Bot Med Test Test 1

Group

Latin Name

Common Name

Family

Part Used

Infection

Artemisia Annua

Wormwood

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Leaves

Infection

Baptisia tinctoria

Wild Indigo

Fabaceae (Lefuminosae)

Root, (leaves)

Infection

Cinchona Spp.

Cinchona

Rubiaceae

Infection

Hypericum Perforatum

Infection

Infection

Larrea tridentata

Ligusticum porteri

St. John's Wort

Chaparral

Osha

Infection

Lomatum dissectum Indian Balsam/ Lomatium

Infection

Melaleuca alternifoia

Tea Tree

Constituents Volatile oil; sesquiterpene lactone;artemisinin toxic essential oils isoflavones:genistein (estrogenic), flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, polysaccharides

Actions

Posonogy

Bitter, Antimalarial, Antimicrobial(antiviral, antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiprotosoal)

30-40 drops tincuture tid

Immunostimulant, Antimicrobial, Febrifuge

1/2-1 tsp/cup decoction

Alkaloids; quinolines, BITTER TONIC, indoles;triterpene ANTIMALARIAL glycosides (bitter), tannins, FEBRIFUGE, quinic acid. ANTIBACTERIAL

10-60 drops tincture, 1-3g bark powder.

Bitter glycosides: amarogentin, gentiamarin; Anxiolytic, Nervine, xanthones; phenolic acids; Vulnerary, Antialkaloids; other: sugars, inflammatory. trace volatile oils

300 mg standardized extract tid, 1-2 tsp/cup infusion, tid. 2-4 ml tincture tid for 2 wks.

Resin; Lignans:nordihydroguaiare Anticancer, Antiseptic, tic acid;flavonoids;amino Alterative acids; sterols, sucrose, Volatile oils

10-30 drops tincture tid, 24 tbsp fresh herb; 4-5 g dry herb

Root

Essential oil, resin, glycoside, silica, bitters, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, ferulic acid.

3-8 g cold infusion or short decoction /0.5 -3 ml tincture

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Root

Volatile oils, valeric acid, Methylamine, Oils and resins of terpenes and Antiviral, Antibacterial, sesquiterpenes, ascorbic Antifungal acid, coumarins, saponins, protein, carbohydrates, Fatty acids

20-40 drops tincture, bidtid/2-6 cups decoction for chronic viral or infectious diseases, Resin free isolate: 5 gtt tid.

Myrtaceae

Leaves

Volatile oil

1/2 tsp per cup water infusion, bid

Hypericaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Bark, root of 6-8yr. Old trees.

Flowering Tops

aerial parts

ANTIMICROBIAL

Antimicrobial, Antiparastic

Infection

Infection

Immune

Olea Europaea

Tabebuia Avellanedae

Astragalus membranaceus

Olive Tree

Pau D'arco

Huang Qi, astragalus

Oleaceae

Bignoniaceae

Fabaceae

Immune

Borago officinalis

Borage

Boraginaceae

Immune

Codonopsis pilosula

Dang Shen

Campanulaceae

Immune

Echinaceae spp.

Purple Cone Flower

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Immune

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Siberian Ginseng

Araliaceae

Immune

Ganoderma lucidum

Reishi

Ganodermataceae

Leaves, Fruit, Olive oil, Flowers

Leaves: oleanolic acid, oleoropeine, oleoropine, oleasterol, leine, triterpenoid alcohols, Cardioprotective, calcium elenolate. Oil: Antimicrobial oleic acid,glycerides of linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids, polyphenols.

2 tsp/cup infusion, 2 tsp OR 7-8 g, tid or qid.

Bark (inner), heart wood, leaves

Napthoquinones of the 1,4 type; anthraquinones, bioflavonoids, menaquinone, iridoids, Antimicrobial, Antifungal coumarins, alkaloids, tecomine, steroidal saponins.

Napthoquinones best extracted in ethanol: tincture and decoction best.

Roots from 4-7 yr old plants

Triterpenoid saponin glycosides: astragalosides Deep Immune Activations, I-VII; flavonooid glycosides IMMUNE ENHANCER, and aglycones; high Immunomodulator, molecular weight ADAPTOGEN polysaccharides

2-4 tsp/cup decoction tid, 4-8 ml tincture tid, 9-30 g/d, boiled 1/2-1 hour as part of Change of season soup 1 cup, qd-tid before meals

Leaves, flowers, seed oil

Pyrrolizidine alkoloids; EFA's; mucilage, essential ADRENAL oils, saponins, cyanogenic RESTORATIVE compounds, tannins, acids, trace minerals, vit C

2 tsp/cup infusion tid, 1-4 ml tincture tid, 500 mg oil/d

Root

Saponins (similar to GENERAL QI TONIC, Ginseng), alkaloids, inulin, slightly yin simple sugars, starch

20-40 gtt tincture tid, 9-30 g/d, As part of Change of season soup

Root and rhizome, whole plant

Caffeis acid esters: echinacoside; polysaccharides; aklyamides; volatile oil; achinolone; betaine; traces of phrrolizidine alkaloid

