhea Scrofula associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy, with prostatic/urinary tract symptoms

Arbutin: undergoes enzymatic reaction in alkaline environment (kidneys) to become hydroquinone and glucose Contact dermatitis from volatile oils in fresh plant leaves

Diuretic Astringent

Internal: Dropsy and supression of urination with dysuria, irritation of UB. Dropsy of legs,
Thiaminase: causes B1 deficiency - caution for long term use Aconitic acid (highest in fresh plant) Chronic deficiency: Beri-beri (wet is CHF, edema. Dry is neurological) Tx: GI lavage, emesis, charcoal CI: hypertension, CV conditions because it may increase potassium excretion, in vitro it has increased platelet coagulation Caution CV drugs

Diuretic Anti-lithic

Dissolves renal calculi Edema/dropsy from renal insufficiency, post scarlatina dropsy Dysuria with frequency, pain and weight from thighs to bladder, milky urine, mucus urine Hematuria from prostatitis Incontinence from BL irritation in children and in pregnancy Gout, rhematism Chronic cough, chronic catarrh, asthma, whooping cough

Euparin: diuretic, anti-lithic

Aids in the passage of stones Pain of passing kidney calculus/gravel Acute nephritis Chronic gleet Urethral mucus irritation, especially in post menopausal females Hepatic pain or irritation Irritated bronchi (soothes mucous membranes)

Does not dissolve stones but eases the irritation they cause on passing OD: vertigo, oppression of chest Tx: Decrease dose or stop use altogether, can also give white salts or crystals

Glucoside (hydrangin) Hydrangea arborescens Acids (sulphuric, phosphoric) Renal sedative (Seven barks) Saponins Litholithic Mucilage

Genitourinary System

Juniperus communis (Juniper)

Petroselinum sativum (Parsley)

Solidago odora (Goldenrod)

Volatile oils (pinene, cadinene, camphene) Sesquiterpene lactones (thujone)

Parsley oil Volatile oil (apiol) Fatty oil Vit A, C, Ca, Iron

Volatile oil (pinene, candinene) Saponins Flavonoids

Renal atonia with catarrh/mucus - increases GFR Diuretic Irritation of UB due to gleet, cystitis, pyelonephritis Bacteriostatic Gout, arthritis with many neurological, muscle, and tendon sx Anti-septic Dropsy post scarlatina Other: urinary sedative, digestive Ascites in chilren aid (due to bitter) Gargle for cough, sore throat, colds; a gentle expectorant Cutting pain

Volatile oils (thujone) Acute symptoms: catharsis Chronic symptoms: Albuminuria, nephrosis with hematuria, oliguria, personality changes, convulsions Tx: Discontinue use, fluids, monitor electrolytes CI: pregnancy, lactation Caution with weak kidneys

Diuretic Carminitive Nutrient vitamin A, C: Ca, Fe Emmenagogue (high doses) Anti-microbial

Dropsy, post-scarlatina dropsy Anuria, urinary retention Gonorrhea Diuretic for obesity, edema, dropsy, inc BP, night sweats from consumption, TB Amenorrhea due to ovarian inactivity, secondary amenorrhea Carminative for gas/colic External for lice, insect bites/stings, englarged glands: lymph, thyroid, breasts

Oil antimicrobial for UTIs and may stimulate hepatic regenration Apiol: causes spasms in SI OD: sense of body heat, vertigo, headache, tinnitus, visual change, scintillation (light flashes), N/V/D, urticaria, swollen liver with icterus Tx: discontinue use, GI lavage, monitor fluids CI: preg (causes spasms), duodenal ulcers and crohns

Diuretic Renal tonic Carminitive Expectorant

Difficult, scanty dark urine due to acute/chronic nephritis Albuminuria, anuria, urinary obstruction: increases KI function therefore decreases albumin output (does not dilute it; may be due to flavonoids) Anuria/oligura in hemorrhagic nephritis Flatulence, vomiting, due to stomach cramps/nausea Convalescence after cholera, dysentry, diarrhea (aids in gastric function) Respiratory expectorant for bronchitis and catarrh Amenorrhea

"Goldenrod rust" - coleosporin solidagenesis - avoid if dark mold spots on leaves - can cause abortion, emanciate, or kill animals Volatile oils toxic in large doses Tx: cease or avoid use

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Thuja occidentalis (Yellow cedar)

Volatile oils (thujone, alphathujone, pinene) Diuretic Prinipicrin (bitter glycoside GU anti-septic similar to quercetin) Emmenagogue Tannins

Urinary incontinence, senile dribbling Enuresis in children due to infection or irritation GU catarrh, gonorrhea Chronic prostatitis Fever, cough, bronchitis (aids expectoration) External for: anal fissures, anal/rectal prolapse, warts, condylomata, syphilic chancre, leukorrhea, gonorrhea, trachoma, gangrene, ulcers, bed sores, malignant growth, Bronchitis, diptheria, coup

Turnera aphrodisiaca (Damiana)

Essential oils (cineol, cymol, pinene) Urinary nervine Arbutin Hydrocyanic glycoside Bitters, tannins, resins

Irritations of GU mucus membranes Chronic cystitis, renal catarrh and mucus in urine Respiratory system: mucus, hypersecretion with cough from irritation Impotence or frigidity associated with sexual nervousness, anxiety, depression, neurosis, excess sex or age Irritation and burning in urinary tract or in colds and coughs when the person has lots of mucus; as if drowing in the mucus

Genitourinary System

Urtica urens (Dwarf stinging nettle)

Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)

Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)

Zea mays (Corn silk)

Alpha-thujone (volatile oil) - irritant to CNS, HT stimulant OD: GI irritant, convulsions (cerebral lesions), hypotension, coma, death Tx: emesis, GI lavage, cathartic, monitor heart, establish respiration, seizures (IV diazepam) CI: pregnancy (abortifacient)

Uterine hemorrhage Poor milk production Painful burning with cystitis Nettle juice: increases urine excretion Myocardial insufficiency to decrease load on heart

Formic acid: causes stinging and raised red irritation of the skin. Tx: avoid contact, water CI: pregnancy - uterine contraction Caution with diuretic meds so as not to exacerbate diuresis Anti-dote: rumex spp, platago major

Astringent Galactagogue Formic acid (and lots of other Diuretic stuff!) Rubefacient Counter-irritant (fresh herb)

Excess mucous discharge: chronic cystitis, diarrhea/dysentry, gastric secretions with emesis/eructations, colonic mucous discharge. Infant cholera. BPH (nocturia, dysuria, urinary retention - root preferred) Nutritive: anemia, recovery from chronic illness Decreased capillary fragility Gout and rheumatism Deficient lactation in nursing mothers Post traumatic swellings External: rubifacient for eczema, neuraliga and rhematic pain: lumbago, sciatica, tendonitis, sprain. Warts. Alopecia.

Symptom relief for BPH. Inhibits SHBG, inhibits prostate cell metabolism and growth Anti-inflammatory: decreses number of cytokines, decreases acute phase proteins, asthma Better than placebo for allergic rhinitis (hay fever) MI, decreases BP, CNS depressant in high doses Toxicity: contact dermatitis from formic acid. Tx: avoid contact and flush with water. Rumex spp to antidote and cool skin. Caution in preg.

Bitter glucosides (oxyoccin similar to arbutin) Urinary anti-septic Organic acids Anti-inflammatory Anthrocyanins Prophylactic Fructose

Dysuria - burning and cutting at close of urination Nagging tenderness in bladder and urethra; chronic cystitis Cloudy and bloody urine (+ leukocytes, nitrates) Post menopausal women Gargles for tonsilitis, sore throat, scarlatina Topical: poultice for boils on nose, acne, and resistant ulcerations, swollen cervical glands, malg ulcers, erisipelas

Inhibits E. coli from adhering to urinary tract cells fructose inhibits adhesion and slows replication; lectins may attach to bacterial wall and cause lysis; proanthrocyanidins are antiox and maybe anti-carcinogenic Some efficacy in bladder CA Non toxic

Diuretic Volatile oils GU sedative (for spasm and Organic acids, sugars, gums irritation)

UT inflammation/irritation (UB/urethral tract), Chronic cystitis, anura, gonorrhea. Bladder symptoms in children Renal calculi, gravel, phosphate and uric acid crystals Dropsy of KI or HT origin, tonic to circulatory system (heart and peripheral blood vessels)

Slight diuretic effect caused by NaCl secretion: may effect BP (hypotensive due to diuresis) Decrease blood glucose - rabbits Increase secretion of bile Increased platelet counts and PT

Formic acid

Anti-hemorrhagic Astringent Galactogogue

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Plant

Constituents

Actions

Indications

Pharmacology/Toxicity

Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)

Volatile oils (trace of thujone) Lactones (achillin, milefin) Hemostatics Bioflavinoids Stomachic (gastric bitter) Bitters Anti-inflammatory Alkaloids

Atonia in tissue with lots of discharge Passive haemorrhage: hematuria, anal and uterine haemorrhoids Urinary irritation: painful cystitis Menorrhagia with uterine spasm/pelvic pain Bitter: stomach, liver dysfunction, poor digestion URTI with fever. External as a poutice for bleeding, trauma, leukorrhea Prostate bleeding, esp. post TURP

Water extracts: anti-inflammatory Alkaloids: hypotensive, antipyretic, antibacterial Sesquiterpines: used in leukemia models Thujone is toxic: GI irritant and CNS stimulant. Acts as emmenagogue, abortifacent. May be lost in drying process. Other sx: convulsions. Caution: when combining with H2 anatagonist, proton pump inhibitors because it inc HCl production. Anti-coagulant therapy, pregnancy.

Capsella bursapastoris (Sheppard's purse)

Volatile oils Choline like constituence Diosmin, Bioflavonoids, Organic acids Related to brassica family

Diuretic Astringent Anti-hemorrhagic

Historically used for post-partum hemorrhage Passive haemorrhage, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia Haemorrhage due to uterine myomas Frequent/chronic colourless vaginal leukorrhea Diarrhea and dysentry associated with bleeding haemorrhoids Hematuria or urinary tract bleeding; pain assoc with renal stones Works best with alkaline urine Externally: bruises, traumas and rheumatic joints Controls bleeding

Contraction in non-intact uterus and intestines Bursic acid: hemostatic only with increased concentrations Alcohol extracts given IV temporarly decrease BP CI: pregnancy: emmenagogue and uterine stimulant properties

Hemostatic Motor excitant

Delayed labour: feeble circulation with signs of edema in both feet and face; weakness and coldness Ergotamine used as a drug for migraine headaches (with caffeine) Weak uterine contractions, no dilation of the os Alkaloids: cause contractions, especially in uterus Used in final stages of pregnancy, low doses in false labour pains with Acute OD: HA. N/V/D, dec temp, edema of head and extremities, miscarriage, muscular twitching, sensation of weight in pelvis convulsions, coma, death from respiratory and/or cardia paralysis Active haemorrhage; post-partum haemorrhage (DO NOT administer if Chronic OD: develop gangrenous conditions, tingling, altered circulation, reddened or cyanotic anything remains in the uterus) extremities, sanguinous fluits from vesicles/ulcers, tissue sloughs, cataracts Congestive headache with sense of venous fullness in head, vertigo, Chronic low dose: spasms, tremor, vertigo with convulsions, tinnitus, photophobia, HA, V/D, both tinnitus, hemiplegia mental and physical depression Chronic mania and epileptic mania Tx: GI lavage or saline cathartic - may need heat and O2 Feeble circulation with dilated pupils, palor and cold to touch CI: early preg and 1st and 2nd stages of labor but ok after placenta has been delivered Hypotensive conditions: orthostatic hypotension, sclerosis

Astringent Hemostatic

Capillary bleeding from various organs Watery diarrhea: gushing/sudden, cholera Epistaxis (leaves snuffed) Passive haemorrhage: hematuria, hemoptosis, hematemesis, meno/metrorrhagia Volatile oil is oxytocic: CI pregnancy. Hyperurination associated with DM - acts on kidneys (KM, albuminuria, inflammation of UB/uretrha, gonorrhea) External: oil for hemorrhoids, small bleeding wounds, boils. Gargled for sore throat. Topical for tympanitis.

Astringent Hemostatic

Relaxed mucosal tissues with profuse discharge Salivation from use of mercury Chronic mucusy diarrhea, D with constant urge to defecate; used for dysentry as a milk infusion Passive haemorrhage, epistaxis, bleeding from wounds Particularly effective for gastric ulcers and GI bleeding Gargled for apthous ulcers or apthous stomatitis Leukorrhea and gleet Hematuria and menorrhagie, bleeding haemorrhoids Sore throat, swollen tonsils, ulcerated gums

Hemostatic Anti-septic Astringent

Relaxed mucosal tissues with unhealthy discharge, chronic mucous. Diarrhea with mucus, D with periodic fevers Haemorrhoids External: gargle for chronic cough, sore throat, tonsilitis. Leukorrhea (douche). Apply to weeping eczema, leg ulcers. Compress for varicose veins or broken capillary bed, bleedin traumas. Rinse or wash for burns. Compress for eye inflammation. Note: make sure discharge is not part of the healing process.

Claviceps purpurea (Rye ergot)

Alkaloids (ergotamine) Ergotic/ergotinic acid, sclerotic Clavicititaceae family Grows on rye, wheat, barley

Hemostatic Herbs

Erigeron canadense Essential oils (Canadian fleabane) Tannic and gallic acid

Galic acid Calcium oxalate Geranium maculatum Starches, sugars, pectin, (Geranium) gum Bioflavinoid quercitin Phlobaphenetannin

Quercus alba (White/red oak)

Tannins Phlobatannin -- rel="nofollow"> phlobaphene Gallic acid

Glycosides (trillin, trillarin) Hemostatic Trillium pendulatum Tannins Nervine (Trillium) Starches Anti-spasmodic

Passive uterine haemorrhage, both meno and metrorrhagia, often due to uterine myomas Hemoptosis, hematuria, epistaxis Leukorrhea Diarrhea and dysentry (use boiled root) Ulcers, tumors, swellings (boiled leaf in lard) Poultice for bubos, insect bites, gangrene, anthrax

Robert's formula was to treat gastric ulcer bleed: Geranium, echinacea, hydrastis, althea. Powdered and put in capsules. Patient took 2. Bastyr added baptisia. If in stomach he added powdered powedered stomach or in intestine, powdered duodenum. Hybiscus esculentus was also considered (ochra)

Ustilago segetum (Corn smut)

Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut)

Alkaloid (ustilagine) Fixed oils (not volatile) Rexins, wax, organic acids

Glycoside lactones (aesculin) Astringent Saponins (aescin = escin) Vasoconstrictive Rutin and hesperidin for Expectorant (weak action) vascular fragility

Flavonoids Terpenoids Carotenoid pigments (betaCalendula officinalis carotene, lycopene) (Marigold) Bitters resins Polysaccharides (arabinogalactans) Saponins

Integumentary Herbs

Post-partum hemorrhage with prolonged lochial discharge Late pregnancy with false labour pains or other unpleasant pelvic sensations, "twinges" in the pelvic region Hemostatic Passive hemorrhage from lungs or bowels Oxytocic OD: produces tonic convulsions, causing death by tetanus or exhaustion. Loose heair, hooves, Improves cerebral blood circulation: imparted crebral circ with vertigo, HA in Cerebralspinal stimulant - like teeth. Abortion. vertex and disordered vision Claviceps (claviceps more CI: pregnancy Weak capillary and venous circulation useful) Prolapsed, boddy, flabby uterus Dys/meno/metrorrhagia Weak uterine contractions but used primarily after delivery

Vulnerary Anti-septic

Historically - Hemorrhoids due to dysentery/diarrhea. Vascular engorgement: Leads to dull aching pain, throbbing sensation in veins (not arteries); general feeling of fullness & malaise Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI): Varicose veins (these people will tell you their legs ache and/or are very tired Vascular congestion (hemorrhoids; class II or III) in the rectum: Large, purple, don’t bleed, sense of fullness in rectum (patient feels like they have to have a bowel movement); hemorrhoids from D Vascular wall fragility: Leading to edema or exudate; leg swelling Visceral neuralgia Edema of the urethral mucosa (varicosity of urethra) Hepatic aching (aching pains over the liver) External:Ointment, gel or oil: Apply morning and evening to varicose veins or hemorrhoids; also useful externally for painful night leg cramps

Aescin: Prevents alterations in vein wall, and inhibits adherence of (PMNs) to the wall of the vein Varicose veins: ↓ capillary permeability Chronic venous insufficiency: equal to compression therapy Europe: Use IV for post-operative tissue swelling – especially concussions (and other edema associated with trauma) Toxicity - Fairly safe long term- 1 case of liver damage reported with IV Aesculin: Mucous irritant, ↑ anti-thrombin activity ↑ bleeding time, nerve stimulation Toxic/Fatal: A few nuts can cause severe symptoms and have been reported to be fatal to children. Seed coat is neutralized by roasting OD: Nausea, vomiting/emesis, diarrhea, vertigo, incoordination, paralysis, increased core temperature (fever), visual changes (strabismus & amblyopia), opisthotonus (rigid supine arch; uncommon), stupor, elevated state, coma, death from respiratory failure/paralysis, possible elation Tx: Charcoal, emesis, gastrointestinal lavage, monitor fluids & electrolytes, oxygen Contact dermatitis from contact with seed or husk of seed (Tx: Flush with water and drink lots of water)

