Biology Reviewer (lt#1 2).pdf

    ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 12-PRO BIOLOGY LT1 REVIEWER     Topics:   ● Careers in Biology  ● Advancements in Biology   ● Fields of Study   ● Filipino Biologists   ● Microscopy and Microscopic  Measurements   ● Laboratory Tools and  Techniques   ● Lab Safety & Guidelines  ● Bioethics     CAREERS IN BIOLOGY  Computer analysts and designers   ● In demand in the field of  bioinformatics   Lawyers and Legal experts  ● Environmental science  ● Proving someone innocent  (specializing in forensics)   Public Servants   Insurance Companies   ● Analyze genes in order to  determine who is at risk for  specific diseases   ● Human genome advancement   Media (magazines, television, etc.)  ● Writers and journalists who  specialize in life sciences  ● Adept in biological issues   ● Nat Geo, Discovery Channel,  etc.    ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOLOGY  1) Diseases hidden in the ice  are waking up​ - viruses could  potentially cause a mass  extinction   2) Pandas are no longer an  endangered species​ -  rehabilitated bamboo habitats  within China   3) Bring back memories with an  RNA injection  

S.Y. 2018-2019  4) Forensic Science​ - can be  used to predict eye color, hair  color, and skin type 

  MORE ADVANCEMENTS     Genetic Engineering and Cloning -​   entails obtaining a DNA sample from  a subject and creating an exact  replica of it using lab techniques   - Advantages:​ better harvests,  most desirable traits  guaranteed,   - Disadvantages:​ resistance to  diseases is the same (cloning),  ethical concerns for human  GMO’s  In-Vitro Fertilization​ - involves  getting a sperm and egg cell and  fertilizing them in a test tube; after,  the fertilized egg is put back in the  mother’s womb  - Advantages:​ allows couples  who have difficulty conceiving  to conceive  - Disadvantages:​ expensive, not  100% guaranteed, painful for  the female, possible  complications  Chemotherapy -​ form of cancer  treatment which slows down the  growth of cancer cells; affects the  entire body and has several side  effects  - Advantages:​ inhibits the  growth of cancer cells  - Disadvantages:​ side effects  such as nausea, hair loss, etc.,  late side effects (varying on the  kind of chemotherapy drug)  like infertility, heart problems,  etc  Plastic Surgery​ - surgical specialty  involving the restoration,  reconstruction, or alteration of the  human body 

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Advantages:​ attainment of  desired features,  correction/reconstruction of  parts damaged by health  issues  - Disadvantages:​ cost, risks and  possible complications such as  infections and implant leakage  Vaccines / Vaccination​ -  administration of antigenic material  to stimulate an individual's immune  system to develop adaptive  immunity to a pathogen  - Advantages:​ prevents the  spread of diseases  - Disadvantages:​ not 100%  guaranteed, mild reactions to  the vaccine, natural immunity  (ex: contracting chicken pox to  develop antibodies) > artificial  immunity (vaccines)    FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY    1) Anatomy ​- deals with the  parts and structure or  organisms   2) Cell Biology/Cytology ​- parts  and function of cells   3) Botany -​ deals with plants  (photosynthetic / autotrophic  & contain chloroplasts)  4) Zoology -​ animals and their  behavior   5) Histology -​ study of living  tissues   6) Ecology -​ environment and  the interrelationship of  organisms   7) Evolution ​- origin of man and  differentiation of different  types of organisms; adaptation   8) Genetics ​- heredity; how  parents pass on characteristics   

S.Y. 2018-2019  9) Physiology -​ normal function  of the parts of organisms  (organ systems)   10) Paleontology -​ fossil records   11) Microbiology -​ bacteria, fungi,  protists and other  microorganisms  12) Molecular Biology and  Biotechnology ​- biomolecules  and its applications (stem cell  research, viruses)  13) Taxonomy and Systematics ​-  classification of organisms  based on their distinct  characteristics   14) Phycology ​- algae and other  seaweeds   15) Mycology -​ fungi   16) Marine Biology ​- animals,  specifically marine species  (dolphins, whales, fish, etc.) 