1-2 tsp/cup decoction tid, 1-5 ml tincture tid. No longer than 8 weeks (speculative only)

Root, root bark

Eleutherosides; triterpenoid saponins; glycans; Protects the Immune phenylpropanoids; System, ADAPTOGEN, glycosides: sterols, ligans, STIMULANT TONIC phenolics; coumarins; polysaccharides and sugars

2-15 g/d (commonly soaked in wine), 2-5 ml tincture tid. 6 weeks on, 2 weeks off or 1 month on, 2 months off recommended

Fruiting body (cap and mycelium)

Polysaccharides and Bglucans; lanostanes; ergosterol; triterpenes; adenosine; oleic acid

1.5-15 g/d, 10 ml tincture tid

ANTIMICROBIAL (viral, bacterial, protozoal), IMMUNOSTIMULANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

DEEP IMMUNE ACTIVATION, ADAPTOGEN

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, DEMULCENT, EXPECTORANT, ANTIVIRAL, ADRENOCORTICOTROP HIC

Immune

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice

Fabaceae

Root, rhizome

Triterpene glycoside: glycyrrhizine, phytosterols; flavonoids; volatile oil; polysaccharides

Immune

Ligustrum lucidum

Nu Zhen Zi

Oleaceae

Ripe fruit

Oleanolic acid, nuzhenide, IMMUNE ENHANCER, ligustroside, other: acids, ADAPTOGEN flavonoids

Immune

Panax ginseng

Korean / Asian / Oriental Ginseng

Araliaceae

No longer than 6-8 weeks if taking high daily dose, DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice) is used for trating ulcers and other GI complains

4.5-15 g/d. Steaming with vinegar or brine eliminates the side effect of diarrhea

Steroidal and Saponin glycosides: ginsenosides; STIMULANT, Root from 4-5 yr old plants volatile oil; sterols; BADAPTOGEN (Yang elemene, panaxynol; tonic) polysaccharide

2 oz (=56 g) / 4 cups water simmered and reduced to 1-2 cups, 1-9 g/d, 1-2 ml tincture tid. Hemorrhagic shock: up to 30 g/d. Longterm use: do not take for > 6 wks to 3 months. 1 month on 2 months off. Sedative in large doses. Using a "Ginseng cooker" is best method

3-9 g/d decoction, 1-3 g/d powder. Steamed or cooked, the root acts primarily as a blood tonic. Very bitter, difficult to take raw or cooked

Immune

Panax notoginseng

Pseudo Ginseng

Araliaceae

Root from 3 or 7 year old plants

Steroidal saponins, a ADAPTOGEN flavenoid; polysaccharides

Immune

Panax quinquefolius

American Ginseng

Araliaceae

Root from 3-6 year old plants

Steroidal saponins: panaquilon

ADAPTOGEN, Mild TONIC & STIMULANT

Immune

Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra, Five flavoured Seed

Schisandraceae / Magnoliaceae

Berries

Lignans, phytosterols, volatile oil, vit C & E

ADAPTOGEN

Immune

Withania Somnifera

Ashwagandha

Solanaceae

Root, leaves, berries

Steroidal lactones: withanolides; alkaloids; iron

ANTITUMOR, ADAPTOGEN

Hepatics

Beriberis aquifolium

Oregon grape

Berberidaceae

Root / Rhizome

Isoquinoline alkaloids: berberine, hydrastine, oxycanthine

ALTERATIVE, CHOLAGOGUE

Hepatics

Beriberis vulgaris

European Barberry

Berberidaceae

Root and stem bark, fruit

Isoquinoline alkaloids: berberine, oxycanthine; chelidonic acid; resin; tannins; fruit rich in Vit C

CHOLAGOGUE HEPATIC, Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal

2.4-9 g/d (often cooked separately from other herbs) 6-9 g/d decocted or in wine for use as tonic, 5 g in 100 ml water in 3 divided doses for coughs, 40 gtt tincture tid 1/2tsp/d powdered leaves in water for anemia, 3-6 g/d decoction, 6-12 ml liquid extract 1-2 tsp/cup decoction, tid; 1-4 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid; 1-2g dried root/rhizome

1tsp/cup decoction (1015min), tid; 1-2ml tincture (1:5, 60%), tid

Hepatics

Chelidonium majus

Greater Celandine

Papaveraceae

Hepatics

Chionanthus virginicus

Old man's beard

Oleaceae

Hepatics

Cichorium intybus

Chicory

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Hepatics

Hepatics

Hepatics

Curcuma longa

Cynara scolymus

Hydrastis canadensis

Turmeric

Globe artichoke

Golden seal

Zingiberaceae

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Berberidaceae / Ranunculaceae

Aerial parts, roots

Isoquinoline alkaloids: ALTERATIVE, chelidonine, berberine; CHOLAGOGUE flavenoids; phenolic acids

2-4 ml tincture (1:5), qid, 2-4 g or by infusion, tid; 24 ml tincture (1:10, 45%), tid (see notes for more)

Bark

Lignan glycoside: phyllyrin; saponin: chionanthin

1-2 tsp/cup infusion (10-15 min), tid; 1-2 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid

Root, leaves, flowers

Insulin; sugar; mineral MILD BITTER TONIC, salts; lipids; vitamins; bitter WEAK LAXATIVE (for principle: sesquiterpene children), COFFEE lactones esp. lactucin SUBSTITUTE

8-18 g/d decoction; 10-15 ml fresh juice, tid; 2-5 ml tincture

Curcumin; essential oils; starch; albumen

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, CHOLAGOGUE

1.5-3g/d dried root; 250500 mg curcumin tid; 0.51g powdered root, several times/d b/w meals 3-9 g/d; 4g (1 heaped tsp) powdered qd/bid

CHOLERETIC, HEPATOPROTECTIVE

250 mg cynarin, bid; 15-20 gtt tincture, tid; 3-8 ml liquid extract (1:2) qd; 1-9 q/d dried leaves

Tuber, rhizome

Bitter caffeic acid derivatives: cynarin; sesquiterpene lactones; Leaves, flower heads, root flavenoids; phytosterols: taraxasterol ; inulin; volatile oil

ALTERATIVE HEPATIC (GB disease)

Root, rhizome

Isoquinoline alkaloids: hydrastine, berberine, canadine; fatty acids; resin; phenylpropanoids: chloragenic acid; phytosterins; volatile oil

1-2 tsp decoction , tid; 1-2 ml tincture (1:5, 60%), tid or 2.5-10ml (1:5, 70%), tid; 0.5-4g/d

1 tsp/cup infusion, tid; 1-2 ml tincture (1:5, 60%), tid

1/2 -1tsp/cup powdered TONIC - KING OF root infusion, tid; 1-4 ml MUCOUS MEMBRANES tincture (1:5, 60%), tid

Hepatics

Leptandra virginica

Culver's Root

Scrophulariaceae

Rhizome, root

RELIEF OF LIVER Bitter principle: CONGESTION and leptatandrine; volatile oil: GALLBLADDER saponins: sugars; tannins; INFLAMMATION, GI phytosterols; resin TONIC

Hepatics

Peumus boldus

Boldo

Monimiaceae

Leaves, Bark

Volatile oil: ascaridole; alkaloids: boldine; flavenoid glycosides: boldin

CHOLAGOGUE

Hepatics

Hepatics

Silybum marianum

Taraxacum officinale

Milk thistle

Dandelion

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Flavolignans: silymarin; bitter principle; fixed oil; sterols; mucilage

Leaf, root

Leaf: sesquiterpene lactones; bitters: terpenes & sterols; coumarins; carotenoids; vit A,B,C,D; CHOLERETIC (leaf & minerals Root: root), CHOLAGOGUE Sesquiterpene lactones: (root), DIURETIC (leaf) taraxacoside; triterpenes, bitters & sterols (see book for more)

Leaf: 1-2 tsp/cup infusion, tid; 5-10ml fresh leaf juice, bid; 5-10ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid Root: 2-3 tsp/cup decoction, tid; 2.5-5ml tincture (1:5, 60%), tid; 0.5-2g/d dried root

Volatile oil containing: sesquiterpene lactones (bitter principle), BITTER, VERMIFUGE monoterpenes: thujone, (expel worms/other animal azulenes: flavenoids; parasites from intestines) phenolic acids; lignans; resins

1-2 tsp/cup infusion (10-15 min), tid 1-4 ml (1:1, 25%), tid - worms: pill form of powdered herb may be preferred d.t. extreme bitterness

Bitters

Artemisia absinthum

Wormwood

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Aerial parts

Bitters

Artemisia vulgaris

Mugwort

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Aerial parts, roots

Bitters

Centaurium erythraea

Centaury

Gentianaceae

Volatile oil: B-thujone; sesqiterpene lactones; triterpenes; flavenoids; coumarin derivatives Glycoside bitter:erytaurin; Aerial parts (stems most secoiridoids; alkaloids; bitter, flowers xanthone derivatives; intermediate, leaves least phenolic acids, bitter) triterpenes; oleanolic acid; resins

HEPATOPROTECTIVE

BITTER TONIC, NERVINE TONIC, CARMINITIVE

1-2 tsp/cup infusion (10-15 min to retain vol. oils), tid 1-4 ml tincture (1:5, 25%), tid

BITTER TONIC

1 tsp/cup infusion before meals; 1-2 ml tincture (1:5, 25%), tid 0.6-2g by infusion or decoction, or 1/2 tsp/cup; 1-4 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid - Timing: 15-30 min before meals; 1 hr before meals; After over-eating: 40 drops to restart digestion

TONIC, BITTER, NERVOUS STIMULANT

1-15 drops tinture; 3-130 mg powder; 10-20 drops tincture in 1/2 glass water; also homeopathically

Anthraquinone glycosides: aloin, aloe-emodin; resins; VULNERARY, tannins; polysacch; EMOLLIENT, LAXATIVE aloectin B

External: split leaf & apply gel; Internal as bitter:1-3 ml tinture before meals; Internal as laxative: 2-8 ml tincture (1:40, 45%), 50200mg powder, at bedtime; Low doses of bitter: digestive stimulant; High doses of bitter: laxative, purgative; combine w/ carminitive to reduce griping

Bitters

Gentiana lutea

Yellow Gentian

Gentianaceae

Rhizome & root

Bitter glycosides: amarogentin, gentiamarin; BITTER DIGESTIVE xanthones; phenolic acids; STIMULANT alkaloids; other: sugars, trace volatile oils

Bitters

Strychnos nux vomica

Nux vomica

Loganiaceae

Seeds

Indole alkaloids: strychnine, brucine; glycoside; caffeotannic acid

GI Regulators

Aloe spp.