Gastric ulcerations, indigestion Terpenoids, Volatile/Essential Oil’s and Flavonoids: Anti-inflammatory Hepatic congestion Glycosides: Inhibit lipoxygenase activity (therefore anti-oxidant) External/Topical: Polysaccharides: Immunostimulant Gargle for gingivitis, stomatitis, oral ulcers Anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects Skin traumas: Cuts, scrapes, scalds, burns, acne, perineal lacerations during Animal studies: Reduces edema and inflammation and increases regeneration & delivery epithelialization of animals with surgical wounds Skin disease: Ulcer, abscess, vaginitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, diaper Clinically compared to indomethacin (NSAID): Equally effective antiinflammatory action (without rash gastrointestinal side effects) Skin conditions: Psoriasis, eczema, pruritis Toxicity In nostril for irritated nasal mucosa Fairly non-toxic but one reported case of anaphylaxis Gonococcal leucorrhea (as a douche or rinse): via catherization Sx: Irritated skin, red, burning Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): Eyewash, poultice, compress of fresh flowers 35 yo female - cervical dysplasia - can substitute Hamamelis virginiana in this case Suppurative conditions with a lot of purulent discharge 75 yo male after scratch to arm Varicose veins Tx: Rinse with water and cease use In eschariotic protocol for HPV - soothing afterwards Caution with individuals that are allergic to other plants in the Asteraceae family

Integumentary Herbs Volatile oils (caryophyllene, germacrene D, limonene, α and β-pinene) o The volatile oils have Collinsonia canadensis vasodilatory, warming, and (Stone root, horse anti-microbial effects balm) o The volatile oils are also released into the air giving the plant its aroma Organic acids, Mucilage, Resins, Tannin, Saponins

Mucous astringent Stomachic Circulatory tonic

Sense of constriction in larynx, anus, sense of weight (with or without heat), venous engorgement (a.k.a. hemorrhoids) Hemorrhoids from constipation; as if foreign body is lodged in the rectal vault Spasms & contractions in rectum & peritoneum Hemorrhoids are bluish (veins are blue) Chronic/Acute laryngitis, pharyngitis: Larynx walls are relaxed with dark discoloration of the pharyngeal wall, feeble capillary circulations; clergyman’s throat (from overuse of voice) Chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, chronic phthisis with irritating cough Generally a safe herb Follicular tonsillitis: Pus exuding from the folds (pus can be any color OD (excess amounts): Gastrointestinal irritation, colic, painful micturation, nausea, vertigo and there is often a foul halitosis) - QUINSY CI: Pregnancy, especially in the 3rd trimester Varicosities of the legs; varicosities of vaginal wall and extremities (commonly during pregnancy) Heart tonic: Heart affected by chronic fevers (i.e. rheumatic fevers, rheumatic inflammation), overstrain – strengthens heart and improves circulation Stomachic for feeble circulation, poor muscle tone, gastritis and catarrh: Improves apetite, digestion & assimilation External: Sitz bath/injection for piles (hemorrhoids) Green leaves applied to poison ivy, poison oak, vesicular dermatitis Injected into vagina for vaginal varicosities

Iridoid glycosides (acubin) Euphrasia officinalis Volatile oil (caffeic acid) Mucosal constrictor (Eyebright) Mannit, Sugar, Tannins, Vasoconstrictor Bitter

Integumentary Herbs

Tannins (hamamelitannin 10-12%) Dextrose Hamamelis virginiana Wax (phytosterin)15 (Witch Hazel) Flavonoids Choline Volatile oils (safrole)

Salvia officinalis (Garden/Red sage)

Astringent Anti-inflammatory Hemostatic

Volatile oils - 2.5% (Thujone - up to ½ of volatile oils, salvene, pinene, camphor, cineol, borneol) Astringent Salvene esthers (similar to Anti-bacterial volatile oils) Tannins Beta-carotene Bitters

Ecclectic use: herpetic iritis - use opthalmic solution Opthalmias: Catarrhal with redness, swelling and visual disturbances Acute inflammations: Conjunctivitis, blepharitis, inflammation of blood vessels Profuse lacrimal discharge with pus or water mucus Discharges from eye and nose are acrid with heat and pain in frontal sinuses Eye trauma (bruise), Eye fatigue, Risk of corneal ulcer (herpes iritis) Fluent corrhyza’s: Profuse watery discharge, hoarseness, earache, cough, headache Bronchitis Gastric catarrh: 1 cup of infusion on empty stomach on rising and at bed time External: Eye conditions with fluent corrhyza; catarrhal ophthalmia with lots of discharge Hordeolum’s (Stye’s), Gargle for throat & oral irritations; use decoction for inflammations of oral and throat mucosa

Caffeic acid: Bacteriostatic Iridoid glycosides: Purgative in high doses Tannins: Astringent properties There is controversial research on its effectiveness with cataracts (internal and/or external use); Acetyl-O-carnosine can also be used for cataracts topically because they permeate through the cornea into the intra-ocular space acting as an anti-oxidant and causing tissue regeneration Very safe OD (one case): Mental confusion, severe headache, lachrimation, sneezing, nausea, insomnia, polyuria, sweating

Ecclectic use: Post partum uterine hemorrhage - 1 tsp q 10min (ustilgo more effective) Historical use: Soak a towel and give to teething infants to chew on (Syzygium aromaticum oil is another option for its anodyne effect) Hemorrhoids, Passive hemorrhage (non traumatic): Hematemesis, hemoptysis Phthisis; Severe diarrhea/dysentery with lots of mucous & pale complexion, relaxed (boggy) tissue Varicose veins: Reddish color behind or underneath with relaxed feel to veins Safrole: Carcinogenic in high doses but only present in low doses in H. virginiana Enlarged cervix: Mucousy leukorrhea or discharge where there is prolapse or Tannins: Precipitate proteins, tighten superficial cells (useful for edematous or leaking capillaries, bleeding reduces inflammation & edema, shrinks the colloidal structures causing capillary constriction); high Uterine hemorrhage: irritation of the urethral mucosa; irritating cystitis; doses of tannins have been shown to increase risk of esophageal, nasal and liver cancers (i.e. tea mucous urination; post partum hemorrhage drinkers but would need 15-20 cups of tea/day) Bleeding from the eye (optic hemorrhage) Witch hazel water produced by distillation has little tannins left – they add isopropyl alcohol for the External: Best as a cold/cool compress astringent property Vaginal douche for leukorrhea & hemorrhage Sx: Red, irritated skin, contact dermatitis Hemorrhoids: Cream, sitz bath or retention enema, suppository (can add Tx: Rinse avoid use Vitamin A and E), better to use topically for hemorrhoids after each bowel Prevention: 3 days on, 4 days off over 3-4 weeks37 movement or before bed. Conjunctivitis, Tonsillitis, diptheria (gargle); nasal/sinus wash, Sore throat Compress over sore abdominal muscles after childbirth Topical: Burns, cuts, scrapes, abrasions, insect bites, itchy skin, sunburn, irritated skin after shaving Compress: Sore muscles, bruises, cold, flu Irritated skin: Sun, shaving, over dilated capillaries on back of hand Substitute for people sensitive to Calendula officinalis Can also use in between nursing to “toughen up nipples”; mastitis Teething: Have infant chew on towel soaked in Hamamelis to numb gums

Internal: Flatulence with gastric debility: Foods sits in the stomach and does not digest Poor digestion and anorexia Very cold extremities; easily chilled – infusion helps to warm patient up Sore throats, ulceration or inflammation of the throat Peritonsillar abscess; tonsillar catarrh (gargle q 1-2 h) Stomatitis, gingivitis Cystitis where patient is weak and chilly Post-lactation: To dry up milk production External: Gargle (q1-2h in acute stage) for laryngitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis tonsillar catarhh. Fresh crushed leaf on warts q 12 h

S. plebeia & S. officinale: Anti-asthmatic effect, decrease histamine production in guinea pigs with induced asthma S. miltiorrhizae: Hypotensive effect, dilates peripheral blood vessels. S. plebeian, S. miltiorrhizae, S. officinalis: Inhibition of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Proteus, B. dysentery, B. Typhi S. miltiorrhizae: Inhibition of M. tuberculosis reproduction All species have fungostatic and virustatic properties ↓ Alzheimer’s disease symptoms Toxicity OD (from Sage oil): Dry mouth, irritated mucosa, estlessness, tremor, tachycardia, convulsions, Kidney damage Tx: Gastrointestinal lavage CI Pregnancy (potential emmenagogue): May ↓ milk production (thujone) Cautions Thujone: Possible teratogenic properties and reduces milk supply

Throughout plant: • Volatile oils • Quercitin Sambucus canadensis • Rutin (Elderberry) • Tannic acid • Mucilage In the berries, inner bard and leaf: cyanogenic glycoside

Flower: Diaphoretic, astringent Berry: Anti-rheumatic Bark: Purgative

Integumentary Herbs

Leaf: Mucilage, Tannins, Allantoin Unsaturated pyrolizidine alkaloids/UPA’s (symhytine, echimidine) Rosmarinic acid Symphytum officinale Root - Includes all of the Vulnerary (Comfrey) constituents in the leaf plus Demulcent the following: Inulin UPA's (asparagine), >10 times the UPA’s of the leaf, Saturated pyrolizidine alkaloids (sarrecind, platyphylline, osmarinic acid)

S. canadensis Flower (Internal): Nasal catarrh or obstruction, sinusitis, nasal obstruction in infants & children Skin: Edematous, full, flabby, pitting; discharge of serum from skin and mucous membranes, post scarlatina dropsy Skin ulcers: Soft with soft edges, skin deterioration, mucous (diabetic S. nigra: Increases bronchial mucous secretions, soothing to mucous membranes, diuretic, antior associated varicose veins) inflammatory, anti-viral Colds, flus and chills: Warming infusion to bring perspiration, Scrofula S. formosana: Hepatoprotective effects (animal studies) Flower (External): Rinse skin, burn, scalds, eczema, ulcer with soft edge; Toxicity S. canadensis: rheumatism Edematous skin with serum discharge, Can be extracted in lard, Sambunigrin (cyanogenic glycoside): Found throughout plant (greater amounts in the bark), olive oils, for burns destroyed with heating Berry: Rheumatism, especially wtih sciatica and other neuralgias OD: Headache, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, tachycardia, Used to stimulate appetite convulsions Made into wine, 1 oz of berry juice can be purgative Tx: Gastrointestinal lavage then charcoal, IV diazepam for convulsions Inner bark: Cathartic effects with doses of 15-30 ml of fresh juice; emetic in S. ebulus: Root: large doses Contains slightly different cyanogenic gycosides than S. canadensis S. nigra: Internal: OD: Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, death Bark: Constipation, helps with anuria or poor urinary output Fruit: Raw plant: Nausea (no side effects when cooked; ripe fruit OK too) Flowers: Induce sweat during fevers External: Flowers: Rinse for burns, scalds, eczema, ulcerations with soft edges, compress for rheumatism, compress for 1st and 2nd degree burns (in lard or olive oil)

Sarrecind and platyphylline: Reduces gastrointestinal ulcerations & hypermobility decreases spasm and irritation Allantoin: Binds cornified layers together, moistens & prevents drying; positive effect on keratin by helping skin and keratin to hold water Heavily used in WW1 for wounds infested by maggots: Healing is due to Increases epithelial growth of skin (burns and ulcers) allantoin secretion Increases leukocyte infiltration, reduces necrotic tissue Internal, Root: Increases granulation tissue in wounds Dysentery or diarrhea, often bloody, Uterine, bowel, kidney bleeding Reduces inflammation in wounds (animal trauma studies) Cough with hemoptysis or with pulmonary exudate of mucous & blood (TB, Rosmarinic acid: Anti-inflammatory, inhibits microvascular pulmonary injury pneumonia - cough is persistent and difficult to stop) Ankle sprain, Psoriasis: Increases peeling of lesions without exasperating symptoms when applied Root and/or leaf: Gastrointestinal ulcers especially in the stomach topically, Leg ulcers, Molluscum contagiosum (also responds to dec dairy in diet), Burns and scalds, External, Fresh leaf: Parasitic eczema of hands and feet (with cracks), HPV of the hand, Pyoderma or boils, Epicondylitis: Poultice or compress on leg ulcers (decubitus and diabetic - only when there Reduced inflammation when used topically as a salve is still healthy pink granulation tissue present; if gangrenous or necrotic Toxicity In Canada, not approved for internal use tissue is present, it is necessary to use a debriding herb like Sanguinaria Symphtine, echimidine (UPA’s): Limit UPA intake to 100 mcg/year, for a maximum of 4-6 weeks per canadensis first) year (some references suggest limiting UPA use to 10-100 цg/day) Bruises, sprains, wounds, trauma – especially with suppuration or infection, Chronic exposure to UPA’s: Veno-occlusive disease leading to liver damage thrombophlebitis Fresh leaf for ulcers: Toxicity is less of a concern when used topically (if internal limit to 2-3 weeks) Compress for mastitis or trauma to breast Animals: Leaf was 0.8% of their diet or root - 1% of their diet, animals developed hepatocellular Topically for fractures or osteomyelitis adenomas after 9-12 months (due to UPA’s) Infusion of leaf: Gargle for gingivitis or pharyngitis Saturated PA’s are considered to be safe (Tussilago farfara, Inula helenium, Senecio spp., Echinacea purpurea) Fatal dose: 40 mcg/kg/day for 2 years in humans (equivalent to 2 leaves/day for 2 years) OD sx: Dull, dragging sensation on right side of abdomen; distension; hepatomegally; decreased urinary output; elevated AST, ALT, GGT

Integumentary Herbs

Trifolium pratense (Red clover)

Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry/Blueberry)

Cardiovascular Herbs

Allium cepa (onion)

Phenolic glycosides (trifoliin) Flavonoids Coumarin Resin Anti-spasmodic Fat Anti-tussive Tannin Anti-tumor Isoflavoness (genistein, daidzein, biochanin, formononetin)

The focus of research on this herb is with respect to its estrogenic activity: Shown to affect plasma estrogen and as a result is often discouraged with estrogen positive breast cancers, however recently it has been shown to be safe for estrogen positive breast cancers Isoflavones: Improve the systemic symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, etc.) without altering Spasmodic coughs: Bronchitis, measles, laryngitis, TB, pertussis, asthma, plasma estrogen levels whooping cough Promensil is a product made from the isoflavones isolated from T. pretense used to manage the side Internal: Dry cough, often explosive (internally or as a gargle) effects of menopause Ulcerations, especially of the tibia Biochanin A (isoflavone): Anti-carcinogenic activity in mice Cancerous and apthous ulcers Anti-bacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Burns or ulcerations with jagged edge & poor healing; consider for someone Coumarins: Anti-coagulant activity (in vitro) however, most coumarins when studied in-vivo (taken with poor skin condition orally) have very little anti-coagulant effect (compared to in vitro) Carcinomatous cachexia, cancer with Larrea tridentata CI: Coumarins: Caution with individuals with bleeding disorders, pre-surgery or pre-labor and in those Acne or other skin eruptions (unhealthy skin) already taking heparin, coumarin, warfarin, ASA, fish oil or vitamin E TB or inflammatory lung conditions Most plant coumarins do not cause bleeding in-vivo, as they do in-vitro but it is best not to combine Gout, arthritis40 them with other anti-coagulant therapy. External: Eczema, psoriasis – itchy, sore, inflamed skin Minor estrogenic activity: Don’t use T. pretense with individuals with breast cancer or with Cancerous growths endometrial proliferative conditions Sore eyes – compress from infusion Cautions: Bleeding disorder, heparin therapy, presurgery, prelabor (coumarins), Anti-coagulant drugs (coumarins) Estrogenic activity: Breast cancer, endometrial proliferative disease Skin rash may occur from topical use.

