Bio Test 1. Review Notes

Organelle Nucleus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondrion

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Function The nucleus is a membrane surrounded organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (i.e. DNA) that is organized into chromosomes. The nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus and is in control of ribosome formations. In charge of creating secreted proteins and lysosomal enzymes. Ribosomes bind themselves to the RER once it begins to synthesize a protein destined for sorting. A combination of protein and RNA(ribonucleic acid). Producing amino acids and proteins. Different in all types of cells. About 20nm in diameter. Involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids and steroids, calcium regulation and drug detoxification. Contains a chemical required for glucose. It is attached to the nuclear envelope. Generate most of the cells chemical energy. Regulation of cell metabolism. 1-10 micrometers (um) in diameter. The number of mitochondrion range widely with the type of cell they are (i.e. tissue or bone etc.) Also called the phospholipid bilayer or plasma membrane. A selectively permeable bilayer. Separates intracellular components from the extracellular environment, functioning as the skin of the cell. Passive and Active transport are completed through the cell membrane. Contents of a cell enclosed in the cell membrane. Where many cell activities occur such as cell division.

Location All eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells.

All cells.

Eukaryotic cells.

Most eukaryotic cells.

All cells.

All cells.

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Centrioles

Component Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipids Cholesterol

Glycolipid

Contain digestive enzymes. They fuse with vacuoles and contents are transferred between the two and digested. 0.1-1.2 um in size. Used in the process of Phagocytosis. Package and process proteins and lipids that are produced by the cell. It is like a cellular post office. Deals with proteins from the RER. Barrel shaped and composed of nine triplets of microtubules. Form the mitotic spindles in cytokinesis.

Eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells.

Animal eukaryotic cells only.

Function Composed of two layers of phospholipids that are arranged with their hydrophilic heads facing outwards. The phospholipid bilayer is the cells ‘shell’ and is composed of the following things. Class of lipids that are a major component in all biological membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. A type of lipid used to establish proper membrane fluidity and permeability. Required to help metabolize fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins. Is synthesized by the body but can also be ingested. Carbohydrate-attached lipids that are used to produce

Protein Channel Glycoprotein Peripheral Protein Integral Protein

Carbohydrate

energy for the cell. Serve as markers for cellular recognition. A protein involved in the movement of ions or macromolecules through a biological membrane. Used in active transport and facilitated diffusion. Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains. (oligosaccharides are chains of simple sugars) Proteins that temporarily adhere to a biological membrane by attaching to an integral protein. Attract water-soluble components. Protein that is permanently attached to the phospholipid bilayer and are a major component of the genome. Membrane-anchoring domains and responsible for cell adhesion and energy transduction. Most abundant of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Storage and transport of energy and work in the immune system. Require less water to digest than proteins and fats.