Aloes

Liliaceae

3-4 g seed/cup infusion, tid (mild digestive disorders); 2-5 ml tincture (60%), tid (see book for more)

Seed (silymarin), aerial parts

Leaves

GI Regulators

Cassia senna

GI Regulators Menyanthes trifoliata

GI Regulators

GI Regulators

Podophyllum peltatum

Rhamnus frangula

GI Regulators Rhamnus purshiana

GI Regulators

Rheum spp.

Senna

Fabaceae (Lefuminosae)

Pods, leaves

Anthraquinone glycosides; naphthalene glycosides; CATHARTIC, LAXATIVE mucilage; flavenoids; volatile oil; resin

3-6 (Alexandrian) or 4-12 (Tinnevelly) pods/cup infusion (steep in warm water 6-12 h), morning & evening 0.5-2 ml fluid extract, bid; Leaves stronger than pods (used less often); As cathartic: take w/ carminitive Bitter / Anti-rheumatic: 1-4 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid; 1-2 tsp/cup infusion, tid; 0.5-3g dried leaf, or in infusion; Laxative at high doses

Bogbean

Menyanthaceae

Leaves

Irridoid glycosides; flavonol glycosides; coumarins; phenolic acids; sterols; triterpenoids; tannins; pyrrolizidine alkaloids; vitamin C

Duck's foot

Berberidaceae

Rhizome

PURGATIVE, Lignans: podophyllotoxin; CYTOTOXIC, ANTIflavonoids; resins; gums TUMOUR

0.12-0.6g; 0.3- 0.7 ml liquid extract (1:1, 90%)

2g/cup infusion; 25-150 mg lucofranfulins; 0.5-2.5g dried bark or by decoction; 0.5-2.5 ml liquid extract (1:1, 25%); 2-4 ml liquid extract- DOSING: daily dose before bedtime, or bid (morning & evening); use small doses freq; less powerful than Senna & Aloes

BITTER TONIC, DIGESTIVE STIMULANT, ANTI-RHEUMATIC, ANTI-ARTHRITIC

Alder Dogwood

Rhamnaceae

Bark from 3-4 yoa trees, stored for atleast 1 year

Anthraquinones; anthrones; anthranols; alkaloid; tannins; flavonoids

Sacred Bark, Cascara

Rhamnaceae

Stem bark (at least 6 months old)

Anthraquinone glycosides: PURGATIVE, LAXATIVE, cascarosides; glycosides BITTER STOMACHIC based on emodin & aloe (TONIC) emodin; dianthrones

Rhizome of 6-10 yoa plants

Constipation: 1-2 ml tincture, bid; 1/2-1 tsp/cup by decoction; 1tsp/1/2 cup daily; 1tbsp cold extract, bid-tid; Diarrhea: Anthraquinones: rhein, 1/4tsp/1/2 cup by aloe emodin, emodin; decoction, daily; Appetite LAXATIVE, ASTRINGENT tannins; volatile oils; stimulant: 1 tsp cold flavonoids; phenolic acids; extract shortly before calcium oxalate meals Diarrhea (tannins): small doses; Constipation (antraquinones): large doses taken w/ carminitives

Rhubarb

Polygonaceae

LAXATIVE, CATHARTIC

0.25-2.5g, at bedtime; 2080 mg hydroxyanthracene equivalent; Appetite stimulant: small doses

GI Regulators

Ricinus communis

Castor Bean Plant

Euphorbiaceae

Seed oil, seeds

GI Regulators

Rumex crispus

Yellow Dock

Polygonaceae

Root

Carminitives

Acorus calamus

Sweet flag

Araceae / Acoraceae

Carminitives

Artemisia drancunculus

Tarragon

Anthraquinones; tannins; MILD LAXATIVE, 1-2 tsp/cup by decoction; oxalates; iron; volatile oil; PURIFIER, ALTERATIVE, 1-4ml tincture (1:5, 40%), beta carotene CHOLAGOGUE tid; 2-4ml liquid extract 2 tsp/cup decoction, tid 1/2 hr before meals; 2-4 Volatile oil: asarone; CARMINITIVE (vol. oil), ml tincture (1:5, 60%), tid; sesquiterpenes; bitter BITTER & TONIC 1-3g powder or by principle: acorin; saponins; STIMULANT (bitters) infusion, tid; Small amts mucilage; tannins ↓ST acidity; large amts ↑ ST acidity Tannins; coumarins; flavonoids; volatile Chew fresh plant or make DIGESTIVE TONIC oil:methyl chervicol; an infusion vitamin A; potassium