Leaf: Flavones. Hydroqinine, Tannic acid Berry: Ascorbic acid Tannic acid, quinnic acid Glycoside (myrtillin) Anthocyanidin pigments (found mostly in the skin but also in the pulp of the berry gives the berry its blue color; protects berry from sunlight) Other flavonoids

Leaf: Acute or chronic dysentery/summer diarrhea: Due to ingestion of bad water Mouth or throat ulcers, apthous ulcers: Gargle, take internally Cystitis with urgency and anuria or oliguria (better efficacy in alkaline pH) Diabetes mellitus (glucose in urine, hyperglycemia): As a tea tid or as a tincture Fresh berry: Constipation (Europe: puree with milk & sugar), Scurvy, Early myopia Retinopathies due to hypertension or diabetes, especially age-related (dry) macular degeneration Night vision deficiencies Dried berry: Diarrhea in infants and adults, Sig.: 1 tbs q few hour; also take for acute emesis Stomatitis, gingivitis, chronic pharyngitis, glossitis, peridontitis, smoker’s cough: Infusion from the dried berry, gargle or consume internally Degenerative retinal disease, atherosclerosis Juice (succus of the fruit): Anti-diarrhea agent for summer diarrhea/dysentery: In Europe V. myrtillus is mixed with Quark to make the anti-diarrhoeic

Anthocyanidins: Enters the cell wall of bacteria and slows the growth and reproduction ∴bacteriostatic Reduces vascular permeability and redistributes microvascular blood flow in the back of the eye especially in the retina (anastamosis formation) and aids in the formation of interstitial fluids providing a cushion in the back of the eye - changes in circulation Anti-oxidant, ↓ Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy Dysmenorrhea, PMS: Reduces pelvic pain (spasms), reduces nausea, beneficial for breast tenderness, and headache Single best herb to use for dry macular degeneration with slow leakage of blood and occasionally floaters in the patients vision Dry macular degeneration has micro-bleeding as compared with wet macular degeneration which has frank bleeding at the back of the eye leading to blindness Wet macular degeneration: Green filter on ophthalmoscope shows bleeding, this is a medical emergency; without laser repair as soon as possible, patient may go blind Decrease LDL oxidation (due to anthocyanidins in combination with other components) NOTE: Prunus domestica (prunes) have greater anthocyanidin content (about 5x the amount). Dark cherries, dark grapes and blackberries also some anthocyanidin content Hydroquinone: Anti-septic properties in the kidney but long term use may cause kidney damage Myrtillin: Has insulin-like effect but is weaker than insulin Shown to reduce blood glucose in de-pancreatized dogs (have no insulin), < toxic, can last days Toxicity: Not considered toxic but LT use of the leaf may cause KIdamage due to hydroquinones LD50: >720 mg/kg (rat, mice over 6 months)

Mostly used as a food Internal: Can be roasted (slightly warmed) Urinary infections: Urgency, pus, hematuria, stones Elevated cholesterol & platelet aggregation Elevated BP (better than Allium sativum oil) Inhibits cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase therefore useful in inflammatory conditions Elevated blood glucose in type 2 DM: ADPS competes with insulin for degradation sites in liver Asthma, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis External: Applied topically to skin for sore throats Tumors & lymphadenopathy Topical: Otitis (diced, soaked in olive oil; lightly roasted), onion oil topically for infection

Active components (disulphides) give the tearing properties of onions When heated, active components that we know about are destroyed; caramelized onions have no more active components ADPS: ↑ ½ life of insulin (due to competition at degradation sites), ↑ insulin secretion, ↑ hepatic metabolism of glucose Inhibit bacterial reproduction (Staphylococcus spp.) Reduces platelet aggregation, Antioxidant for LDL cholesterol ↓ leukotrienes (due to inhibition of cyclocxygenase & lipoxygenase) In vitro: Cytotoxic to tumors; benefits cancerous lymphadenopathy; rate of tumor implantation in rats reduced A. ascalonicam: Beneficial for leukemia in mice (shallots) Toxicity Disulfides (30-60 mc), allyl alcohol: OD sxs: Gastroenteritis, leucocytosis, goitrogenic Tx: GI lavage, charcoal, cathartic External sxs: Contact dermatitis, Tx: Wash with soap and water CI: Hypothyroidism: Disulphides/allyl alcohols: Reduce iodine uptake by thyroid (goiterogenic); if you eat lots of raw onions, need to take onion holidays otherwise may interfere with iodine intake; cooked onions don’t have the goitrogenic effect Neurodepressive therefore could cause or aggrevate depression Garlic and onions are one of the top 5 sensitivities in individuals with GB problems and nursing mothers with colicky babies (along with Coffea spp., Brassica family and legumes (Fabaceae family)) Cautions: Preg: Animal studies have shown A. cepa to be uterine stimulant; no human studies Caution with use in bleeding disorders as A. cepa can ↑ clotting time

Disulphides (allyl propyldisulphide propanethials oxide (ADPS), s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide) Phenolic acids (caffeic, sinapic, p-coumaric) Flavonoids (quercetin) Sterols, saponins, pectin, oils

Hypoglycemic Anti-diarrhea Laxative Nutrient Astringent

Hypoglycemic Anti-microbials (bacteria, fungi) Carminitive

Cardiovascular Herbs Allium sativum (Garlic)

Disulphide compounds (Allicin (via allinase) alliin, diallyl disulphide) CHO, Lipids, Mucilage, Albumin Vitamins A, B, C, E

Anti-microbial Hypotensive Hypolipidemic

Kyolic: Japanese extract studied for its use as an anti-microbial in infections Kwai: German extract with high allicin content studied for its use in cardiovascular disease Infection: Antibacterial: Staph spp. associated with dysentery & pneumonia Antifungal: Oral candidiasis, Antiprotozoal: Trichomonas vaginalis, GI parasites Upper respiratory tract infections Upper respiratory infections: Cough, catarrh, pertussis, otitis media, Cardiovascular: Prophylactic effect against cardiovascular disease (arteriosclerosis, elevated hoarseness cholesterol, elevated lipids, mild-moderate hypertension (↑ aortic artery muscle tone): Reduces Intestinal parasites: Worms cholesterol, lipids, elevates HDL Candidiasis: Antifungal, enhances the growth of Lactobacillus, Acidophilus Shown to improve coronary & aortic elasticity in post menopausal women Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication (platelet inhibition & lipoxygenase): ↑ blood flow via IL-6 Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia Cancer: Toxic to various cancer cells lines (hamsters) Mild to moderate hypertension Garlic can ↓ toxicity of adriamycin in rats. A. cepa is better than A. sativum for mild hypertension and A. sativum is Toxicity Disulphides & iodine: Disulphides and allyl alcohols ↓ uptakes by thyroid at 30-60 mcl of better than A. cepa for moderate hypertension. A. sativum has greater purified constituent vasodilatory effects. clove of A. sativum is proportional to 1 bulb of A. cepa. Sx of OD: Goitrogenic, leucocytosis, gastroenteritis (may cause burning diarrhea), elevated clotting DM, Syndrome X, NIDDM, IDDM time External: Pneumonia (poultice), Otitis (ear oil) Tx of OD: Water, avoid use, gastric lavage, charcoal External Sx of Contact: Contact dermatitis Tx of External Sx of Contact: Water, mild soap Cautions: Pregnancy & uterine stimulation in animals, Emmenagogue, May cause infant colic in lactating mothers ingesting garlic Caution in bleeding disorders as may ↑ clotting time; caution with anticoagulant drugs (i.e. warfarin) because of potentiation

Hypotensive Slows heart rate Flavonoids (rutin, d-catechin) Very useful for calming a patient when used before bed Apocynum venetum Chronotropic (+ive effect on Cardiac glycoside Difficult sleeping from anxiety (Luobuma) heart rate ∴ ↑ or ↓ depending (strophanthidin, cymarin) Mild (NOT moderate) hypertension on where you are starting from), inotropic

Cardiovascular Herbs

Phenolics/capsaicinoids 1.5% (Capsaicin - hydro, norhydro, homodihydro forms, homo) Organic acids (cinnamic, Capsicum frutescens coumaric, protocatechuic, (Cayenne) caffeic) Ascorbic acid, Ca, P, Fe, K, B1, B2, B3, β-carotene Capsanthin, capsorubin (carotenoid - red color) Saponin (capsicidin)

Circulatory and vasomotor stimulant Rubifacient/counterirritant Gastric stimulant

Pepper juice as scurvy treatment in 1864 by Dr. Nikolic-Miskovicev, Army for military; due to ascorbic acid content discovered in 1928 Depression & debility of function Atonic dyspepsia in alcoholics Delirium tremens (withdrawal) Colic with abdominal distension & flatulence Congestion of sinuses with chills General chilliness of the elderly: Blanched lips, chills, cold extremities, small week pulse Capillary atony; chronic hemorrhoids due to circulatory atony Tongue dry, scanty salivation in fever Stimulant addition to many formulas External: Cold feet (sprinkle in socks!) Toothache, dental caries (1-2 gtt on cotton) OA, RA (if pain responds to heat), neuralgia’s, rheumatism (cream for stiffness) Diabetic & post-herpetic neuralgia’s (via a ↓ in substance P) Psoriasis (improves circulation) Chronic laryngitis Cream for migraines (nasal mucosa) – depletes substance P

Hypotensive especially in renal hypertension and post menopausal women with palpitations (but has no direct effect on the kidneys) - animals Tachycardia with nervousness Clears fluid helps heart function/pump more effectively Appears to have systemic activity, relaxes the arteries Cynarin: Shown to have therapeutic effect in cardiac insufficiency (CHF) as an isolated constituent in animals Toxicity: Pretty safe but takes a while to have effect Digestive stimulant that increases salivation and is protective to GI tract, some studies even show this effect with ulcers but use on an individual basis. Lowered cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL:HDL ratio, may decrease absorption of lipids (rabbits) - ↓ LDL oxidation, due to β-carotene, capsanthin, capsorubin Prevents increased liver cholesterol by enhancing fecal excretion via bile (rats) Decreases platelet aggregation Reduces thromboxane B2 formation Reduces erythrocyte hemolysis, perhaps via interference with activation of phospholipase A2 Increases production of substance P which dilates arteries and reduces blood pressure, then ↓ substance P ↓ pain transmission Stimulates production of collagenase as an anti-inflammatory (OA, RA) Protect stomach mucosa by decreasing muscular contraction and increasing mucus production, Effective against H. pylori 5 g fresh cayenne: ↑ metabolic rate, ↓ glucose within 30 minutes of ingestion Low back pain: decreased pain in 42% in 67% vs. 31% in 49% placebo Toxicity: Capsaicin: Internal use, Action: Mucous irritant Sx: Salivation, perspiration, gastric flow, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, purging, pain and burning in stomach and bowels, vertigo, decreased urination Tx: GI lavage, avoid use, Capsaicin: External use Sx: Contact dermatitis, blistering is rare, Tx: Rinse with water, avoid use CI Pregnancy due to GI upset (reflux and irritation) and leaf and stem act as uterine stimulants Cautions 1st generation ACE inhibitors because C. frutescens may exasperate the persistent dry cough side effect of ACE inhibitors

Cardiovascular Herbs

Commiphora mukul (Indian Bdellium, Guggul lipid)

Convallaria majalis (Lily of the valley)

Guggolestrones E, Z

Anti-cholesterol

Glycosides (convallatoxin) Convallatoxin is 10% absorbed and 50% action lost in 24 hours therefore Cardiac less Digitalis substitute likely to get side effects with Diruetic this herb and easier to control the dose > 40 glycosides have been identified, 8 flavonoids

Elevated LDL Hyperlipidemia Inflammation: OA Nodulocystic acne Other info: Avena sativa can be used for maintenance once cholesterol levels have been lowered The active part in the fiber is the β-glucan and it complexes with the cholesterol helping it to be excreted May not be effective for familial hyperlipidemia - does not ↑ hepatic binding sites; it binds bile acids and is better method (long term) lower cholesterol than with Commyphora mukul Dose: At least 3 heaping tablespoons/day Commiphora myrrha: Body converts sugars and simple CHOs into Tg Even one glass of OJ can significantly ↑ Tg readings (Tg test is a 12-14hr fasting test) HIV/AIDS drugs can ↑ Tg by causing dyslipidemia (↑ obesity in some body areas and ↓ in other areas) Most C. mukul is quite dilutes and is ∴ not high quality Needs to taste resinous and sticky in order for it to be effective Does not have effect for everyone Does not appear to adversely affect HDL and most anti-cholesterol drugs lower HDL

↑ up to 87% hepatic binding sites for LDL Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in LV ↑ fecal excretion of bile acids, cholesterol Hyperlipidemia IIb (familial combined hyperlipidemia), IV (familial prebetalipoproteinemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia): ↓ cholesterol 17-27%, ↓Tg 22-30% (does not work in all patients - more likely to work in Ayurvedic pictures that include coolness and dampness) - If Tg are elevated, ensure the reading was fasting Does not appear to affect HDL in a negative fashion ↓ pain of OA in knee after 1 month Guggul and phosphate and hyroxycitric acid and tyrosine and exercise: Modest weight loss Toxicity GI discomfort in some individuals Contraindications Inflammatory bowel disease Cautions With propanolol, diltiazem: Single dose ↓ bioavailability of drugs

Cardiac arrhythmia of mechanical cause often with mitral insufficiency, with palpitations o Electrolyte (Na/K/Ca/Mg) imbalance leads to poor conduction which often leads to cardiac arrhythmias -you may see pooling, stasis, ↓ blood flow to the brain and periphery o Drug of choice for arrhythmia: Amiodarone (class 2 anti-arrhythmic) Works only on the heart (digitalis works on vagus nerve as well) Blocks Na channels at rapid paching frequencies. Anti-sympathetic, Action is rapid without accumulation due to rapid elimination lengthens cardiac action potential, blocks potassium channels. 75% of + inotropic, - chronotropic, - dronotropic (conduction), + bathmotropic (excitability) patients have side effects at normal dose: Pulmonary fibrosis, aggravated Can dec L ventricular pressure as well as pathologically elevated venous pressure arrhythmia, cirrhotic hepatitis, hypo/hyperthyroidism (hyper- is more rare), Diuretic, natriuretic, dese-dependent vasoconstrictive (animals) corneal micro-deposits (in all Amiodarone patients after 6 mths). Cardiac glycosides: inc heart muscle contraction, noncumulative and rapid acting, dangerous Interactions: Cardiac glycosides (Cinchona --> ↑ quinidine), B6 - 25mg (↑ if heart rate is too high neurotixicity) Non toxic because fast excretion Weak/feeble circulation, low arterial tension, dyspnea Toxic dose: 0.1 g = 12 digitalis units of potency Feeble, rapid pulse with capillary obstruction OD: Oral and GI irritation, D/V, diuresis, arrythmia, hypertension, restlessness, trembling, confusion, Bradycardia - especially in patients sensitive to Digitalis spp. generalized weakness, depression, circulatory collapse, death Senile/elderly heart with weak heart and reasonable function at rest or when Tx: emesis, GI lavage, cathartic, atropine, monitor K+, glucose, insulin not CI: digitalis spp. and caution with outher cardiac glycosides stressed Cautions: berries and flowers are attractive to children. Calcium; glucocorticoids, diuretic Cardiac dropsy from mild to medium heart failure (not for severe CHF) (anthroquinnone glycosides); quinine; tetracycline, macrolide antibiotics Cardiac asthma (shortness of breath and cough due to heart) Arteriosclerosis due to high flavonoid content, angina from arteriosclerosis, arterial hypertension, Arterial hypotension Heart irritation from poor digestion, anorexia

Flavonoids (quercitin) Proanthycyanidins Cratagus oxycanthus Cardiac tonic Phosphatigyl choline (Hawthorn) Nutritive (for the heart) liposomes Ascorbic acid, B1, K, Ca, Mg

Cardiac glycosides found throught entire plant (purpurea t1/2=7 days. Risky, use for rapid action; lanata t1/2=37 hours --> safer, drug form)

Gingko biloba

Flavone glycosides Bioglavonoids Lactones Diterpenes Sesquiterpenes (bilobalides)

Noncumulative Stabilizes collagen, prevents collagen destruction during inflammation by: cross linking fibers, preventing free radical damage, prevents inflammatory compounds like histamine, PG, LTs, decreased atheroclerotic plaque formation inc LDL binding in LIV, inc bile secretion, dec synthesis of Chol, dec GSH depletion Equal to ACE inhibitor in NY Heart Assoc metal analysis Flavonoids: vasodilatory of coronary arteries - inc blood flow to heart. Inotropic agen: increases contractility of the heart Mild diuretic - dec BP. Dec formation of angiotensin II. Less effective than digitalis but works synergistically with it. Can use cratagus to wean people off digitalis. Dec acne when used topically "Safe" Not CI in angina like Digitalis because not nearly as strong. If on Digitalis use 1/2 dose Caution with B-blockers

Cardiac stimulant Diuretic Emetic (with high doses)

Internal: Weak, rapid weak irregular heart with slightest excitement, hypotension, poor compensation, tachycardia arrhythmia, tachycardiac heart failure Cardiac glycosides compete with K+ for receptor sites of the a-subunit in the Na/K ATPase site in Digitalis ↑ force of contraction, slow heart rate and ↓ conduction in cardiac (striated) muscle --> inhibits Na/K exchange auriculoventricular bundle + inotropic, + chronotropic, + dronotropic Dusky with dyspnea Increases circulation in the body --> inc excretion (diuretic) Cough, jugular fullness Cardiac glycoside sensitivity varies person to person: This is due to the fact that 20% Edema with scanty dark urine of the population does not have the proper gut flora to convert the cardiac glycosides Cerebral arteriosclerosis (no sign of heart failure) to the active format. You can try to support these individuals with probiotics but there is not enough External: Moist compress for wound healing, indolent wounds with dirt still research to show that this will ↑ the effectiveness present, chronic ulcers Need to ensure patient is on inc K+ diet Clinical use: Inc Ca will make you more sensitive to cardiac glycosides (so will dec Mg) The faster the heart rate the greater the digitalis requirement Monitor electrolytes and keep patient hydrated Use smaller doses with bradycardia as this heart is most sensitive to Digitalis Sx: anorexia, N/V/D, cardiac flutter, bradycardia, premature beat, fibrillation, tachycardia, visual spp. Bradycardia: Seen with extreme CHF where the heart muscle is weak disturbance, HA, stupor, objects appearing yellow or green, hypotension, gynecomastia and ECG: heart block, depressed ST segment (indicating MI), lengthened P-R (indicating heart block) has ↓ ability to respond Lab: elevated serum K+ in acute toxicity, lowered in chronic use Not for angina: Digitalis spp. ↑ heart action and oxygen demand, something Tx: Stop immediately, external heat, atropine, O2 under pressure arteriosclerosic coronary arteries cannot provide CI: partial heart block, sinus arrhythmia, or bradycardia, compensatory hypertropic, aortic stenosis, Serious heart failure is the best use, tachycardia with heart failure heart muscle degeneration, aneurysm, angina Use the smallest dose possible for 2-3 days Look at notes for interactions Not for long term use except in rare cases Larger dose required in thyrotoxicosis

Angio-activator Vasodilator (medium and small arteries) Bronchodilator

Reduced cerebral vascular circulation, poor memory, cerebral arteriosclerosis, vertigo from poor circulation, emotionally labile Alzheimer’s disease - G. biloba will only help your memory if you have cerebral vascular insufficiency (i.e. Gingko biloba will not benefit Alzheimer’s disease due to heavy metal toxicity). Small doses of LI carbonate (2-3 mg/day) might be beneficial, rubidium, B12/folic acid, vitamin D status Tire easily in the elderly Intermittent claudication, Raynaud’s syndrome Vascular spasm, diabetic angiopathy, phlebitis Varicosities, post-thrombosis, leg ulcers, hemorrhoids

Cardiovascular Herbs

Digitalis purpurea/Digitalis lunata (Foxglove)

Historically used to prevent or treat complications and hypertension of CAD Cardiac weakness with valvular murmurs, sighing respiration, dyspnea with cardiac pain, especially with depression Mitral regurgitation Rapid, feeble heart, deterioration or degeneration of the heart from age Anemia with heart irregularity Cardiac hypertrophy Heart strain from over exertion, poor coronary artery circulation Arrhythmia, especially extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia, other tachycardia (an IV bolus can stop such an attack) Prevent or treat complications and hypertension of coronary artery disease Myocardium weakness after infection such as pneumonia, influenza, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc… (TCM - Phlegm disturbs shen) Myocardium insufficiency requiring Digitalis spp. or Strophanthus kombe Bradycardia of the elderly (preventative treatment for hypertension) Anti-oxidant: Protects the heart (pneumonia, flu, scarlet fever)

Relaxes smooth muscles around blood vessels In paralysis increases muscle tone; in spasm has a relaxant effect Rapid absorption and accumulation in thyroid, adrenal, CNS Vascular free radical scavenging Tinnitus: best for postural, occlusion tinnitis Memory: inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (like caffeine), increasing neuronal activity, increasing memory. Normalizes Ach and serotonin R. Inc NT levels: dopamine and NE. May aid in regrowth of damaged neurons in CNS. Lipid metabolism: inhibits platelet activating factor decreasing platelet aggregation. Inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase --> dec PG and LT. Bronchodilatory, Fruit, pulp and seed are toxic: Sx: severe allergic reaction, erythema, edema, vesicles, itching, rectal burning, tenesmus, Gin-Nan syndrome. Tx: GI lavage. Caution: HA may occur on commencing use. 5-10 reports of intracranial bleeding. Caution in people taking blood thinners.