  FILIPINO BIOLOGISTS  1) Dr. Fe Del Mundo (Pediatrics)  -​ ​First woman to enter  Harvard Medical College  -​ ​Created the f​ irst pediatric  hospital in the Philippines  - Researched on: dengue,  rubella fever  -​ ​Contributions: ​jaundice  relieving machine, bamboo  incubator  2) Dr. Pedro Escuro (Rice  Breeding)  -​ ​Father of Rice Breeding ​in  the Philippines   -​ ​Isolation of nine rice  varieties t​ hat were eventually  commercially released  -​ ​Contributions: modified  pedigree method, became an  IRRI consultant  3) Dr. Angel Alcala (Marine  Biology) 

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    ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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-​ ​Invented artificial coral reefs  that helped preserve the  Philippines’ aquatic  ecosystems  -​ ​Contributions: artificial coral  reefs, identified reptile and  amphibian species,  preservation of giant clams,  marine reserves  Dr. Dolores Ramirez  (Genetics)  -​ ​Known for her  “MACAPUNO”​ studies  -​ ​Researched on the genetics  of Macapuno (genetic tumor  of the coconut endosperm),  biochemical resistance to  Cercospora leaf spot in mung  bean, and other PH plants like  rice, coconut, banana,  sugarcane, etc,  Dr. Dioscoro Umali (Plant  Breeding)  -​ ​Father of Philippine Plant  Breeding  -​ ​Known as the “​ mango hero”  for making mangoes available  all year round  -​ ​Contributions:  improvement of rice, corn, and  other economic plants;  agriculture and rural  development  Dr. Jose Velasco (Plant  Physiology)  -​ ​Elon-elon​ flowered during  short days when there was ​less  than 12 hours of light  -​ ​Discovered the cause of  cadang-cadang​ – an element  in soil toxic to the plant  Dr. Carmen Velasquez (Fish  Physiology)   -​ ​Discovered the ​presence of  parasites in Philippine food  fishes 

S.Y. 2018-2019  -​ ​Discovered 32 species of  parasites  -​ ​Popular work: “Digenetic  Trematodes of Philippine  fishes”  8) Dr. Gregorio Velasquez  (Phycology)  -​ ​Contributions: ​intensive  study of the Philippine  blue-green algal species  -​ ​Researched on: seaweed  resources of the PH seas,  ecology of the PH  myxophyceae  9) Dr. Clara Lim-Sylianco  (Biochemistry)  -​ ​Pioneered the research on  carcinogenic agents found in  food, drugs, insecticides,  environmental pollutants  -​ ​Specialized in biochemistry,  mutagenesis, molecular  nutrition 

  MICROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPIC  MEASUREMENTS    Definition of Terms:  Microscopy​ - Using microscopes to  view objects and areas of objects that  cannot be seen with the naked eye.  Resolution​ - Shortest distance  between two points on a specimen  that can still be observed as separate  entities  Magnification ​- Process of enlarging  something in appearance, but not  physical size  Working Distance​ - Distance from  the objective lens to the stage; as  magnification increases, working  distance decreases    

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S.Y. 2018-2019 

Adjusting and focusing begins  with the LPO (easier)  ● LPO (yellow) = 10-15x   HPO (blue) = 45-60x    Equations / Formulas    Total Magnification  ●

T M = eyepiece × objective     HPO FOV (in μm)  LP O M agnif ication H P O F OV = HP O M agnif ication × LP O F OV  

    Field of View​ - measurement of the  diameter   Total Magnification​ - the specimen  being observed is enlarged this many  times (sig figs do not apply since this  is a physical quantity)  Specimen Size​ - can be estimated  using the LPO or HPO FOV,  depending on which objective was  used   

  Estimated Specimen Size (in μm)  S ize = N1 HP O F OV     TYPES OF MICROSCOPES 

 

    Remarks:  ● Use a ruler to estimate the  LPO FOV  ● Always convert mm to μm   1 mm = 1,000 μm  ● All measurements must have  3 significant figures​ (precision  of ruler 0.1 cm) 

  Compound Light Microscope  ● Uses two lenses: the ​eyepiece  and ​objective   ● The image moves opposite to  the adjustment made to the  slide  ● 2D, detailed image  ● prepared specimens on a  cover slip glass (dry mount or  wet mount)  ● Eyepiece: 10x  LPO: 10x  HPO: 40x  ● Different Parts:  Mechanical -​ supports/adjusts  Magnifying​ - enlarges the  image of the specimen  Illuminating​ - provides light    Mechanical 