Volatile oil: carvone; flavonoids: quercetin derivatives; polysaccharide; protein; fixed oil; calcium oxalate

CARMINITIVE, ANTISPASMODIC

1 tsp/cup crushed seeds infusion, tid; 1-4 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid

Carminitives

Cinnamomum zeylandicum

Cinnamon

Lauraceae

Carminitives

Coriandrum sativum

Coriander (seed), Cilantro (herb)

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

seeds, essential oil

Volatile oil; flavonoids, coumarins; phthalides; phenolic acids

CARMINITIVE

5-20 gr (=0.3-1.2g) powdered seed; 1-3 minims (=0.05-0.2ml) essential oil

Carminitives

Cuminum cyminum

Cumin, Cummin

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Seeds

Volatile oil; flavonoids; octodecenoic acid; protein; amino acids

ANTISPASMODIC, CARMINITIVE, STIMULANT

15-60 gr (=1-4g); 300-600 mg herb, 5-10 fruits, 5-10 drops tincture

Carminitives

Filipendula ulmaria

Cardomon

Meadowsweet

Zingiberaceae

Rosaceae

seeds, essential oil

5-20 ml oil orally; Purgative: higher doses

Carum carvi

Elettaria cardomomum

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Aerial, root

LAXATIVE, PURGATIVE

Carminitives

Carminitives

Caraway

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Rhizome

Fixed oil; glycerides of ricinoleic acid; protein:ricin; alkaloid: ricinine; lectins

Volatile oil: cinnamaldehyde, eugenol; Inner peeled bark, oil from ANTIEMETIC, tannins; cinnzelanol; bark and leaves ANTI-DIARRHOEAL coumarin; resins, mucilage, gum

5-20 gr (=0.3-1.2g) powdered bark; 1-3 minims (=0.05-0.2ml) essential oil; 2-4 ml tincture, tid

Seeds & fruits

Volatile oil; starch; gum; yellow colouring matter

CARMINITIVE, STOMACHIC, STIMULANT

0.5-2 g powdered fruit; 2-4 ml tincture, tid; 10 drops essential oil in carrier oil, rubbed into abdomen for digestive pain; 5gtt tincture (1:5, 40%) with 15 gtt Gentiana lutea tincture for appetite stimulation

Aerial parts

Volatile oil: salicylaldehyde; phenolic glycosides; tannins; flavonoids; vitamin C; coumarin

ANTI- RHEUMATIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, CARMINITIVE

1-2 tsp/cup infusion, tid; 24 ml tincture (1:5, 45%), tid

Carminitives

Carminitives

Foeniculum vulgare

Matricaria recutita

Fennel

German Chamomile

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Asteraceae (Compositae)

Seeds (medicinal), herb, fresh bulb (culinary)

Flowers

Volatile oil: azulene, alphabisbolol (antiinflamm.); sesquiterpene ANTISPASMODIC lactones; flavonoids; coumarins; phenolic acids; dicyclic ethers; mucilage

Volatile oils: menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate; tannins; bitter principle; flavonoids; phenolic acids

CARMINITIVE

1-2tsp/ cup infusion, as desired; 1-2 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid; 0.2-0.6 ml/d essential oil in enteric coated capsules; 2-3 gtt essential oil in 10 ml water (topical use)

CARMINITIVE

2tsp/cup infusion; 2-6 ml tincture (1:5, 25%), tid

STIMULANT, AROMATIC

300-600 mg dried fruit

Mentha piperita

Peppermint

Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Aerial parts, distilled oil

Carminitives

Nepeta cataria

Catnip

Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Aerial

Carminitives

Piper nigrum

Black pepper

Piperaceae

Fruit

Carminitives

Rosmarinus officinalis

Trigonella foenumgraceum

Rosemary

Fenugreek

Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Fabaceae (Lefuminosae)

CARMINITIVE, 1-2 tsp/cup infusion, tid, or STOMACHIC, AROMATIC before meals for flatulence

2 tsp/cup infusion, tid-qid; 1-4ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid; 7-14 ml tincture (1:5, 50%), tid; 2-3gtt essential oil in hot water basin steam inhalation; Eye wash: 5-10 gtt in warm water; to encourage a baby to sleep: 1-2 cups strained infusion in bath water

Carminitives

Carminitives

Volatile oil: anethole; flavonoids; coumarins; sterols; fixed oil; sugars

Volatile oil: nepetalactones; tannins; iridoids Volatile oil; alkaloids: piperine; protein

Volatile oils: limonene, camphor, cineole, borneol; phenolic acids: rosmarinic STIMULANT, acid; diterpenes; AROMATIC triterpenes; monoterpenes:perillyl alcohol

Essential oil: several drops in oil burner to improve concentration & memory; Infusion: 50 ml every 3 hrs to relieve headaches; 1 cup tid; Tincture: 2ml bid w/water for stress

Seeds, fresh leaves

Mucilage; alkaloids: trigonelline; volatile oil; saponins: diosgenin; flavonoids; fixed oil; protein; lecithin; vitamins & minerals; choline