Helleborus niger (Christmas Rose)

Alkaloids (helleborin) uterine tonics Circulatory stimulant Cardiac steroidal glycosides Cathartic (hellebrin) Emmenagogue Glycosides (veratrine)

Paracelsus created a formula “elixir for long life” based on the dried leaves, well tolerated as lower dose cardiac glycoside in leaf than rhizome Weak heart, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac dropsy (increases heart contraction - +ive inotropic, slows pulse, increases arterial tension) Renal atony Jelly-like stool Amenorrhea with hot flashes, burning of thighs and buttocks and sensitive pelvic tissue Very mild CHF (very early stages) - commonly used in Europe

Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort)

Alkaloids (stachydrine, leonurine (ornithine derived alkaloid) Cardiac glycosides (cardiac tonic activity) Volatile oils Citric, mallic, tartaric acids

Hypotensive Diuretic Anti-spasmodic

Amenorrhea from cold, bearing down or pelvic and lumbar uneasiness or pain Suppressed lochia Nervous, irritable, delirium tremens, typhoid with nervous excitability Nervous debility or unrest, e.g. at menopause Hyperthryoidism Cardiac autonomic imbalance (sedative effect similar to Valerian spp.) Palpitations (i.e. with anxiety), reduced coronary perfusion (mitigates spasm of coronary artery) This herb can be calming but it takes a long time (up to several months)

Anti-thrombotic Anti-coagulant (only if fermented; non-fermented = analgesic activity)

T ½ = 2.5 days; duration = 2-5 days Historical: cows eating hay with Melilotus were dying of edema and internal Topical use: ↓ inflammation, ↑ venous reflex response, ↑ flow of lymph (rats) in inflamed hemorrhage. Then warfarin was introduced as a rat poison (inhibits vitamin K paw clotting factors 30-50% II, VII, IX, X). Now: warfarin and coumadin are Sx: Large swellings, pitting edema, reduced blood prothrombin levels, death by based on it! hemorrhage Internal: Idiopathic, atonic headaches, headache from painful stomach Tx: Cease use, vitamin K, oxalic and malic acid as an antidote in dogs Long standing neuralgia associated with debility - neuralgic headache CI: Anti-coagulant therapy Neuralgias during cold or flu; Ovarian neuralgia (usually due to cysts) PT and INR should be monitored when taking Melilotus officinalis along with liver Dysmenorrhea with lamness, soreness or sciatica enzymes. Areas of pain are sore to touch,
ardiovascular Herbs

Coumarin (orthocoumaric acid --> free coumarin (with drying), hydrocoumaric acid, Melilotus officinalis dicoumarol (anti-coagulant (Sweet/Yellow Clover) with drying) Volatile oils Flavones

Milder thatn Digitalis spp. Saponins can irritate GI tract Helloborin - purgative; Helleborein - narcotic; whole plant is toxic Sx: GI irritation, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, exhaustion, delirium, rapid pulse, numb oral tissue, death from cardiac and respiratory failure Tx: GI lavage, emesis, tannin, stimulants and diuretics (tea, coffee) Papaver spp. quiets bowels, saline cathartic External sx: Skin irritation Tx: Wash skin twice with soap and water Caution in pregnancy due to emmenagogue action

Hypotensive Sedative Antispasmodic: Uterus, blood vessels Inhibit myocardial cell firing Improve mesenteric circulation Increase coronary perfusionMowrey. 1986. Scientific validation of herbal med Toxicity >3 grams may cause GI upset, diarrhea, uterine bleeding (1 case)

Nutrient Laxative Emollient Demulcent

Cardiovascular Herbs

Olea europaea (Olive)

Fruit: Fatty oils (75% linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acids) Phytosterin Bitter, lecithin Leaf: Glycoside (oleoside) Bitter glucoside (oleuropein) Monoterpenes (calcium elenolate)

Historically used in Mediterannean for weak babies --> increased vitality Oil from fruit: Constipation with rectal fissures, ulcers - inject rectally GI irritations, convulsion from GI irritation, wrong substance swallowed (take several tablespoons orally or warm and inject rectally) Leaf: Elevates phagocytosis, Bitter (olenolic acid) Appendicitis: Take q few hours and keep the abdomen warm ↑ coronary blood flow, ↓ arrhythmia, ↓ GI spasm Cholelithiasis: 25-50 mL and 8 oz grapefruit juice for 3 nights, repeat in 3 Bactericidal, Virucidal by altering amino acid production weeks or Olive leaf extract: Calcium elenolate (elenoic acid): Active ingredient that kills viruses (e.g. 180-360 mL tid-qid Coxsackie, herpes, Newcastle, polio, parainfluenza 3); also has bacteriostatic effect (Staphylococcus o Causes spasm of gall bladder to release stones, useful for sludge not large aureus, Bacillus cereus) stones. Stones that are released are saponification of olive oil (if they Oleuropein: Inhibits LDL oxidation and prevents loss of vitamin E; anti-oxidant free dissolve at radical scavenger room temperature) Toxicity Oil from fruit: Irritating to conjunctiva Dysentery: Inject rectally or take orally Olive leaf extract: Extract is non-toxic in studies at doses “several hundred times the recommended Poisoning from caustic substances, alkali substances: Take orally (several dose” tablespoons) to coat and protect the esophagus and stomach Side effects: Herxheimer’s reaction (due to die off that can occur), cease use until Topically for dry skin, cradle cap, bruises, sprains - apply as a warm improved and then resume dose compress and keep warm Slight headache from detoxification Heart disease risk: ↓ atherosclerosis, ↓ cholesterol, cardioprotective, ↑ HDL, Contraindications Oil from fruit: Gall stones (pharmacists) increases coronary artery blood flow, ↓ coronary artery spasm Cautions Olive leaf extract: GI irritant ∴ take after meals Preventative for breast cancer (studies of ↓ incidence with ↑ olive oil intake) Leaf: HyperT (labile or moderate) - moderate effect in rats, exc in cats Olive leaf extract: Malarial fever, chills, D, severe viral infx with chills/fever

Indole alkaloids (>50 alkaloids identified, reserpine - best known) Anti-hypertensive alkaloids (alseroxylone, corganthine, voxinil, rescinamine) Anti-arrhythmic alkaloids Rauvolfia serpentina (ajmaline) Anti-arrhythmic (Snake root) The whole plant is fairly safe Anti-hypertensive and effect due to the combination of different alkaloids therefore there is a greater tolerance for the whole plant than for the individual alkaloids (e.g. reserpine)

Historically used for snake bites, insect bites, fear, agitated psychosis, insomnia, schizophrenia, vasospasm attacks, fever, abdominal pain, sedative Gandhi took the tea at night if overstimulated by lecture or heated discussion Hypertension: Adequate reduction in ~40% of mild and 30% of mediumsevere hypertension (not for severe hypertension) Main indication: Stress and anxiety related hypertension - Acts on diencephelon autonomic centers Head congestion, headache, vertigo, Restlessness, Fever Abdominal pain, Anxiety, fear, agitated psychosis (may allow you to handle stressful situations better) Acute or severe schizophrenia (use higher doses) Insomnia, vasospasm attacks Sedative: Calming to help ppl sleep at night Cardiac oppression (does not ↓ coronary circulation)41 Dr. Paul Saunders reserves Rauvolfia for patients who have severe hypertension and their medical doctor has given them 6 weeks to get their blood pressure under control on their own before putting them on medication

Slows HR, anti-arrhythmic (mild). Has the potential to induce euphoria Depletes catecholamines and serotonin stores--> dec BP (but may lead to inc migraines) Sedation - dec amine stores in CNS. CI if patient is depressed T1/2=11.5-16 days! All alkaliods excreted in urine but independent of KI function. If combined with cardiac glycosides, dec dose by 1/2. Sx of Toxicity: Bradycardia, hypotension, contracted pupils, ↑ GI peristalsis (diarrhea, ↑ GI secretions – ulcers/hemorrhage, flushing, hypothermia after tachycardia, vertigo, stupor, tremor, coma Sx from overdose can persist for 3 hr to 7 days Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage If patient develops Parkinson-like symptoms or hyper GI symptoms: Atropine (alkaloid extracted from Atropa belladonna with a parasympathetic action dilate pupils and stop neuromuscular spasm). Keep patient warm (for hypothermia) and maintain fluids (for hypotension) CI: depression, peptic ulcer, Parkinson's, pregnancy (teratogen, abortifacient), avoid with Digitalis because digitalis decreases HR Cautions: There is a tendency to dizziness when taking Rauvolfia serpentina because there is ↓ blood flow to the brain on rising.

Quinolizidine alkaloids (sparteine to 1.5%) Sarothamnus Hemostatic Glycosides (tyramine, scoparius Anti-arrhythmic scoparoside) (Irish/Scotch Broom) Oxytocic Yellow flavone, tannin, bitter, essential oil

Internal: Uterine hemorrhage (not as strong as Claviceps spp.), profuse lochial discharge Cardiac arrhythmia, especially with congestive heart failure and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: Slows accelerated stimuli in atrium - Arrhythmia with menopause Reduces irritability in heart conduction system; regulates heart action and improves venous return Has a little vasoconstrictive activity (oxytyramine, hydroxytyramine) - may have some blood pressure effect similar to quinine, quinidine but much less dangerous Dropsy with myocarditis, lung disease, thorax dropsy: Increases urine flow (acts as a diuretic) Post infectious myocarditis with arrhythmia, Atrial and ventricular fibrillation (mild) Extrasystole with long term use Topical: Sore muscles, abscess, swelling Rince to lighten, brighten hair (to yellow-blond)

Alkaloids: Small doses stimulate the heart, large doses suppress cardiac contractility and paralyse respiratory centres Therapeutic dose: 5-15 grains, sparteine sulphate 1/20 - ½ grain Toxic dose: ?? Precaution: No more than 1/16 grain sparteine sulphate for initial dose Sxs of toxicity: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, trembling, muscular incoordination, vertigo, blurred vision, heavy limbs, cardiac arrhythmia, decreased pulse (two conditions for which this herb is indicated), tonic and clonic convulsions, paralysis of motor and respiratory centers, death by asphyxia Tx of toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage, activated charcoal, cathartic, CPR CI: Pregnancy: Oxytocic

Scilla maritima (Swuill, Sea Onion)

Cardiovascular Herbs

Selenicereus grandiflorus (Night-blooming Cereus)

Glycosides: Bufadienolides (scillaren A (2/3), scillaren B (1/3) - look and act very Heart stimulant similar Diuretic to cardiac glycosides), proscillaridin

Chronic cough with tenacious expectorant Dropsy, generally asthenic (weak or debilitated) Mild to medium heart failure (New York Heart Association 1, 2, 3) – activity loss is 25%/day, effective orally Heart failure with kidney failure (anuria) – not accumulated in renal impaired Better than Digitalis on elevated peripheral arterial tension with Crataegus oxycanthus, Valeriana spp. Prefered to Digitalis for its action on peripheral vessels

Pos inotropic, -ive chronotropic (↑ contractility but does not ↑ heart rate) Poor GI absorption∴ < potent than Digitalis spp. ↓ left ventricular pressure (diastolic), ↓ venous pressure, Expectorant at low doses NY Heart Association Stages I, II, III (i.e. physical activity fatigue) Sxs of toxicity: 2nd and 3rd degree heart block, hot dry skin with elevated pulse, fever, GI irritant, nausea, emesis, GI cramps (gastritis, diarrhea), hematuria, anuria, arrhythmia, stupor, paralysis, death 10-24 hours Tx of toxicity: Emesis, lavage, monitor K+, ECG CI: Renal failure, renal inflammation (some authors disagree about the inflammation and renal failure), pregnancy, lactation, hypertension, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block (also a sign of overdose), ventricular tachycardia, aneurysm, GI ulcer (irritable) Can potentiate Digitalis spp. for diuresis

Phenylethyl amine alkaloids (hordenine (cactine)) Nonsteroidal cardioactive amines (betacyanin, isorhamnetine glucoside, Sympathetic stimulant to narcissin, rutin, cacticine, heart and kidney kaempferitrin, grandiflorine, Diuretic isorhamnetine-rutinoside) Mucilage Tyramine (cardio amine non cumulative)

Internal: Impaired heart function, rapid pulse with edema Mitral regurgitation, Hypertrophy (enlargement of heart) Angina, palpitations, chest pain, cardiac dyspnea, arrhythmia, tobacco heart (tobacco heart and/or arrhythmia), dz associated with heart including rheumatism Prostatitis Kidney congestion, Dropsy Dysmenorrhea, menopause Bronchitis Goiter Tinnitus Mental depression Hypochondria Fear of death (** not uncommon in cardiac patients) Nervousness associated with heart headache of the vertex Topical: Rheumatism (flowers)

↓ pulse/heart frequent, dilate peripheral vessels ↑ renal discharge/output Tyramine: Strengthens heart muscle contraction Tyramine and MAOIs: Used historically to treat depression, fell out of favor because of lack of expressions, too many side effects, too many (i.e. food) restrictions Stimulates spinal cord neurons Non-cumulative (compare with cardiac glycosides which are cumulative Sxs of Toxicity: Tachycardia, arrhythmia, cardiospasm, confusion, throbbing headache, vertigo, amblyopia, GI upset, contriction in chest, melancholy, carditis, pericarditis, heart failure Cautions: Hordenine (acts like cardiac glycosides but are safer than plants with cardiac glycosides): Sympathetic stimulant to heart plexus and circular myocardial fibers (positive inotropic activity) MAOI due to tyramine (found also in cheese, red wine, chocolate, yogurt, other fermented foods, beer, sauerkraut, pickles, preserved meats, etc…)

Orally: Weak heart from muscular debility Cardiac insufficiency Arteriosclerosis Cardiotonic and sedative Rapid pulse, hypertension from weak heart muscle (not cumulative) Pre-cordial pain (angina), cardiac dyspnea, shortness of breath Mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis IV: Dyspnea of cardiac origin Leaves heart sooner than Digitalis ∴ less cumulative toxicity Acute heart failure from infection, scarlet fever Cardiac insufficiency and associated angina

Orally: Broken down quickly therefore can be given frequently. IV: Rapid onset, altered pulse within minutes of delivery, done in Europe and Africa Mechanism: Myogenic cardiac stimulant with rapid action (5-10 minutes) and rapid peak (30-120 minutes) Sx of Toxicity: GI irritant with emesis, diarrhea, weak muscles then twitching, rigor mortis (visual color changes) of heart and body, brief rapid systole with elevated MBP, cessation of HT and LU --> death Tx of Toxicity: Emetics, epsom salt purge (giving Epsom salts (mg-sulph) until person vomits; drinking copious amounts of salty water will have a laxative effect too), CPR, atropine 0.6 mg IV for bradycardia, monitor K+, phenytoin for heart block or electric pacemaker CI: Pregnancy (because uterine stimulant in animals), myocardial degeneration, valve lesions, arteriosclerosis (relative CI because with ↑ arterisclerosis the heart cannot respond to ↑ demands), atheromas, aneurism (because cardiac glycosides ↑ contractive force that will put more pressure on the heart), K+ depleting herbs (similar to Digitalis spp.), drugs, foods, etc…

Steroidal glycosides: Strophanthin-k (S.k): Milder than strophanthin G Strophanthus kombe Strophanthin-g (S.g/ouabain): Milder than Digitalis spp.

