Bio Review!!!! Test Dec 1

Biology 110 Fall 2009 Chapters 8, 9, and 12 Study Sheet TAG BOOK WITH PAGES OF ANSWER 1. Study the diagrams in Chapter 8 on the stages of mitosis. Be prepared to draw all or part of the stages of mitosis. Be able to understand and draw the nucleus, chromatin and chromosomes, and the centromeres with the mitotic spindle. Be able to name each phase. (Review Figure 8.6.)

2. Study the diagrams in Chapter 8 on the stages of meiosis. Be able to understand and draw all of the cell structures as noted above. Be able to name each phase. Be able to indicate the mother and father chromosomes in a homologous pair. (Study Figure 8.14.)

3. I suggest you bring red and blue colored pens or better, pencils to class. 4. Understand the terms: Genotype: The genotype of an organism is the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the actual physical material made up of DNA that was passed to the organism by its parents at the organism's conception. Phenotype: The phenotype of an organism is the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the physical and behavioral characteristics of the organism. Homozygous: Having identical alleles for a single trait: i.e. the gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A homozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (RR) or (rr). Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a single trait: i.e. the gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A heterozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (Rr). Homologous pairs: The 2 chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother. Sister chromatids: two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. Crossing over: The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis in prophase I of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes. Chiasma: The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. 5. Review how to draw a monohybrid cross Punnett Square using showing different genotypes than are in the book (Sections 9.3-9.11). The examples in these sections will be helpful. Understand recessive and dominant alleles well enough to make your own genotypes and how to assign symbols for them.

5. Review the figure on forming recombinant DNA (Figure 12.1). (p.233)

6. I suggest you review and locate the following terms in the book before the test (You may tag your book for these terms and bring it to class): Restriction enzyme: (pg.234) A bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA (at specific restriiction sites), thus protecting bacteria against intruding DNA from phages and other organisms. Restriction enzymes are used in DNA technology to cut DNA molecules in reproducible ways. PCR: (P.242-3) A technique used to obtain many copies of a DNA molecule or part of a DNA molecule. A small amount of DNA mixed with a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, DNA nucleotides, and a few other ingredients replicates repeatedly in a test tube. Genomics: (p.247-50)The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions SNP: (p.246)[ AKA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ] A variation in DNA sequence found within the genomes of at least 1 % of a population; also, a genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species.

RFLP: (p.246) [AKA restriction fragment length polymorphism] The differences in homologous DNA sequences that are reflected in different lengths of restriction fragments produced when the DNA is cut up with restriction enzymes. Human Genome Project: (p.215, 248-9)An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. Proteomics: (p.249) The study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions. 8. Review section 9.12 on blood types.

-ABO blood group phenotypes : A,B, AB, and O. -Letters refer to 2 carbs –A. &B.- on surface of blood cells -Compatible blood groups is critical for safe blood transfusions -If donors blood cells have carb that is foreign to recipient’s immune system creates antibodies that bind specifically to foreign carbs causing donor blood cells to clump potentially killing the recipient. -IA =enzyme that adds carb A to red blood cells (Dominant to i) -IB = carbohydrate B (dominant to i) -i = neither B or A -Each person receives one of these alleles from each parent. 3 alleles = six possible genotypes. -Recessive homozygotes ii have O because their blood cells have neither A nor B carb. -IA and IB alleles are codominant: both are expressed in heterozygous indivdls. In AB blood. 9. Review sections 9.5, 9.7, 9.12, 9.14, 9.16. I will ask you questions that tie these sections together. Law of independent assortment and Di-hybrid cross CH 9.5 Aa x Aa=1/4 chance of aa offspring CH9.7 Bb x Bb=1/4 chance of bb offspring Cc x Cc= ¼ chance of cc offspring Probability of aabbcc ¼ aa x ¼ bb x ¼ cc = 1/64 chance Ch 9.12 – Many genes have more than two alleles in the population: refer to Q8 notes. Ch 9.14: A single character may be influenced by many genes : Polygenic inheritance-the additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character. ALL CHAPTERS MENTIONED IN QUESTION REFER TO MENDELS LAWS:

Incomplete dominance- Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a combined phenotype.

Codominance- when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits. Consequently, a new mutation in the gene may have an effect on some or all traits simultaneously.(blood type) Pleiotropy- when a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits. Consequently, a new mutation in the gene may have an effect on some or all traits simultaneously. Polygenic- the additive effects of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character. (skin color)

10. Review the causes of cancer in Section 8.10.(p.135) A cell that has undergone cell transformation evades detection of the immune system (which would have destroyed it) it may proliferate (grow rapidly) to form a tumor (an abnormally growing mass of body cells). Can spread to cause malignant tumor instead of benign-where the cells remain at the original site. 11. Review the connection between meiosis and evolution in Section 8.23. (p.147)