1.5 tsp/cup decoction to stimulate lactation, up to tid; 1-2ml tincture, tid; 1550 g defatted seed powder, bid; 1-2 tsp seed powder in 8oz water, cold infusion (1hr), bid-tid; 3-6 ml tincture, tid; 1.5 tsp/d seed

volatile oil: zingiberne; oleoresins (pungent principle):gingerols, shogaol; starch; proteins; fats

Leaves

EXPECTORANT, DEMULCENT, TONIC, BITTER, CARMINITIVE, GALACTOGOGUE, ANTI-DIABETIC

1 tsp/cup infusion, as needed; 1.5-5 ml tincture (1:5, 40%), tid; 1-2g powdered as single dose antiemetic; 1.5-3ml tincture (1:5, 90%), tid 1 tsp/cup by decoction, Tannins; alkaloids; resin, a Astringent, Antispasmodic, daily or more. 1-30 drops coagulant Spleen tonic liquid extract.

Carminitives

Zingiber officinale

Ginger

Zingiberaceae

Root/ rhizome

Astringent

Ceonothus americanus

New Jersey Tea

Rhamnaceae

Root, root bark, leaves

Astringent

Filipendula ulmara

SEE GI HERBS: Carminatives

Astringent

Geranium maculatum

Wild Geranium

Geraniaceae

Root, rhizome, arial parts Tannins (up to 30%)

WARMING STIMULANT (TONIC), ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-EMETIC, CARMINITIVE

Astringent, Styptic, Antiinflammatory

1-2 tsp/cup by decoction tid, 2-4 ml tincture tid

Astringent

Demulcent

Quercus species

Althaea officinalis

Oak tree

Marshmallow

Fagaceae

Malvaceae

Bark, galls

Tannins (50% in galls, 15Astringent 20% in bark)

1 tsp/cup by decoction tid, 1-2 ml tincture tid For acute diarrhea: small, frequent doses

Root, leaves, flowers

Root: mucilage, pectin, asparagine, tannins (12%). Leaf: mucilage, flavonoids, scopolietin (a coumarin), polyphenolic acids

1 tsp/cup by infusion (overnight cold infusion followed by heating almost to a boil tid), 1-4 ml tincture tid. In order to prevent irritation, put tincture in hot water to drive off some alcohol

Flowering tops of female plants, seeds

Cannabinoids (15-20%): delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol Analgesic, Sedative, Anti(THC); flavonoids, volatile Emetic, Psychoactive oil, alkaloids. Seed: gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)

10-20 drops tincture, 100 mg powder, 1-5 drops fluid extract. Most commonly taken by smoking the leaf or resin; also baked in brownies, cookies, cakes; taken as tea 1 tsp/cup decoction (boil from cold for 3 min, let stand 10), 1-2 ml tinture tid

Demulcent, Emollient, Vulnerary, Antiinflammatory

Demulcent

Cannabis sativa

Marijuana

Moraceae /cannabinaceae

Demulcent

Cetraria islandica

Iceland Moss

Parmeliaceae

Whole plant

Lichen acids: usnic acid, polysaccharides

Demulcent

Chondrus crispus

Irish Moss

Gigartinaceae

Whole plant

Polysaccharides; proteins; amino acids; iodine; Expectorant, Demulcent bromine; the extract is called carrageenan

Dry: 1 oz in 3 pints water or milk. Fresh: 1 cup with 3 cups milk or water

Fixed oils including EFAs: ALA, linoleic acid; Demulcent, Emollient, mucilage; protein; Laxative cyanogenic glycoside; phytoestrogenic lignan

3-6 seeds or by infusion. Hormonal imbalance: 1-2 tbsp ground seeds and 12 tbsp oil per day. Constipation: 1-2 tbsp ground seeds bid or tid, to be taken with large volume of fluids, 3-30 ml oil (purgative)

Demulcent

Demulcent

Linum usitatissimum

Ulmus Species

Linseed, Flax

Slippery Elm

Linaceae

Ulmaceae

Seeds, seed oil

Inner Bark

Mucilage; starch, tannins

Demulcent

1-2 tsp of powdered root stirred into 1/2-1 cup warm water tid, Capsules 200 g Demulcent, Emollient, tid for bronchitis, tablets Nutritive, Astringent, Antifor diarrhea. Poultice: mix inflammatory coarse powdered root with enough boiling water to make paste

Emetics

Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Ipecac

Rubiaceae

Dried root of 3 yo plant

Isoquinoline alkaloids: emetine, cephaeline, Expectorant, Emetic, psychotrine; tannins; Amoebicidal glycosides; other: starch, choline, resins, volatile oil

Emetics

Gillenia trifoliata

Indian Psychic

Rosaceae

Root, root bark

Gallotannic acid; glucosides; lipids; gum, resin; lignin; albumen, diterpenoid alkaloids

Expectorant, Cathartic, Emetic

a pea-sized amount/cup boiling water infusion (5 min) tid. Lower doses: expectorant. Higher doses: emetic, purgative; take with large volumes of water

Stomachic/Tonic: 2 gr (0.12 g), Diaphoresis: 5-6 gr, Emetic/Cathartic: 2030 gr (15 gr=1g)