Cardiac stimulant Diuretic

Volatile oils (citral, citronellal, citronellol, eugenol, limonene) Tilia cordata/europa Mucilage (kaempferol) (Linden flowers) Tannin Hesperidin (flavnoid quercitin) Saponin, sugars

Restlessness, migraines, nervous headache, nervous tension, hysteria Diaphoretic for infection, cold, influenza: May or may not develop sweat Cold with catarrh, with fever or chills Diaphoretic Hypertension from arteriosclerosis, nervous tension, palpitations with Arteriosclerotic hypertension nervousness External: Bath or enema for nervous conditions, hypertension, rheumatism, itchy skin, eczema

Helps recover after influenza. Anti-fungal. P-coumaric and flavonoids --> antispasm (may explain effect on blood pressure). VO: sedative, antispasmodic. Terpenoids: diuretic Tilia europa/platyphllos: Approved in USA to flavor alcoholic beverages Sx of Toxicty: Urticaria (on skin) Tx of Toxicity: Water and soap

Veratrum album (White Hellebore)

Cardiovascular Herbs

Vinca major/minor (Greater/lessor periwinkle)

Viscum album (Mistletoe)

Steroid alkaloids (protoveratrive A and B) Glycoside alkaloids (veratrine, veratridine, veratramine, veratrasive, veratrin)

Circulatory depressant Anti-spasmodic Hypotensive

Circulatory stimulant Indole alkaloids (vincamine, (increases blood flow to the cinblastine) brain) Tannins Hypotensive

Used historically in witch craft, as arrow tip poison, inseticide. V. album: Cholera: Gushing watery bowel discharge with abdominal cramping, cold face, sunken eyes (dehydration assoc with cholera), body covered with perspiration Gout, Hypertension Topical: Insecticide V. viride: Rapid full pulse, bounding pulse, wiry Flushed skin, blood shot eyes Hypertension Fever, inflammation Convulsions, cerebral hyperemia Occasionally eaten by cattle drinking milk from these cows cause milk sickness (fever and prostration)

V. viride: alkaloids inhibit Na ion channels esp those that regulate cardiac activity --> less Bp, bradycardia V. album: Protoveratrine A, B act as sensory nerve irritants. Inhibit activation of Na channels. Toxic: most potent in the spring, but seldom fatal as rapid vomiting ensues and poor absorption through GI irritation. Mechanism: afferent sympathetic stimulant; vagus reflex slows heart, lowers BP, dilates arterioles, large dose elevates BP by direct vasomotor center effect Sxs of Toxicity: Oral burning, GI burning, severe emesis, diarrhea, weakness, mydriasis, pulse, <30, BP <50 systole (hypotensive), then rapid pulse, BP >200 systole, spasm, sleepy, prostration, convulsion, A-V block, coma, deathly asphyxia rare - Chronic use causes tolerance to hypotensive effect Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, lavage, strong coffee, fresh air, keep warm, Atropine to ↓ BP and ↓ bradycardia, sympatholytics for elevated BP, IV diazepam for seizures CI: Pregnancy - teratogenic (specifically V. californicum, V. eschscholtizii), lactation, conception, absorbed through skin, GI irritation

Historically used as an anti-hemorrhagic treatment, especially in menorrhagia (likely due to tannins) Headache, vertigo (due to hypotensive effect), restlessness, hypertension headache Poor memory, behavior and emotional disorders (aggression, confusion, restlessness, irritable) Cerebral arteriosclerosis, post stroke: ↑ cerebral circulation, ↑ cerebral oxygen Defective hearing of CNS origin Visual disturbances due to alterations in blood flow to retina (related to hypertension) Cytostatic: Hodgkins disease, leukemia, solid tumors, blocks metaphase in mitosis - Higher doses lead to alteration in rapid cell division --> loss of achilles tendon reflex, paresthesia (will return but takes months) Note: Vinca major/minor has no effect with cancer. Madascar periwinkle is the only species that has effect with cancer.

Entire plant contains alkaloids (leaf, root, twigs - very potent): Vincamine: Hypotensive Vinpocetine (brand name Intellectol) is a drug derived from (in a semisynthetic format) vincamine and used for Alzheimer’s disease Post stroke: Increases cerebral circulation and oxygen deliver (Gingko biloba - vasodilates and ↑ perfusion). Leukocytopenia, Lymphocytopenia. ↓ α-1, α-2, γ-globulin levels due to immune suppression Vincristine: Cytotoxic chemotherapy drug - Vincristine and vinblastine are found mostly in Madagascar periwinkle(Catharanthus roseus) and are used in chemotherapy as they block mitosis (not found in V. major or minor spp.) Toxicity Mechanism: Produces granulocytopenia, bone marrow suppression (leukemias, Hodgkins), blocks metaphase mitosis (vincristine, vinblastine) Sxs of Toxicity: Drowsy, blurred vision, dry mouth, nausea, ataxia, psychosis, convulsions, alopecia, ↓ blood pressure, death Tx of Toxicity: GI lavage, emesis, charcoal, monitor CNS and Liv enzymes, IV diazepam CI: pregnancy (teratogen because its effect on rapidly dividng cells). V. eracta is abortifacient.

Kissing under the mistletoe!! Headache, vertigo, decreased energy, irritability from elevated blood pressure Moderate to mildly severe hypertension (160/100) Well tolerated long term but generally used to get hypertension down and Cardioactive polypeptide transfer to another herb (i.e. Veratrum spp., Rauvolfia serpentina) CHO (β-phenylamines, Flushed face, congestive headache choline, tyramine, viscotoxin) Hypotensive Epilepsy, hysteria, nervousness – unable to lie down due to heart symptoms Oleanolic acids Cerebral circulatory stimulant Tearing, neuralgic or rheumatic pains Histamine Tumor inhibition (injection) Weak, irregular heart with hypertrophy, shortness of breath, valvular Alkaloid (content varies with insufficiency host tree) Nervous tachycardia Tumor inhibition due to special protein or lectin – not cytotoxic; Iscador shown good in clinical trial given IV SC Does not need to be injected near tumor, can be injected in abdomen like insulin (sub Q). Injections appear to be safe in pregnancy and lactation/ Cancers include mainly difficult to treat cancers: Ovarian cancer, leiomas

Fatal: 1-2 berries in child (white berries are extremely poisonous) Sxs of Toxicity: Emesis, bloody diarrhea, convulsions, mydriasis, CV collapse, coma, death in 10 hr, post injestion Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage, fluids and electrolytes, monitor for ↑ K+, monitor EKG or heart block and collapse Caution with MAOIs because of tyramine content and caution in pregnancy because tyramine is a uterine stimulant Caution with Migraine headache Iscador toxicity: derivative of V. album used in treatment of cancer - from apple, pine, oak & elm CI: Fever, intracranial, intraspinal tumor - increased risk of ↑ pressure, pregnancy, known allergy Sxs of Toxicity (IV): Fever, chills, headache, angina Effect: Red, swelling up to 5 mm, fever to 38°C Induction: Start at 0.01 mg (or lower) and gradually increase dose Progression: Inject q2d for 14 injections, rest 2 weeks, ↑ dose [] with each series

CNS Herbs

CNS Herbs

Xanthoxylum americanum (Prickly ash)

Isoquinoline alkaloids (chelerythrine, magnoflorine) Benzo. alkaloids (nitidin, lauriflorine, asarinin Bioflavonoids (diosmin, hesperidin) Avicannin Coumarin

Dried root, bark: Anti-spasmodic Heart stimulant Sialogogue Berry: Carminative Mucous

Bark: Nervous atony and despondent bleeding Sluggish circulation: ↑ heart output, slow pulse ( ↑ pulse and cardiac output slightly), mild diuretic Intermittent claudication, Raynaud’s Capillary engorgement in infected tissue (especially in legs) Tympanic GI with low gastric secretions, bowel spasm, gastric catarrh Uterine cramps, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea with neuralgia (commonly due to ovarian cysts) Dry oral mucosa (moistens and helps with expectoration) Excess mucus and sputum, increases GI secretion without irritating stomach Chronic rheumatism and sluggishness, ↓ peripheral circulation (increases peripheral blood flow to musculoskeletal system) Toothache Berry: Main indication: Sluggish circulation (with capillary engorgement) with chronic rheumatism Painful bowels, Cramps, Circulatory stimulant Pulse: Slow and weak; weak heart, Capillary engorgement

Decoction increased heart circulation Analgesic Oral doses reduces inflammation – antiphlogistic Internal uses: Stimulates adrenal-pituitary axis: reduces ascorbic acid in adrenal glands, increases 17-ketosteroid Small frequent pulse excretion in urine Fever or chills – temperature elevated or depressed, not for sepsis but for Low dose stimulates CNS, peripheral motor system general awareness, pulse rate early Large doses: paralyzes, reduces heart contraction → arrhythmia → cardiac arrest fever, skin hot and dry Alkaloids stimulate and then depress the heart, skeletal muscles, CNS, and peripheral nerves; mind Early fever with or without restlessness: scarletina, measles use with Atropa is clear during poisoning belladonna Toxic: 10 gtt, Fatal: 5mL tincture, 1g plant, 2 mg aconitine Heart dilation, poor vessel tone: increased power of the heart contraction Sxs of OD: numb mouth, throat and hands; dizzy, restlessness, loss of speech control, headache, and pinpoint pupils, arrhythmia, chest pains, ventricular fibrillation in 1-6 hr, sweat and hypothermia, vessel tone anxiety, diarrhea, convulsion, death from respiratory/cardiac paralysis within 4-5 hrs of overdose Neuralgia: trigeminal, intercostals, facial Labs: ECG suggests MI due to T-wave depression Arthritic or gout pains especially with neuralgia, with Colchicum autumnale Tx of OD: Activated charcoal to absorb then GI lavage or emetic and cathartic, CPR, O2, recumbent External Uses with head below feet, stimulants (coffee, Strychnos nuxvomica), digitalis for the heart, atropine for Topical ointment over neuralgia – use small quantity slow heart CI:Pregnancy, lactation

Aconitum napellus

Aconitine Benzaconine Tropane alkaloids (benzoylaconine) Gum, sugar

Atropa belladonna

Historical Use: Part of European sorcery in Middle Ages, Topically used to make unconscious for surgery, Atropine is mydriatic for ophthamology Dull expressionless face, dilated or immobile pupils, drowsy without sleep, dusky or red-blue face and extremities, sluggish soft circulation Involuntary muscle spasm, cold, slow respiration GI spasm, acute-chronic entercolitis, biliary dyskinesia (gallstones), gastritis, Atropine (dl-hyoscyamine), Lulcers, hyperacidity, chronic constipation, mucous colitis, spasm, scopalomine (tropane fermentative dyspepsia, lead pipe colon, colic, rectal spasm, pain, spastic alkaloid) (0.6%) Antispasmodic constipation (Atropine is converted to LParasympathetic depressant Sore throat, red, raw, swollen, < swallowing, dryness, with or without fever – hyoscyamine by an enzyme Vasocontrictor quincy, tonsillitis with Aconite when the plant is dry, Smooth muscle inhibitor Stimulant in typhoid fever therefore the plant is more Bronchodilator Pneumonia: sustains respiration active when dry) Congestion: throbbing headache, drowsy Starch, sugar, mucilage Cerebral congestion, dullness, coma, dizzy, drowsy, threatened apoplexy Ca, Mg, K+, CO3 Fever of measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever Parkinsonism, encephalitis, tremors: for abnormal increase in motor functions 1918 flu epidemics Pain of acute cystitis, enuresis in children, poor perineal circulation, much urine

Sensory and motor depressant Sedative Anti-pyretic

X. clava-hervulis: Nitidin: ↓ blood pressure, anti-leukemia effect, lowers liver enzymes Chelerythrine: Affects GM+ bacteria, potentiates barbituates Asarinin: Anti-TB Alkaloids in general: Neuromuscular block (death in fish, cattle & chickens) Relative CI: Acute GI inflammation or ulceration (increases HCl production); effect on GI tract is due to volatile oils and resins Potential CI: Pregnancy Caution with liver disease --> monitor liver enzymes

Smooth muscle relaxant – throughout body (lungs, GI) Increases effect of anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, phenothiazines, quinidine & tri-cyclic antidepressants Can be used to counteract side effects of opium (constipation) Alkaloids Competitive antagonist to acetylcholine at peripheral nerves o Scopolamine is a CNS depressant o Atropine is a CNS stimulant but in large doses has the reverse action Tx dose: 0.03% atropine; 1-15gtt of Φ (up to 2mg hyooscyamine) Fatal: 3 berries in children; 10mg alkaloid (adults) Precaution: Only use acutely in children, avoid long term use in large doses Sxs of OD: Dry mouth, hot skin, mydriasis, ↑ respiration, fever, ↑ pulse, ↑ BP, incoordination, disoriented, dysphagia, restless, hallucination, psychosis, convulsions; Later: ↓ temperature, stupor, circulatory collapse, ↓ BP, coma, death from respiratory paralysis, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski reflex Tx of OD: IV physostigmine 2mg; antacids ↓ absorption, keep warm and moving CIs: Narrow-angle glaucoma, Tachycardia, Prostate cancer with urinary retention, Lung edema, GI stenosis, Megacolon

CNS Herbs

Avena sativa

Centalla asiatica

CNS Herbs

Chrysanthemum parthenium

Starch 59% Saccharo-mucilaginous 11% Albumen 4% Fiber and moisture 24% Avenin-nitrogenous Nutritive Nervine compound soluble in EtOH3 Mild sedative Gramine (indole alkaloid) Oat straw has pectin and silica41

Triterpenoid saponins (asiaticoside, brahmoside) Nervine Brahmic acid, centelose, Anti-pyretic carotenoids, madecassoside

Sesquiterpene lactones (0.6-0.7% parthenolide, artermarin, chrysanthemonin Pyrethrin Used as an organic pesticide; white powder; has been around for a long time; used on gardens b/c acts on insects), pyrethrotoxic acid Volatile oils (Essential oils of camphor, terpene, borneol) Bioflavonoids (eudesmanolides, guacanolides) If there are parthenolides, then only little eudesmanolides and vice versa

Carminitive Febrifuge Anti-pyretic Antiseptic Insecticide

Nervous exhaustion, debility Cardiac weakness from nervous depression, debility Relapsing cardiac rheumatism Nervous headache from overwork, depression Nervous debility from convalescence Opium, morphine withdrawal Nicotine withdrawal Spermatorrhea from debility, long disease Spasm of the neck of the bladder May antagonize analgesia of morphine, hypertension of nicotine Habitual constipation – as a gruel β-glucan (oat gum) (↑ food viscocity, peak post-prandial glucose, ↑ stool weight and stool fat Nutritive gruel – 30 g in 2 L water, boil down to 1 L, then season excretion →↑ bile exretion, ↓ blood lipids) Nutritive gruel: salted, seasoned, with fruit pulp (prunes, raisins) for convalescence from acute disease, puerperal state, chronic disease Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and irritable stomach: make oatmeal into a cake with water, bake until browned, then pulverize and make into coffee or infusion External: Anodyne for irritated skin, eczema: soak rolled oats in cold water, squeeze and strain through stocking, add to bath water (ie. Aveeno), or apply to skin Inflammed skin, seborrhea Soothing foot bath

Internal: Nervous insomnia, nervousness, disturbed emotions → poor memory, epilepsy Infections: Sore throat, tonsillitis, cystitis, measles, hepatitis, venereal disease Leprosy, eczema, scrofula, ulcers, secondary syphilis, rheumatism Venous insuffiency Calms the mind for medication, yoga (Ayurvedic) Type O blood External: Inflammed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, scleroderma Snake bite poultice

Tranquilizing and sedative on rats, mice; may increase serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol Water extract of the bud is anti-bacterial Asiaticoside effective on dermal ulcers, obstinate wounds, dermal tuberculosis, leprosy (large doses) Asiaticoside increases serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol; decreases urea nitrogen, acid phosphatase; increase vital capacity Sxs of OD: Headache, dizziness, increased blood pressure, bloody stools, itching skin, photosensitivity Tx of OD: GI lavage External: Contact dermatitis

General: Antimicrobial: Gram+, fungi, dermatophytes, some Gram – as well Inhibits inflammation and fevers o Equal or better than ASA by inhibiting PG and AA Pyrethrotoxic acid - a cardiac depressant Migraines: Reduces secretion of inflammatory particles from WBC’s and platelets; release of serotonin from platelets may cause headache and is inhibited Internal: Migraine relief is associated with the release of serotonin from platelets that cause vasoconstriction Digestive problems: increase appetite, increase secretions, increase Inhibits blood vessel motor control: dilation, hypotension; therefore use for vasoconstrictive digestion headache, fever, rheumatoid arthritis Cold, flu, fever Reduces the number, severity, and vomiting symptoms Migraine headache, especially with internal heat Does not reduce the duration of attack – once they have a headache, it will progress; does not treat o Long term use 50mg qd for prophylactically the migraine once started o Have to take 4-6 weeks before effect is noticed 0.1-0.2 (125-150 Inhibits B12-binding proteins from PMN’s leukocytes. Due to its effects on PMNs, it may also be mg/day see results within 4-6 weeks) and after 6 months can drop beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis and fevers down to 50 mg/day and this will be the maintenance dose Inhibits platelet aggregation; inhibits activation of protein kinase C; ↓ production of HETE History of use for rheumatoid arthritis (long term use – 50 mg qd may reduce Inhibits IL-1 in synovial cells RA), irregular menstruation In rabbits with damage to aorta: reduces the damage to aorta from re-perfusion injury after ischemia External: Sxs of overdose: Oral ulceration (chewed leaf), GI pain/upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Topical antiseptic, anodyne for toothache (chewing on the leaf or flower Post-feverfew syndrome: This will occur in people who have been taken feverfew for extended head) periods of time and then stop for what ever reason. Pyrethrin: natural insecticide used by organic gardeners Symptoms include: Nervousness, tension, tension HA insomnia w great tiredness, joint pain Topically: Dermatitis Contraindications: Pregnancy: high doses cause uterine contractions in cows ,May antagonize analgesia of morphine, hypertension of nicotine, Asteraceae pollen allergy Cautions:May have blood thinning effect ∴ caution with coumadin or warfarin

CNS Herbs Coffea arabica

Caffeine:purine alkaloid Trigonelline, FA Oil Volatile oil (caffeol) Citric acid, caffeotannic acid, caffeic acid CHO, Protein Palmitic, acetic & carbonic acids When roasted, releases caffeol, furfurol, valerianic acid, phenol, pyridine Caffeine contents: Decaf: 5Cerebro-spinal stimulant 10 mg, Instant: 100 mg, Diuretic perked: (6-8 oz cup) 150 mg, Stomatic “No-doze/wake-up’s” 100300mg, Shot of espresso: 40 mg, Tea: higher than coffee but contains l-theonine->relaxant so counteracts the jittery effect Decaffination: Caffeine can be extracted by 2 methods water-processed or using propylene glycol or methyl chloride; cand get OD if you work in these factories

Glycoside, quinones Volatile oil and acids Cyripedum pubescens Organic acids (gallic acid, (Lady's Slipper) tannic acid) Ca, K, Mg Oleoresin (cypripedin)