Magnifying  Illuminating 

- base   - arm   - adjustment knobs   - body tube  - draw tube   - revolving  nosepiece  - stage clip   - inclination joint 

- eyepiece   - objective  lenses 

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- mirror   - light source  (bulb)  - substage  diaphragm   - iris  condenser 

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    ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Parts of a Compound Light  Microscope   

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  Stereomicroscope / Stereoscope  ● Known as the ​“dissecting  microscope”   ● Can be used to to view  animals, plants, etc.  ● No need to prepare the  specimen  ● Image adjusts with the slide  ● 3D image ​to view structure   ● Total Magnification: 10x-40x  ● Used for dissection 

    Phase Contrast Microscope  ● Used to view live specimens  ● The lighting in the  background and specimen is  differentiated; brightness  variations  

S.Y. 2018-2019  Enables you to view a  transparent image  

  Scanning Electron Microscope   ● Magnifies 100,000x - 200,000x  ● 3D images in grayscale  ● Sends a beam of electrons  across the specimen from left  and right  ● The beam of e ​ lectrons  bounces in all directions​,  producing a 3D model of the  specimen’s surface   ● TV screen    Transmission Electron Microscope  ● Magnifies 200,000x - 500,000x  ● Electrons pierce/penetrate  through surface​, then reflect     ● Beams cross within the  specimen in order to show the  internal structure   ● grayscale 2D image​ on a TV  like screen   ● Very expensive, TEM station is  around size of a room    LAB TOOLS  1) Compound Microscope ​-  magnifies microscopic  organisms/specimens   2) Stereomicroscope -​ dissecting  microscope; used to magnify a  specimen   3) Cover slip / Cover glass -​   container or the specimen to  be viewed under the  microscope  4) Petri dish ​- container for  growing microorganisms and  cells   5) Test Tube -​ container to small  samples under observation  6) Test-Tube rack ​- stand where  test tubes are places for  observation 

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    ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 7) Alcohol lamp ​- used for  heating samples and  substances  8) Wire loop ​- used to transfer  microorganisms (inoculate)  from one medium to another  9) Wire needle -​ used to transfer  microorganisms (stab  inoculate) from one medium  to another   10) Graduated cylinder -​ used to  measure the volume of liquids   11) Pasteur pipette -​ used to  transfer small amounts of  liquid   12) Dissecting pin -​ used as a  container to fix the specimen  for dissection  13) Dissecting scissors ​- used to  cut parts of a specimen during  dissection   14) Scalpel -​ used to slice parts of  the specimen   15) Digital balance -​ used to  measure mass  

S.Y. 2018-2019 

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  SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY    1) Wet and Dry Mount of  Specimen  - Preparation to be viewed  under the microscope   - Wet mount so that the cells  retain their structural integrity    2) Centrifugation  - Used to separate s ​ olid​ from  liquid ​components  - heavy, denser particles sink  to the bottom   - 1,000 - 5,000 rpm  - centripetal force   - conventionally used to  separate blood samples  (platelets, erythrocytes,  leukocytes, plasma) 

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  Polymerase Chain Reaction  - creates ​copies of DNA​ for  molecular screening  - useful in forensics when  there is only one tiny sample    Agarose Gel Electrophoresis  - ​separate fragments of DNA  and protein molecules   - an electric current is applied  to separate the biomolecules  by charge   - DNA and RNA separated by  size and length     Aseptic Techniques and  Culturing Bacteria  - ​Sterile technique​ used in  handling microorganisms and  the growth/culturing of cells   - in order to isolate  microorganisms (control the  independent variables)  - pass tools through a flame  before using   - 2 types of medium:   A. Agar (solid)​ = inoculation  loop, streaking on a petri dish  B. Broth (liquid)​ = inoculation  needle, stabbing in a test tube    Dissection and  Microdissection   - Microdissection is dissection  with the use of a microscope;  done at the cellular level    Autoclaving  - ​sterilization of materials  used in the lab  - kills all living microorganisms  - done at 120°C (above boiling  point) at 400 psi for 15 minutes     