Contraindications Pregnancy

Cautions may cause allergic or contact dermatitis.

skilled therapeutic knowldedge, gastrointestinal irritant. allergic Pregnancy, lactation prolonged hypersensitivity, gi use, acute inflammation, nervous irritation, avoid or vascular irritation, active during lacation. hemorrhage, gi ulcers or Toxicity: ameobeic dystenery, alkaloid cinchonism: acute toxicity headache gi upset etc. HYPEREMIA, PREGNANCY, PROLONGED USE

Endogenous depression or severe signs of suicide/pregnancy

photosensitivity

Pregnancy, Lactaion, Existing liver Contact or kidney dermatitis disease, prolonged use

Gel: extrernally on surgical wounds (2nd intention); Leaf Sap: menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, pregnancy or lactation; GI irritation; hemorrhoids, children <12; prolonged use (>8-10days); intestinal obstruction, KI disorders, appendicitis & abdominal pain; diarrhea w/ bowel irritability

May cause diarrhea or abdominal pain (esp. w/ irritable colon); chronic use/misuse, may cause mineral depletion (hypokalemia)

Pregnancy

photosensitivity

None

Potential allergic hypersensitivity

Oil on eyes, bile stones,

GI irritants take just after eating

Pregnancy

Nausea and vomitting in high doses

Western: acute infections may be aggravaded. TCM: Exterior excess, Qi stagnation, damp obstruction, food stagnation, yin (-) fibrin formation deficiency with heat signs, skin leasons in early stages or where there is heat toxin

Leaves and flowers: pregnancy, lactation, liver disease, on broken skin, internal use or prolonged use due to pyrrilozidne alkaloids

Epileptic pations, especially those with schizophrenia or taking phenothiazines

None

None

Allergic Systemic diseases e.g. TB, MS, hypersensitivity to AIDS Asteraceae

Western: hypertension, acute infections, prolonged use

Acude infections, cardiovascular disorders

Organ transplants & autoimmune disorders

Allergic hypersensitivity to mould

Hypertension, pregnancy, sexual dysfunction, hypokalemia, prolonged use, cirrhosis/bile May lead to stasis/ chronic hepatitis, cattarh pseudoaldosteronis or congestion, cardiac disease m involving edema, CHF, lactation, diabetes, estrogen replacement therapy,

TCM: diarrhea, yang deficiency

None

Western: Hypertension, infections with fever, asthma, excessive menstration or nose bleeds, headaches, palpitations, insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, affective disorders such as depression, pregnancy, type 1 diabetes, 24 hr-1 week before surgery. TCM: Yin deficiency, LV Yang rising

Westen: concomitant use of stimulants, Ginseng Abuse Syndrome (GAS), mastalgia, post-menopausal vaginal bleeding, TCM: obstain from drinking tea or eating turnips

Pregnancy

Western: Pregnancy. TCM: damp-cold of ST

History of breast cancer

Pregnancy

May occasionally cause heartburn

Pregnancy

Same as CI

none

none

Pregnancy, lactation, bile duct obstruction, intestinal spasm, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, GI irritation, (-) liver disease, septic gallbladder platelet aggregation inflammation, KI disease or failure

Pregnancy, children, bile duct obstruction, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, LI disease, septic GB inflammation, intestinal spasm Bile duct obstruction or impaction, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, LI disease, septic GB inflammation, intestinal spasm Pregnancy, asteraceae sensitivity

fresh juice externally may cause rubefaction, vesiculation

none

Gallstones

Bile duct obstruction, gallstones, ST ulcers, XS ST acid, pregnancy, allergic none hypersensitiviy, hair loss, attempting conception, XS sunlight

Asteraceae sensitivity, bile duct obstruction, gallstones

local irritant when fresh

Pregnancy, lactation, acute inflammation, ear discharge, KI disease or failure, hypertension, acute ST inflammation, jaundice in newborns

GI irritation, (-) platelet aggregation, may reduce Vit B absorption, bowel flora

Bile duct obstruction, hemorrhoids, menstruation, pregnancy, duodenal ulcers, GI irritation, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, potassium excretion LIVER Disease, septic GB inflammation, intestinal spasm, fresh root Bile duct obstruction , Liver disorders, gallstones, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, KI disease septic GB inflammation, intestinal spasm

Pregnancy, allergic hypersensitivity

tinctures impractical due to high amts of alcohol needed

ST inflammation, irritable bowel or duodenal ulcer, digestive weakness, bile duct obstruction, (-) platelet septic GB inflammation, aggregation, doesn't intestinal obstruction, allergic store well hypersensitivity, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, liver disease, intestinal spasm

Pregnancy, GI ulcers, overdose (thujone), hyperchlorhydria; prolonged use allergic sensitivity, of forms high in thujone GI irritation

Pregnancy, KI stones, GB Allergic sensitivity, disease, dysmenorrhea, GI reflux large prolonged disease, hiatus hernia, gastritis, dose ulcer KI stones, GB disease, dysmenorrhea, GI reflux disease, none hiatus hernia, gastritis, ulcer