Nervine Nerve stimulant Anti-spasmodic

Internal: Constipation: stimulates peristalsis because it is an irritant, and a bitter; stimulates liver function Dyspepia, poor biliary flow, weak peristalsis, gastric atony Sense of heaviness or fullness after eating Headache with cerebral hyperemia or congestion: sometimes found in headache medication along with analgesics Drowsiness or stupor assoc. with poisoning (antidote) Sense of exhaustion Antidote to morphine, opium, alcohol related delirium tremens, strychnine and opium poisoning Cardiac dropsy & feeble circulation Cardiac failure: 5g q2h Typhoid fever, pneumonia, flu (La Grippe) where there is ↓ cardiac output that leads to dropsy – given to stimulate heart function for recovery Retarded urination & renal torpur o Historically more effective when combined with wine to enhance the effect Room deodorizer: used as a bean or as charcoal Syrup for whooping cough, hiccup, spasmodic asthma Gout, urinary gravel, post-partum hemorrhage, metrorrhagia Un-roasted, green bean (or berry) to relax, stupefy External: Carbon form: ulcerated mucosa, gangrenous ulcers, foul ulcers, diarrhea; festering wound, inflammation of oral mucosa Coffee retention enema: enhances peristalsis, bile release

Nervous insomnia, nervous irritability, neuralgia, delirium from atony without organic disease Hysteria, chorea, nervous headache, wakefulness, prostration from lowgrade fever, epilepsy, nervousness, hypochondria, mental depression due to poor digestion in females Mood changes leading to depression (peri-menstruation or peri-menopause) Irregular menses with despondency, dementia at menopause, depression from sexual abuse Joint pains from scarlet fever

Rapidly & completely absorbed from GI – enhanced by grapefruit juice -->increases caffeine absorption, metabolized by CYP1A2 Crosses BBB & elevates brain serotonin, Increases catecholamine levels which leveled after 7days of 250mg oral caffeine 500 mg activates adrenal/pituitary axis, ↑ β-endorphin secretion, cortisol & ACTH 500 mg IV ↓ growth hormone secretion, ↑ secretion of Ca & Mg Enhances norepinephrine synthesis & turnover at nerve terminals Crosses into breast milk and is common cause of infant insomnia & restlessness; Along with onion and garlic, 3 most common causes of infant colic in breast fed infants Enters pregnant uterus – human fetus liver requires 24-36 hrs to metabolize 1 cup of coffee drank by its mother leads to agitation of fetus Insomnia study: with one cup of coffee/day rate of breakdown of coffee was significantly slower than those who don’t have insomnia (18+ hours) o >450 mL coffee/day in 22 pregnant women - ↓ infant hemoglobin, hematocrit o Fast Metabolizers: coffee is metabolized in 8-10 hours o Slow Metabolizers: coffee is metabolized in 13-17 hours Enhances lipolysis, gluconeogenesis; causes the liver to dump glucose; bigger effect in women than in men), metabolic rate, cardiac rate, mental alertness Chronic use leads to tolerance, habituation; Dependence – occurs at 500 mg caffeine/day Relaxes pyloric & anal sphincter after a meal when full enhances emptying relief Excretion: 300 mg caffeine: <1% is excreted unchanged; Demethylation occurs in liver – slower in patient with cirrhosis & hepatitis Coffee is highly correlated w fibrocystic breasts; de-caffeinated studies also show fibrocystic breast problem Toxicity: Solubility and absorption increased by citric acid, sodium benzoate, bromides, and salicylates; 150 mg percolated, 100 mg instant, 8mg decaffeinated caffeine

Sxs of overdose: Strong doses are CNS, HT & KI stimulants, can induce headache, agitation, gastric distress, acid stomach, gastric ulceration Long term use causes diarrhea, elevated pulse, blood pressure and respiration rate, frequent urination, nervousness, palpitations Headache and insomnia occur commonly from withdrawal ↓ iron absorption > 450 ml coffee/day in 22 pregnant women → decreased infant hemoglobin, hematocrit Drugs to avoid: Ephedrine/ephedra, MAOI ↓ adenosine, ↓ clozapine, ↓ phenobarbitol, ↓ benzodiazepines, ↓beta-blocker propanalol and metoprolol, phenylpropanolomine, ↓lithium, ↓ phenothiaziune, ↑ ASA Contraindications:Acute nephritis, fibrocystic breast disease, uterine fibroids, prostatitis, BPH (exacerbates), gallstones, hyperthyroidism, seizure, high blood pressure, glaucoma, panic disorders, GI ulcers, menopausal hot flashes, insomnia, >300 mg caffeine in pregnancy Avoid use with ephedrine/Ephedra, MAOI Government: Do not exceed 300 mg caffeine/day during pregnancy, Cautions: Arrhythmias

External: Skin contact with leaves can cause dermatitis in some individuals Tx: Wash with soap and water Sx of OD: Hallucinations, giddy, restless headache (only with large doses) Tx for overdose: Avoidance, no long term effect on GABA receptors; no need for hospitalization

CNS Herbs

Datura stramonium (Jimson Weed, Thorn-apple)

Gelsemium sempervirens (Yellow Jasmine)

Humulus lupulus (Hops)

Tropane alkaloids (daturine, Sedative atropine, hyoscine) Anti-spasmodic Malic acid

Internal: Furiously delirious, enraged (violent) delirium tremens with tendency to injure or destroy Epilepsy with or followed by mania, cerebral irritation Opium addiction Toxicity: Tropane alkaloids Face congested, red, bloated o Action: Anti-cholinergic by inhibition of acetylcholine at neuroceptor sites Loquacious, restless, fearful, sexual irritation o Toxic: 5 grains powder (300 mg) Spasmodic cough, asthma, dyspnea of non-cardiac cause o Fatal: 4-5 gm leaf in children, 15-100 g leaf adult, 15-25 g seed (~100 mg Smoked for asthma (gharbhah) historically: Datura leaf with Pimpinella atropine) anisum seed and KNO3; mix and smoke with inhalation Sxs: Nausea, thirst, mydriasis, impaired vision (CI in glaucoma), dry mucosa, vertigo, rapid weak Smoke Datura leaf with Salvia officinalis in pipe until slight nausea develops pulse, anuria (due to hyperspasm , CI in BPH), hallucination, delirium with laughter, loquacity, Whooping cough with epistaxis, hemoptysis; pertussis violence, coma, circulatory collapse and coma External: Poultice made of fresh leaves bruised, or dried leaves soaked in Lab: Elevated liver enzymes, alters prothrombin time hot water Tx: Emesis or GI lavage, physostigmine (for eye sx - 0.5-2 mg IV prn), CPR, warm, catheterize to Fresh leaves and tops are covered with boiling mutton tallow and kept just prevent reabsorption, arrhythmia – propanolol, convulsions (give IV diazepam); if allergic reaction below boiling for 2 hours, strain through a flannel give benedryl (anti-histamine) Apply to hemorrhoids, pruritus ani, peritonitis, pleurisy Contraindications Glaucoma, pregnancy (absolute CI), anti-cholinergic drugs, tricyclic antiPerineum for painful bladder conditions, enlarged prostate needing depressants catheterization, spasmodic urethral stricture Cautions Tachycardia, arrhythmia, BPH, pyloric stenosis Painful ulcers, acute opthalmia (caution re: mydriasis), orchitis, partitis, glandular induration, swollen breasts, vulvar inflammation, inflammation rheumatism

Indole alkaloids (Gelsemine, gelsemicine, gelsemoidine, gelsidine, gelseverine, sempervirine) B-methyl aesculetin, Pentatriacontane, Monomethyl ether or emodin

Hyperemia, fever, heat, nervous unrest, irritable, insomnia leading to exhaustion Pain over the whole head (significant headache) Convulsions Bight eyes with miosis Arterial throbbing with ↑ sensibility to light and noise Migraine headache (does not necessarily have to be a migraine but a headache with severe/significant debility) Extrasystoles, functional heart disease, depresses excessive reactivity in vascular system Neuralgic pains (Aconitum napellus is better): Trigeminal neuralgia Severe fever, chilliness (see homeopathic picture) when moving body, ok if they are sitting still Nervousness hysteria Reduced sympathetic and parasympathic irritation Severe dysmenorrhea Rigid os (delivery), rigid dry os (delivery) Asthma

Alkaloids, stimulate then depress neural function, especially in medulla oblongata and spinal ganglia, also have analgesic effect Toxic: Tasting flower nectar, eating honey from flowers, 0.5 g/child, 2-3 g/adult Sx of overdose: Prostration, lax muscles, visual disturbances (diplopia, ptosis; visual disturbances can persist up to a couple of weeks), slowed respiration, hypotension, hypothermia, ↓ pulse o Slowed rate and force of contraction, drowsy, loss of sensations, death from respiratory and cardiac paralysis o In non-fatal doses visual disturbances may last for several days Tx of overdose: GI lavage, strong tea or coffee, oxygen and artificial respiration when needed, atropine 2 mg SC q 4 hr, seizures IV diazepam Strychnos nux vomica q2h8 External toxicity: Contact dermatitis Tx: Rinse with cold water CI: Hypotension, myasthenia gravis, pregnancy (uterine stimulant in animals), respiratory or cardiac disease/deficiency, weak vital force May potentiate aspirin, phenacetin

Lupulinum (historically used): Delirium tremens, Nervous insomnia, anxiety, worry, Dyspepsia with restlessness, tendency to brood, fermentation and acid eructations after food, Genitourinary irritations, bladder irritations, Sexual neuroses (spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation), chordee, Dysmenorrhea (1:1 with Matricaria, 30-60 gtt q 3-4 hours), Debilitating headache with cerebral hyperemia Delerium tremens with restlessness, sleeplessness (with nervousness and restlessness) Restless leg syndrome Dyspepsia with eructations, restlessness and brooding Nervous stomach, Nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, excitable; N HA Genitourinary irritation, bladder irritation Sleep aid: To get into REM sleep without leaving a feeling foggy or hung over sensation the next morning Sexual neuroses – spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation (estrogen effect; many contain anti-androgens), chordee (aka peyronies use 2-3x normal) ↑ lactation, milk let down: estrogenic and relaxing effects of beer External: Fomentation – alone or with Eupatorium perforliatum or bitter herbs for pneumonia, pleurisy gastritis, enteritis applied to painful area, swellings, tumor Ointment – boil 2 parts Datura leaf, 1 part Humulus strobiles in oil (Olive, lard, mutton tallow) for eczema, ulcers, painful swellings Pillow stuffed with Humulus catkin (or strobilaceous fruit of the hop) for insomia

In vitro antispasmodic activity on the uterus Cautions In susceptible individuals the odor (Humulus, Lupulinum) can produce a sick headache with nausea, prostration Caution: Barbiturates, alcohol; Humulus lupulus has estrogenic tendency Allergy: Fresh plant, plant dust Contraindications: Depression: Sedative effect may accentuate symptoms, Pregnancy

Stimulates then depresses neural function Antispasmodic Cardiosedative

1-3% volatile oil Resin Bitter principle (lupamric acid (humulone) and lupulinic acid Sedative nervine (lupulone) which convert to Digestive bitter isovaleric acid on storage) Cholagogue Picric acid, tannin, choline, Mild laxative asparagines Essential oil (β-humulene, caryophyllene)

Hypscyamus niger (Henbane)

Scopolamine (hyoscyamine) Tropane alkaloid (butyrin) Glucoside (hyospicrin) Starch, gum, oil

Alterative Anti-depressant Vulnerary

Anti-bacterial Dose dependent inhibition of reuptake for NE and serotonin at presynaptic axon membrane (not due to hypericin or hyperforin alone). May have reserpine-like effect (deplete storage vesicles) Internal: Spinal injury, shock, concussion Hyperforin – may ↑ serotonin, lower cortisol, act on GABA receptors Lacerations, puncture wound with excruciating pain Hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin are not stable in light or clear capsule, > in orange, red, white, Throbbing body without fever or amber capsule Climacteric depression with anxiety and restlessness Hyperforin not stable with slightest heat Mild to moderate depression (up to 4-6 weeks for effect); less effect in Suppresses inflammation, leukocyte infiltration of wounds severe depression, Neurotic depression Interactions Research: Any drug that works at/via CYP 450 3A4 may be affected/interact with Frequent bed-wetting in older children, adult Hypericum. Hypericum may work at GABA A and B receptors, therefore may effect same External: Oil for pain of gastric ulcer, gastritis – effect my be due to flavonoid target as benzodiazepines. Hypericum has been used to wean patients off of MAOIs, but Hypericum content may also have an SSRI effect Inflamed colon – retention enema of warmed oil Hypericin – phototoxic, during use humans and animals should avoid bright sun, common in animals Inflamed hemorrhoids (dermatitis, hair loss), humans only at high doses (0.5-8 mg hypericin extract/day) Combined with linseed oil in psoriasis, oil for tattoo trauma, burns, myalgia: Doses of 0.5-8 mg to HIV males over 12 weeks caused mild diarrhea, Soothes skin, pain relief indigestion, itchy rash, fatigue, depression, reversible elevated hepatic Varicose veins prone to leg ulcers:soothing, pain relief; DOES NOT CURE transminases; 2.0 mg qd considered safe (may be related to anti-retroviral use; see interactions Cleans cuts, wounds; traumatic bruise/injury below) Interactions: BCP, digitalis, anti-retroviral (Indinavir is the most common antiretroviral drug that is most strongly affected), cyclosporine

CNS Herbs

Volatile oils with mono and sesquiterpenes Dianthrone derivatives: Hypericum perforatum hypericin, hyperforin, (St. John's Wort) pseudohypericin Flavonols: quercitin, rutin, catechin Xanthones, coumarins

Sedative Hypnotic Mydriatic Anti-spasmodic

Internal: Nervous irritability, unrest, insomnia, mydriasis, flushed face Delirium, muttering, singing, loquacity, amusing hallucinations, illusions < fevers Spasm: Renal, uterine, urethra, hepatic, colic, asthma, gout, rheumatism, chronic cough Cough: Short, dry, explosive,
Lactuca virosa (Lettuce)

Lactucic acid (bitterness) Lactucin, lactuco-picrin, Sedative lacytuycone Anodyne Alkaloids, traces of mydriatic Anti-spasmodic alkaloid Gum, sugar/CHO, KNO3

Insomnia from mental overwork Used a lot in children: Restlessness / excitability, anxious, insomnia Cough in restless children Dysmenorrhea / cramping – esp. younger females Muscular / joint pain Chronic cough associated with TB, emphysema, pertussis – as a syrup (not for severe acute cough) Substitute for opium & codeine but no equal to them nor addictive(considerable use in WWII when codeine was not available)

Cautions • Anti-histamines, tricyclic anti-depressants, narrow angle glaucoma, megacolon Toxicity: Tropane alkaloids: Action: Parasympatholytic by acting as a competitive antagonist (relaxes GI muscles) with acetycholine at nerve endings, anticholinergic and parasympathetic effect, strongest on iris, secretory glands, CNS but little on blood vessels Sx of toxicity: Acute: dryness, nausea, rapid pulse and tachycardia, vertigo, mydriasis, spasm, delirium, hallucinations, coma, salivation, death by asphyxiation Chronic: macular rash, dry, itching Tx: GI lavage, KMNO4, pilocarpine HCl, caffeine, physostigmaine IV 0.5-2.0 mg, propanolol for tachycardia-arrhythmia, IV diazepam for convulsions Contraindications: Exhaustion, depression, feeble pulse

Lactucarium: Sx of toxicity: When injected into dog intravenously induces sleep, coma, death No reports in humans Generally safe herb for long-term use

CNS Herbs

Azulenes (chamazulene, prochamazulene) Volatile oils (α-bisabolol, spiroether) Flavonoids (apigenin, Matricaria chamomilla quercitin, luteolin) Nervine (German Chamomile) Coumarins (umbelliferone, Stomachic herniarin) Polysaccharides Tannin Organic acids (anthemic acid, malic acid, anthemidin)

Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)

Tannins (labiatic acid) Volatile oils of terpene aldehydes (citral, citronella, geraniol, linalool) Gum

Nepeta cataria (Cat nip)

Volative oils: citronellol, geraniol, citrol; Organic acid: nepetalic acid Cis-trans-nepetelactone (compound that affects cats – similar to valpotriates in Valerian) Bitter, tannin

Internal: Nervous, irritable of sensory & motor nerves, nervous tension, Restless, irritable, impatient, discontent, peevish Dentition, susceptibility to pain – earache, rheumatism, nose, eye, neuralgia – where apprehension is out of proportion to actual pain Children are only appeased when they are carried Summer diarrhea from GI irritation: stools fetid, excoriate anus, watery, green, slimy “like chopped eggs & greens” Congested liver or right hypochondrial pains Sore, swollen breast in infants & adults Flatulence, colic with distension, gastrointestinal ulcers – especially with nerve pain involved Anuria or poor urinary output (relaxation effect) Amenorrhea (secondary) w/ weight or heaviness in uterus, bloated abdomen and irritable sudden temper during menopause Severe dysmenorrhea, labour-like pain, pain of passing clots External: Infusion as a wash for leukorrhea, mammary abscess, mastitis, ulcerating bubo, leg ulcers, catarrhal conjunctivitis, skin irritation, relief for eczema Mouthwash for stomatitis, mucosal infection. Inhaled: Essential oil or strong infusion – fumes inhaled to treat respiratory infections or inflammation

Limbic sedative Anti-spasmodic Carminative

Internal: Nervous stomach associated with anxiety and depression; relieves spasm, colic, dyspepsia, stomach sedative, GI sedative Combines well with Mentha X piperita for IBS (1:1) Dyspepsia, from anxiety, depression Insomnia from nervous stomach, flatulence, vegetative dystonia Herbal tranquilizer – autonomic nervous problems; acts on limbic system Cardiac problems associated with nervousness & depression (tachycardia, palpitations, reactive heart) External: Cream & bath helps for skin irritations