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S.Y. 2018-2019 

LAB SAFETY & GUIDELINES     Pre-Laboratory Preparations  ● Clean working area   ● Wear prescribed lab apron and  goggles  ● Always wear closed shoes   ● Locate water sources, gas  outlets, fire exits, fire  extinguishers, and first-aid kit   ● Neat appearance (tie hair)  ● Eating and drinking are strictly  prohibited   ● Follow directions and read the  steps of the experiment  beforehand    Hazard Symbols   Symbol  

Description  Explosive  A substance that reacts  violently when heated  or struck. Avoid placing  near flammable  materials    Examples: f​ lash powder,  propane, gasoline  Highly Toxic   A substance that is  harmful even in small  doses   Examples: M ​ ethanol,  Cyanide, Mercury,    Carbon Monoxide,  Chlorine  Highly Flammable   A substance that  catches fire easily   Examples: p ​ etrol,    kerosene, alcohol  hydrogen 

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Radioactive Material   A substance that emits  radiation  Examples:​ radioactive  carbon, uranium,  curium  Irritant   A substance that  produces vapors or  fumes which irritates  the eyes, nose, and  throat  Examples:​ Phenol,  Chloroform   

Corrosive   A substance that eats  away other substances,  very hazardous to skin  and eyes. Avoid skin and  eye contact.    Examples: s​ ulfuric acid,  potassium hydroxide,  NaOH pellets  Hazardous to the  Environment   A substance that poses  a potential harm to the  environment. It should  be disposed of properly,    applying safety  standards.  Examples:​ Carcinogens,  Chlorofluorocarbons  (CFC), Batteries  Biohazard  A poisonous and  infectious substance.  Examples: M ​ edical    waste, microorganisms,  urine and blood  samples  7 

    ATENEO DE MANILA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BIOETHICS  Ethics  - Greek work ​“ethikos”  - Deals with concepts of right  and wrong   - Standards of how people  ought to act; study of morals  - Framework or basis to  interpret what is right and  wrong  - Moral compass  - FIXED a ​ nd​ UNCHANGING  Morals  - Latin ​“moralis”  - Manners and character   - Social responsibility  - Relative (NOT FIXED)​ to time  and place   - Depends on the v ​ alues of the  community  - Standards used to distinguish  what is right and wrong (set by  society)  Values  - Belong to an individual​;  different set of values for  different people   - Basic and fundamental  beliefs t​ hat guide or motivate  attitudes or actions   - Influenced by culture and  upbringing   - Rules by which we make  decisions and prioritize   - Intrinsic vs. means to an end    4 Principles of Bioethics   ● Bio means “life”   ● Thus, the goal of bioethics is to  always protect life   ● Ethics → moral standards   ● Helps us make challenging  decisions with regard to  biological issues (all life  sciences)   

S.Y. 2018-2019 

1) Autonomy  - respect​ for persons and their  inherent rights   - Independence to make o ​ ne’s  decision  - Right to make o ​ wn choices  - Should always ask for consent  or permission first   - UNLESS​ person is not mentally  stable or capable to make the  decision, the decision falls to  the family   2) Beneficence  - Maximizing the benefits​ of  any treatment   - Helping others  - Act in the b ​ est interest​ of  others  3) Non-Maleficence  - Least ​amount of harm  - Not being the d ​ irect cause of  harm  - Omission is included, such as  in the case of not treating a  patient immediately   4) Justice  - Treat people ​fairly ​and e ​ qually  - Sharing of resources, risks, and  costs ​what is “due” to each  person     OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN  DISASTER SITUATIONS:  1) Save the youngest  2) Choose one out of each group  3) Save the weakest  4) Save the most useful  5) Respect for relationships  6) The government makes the  moral decision for the  community    MGA PAALALA!   ● No principle of bioethics is  more important than the other  

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S.Y. 2018-2019 

Choose the course of action  that v ​ iolates the least  number of principles  If there is conflicting debate  between the applications of  principles in making a  bioethical decision, the best  course of action is always to  SAVE LIVES.   Never deliberately take a life  with no moral or ethical basis  because a ​ ll life forms have  the right to live​. 

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