ST irritability / inflammation, ulcers, pregnancy, KI stones, GB disease, dysmenorrhea, GI reflux Excess ST acid disease, hiatus hernia, gastritis, peptic ulcer Prolonged use, pregnancy, KI stones, GB disease, dysmenorrhea, GI reflux disease, same as CI hiatus hernia, gastritis, ulcer, large doses = fatal Gel: extrernally on surgical wounds (2nd intention); Leaf Sap: menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, pregnancy or lactation; GI irritation; hemorrhoids, children <12; prolonged use (>8-10days); intestinal obstruction, KI disorders, appendicitis & abdominal pain; diarrhea w/ bowel irritability

May cause diarrhea or abdominal pain (esp. w/ irritable colon); chronic use/misuse, may cause mineral depletion (hypokalemia)

Intestinal obstruction, GI inflammation, anal prolapse, hemorrhoids, pregnancy, lactation, children <12, appendicitis, extended use, abdominal pain, diarrhea, chronic / spastic constipation

May cause potassium loss in over/misuse; large doses = nausea, red discolouration of urine, griping pain

Colitis, diarrhea, dysentery

XS = diarrhea, griping pains, N/V

Gallstones, intestinal obstructions, GI irritation, debilitated subjects, pregnancy, subject to legal eyes (resin), poor circulation, on restrictions in most moles, birthmarks, inflammed/ countries irritated warts, excessive time (>1hr)

Intestinal obstruction, Intestinal inflammatory diseases, pregnancy & lactation, children <12, recent bark, ulcers, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bowel irritability, excessive tension of colon wall

Use bark only after drying and storing for 1 year or longer; berries = poisonous

Intestinal inflammatory dieseases, pregnancy & lactation, menstruation, diarrhea, debilitated subjects, intestinal same as CI obstruction, appendicitis, abdominal pain, recent bark, diarrhea, bowel irritability

Pregnancy & lactation, children <12, fever & inflammation, intestinal inflammatory diseases, prolonged use = intestinal obstruction, extended constipation use, appendicitis, abdominal pain, Hx of KI stones, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bowel irritability

Intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain, pregnancy & lactation, children <12, extended use, same as CI intestinal inflammation & appendicitis GI irritation, Hx of KI disease

same as CI

Pregnancy, self prescribing

Use only A. calamus var. americanus

none

Avoid in pregnancy; do not use excess or take for >4wks

do not use essential oils internally

allergic hypersensitivity

Pregnancy, allergic Urinary irritant, GI hypersensitivity, ST or intestinal irritant ulcers, acid reflux

do not use essential oils internally

none

allergic hypersensitivity, hypoglycemic effects Hypoglycemic effects, photosensitizing effects

pregnancy

none

allergic hypersensitivity to salicylates

does not cause ST bleeding

Allergic hypersensitivity, Pregnancy, essential oil use w/ photosensitizing infants or children <2, prolonged effects, dermatitis, use, acid reflux avoid oral use, lactation

Pregnancy

may cause Contact dermatitis, allergic hypersensitivity, emetic in large doses, may cause conjunctivitis

Pregnancy, gallstones, hiatal hernia, infants, children <2yoa, acid reflux

may cause allergic rxn, avoid with glucose-6 phosphate D'hase deficiency, may reduce milk flow if taken internally

Pregnancy

same as CI

Pregnancy

same as CI

Pregnancy

use carefully in fever & epilepsy due to camphor inducing seizures

Pregnancy

Hypoglycemic effects, insulin dosage may need to be adjusted

>2g during pregnancy; may cause contact Pregnancy (morning sickness in dermatitis, allergic large doses), gallstones, prior to hypersensitivity surgery

None

None

None

Take only for a few weeks at a time

Externally on skin damage over a When used large area; full backs for eczema, internally, use for no fever, infections, heart faulture more than 4 weeks, and hypertonia, constipation, iron due to reduced deficiency anemia or malnutrition nutrient absorption

Profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes in respiratory conditions

Pregnancy, schizophrenia, Illegal to grow, prolonged used, operating motor possess, or use in vehicle, self-prescribing to avoid many countries! HA! dependence

Gastrointestinal irritation including stomach and duodenal ulcers, profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes in repiratory conditions Peptic ulcers due to potential for hemorrhage, profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes Locally for open wounds or abraded surfaces, intestinal obstruction, inadequate fluid intake, early pregnancy, stricture or acute inflammation of the GI tract, iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, or chronic mineral malnutrition

None

Need adequate stomach acid to deactivate linamarase; need appropriate GI flora to convert ligans to estrogenically active forms

As emetic if toxin occurred >1hr prior in <1 year old, in ingestive of corrosives, irritants, volatile hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates, seizure inducing substances, sharp objects, pregnancy, heart disease, irritable lung conditions, prolonged use, if reduced consciousness, reduced gag reflex, convulsions, or if vomiting already started, HPB Active inflammation or ingestion of corrosives, irritants, volatile hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates

local irritant effect when fresh; in GI irritation, extended use as emetic (3-4 days leads to dehydration)