Sedative Carminative Anti-spasmodic Diaphoretic

Internal: Nervousness with insomnia, headache, or cold with upset stomach Leaves can be rolled and smoked for colds with spastic respiratory coughs i.e. bronchitis Respiratory problems with associated nervousness Leaf can produce “happy intoxication” Delayed menstruation External: Hemorrhoids (crushed leaves applied directly or sitz bath from leaves) Poultice for swelling – bruises or other injuries

Azulenes are anti-inflammatory & anti-allergic – cause cortisol release by acting on pituitary-adrenal axis prevents histamine release α-bisabolol: anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory; decreases stomach ulcer healing time and prevents their formation from ASA, alcohol and stress; equal to papaverine Coumarins and flavonoids: relaxes smooth muscle affecting acetylcholine, bradykinin Polysacharides – stimulate B-lymphocyte and macrophage activity Topical: ↓ skin inflammation > hydrocortisone 0.25%, > bufexamac 5% over 3-4 weeks Reduces time for topical wounds to heal compared to placebo Increased healing of tattoo wounds when used topically. Study: Combined w/ apple pectin for diarrhea in children better than placebo & less anxiety in rats Anti-micorbial to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, polio virus, HSV-1 Anti-fungal Apigenin – active at benzodiazapine receptor sites Relaxes smooth muscles, including uterus Cautions:Volatile oils: α-bisabolol in high doses causes vomiting (Tx: cease use) Allergic dermatitis may occur but often due to Anthemis cotula mixed in with Matricaria CI:Anticoagulant, benzodiazepines, alcohol, sedative drugs due to their additive effect

Animal study where mice were given catnip oil and hexobarbitol: Cats first become stimulated, and secondarily euphoric and relaxed. Excellent mosquito repellent, one of the best except it will attract all types of cats including big ones like mountain lions, etc. Toxicity: Emmenagogue Irritating to mucous membranes Side effects: Headache, malaise – from tea, smoked Hexobarbitol with catnip oil - increases sleep time in mice

CNS Herbs

Alkaloids (>20 - narcotine, morphine, codeine, rhoeadine, narcerine, Papaver somniferum thebaine, Sedative (Opium Poppy) papaverine) Nervine Sulphuric acid, meconic acid Erythritol, myoinositol; Dmannoheptulose

Alkaloids (passiflorine, harmitol, harmine, harman, harmaline, harmin) Cyanogenic glycoside, Passiflora incarnata / passicol coerulea Flavonoids (vitexin, (Passion Flower) isovitexin, vitexin 4-0rhansmoside, rutin, quercetin, apigenin) Calcium oxalate

Piper methysticum (Kava kava)

Nervine Sedative Anti-spasmodic

Kavalactones (kava pyrones - kavaine, dihydrokavine, methysticin, Skeletal muscle relaxant dihydromethysticin, Anti-spasmodic yangonin) Sedative Yangonoic acid, cinnamic acid, yangano, benzoic acid Starch (49%)

Morphine, narcotine, codeine – sedative, analgesic Anti-tussive: lower excitation of CNS and inhibits cough reflex Internal: Anti-diarrhea: inhibits GI peristalsis to prevent diarrhea Depression – difficult, persistent hypochondriac (only in low doses, Toxicity: Alkaloids lower CNS excitation, inhibit cough reflex, inhibits peristalsis contraindicated in higher doses (i.e. morphine) because it may aggravate) Therapeutic: Codeine 15-60 mg Lots of melancholy & feelings of guilt with depression, menopausal Toxic (codeine): 1 mg/kg children depression Fatal (codeine): 5 mg/kg children, 7-14 mg/kg adults Mood change in the elderly (caused by arteriosclerosis in the brain) – ill Side effect: CONSTIPATION tempered & irritability that is out of character for the individual Tx: Rheum spp., Cassia spp., Rhamnus spp. with bulking agents(Avena sativum, psyllium) & lots of Stomach cancer with nausea and vomit water Painful fever, spasm and inflammation, soft pulse, moist skin, pale face, To treat opium addiction: Valeriana (to help to withdraw) dilated pupils, expressionless face – typhoid fever, asthma, cholera, passage Morphine – possible side effects include: Whole body itchy rash; hallucinations; of renal or biliary calculi with Ipecac depression Increased chronic discharges – nasal mucous, oral salivation, uterine Overdose sxs: Constipation (nerve plexus ceases to function), pinpoint pupils, hemorrhage, other hemorrhage pale /clammy skin, prostration, cyanosis, shallow irregular breathing, Chronic cough, incessant cough bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, shock or coma, (hallucinations if Antidote to Atropine, Atropa, Physostigma, Datura, and strychnine conscious), pupils dilate, severe sweat, then death (respiratory shut-down) Addiction can be treated with Valeriana Tx of overdose: Maintain respiration, CPR, GI lavage, KMnO4, stimulants, Constipating effect can be treated with Rheum palmatum catheterization (to prevent reabsorption of the metabolites), heart stimulants, Severe spastic pain keep them awake & moving Severe diarrhea, dysentery CI: Acute pancreatitis, biliary colic External: Linament, ointment & plaster: very painful inflammation Depression, in higher doses Pain, inflammation, erysipelatous inflammation, eye inflammation Cautions: Decreased respiratory reserve, pregnancy, lactation

Internal: Spasmodic disorders: worms in children; chorea, especially in girls approaching first menstruation Restlessness, wakefulness from exhaustion or debility from nervous excitement Insomnia from worry, infants, elderly, mental overwork, fever Nervous from menstrual disturbances, prolonged illness Sleep induced is peaceful, patient awakes quiet and refreshed Convulsive movements, tetanus At the first warning of an epileptic attack Nervous headache, headache of debility or cerebral fullness Palpitations from excitement, shock, nervousness Nervous tachycardia Spasmodic asthma Usually not strong enough on its own, works well with other nerviness External: Soothing bath, hemorrhoids, burns, inflammation

Internal Neuralgia, especially facial, trigeminal neuralgia, toothache, earache, eye neuralgia Anxiety, despondency Anorexia, GI cattarrh Vertigo, despondent, anxious, insomnia Urinary catarrh due to gonorrhea, edema with scanty micturition, cystitis of the bladder neck, neurogenic bladder Renal colic; swelling of the prostate due to prostatitis Bronchitis (relieves cough) Gout, rheumatic pains External Leprosy (rinse or paste over skin) Otitis type pain Abscesses or other skin problems Vaginal douche (for infections)

May bind benzodiazepine receptors (apigenin) Decreases amphetamine induced hypermotility, aggressiveness, restlessness Increase pain threshold Alkaloids may act via monoamineoxidase mechanism Passicol – antibacterial, antifungal Decreased dyspnea in New York Heart Association II cardiac insufficiency with Crataegus spp. Decreases anxiety Anticonvulsant (animal) Toxicity: Harmaline has marked CNS effects - 200 mg is considered toxic Some sources suggest herb is non-toxic Sxs of overdose: Convulsion, motor paralysis, CNS depression, hypothermia, hypotension, bradycardia, ↓ myocardial strength, ↓ respiration CI:Pregnancy, uterine stimulant (harmane, harmaline) Cautions:SSRIs, MAOIs, tyramine containing foods and may potentiate barbiturates, sedatives

Acts on reticular formation in brain stem Anesthetic on bladder mucosa, specifically for irritating cystitis Eliminated by the kidneys Study: compared to benzodiazepines/oxazepam - no side-effects, improved memory and recognition rates, no drowsiness, “safe to operate machinery Antagonist to strychnine and tetanus poisoning; Anticonvulsant; Dopamine antagonist Organic acids (benzoic, cinnamic acid) have a local anesthetic effect; Antifungal effects 8 week study: Showed a decrease in anxiety and phobias; with no dependency, no withdrawl symptoms Inhibits platelet monoamine oxidase beta (kavapyrones); Anti-thrombotic (kavain) Animal study: induced brain ischemia, animals had less brain damage w/ kava kava than those without it (protects brain during ischemia) may be good for high risk stroke patient Cases in literature: southern Germany & Switzerland – all had history alcohol use & some sort of liver disease some of them needed a transplant (may have been taking higher than normal doses; may have been a special extract; could have been a bad batch) 20-30 cases of Hepatoxicity (might be as high as 100), however few of the studies indicate dose of Kava, other drugs being used, length of use, alcohol or other illicit drug use. Root leaves and shoots were also being used in some preparations and alcohol and acetone were used to extract constituents. Acetone is hepatotoxic. Some people are genetically predestined to have hepatic failure. Looking at regulating it for use again in the U.K., Germany 3 recent trials have demonstrated clinical efficacy - highly effective at relieving anxiety w/ no side effects and at treatment dosage not addictive. Toxicity:Dihydromethysticin:Causes exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers (external, internal), inflammation of the eyes Treatment: Discontinue use, wash with soap and water Resins: Can accumulate in spinal column, liver, kidney. Generally considered safe until recently Signs of overdose: Vomiting, unconscious (infusion) Caution: Kavalactones enter breast milk. May potentiate alprazolam, EtOH, benzodiazepenes

CNS Herbs

Glycosides (piscidin) Isoflavonoids (ichythynone, sumatrol) Piscidia erythrina Rotenones (lisetin, (Jamaican Dogwood) piscerythrone, piscidone) Resin, fat, wax, calcium oxalate

Pulsatilla vulgaris (Pulsatilla)

Sedative Analgesic Anodyne

Saponin Nervine Alkaloids (Anemonin → Sedative protoanemonin (also known Emmenagogue as ranunculin)

Volatile oil Tannin Scutellaria lateriflora Gum sugar (Skullcap) Bitter Flavonoid (scutellarin crystals)

Nervine tonic Anti-spasmodic Anti-convulsant

Insomnia from neuralgia, nervous tension Nervous unrest, hysterical insomnia, delirium tremens Pain: Toothache, burns, scalds, hemorrhoids, oral abscess, neuralgia, sciatica, eyeball neuralgia (if Papaver somniferum not tolerated), suprarorbital neuralgia, otitis pain Headache: migraine headache, especially with neuralgias; reduces pain but is not prophylactic Spasm: dysmenorrhea, false labor pains or threatened abortion with Viburnum spp. Reflex cough, chronic bronchitis, cough of consumption

Rotenones: toxic to insects (neurotoxin) Animal studies: rontenone in high doses is carcinogenic Piscidin affects the CNS Not considered dangerous by Oregon poison control Sxs of overdose: decreased sensation, salivation, sweating, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis, weakness, reduced respiration and volume, dyspnea, paralysis, death from respiratory failure Treatment: establish respiration, emesis or GI lavage, charcoal, cathartic fluids for hypotension, convulsion-IV diazepam. Caution May potentiate sleep aids

Nervous restlessness, imagines impending disease or danger Gloomy and depressed; weepy Mind tends to wander; wandering can cause it to become unsettled, hysterical or anxious Unpleasant dreams Pulse: weak soft, except when discharging Amenorrhea from uterine atony, nervous shock, anemia or from getting chilled Leukorrhea tends to be thick, yellowish-white and bland Urine: clear and copious; dysuria during pregnancy; increased micturition during cold. Nervousness during cold Epididymitis and orchitis (mumps, gonorrhea), spermatorrhea and prostatorrhea; varicoceles Alkaloids are mucous irritants, toxicity reduced with drying Improves sexual function and reduces morbid sexual excitement (ie. nervous CNS stimulation, then paralysis sexual excitement) Irritates the kidney and urinary tract in high doses Headache: menstrual, nasal catarrh + nervousness, biliousness, chilliness, Sxs of overdose: Burning in mouth & throat, salivation, nausea and vomiting, colic, bloody diarrhea, nausea cardiac arrhythmia, SOB, lose control of sensory & motor functions; convulsions Upper respiratory tract infections: thick mucous, yellow and bland Treatment of overdose: Emesis/lavage, charcoal; demulcents such as Ulmus spp., Althea spp. Asthma in pregnancy with profuse mucous, or suppressed menses Sxs externally: Dermatitis with vesiculation Coryza or lacrimation from measles or cough of measles Tx: Water and soap Constipation in hysterical females (anxious), with dyspepsia, indigestion, and greasy taste; constipation alternating with diarrhea Prone to indigestion; greasy/fatty taste in the mouth (bitter qualities so works for indigestion). IBS: Alternating constipation & diarrhea Ear aches or otitis from cold-wet wind otitis produces a thick, yellow, bland discharge Cataracts, iritis, glaucoma, hordeolum/stye; Lacrimation in the wind Eye discharges (eye gum on waking) thick, yellow, bland; use in dilute form as a topical eyewash Rheumatism; > cold, < warmth; pains move about & change location Toothache with abscess, yellow pus

Nervousness - from illness; mental or physical exhaustion Teething in children (trouble sleeping, anxious) good substitute for chamomile but not as pleasant. Delerium tremens (infusion at dinner, bed time), can with Piscidia Seizure remedy for petit and grand mal, Chorea or other tremors, neuralgia Insomnia, restless-type – can’t get to sleep – more from mental exhaustion, overwork Heart disease assocociated wtih nervousness, Irregular arrhythmias or intermittent pulses Muscular fasciculations (e.g. Eye twitches - striated muscles) – especially when nervous; may have difficulty controlling even major muscles in exhausted state Female remedy: Uterine problems due to nervousness or excitability + muscular spasm Insomnia Circulatory problems (stroke, emboli, thrombi), used for paralysis or insomnia associated with stroke. o May not rectify a stroke as Gingko biloba Exhaustion associated with chronic disease (severe influenza or pneumonia)

S. baicalensis: Less of a nervine than S. lateriflora Inhibits antibody release, therefore preventing allergy, asthma or dermatitis reactions Increase bile secretion in rabbits and dogs Induces diuresis in animals IV or IM to cats, dogs and rats to reduce BP (by causing vasodilation) Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial Inhibits mouse cerebrum and cortex (therefore decreases cerebral function) and has relaxing/calming affect Lowers fever in rabbits induced with fever – not seen in other animal models Has anti-inflammatory effect and therefore potential benefits for inflammatory types of cancer Seizure induced in rats with lithium and pilocarpine were controled with Scutellaria lateriflora, Datura, Gelsemium Toxicity Scutellarin: Giddy, stupor, limb twitching, seizure, intermittent pulse Overdose: Tremors; causes liver toxicity due to be adulteration with other plants.

CNS Herbs

Valeriana officinalis (Valerian)

Strychnos ignatia (Ignatia)

Volatile oil (iso-valerianic acid, borneol) Isovaltrate, valtrate, valepotriates, valeranone assumed to have effect Organic acids (Malic acid combined with Mg to ↑ absorption (useful in fibromyalgia - Mg malate)) Starch, gum resin, tannin iridoid Monoterpenes – similar compounds to Napeta caterius which cause cat ecstacy

Indole alkaloids (strychnine (2-3%), brucine (1-1.5%)) Tannic acid (igasuric acid) Glycosides (loganin)

Sedative Anodyne

Valepotriates may inhibit thymidine synthesis in DNA, cancer cultures ↑ GABA - ↓ CNS activity – valerenic acid inhibits enzymes that breaks down GABA Vasodilation of smooth muscle - ↓ BP: Isovaltrate, valtrate, valeranone Insomnia - ↓ wakefulness, AM awakening without hangover (an adv over benzodiazepines). Internal: benzodiazepine withdrawal Despondent If pt is on 1 mg/day of lorazepam wean to ½ to ¼ over several weeks (expect some rebound Mental depression, hypochondria, especially if cold insomnia in the process) Irritable, pain, nervous excitement Improved mood after 2-4 weeks, improved sleep in ~<2 weeks Depression with nervousness A fairly safe herb: Insomnia from nervousness; Insomnia from grief or lossPRS; Insomnia with Need to give the herb 1-2 weeks duration of use to see if effect occurs depression Caution: Can prolong thiopental, phenobarbital, induced sleep with alcohol, sedative drugs o Insomnia is the indication with the most clinical studies Binds central GABA-A receptors along with benzadiazepine, and barbiturate Nervous headache – hemicranium Inhibits breakdown of GABA (therefore more GABA survives; same action as benzodiazepines but Decreased cerebral circulation less side effects) Epilepsy, spasmodic movements Sx: Headache, vertigo, altered vision, restlessness, agitation, insomnia, nausea, motility and reflex Nervous palpitations excitability, central paralysis (at ~20x normal dose) Elevated BP (has never been tested) Note: With some people this does not induce sleep and they get wired (too much liver heat External: occurs about 5% of cases) Add to bath for sleeplessness Sedative mechanism unknown – not volatile oil or valpotriates Avoid use with alcohol (may potentiate) – may potentiate anesthetics, thiopental, phenobarbital Caution with centrally acting drugs i.e. benzodiazepines, barbiturates, epileptic drugs (dilantin; side effect of long term dilantin use is osteopenia, osteoporosis irrespective of sex)

Neuromuscular stimulant Tonic

Similar to S. nux vomica but milder in action - More energetic than S. nux vomica Atony, nervous debility Amenorrhea, chlorosis (anemia) Dysmenorrhea with colic pains and heaviness in uterus, ovaries, pains in lumbar (used acutely or day before onset of pain) Right hypochondrium pains Menopause with coldness of extremities Brain anemia with hysterical, choreic, epileptoid, melancholic hypochondriacal behavior from nervousness, muscular debility, facial twitching Disposition to grieve, nervous depression Atonic dyspepsia, chronic catarrh of ST Sick congestive h/a Sexual coldness – impotence in male, sterility or frigidity in female Visual atonia, sensation of dust in the eye, eyelid twitching Tinnitus (also indication for selenicereus grandiflorus, gingko biloba) and impaired hearing from atony Epilepsy Anti-fungal

Nausea, vomiting from GI irritability, nervous stomach, anorexia Congested liver, spleen, portal circulation – right hypochondrial pain to side Stomachic or Indole alkaloids: strychnine, Synergist shoulder, yellow face, eyes, tongue coating; liver/gallbladder problems Strychnos nux vomica brucine, vomicine Stimulant (for nervous radiation to right shoulder (Nux vomica) Glycosides: loganine exhaustion and atonic states Bilious intermittent fever, bilious headache with nausea, umbilical pain, Caffeotannic acid leading stimulant for the NS forehead - as a nerve tonic) pain – dysentery Constipation, diarrhea, menstrual colic – from atony, liver or or functional GI peristalsis paralysis – pain (not a nerve tonic for children, elderly)

Anti-fungal stomachic Alkaloids, acid, glycoside: CNS stimulation by selective block of motor inhibitors at postsynaptic membrane in ventral horns of spinal column, Rapidly absorbed in GI tract (high % absorption), metabolized in 24 hours by the liver, excreted in urine; Strychnine (indole alkaloid): Accumulates with chronic use, causing liver damage Brucine: 1/20th the potency of strychnine (similar effects) Fatal: Strychnine 30-90 mg (adult), 15 mg (child)/ 30-50 mg bean ~ 5 mg strychnine Sx: Prodrome (sense of doom), muscle cramps and spasm, stiffness, agitation, extreme convulsions in 15-60 minutes (5 minutes if inhaled), lactic academia, spasm, opisthotonos, depressed respiration, death d/t hypoxia; ↑ SGOT, LDH, CPK, leukocytosis Tx: Immediate emesis or lavage but not if tetany has begun; keep quiet, recumbent, protected from draft in dark room; diluted KmnO4 or I, charcoal or tannin then remove from stomach; monitor arterial blood gases, IV NaHCO3 for acidemia, IV diazepam for seizure, curare (found in frogs, some plants and helps to completely sedate the patient with respect to to muscular movement or to paralyze heart function in certain surgeries) for refractory convulsions, mechanical ventilation Patient has to be kept quiet because stimulation (i.e. talking, light, touching them) exacerbates the poisoning CI: Strychnine accumulates in the liver, spinal cord but not in the CSF therefore CI with hepatitis where there would be difficulties with metabolism. Pregnancy

CNS stimulant (strychnine) in small doses; excites CNS, ↑ blood circulation, ↑ respiration, LBP (in India), male stimulant (to improve erectile dysfunction) key = dose (in India) Brucine is weaker Small amounts cause tetany of all body muscles Aqueus extract – anti fungal Bitter stomachic – increased peristalsis

Medicinal Mushrooms

Agaricus blazei (Sun Mushroom)

Boletus edulis (King bolete)

Coriolus versicolor/ Trametes versicolor (Turkey tail)

Beta-glucans Laccase (enzyme) to help digest wood Sodium-pyroglutamate Benzaldehyde

Polysaccharides A, B 8 amino acids

Beta-sitosterol Triterpenoid (ergosta 7, 22 dien 3B – ol (sterol), ergost – 7-en-3-β-ol, ergosterol) Polysaccharide (PSK (Krestin with β-1,4 glucan), PSP (polysaccharide – peptide), coriolan)

Anti-cancer

Eaten as a regular part of the diet but also eaten for medicinal purposes Anti-cancer Therapeutic dose: >1g/day

Bone marrow model: Does not ↑ inflammatory cytokines o IL-12, TNFα, IL-1β were the cytokines studied o Laccase (enzyme) is inhibited above 40°C; inhibited above pH 3-7 (therefore needs acidic environment) o Also inhibited by NaCl Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model: 2 separate extracts A1 (sodium pyroglutamate) and A2 were studied o Used multiple doses (30, 100, 300mg/kg) and the A1 extract proved to be more effective than the A2 extract at ↓ tumor metastasis, tumor growth and for its anti-angiogenic effect Erchlich tumor mouse model: ↑ NK activity o Different types of extractions were tested (none of which were water) and hexane extract was the most effective followed by methanol (from wood alcohol - poisonous to humans) Chinese hamster lung model (V79): Demonstrated that it was not genotoxic o Above 60°C - extractions were not affected and were still effective against mutagenicity o Usually boiled and/or simmered Mouse model: Inoculated with Hepatitis B - some were given Agaricus blazei and some were not o In the mice that got Agaricus blazei, there was an Ab and T-cell response to the hepatitis B Male Wistar Mouse - treated with diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) at 200 mg/kg to assess liver function using glutathione-s-transferase as a marker o At a dose of 11.5 mg/mL (the highest dose given), there was significant reduction in liver damage and ↑ levels of glutathione function Sarcoma 180: ↓ growth and metastasis in the mice that received this mushroom Human study: 100 females with cervical, ovarian or endometrial cancer o Agaricus blazei group: ↑ NK activity, no significant effect on lymphokine or monocyte activity, significant ↓ in side effects of chemotherapy (better appetite, less alopecia, greater energy or strength, less emotional lability)

Lumbago Knee pain Limb numbness Muscle tetany 9 g tid, in soup, stew, stir fry (water extraction)

Inhibits Sarcoma 180 in mice – 100%; Inhibits Erlich ascites (mouse tumor model that produces abdominal ascites) - 90% Polysaccharide A (glucan), B (glucogalactammannan) – inhibit inflammatory mediators Increased peripheral eosinophils, neutrophils at 10, 25 mg/kg in rats Decreased lymphocytes in pleural fluid in lung carcinoma

Mexico - impetigo, ringworm Benefits (PSK): Glomerulonephritis, sarcoidosis, idiopathic nephritic syndrome, SLE, RA, sclerosis, Bechet’s disease PSK: ↓ cholesterol, ↓ LDL

PSK Inhibits sarcoma 180, ↑ liver function, normal spleen in irradiated mice, ↑ phagocytosis of macrophages ↑ NK against lethal CMV, prolong anti-bacterial anti-biotic effects Anti-tumor to animals with adenosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, plasma cytoma, melanoma, sarcoma, breast, lung, colon cancer Injection into tumors (in animal models) ↓ metastasis Increased therapeutic effect if used with radiation, chemotherapy Stop HIV binding to lymphocytes, ↑ interferon in viral infections Humans: 25% of Japan anti-cancer expenditures (1987) 3 g/day - ↑ INF, free radical scavenger; > with chemotherapy agents than alone > with radiation for cervical cancer stage III (3-6 g/day): ↑ lifespan, 36% had no cancer cells after treatment Therefore cancer deaths – 21% with PSK, 52% without PSK PSP: Oral, IP injection: ↑ T cell #, ↑ interferon, ↑ IL-2, ↓ thymus atrophy in mice with tumors and ↑ IgG (can also give Lactobacillus acidophilus, L-glutamine to ↑ IgG) 3 g/day orally with radiation and chemotherapy in esophagus, stomach, lung: ↓ side effects of tiredness, weakness, dry mouth and throat Individuals gained weight (not weight loss as in controls) also ↑ T cell, NK cell activity, IL-2 vs. controls↑ 1 year survival by 11% (↑ T cell, NK cell, complement C3) Breast CA: Stabilized and prevented ↓ WBC with 4’ epidoxorubicin, cyclophosphamide Ergosterols: Control tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cytotoxic to hepatoma Toxicity LD50 of PSP = 10 mg/kg (mice) Negative on Ames and chromosome distortion tests (Ames test is a test to determine if a substance causes DNA mutations) Cautions May ↓ acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity Aside: Canadians are #1 in the world for the following drugs: Codeine, NSAIDS (per capita) and our level of side effects from NSAIDS are among the highest in the world.

Medicinal Mushrooms

C. sinensis: ↑ erythroid in mice bone marrow during chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, harringtonine) ↓ bone marrow suppression in mice undergoing chemotherapy (↓ RBC and ↓ WBC were the main values used to assess bone marrow suppression) Ideally this fungi would be standard with all treatments with these chemotherapy drugs, however it is very expensive ↑ phagocytes, macrophages, ↑ mice lifespan with lymphoma 4 g/kg immunosuppressive = cyclosporine A in mice: Caused 80% survival 60 days following Ehrlich ascites carcinoma of mice Sedative: Glutamine, tyrosine, l-tryptophan Inhibit monoamine oxidase from brain ↑ platelet formation Humans: 64% improvement in sexual hypofunctioning ↑ 17-hydroxycorticosteroid, ↑ 17-ketosteroids (adrenal function) ↓ cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, ↑ HDL Arrhythmia: 77% improvement (0.25 g tid for 3 weeks) Chronic renal failure: 54% at 3-5 g/day ; ↑ renal function, ↑ immune function Tinnitus due to fluid in the ear: 34% cured, 39% saw improvement Toxicity LD50 = 27 g/kg IP (intraperitoneal) in mice

Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar fungus)

C. ophioglossides: Ophiocordin (antibiotic) Polysaccharides (CO-N, SNC, CO-1) - anti-tumor activity C. sinensis: Unsaturated fatty acids (82%) Oleic acid (31%) Linoleic fatty acids (68%) Amino acids Adenosine, adenine, uracil, uridine

C. ophioglossoides: Stimulate blood circulation Regulates menstruation C. sinensis: Anti-asthma (relaxes smooth muscles) Anti-cancer Potentiates epinephrine Excessive tiredness Persistent cough (↓ excess phlegm) Impotence, debility, seminal emissions with weak knees Anemia (builds bone marrow) Hemostatic in phthisis

Fomes fomentarius (Polyporus fomentarius)

Sterols/Fats (Linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, ergosterol, fungisterol, isoergosterone, Anti-hemorrhagic ergosta) Anti-cancer Lignins Polysaccharides (not well characterized)

Internally: Bladder problems (UTI) Digestive stasis (to increase absorption) Esophageal (high rate of recurrence in 1st year), gastric, and uterine cancer Slowed sarcoma 180 growth in mice by 80% Topically: Rheumatism: Grind up and place on skin over affected area(s) Hemostatic (ground up with spider webs to stop bleeding)

Agaricic acid, agaricinic acid, ricinolic, e-buricolic acid, accinic acid, malic acid Fomitopsis officinalis Ergosterol (sterol) Anti-fever (malaria, TB) (Quinine cork, Agaric) Wax Gum CHO

Triterpenes (ganodermic acids, ganoderic acids) Polysaccharides (ganoderan Ganoderma lucidum A, B, C, β-D-glucans, D-6 (Reishi) glucans) Fatty Acids (oleic acid) Adenosine

Grifolia frondosa (Maitake)

Polysaccharides (β-1,3 glucan, β-1,6 glucan, β,Dglucan, α glucan) Grifolan, grifolin-LE, LELFD, grifolan NMF-5N N-acetylgalactasaminespecific lectin

Greeks/Romans: Used as a poison antidote (Pliny) with vinegar and ginger Bitter tonic for bronchial asthma TB night sweats Anhidrotic (decreases sweat) Malarial fever (1/2 oz - 4 drachm φ, 2 doses 3 hr apart)

Hepatitis Hypertension Insomnia Gastric ulcer

Cancer prevention Support during chemotherapy Diabetes Hypertension Food: Soups

Inhibits sarcoma 180 by 80% in mice Laxative effect (agaricinic acid) Purgative (agaric acid) Toxicity: Bowel irritation (laxative, purgative) Large amounts: Skeletal muscle weakness, CNS depression (animals)

Adenosine: Inhibit platelet aggregation Triterpenes: Anti-allergenic, especially Ganoderan C Ganoderan B, D: Antihypertensive Oleic acid: Inhibits histamine release-decreases allergy and inflammation β-D glucan: Anti-sarcoma 180 Whole reshi extract: Decreased blood pressure, greater than captopril (25 mg tid), nimodipine (20 mg tid), reshi 55 mg tid for 4 weeks ↓ platelet aggregation to 17% (healthy), 31% (atherosclerotic) at 1 g tid 1 g tid for 4 months, ↓ LDL in 68%, ↓ arrhythmia in 60%, ↓ insomnia in 78%, ↓ angina ↓ NK (mice), ↑ IL-1, ↑ IL-2 Does not effect B monoamine oxidase Protect against ionizing radiation if given before or after Increased WBC, hematoglobin in mice periphery, Chronic bronchitis: 60% ↓ high altitude sickness: ↑ O2 in blood at 4-5000 m, begin 10-14 days before climb Myotonia dystrophica: ↓ muscular atrophy of face, head, neck, larynx & endocrine glands ↑ mice (B6C3F1) survival to radiation, significant ↑ in survival at 5% of diet Toxicity Oral use for 3-6 months: Dry mucosa, itchy skin, upset stomach, bloody diarrhea Diarrhea in cancer patients at 9 g/d; > with vitamin C at 6-12 g/day Allergy to spores

Rats: Decreased blood pressure without changing cholesterol, effect is rapid, short lived, and dosedependent NIDDM: Decreased glucose Increased water in stool ~ 120% Mice: Increased NK, cytoxic T-cells, 86% tumor growth inhibition in tumor bearing mice Fraction D: ↑ IL-1, ↑ delayed type hypersensitivity reaction Anti-tumor in mice with implanted tumors, slowed metastasis of existing cancer Inhibit sarcoma 180 by 90% with treatment on day of innoculation Inhibit tumor growth rate 43%: Breast, prostate, liver Humans: Anti-cancer effect in lung, stomach, hepatocellular, leukemia, breast, prostate, liver (China) over 3 months Beneficial in karposi sarcoma and AIDS Decreased blood pressure (systolic 7% & diastolic 9%) 1500 mg bid Chronic hepatitis B: 72% recovered vs. 57% placebo 44% vs. 13% (placebo) converted from hepatitis B positive to hepatitis B neg Toxicity None known

Increased stamina, circulation Diabetes, arthritis, colds, preserve health

Medicinal Mushrooms

Lentinus edodes (Shitake)

Tramella fuciformis (Snow fungus)

Ergosterol ( vitamin D in sunlight) LEM (lentinula mycelium extract) Polysaccharides (lentinan, 11 other identified polysaccharides) Minerals Lignin Eritadenine, peptidomannan, bisdisulfide Adenine, choline

Polysaccharides (A, B, C) Sterol (ergosterol, erosta 5, 7 dien 3); Fatty Acids (undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecenoic Immune support acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic, stearic, oleic & linoleic acid) Phosphatidylcholine, glycerol

Pharmacology started: LEM: Slowed rate liver cancer progression, ↑ antibodies to hepatitis B Mice: Lentinan: Inc T-helper cells after 1 month, to normal T-helper after 8 Other: Polysaccharides: ↑ phagocytoxic activity week without lentinan (mice) 10% of diet ↓ sarcoma 180, MM-46 by 40%, not B-16 melanoma, Lewis lung Lentinan effects serotonin, 5-HT, histamine, catecholamines; synergistic with JLS (polysaccharides) blocks release of herpes simplex I in animals IL-2 in cancer EP3, EPS4 (polysaccharides): Antiviral Herpes I, II; equine encephalitis, Used with cyclophosphamide (chemotherapeutic drug) to increase survival polio, measles, mumps, HIV time, e.g. stomach cancer, ↑ cytotoxic T cells in spleen (Japan) Eritadenine: 0.005% of rat diet ↓ cholesterol 25% in 1 week ↑ complement C3 C3a + C3b macrophage activation; ↑ tumor specific Eyrosinose: ↓ blood pressure, Inc lipids in liver and thus dec lipid in circulation antigen; ↑ complement C3, ceruloplasmin, NK, T-helper, IL-1a, IL-1b, TNF-α; Humans: Lentinan: Increased survival time in stomach cancer ↑ Ig, peripheral interferon, IL-6, produce cytokines to ↑ PMN bacteriocidal Lentinan with chemo > chemo alone or lentinan alone in patients with stomach cancer; best protocol effect - lentinan then chemotherapy Lentinan: Action ↓ by thyroxin, hydrocortisone Lentinan: Injected in malignant peritoneal effusion, 80% of lesions responded Lentinan is used in Japan for run down, cancer prone, elderly, low NK cell LEM: Hepatitis B: LEM helped 25% seroconvert, drug R TB (~CFS) Animal: Antibacterial: Antifungal: Lentinen IM produces improvement in patients with drug resistant M. Toxicity: Shitake dermatitis, Antibodies to spores, among those who work in grow operations, Chronic tuberculosis; wards off toxic shock from bacterial endotoxins use may ↓ coagulation Improved SGPT, SGOT (AST, ALT) in mice with toxic hepatitis LEM at 50 mg/day IV for 1 week: Diarrhea which disappeared within days as adapted to dose LEM > lentinan for viruses, Lentinan in mice: Mice vesicular stomatitis virus, LEM: Nausea, vomiting, heavy chest, face flushing, heavy head, ↑ blood pressure adenovirus type 12, gave complete protection from LD75 dose of virulent LD50 > 100 mg/kg mice, rat, dog, monkey influenza No problems of infertility in men; normal litters in animals virus, prolonged survival at LD 100 viral dose given IV, IL-6 before it induced CI: Lentinan: Action ↓ by thyroxin, hydrocortisone by virus Inhibit HIV cell infection, potentiates AZT

Decreased cholesterol Preventive for arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, clotting tendency Chronic infections: Respiratory, to increase immune function Augment immunity during chemotherapy, radiation

Polysaccharides, glycoproteins increase interferon induction, ↑ IL-2 Increased phagocytosis, ↑ macrophage # During radiation increased NK activity, cell mediated cytotoxicity Polysaccharides BI-BV anti-tumor against HeLa cervical cancer cells Polysaccharides A, B, C: Anti-tumor in mice, ↑ survival time ↑ SOD of liver, brain, inhibiting monoamine oxidase B ↓ LDL in rats fed butter, sugar, egg yolk that were 30% > than other rats Polysaccharides A, B: Treatment for leukopenia in cancer patients caused by chemotherapy or radiation ↑ macrophage phagocytosis: ↑ resistance to bronchitis in humans 45 patients with chronic hepatitis, 1 g/day for 3 months, 32 of 45 had ↓ in hepatitis symptoms 10 patients who were HBsAg + converted to HBsAgo 13 patients had ↓ in HBsAg + levels 14 patients became free of HBs symptoms