Bai Giang Cua Giao Su Tien Si Fredlund Ve Truot (tiep Tuc)

Research and Development Engineering Strategy

Presented by Delwyn G. Fredlund November 10, 2005

Why Do Research? ¾ What is the Purpose and Value in doing Engineering Research? ¾ Is Engineering Research related to Development of a country? ¾ What can be learned from the experiences of other countries? ¾ Is Engineering Research different than doing Research on other subjects?

How Much to Spend on Research? ¾ How much money should be spent on Engineering-Related Research in: ¾ a Developing Country? ¾A Developed Country? ¾Is there a difference?

¾ Who should do the Engineering Research? ¾ When can the Engineering Research be discontinued?

My Background in Engineering Research? ¾ Professor of Civil and Geotechnical Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, for 34 years ¾ Research Officer with the National Research Council of Canada ¾ Board of the Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada ¾ Reviewer of research programs in numerous countries

Personal Observations of Research? ¾ 1970s: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, WES, Vicksburg, MS ¾ 1970s: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CRREL, Hanover, NH ¾ 1977: Sabbatical, U. of Texas, Austin, TX ¾ 1984: Sabbatical, CSU, Ft. Collins, CO ¾ 1992: NTU, Singapore ¾ 2000+: HKUST, Hong Kong ¾ 2004: Kobe, Japan ¾ 2004: Germany

Character of Engineering Research? ¾ U.S.A.: NSF, National Science Foundation ¾ Canada: NSERC and Industry – Collaboration ¾ Sweden/Norway: ¾ Hong Kong What will be the ¾ Japan character of ¾ Singapore engineering research in ¾ Africa Vietnam?

NSERC -Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada -Agency sponsoring research through universities in Canada -Research Grants amounting to $15,000 to $100,000 per year for 5 years -Based on a written proposal 1990s: Served on the NSERC Board

Delwyn G. Successful recipient of NSERC Fredlund Research and Industry-Collaborative Research Grants

Focus of the NSERC Research Programs AIM: To assist in the promotion and maintenance of highly qualified research into needs in Canada, and provide a stimulating environment for the training of highly qualifies research persons The end result is to make Canada a preferred country in which to live

Types of NSERC Grants ¾ Research Grants ( for 5 years) ¾ Strategic Grants ($100,000 to $250,000; 1 to 5 years) ¾ Collaborative Research and Development Grants ¾ Industry-University Collaboration ¾ Industry Research Chairs ¾ Equipment Grants

NSERC Operating Grants ¾ The foundation of a large part of Canada’s research effort ¾ Three main thrusts: ¾New Researchers: an opportunity to demonstrate research capacity ¾Established Researchers: An opportunity for continuity of support and freedom of investigation ¾Outstanding Researchers: high funding for research of exceptional capacity and promise

Evaluation Criteria for NSERC ¾ Excellence of Researcher ¾Knowledge and expertise ¾Quality of contributions ¾Impact on field

¾ Merit of Proposed Research ¾Anticipated significance ¾Clarity of objectives ¾Methodology ¾Feasibility ¾Originality

Evaluation Criteria for NSERC ¾ Need for Funds ¾Cost of research ¾Other sources of funds

¾ Contribution to Training ¾Quality of thesis publications by trainees ¾Trainees career progression ¾Training other than graduate students ¾Scope of training

Motivation for Research ¾ Fundamental Strategies ¾Curiosity ¾Interest ¾Scientific models

¾ Engineering Studies ¾Solving problems ¾Making money and saving money Approved Research Programs must have a relevance to the country paying for the research

Purpose of Research Studies ¾ Understanding Fundamental Behavior ¾Physics studies ¾Chemistry studies ¾Biology studies

¾ Providing Engineering Solutions ¾Geotechnical Engineering ¾Structural Engineering ¾Environmental Engineering ¾Transportation Engineering

Why Do Engineering Research? ¾ Because we are involved in predicting future behavior based on scientific laws ¾ Compare: ¾Soothsayer: superstition ¾Prophet: spiritual ¾Engineering Science: application of the laws of physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, etc.

Examples of Predicting the Future ¾ Settlement of a building on soft clay ¾ Dissipation of pore-water pressures ¾ Movement of a slope ¾ Movement of contaminants ¾ Subsidence due to groundwater pumping ¾ Performance of an earth structure Engineers are called upon to provide assurance of satisfactory future behavior

Types of Research Studies ¾ Laboratory Studies ¾Constitutive behavior ¾Evaluation of soil properties

¾ Computer Studies ¾Numerical modeling

¾ Equipment Studies ¾Instrumentation for verification monitoring ¾Laboratory and field equipment

¾ Field Studies ¾Case histories (Verification of the theories)

Two-dimensional seepage analysis through an earthfill dam with a clay core. Optimized mesh for saturatedunsaturated seepage analysis

www.soilvision.com

Equipotential lines

Three-dimensional Problems can be as easily solved as Two-dimensional Problems Optimized, automatically generated finite element mesh

Modeling of a waste tailings pond

Stress analysis PDE combined with the Dynamic Programming procedure to compute the factor of safety

DP Generated Critical Slip Surface FOS = 1.3 Shape

30

and location of the slip surface are a part of the solution

25

DP SearchBoundary

20 15 10 5 0

Finite Element Shear Stress

0

20

40 Distance

60

80

Personal Research Emphasis Development of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics ¾ 1970’s Fundamental theories ¾ 1980s Formulation of a solution to practical problems ¾ 1990s Protocols for engineering practice ¾ 2000+ Implementation into engineering practice

So, Why is Research So Important? Because the WORLD is a highly Competitive Global Village Because we want things to become better (Be Number 1) Because we want to be more efficient, save money and reduce poverty Because we want --- (What do you want?)

Why does Vietnam need Research ? ¾ Vietnamese people desire to be the best (i.e., competitive) ¾ Vietnamese people have a good work ethic ¾ Vietnamese people are creative ¾ Vietnamese people want to help one another and reduce poverty ¾ Vietnamese people are friendly and desire to have global friends (e.g., VN Grad Students are Ambassadors)

Back to the Starting Questions? ¾ What is the Purpose and Value in doing Engineering Research? ¾In order that the people of the country can enjoy a reasonable standard of living ¾Ensure accountability on the part of leadership (i.e., government)

¾ Is Engineering Research related to Development of a country? ¾ Most definitely ¾Long-term sustainability depends on ongoing research programs

Learning From Other Countries ¾ What can be learned from the experiences of other countries? ¾Canada: ¾Sweden/Norway: ¾Japan: ¾United States: ¾Europe:

¾ Is Engineering Research different than doing Research on other subjects? ¾ Not really

How Much to Spend on Research? ¾ How much money should be spent on Engineering-Related Research in: ¾A Developing Country? ¾A Developed Country? ¾Is there a difference?

¾ Research funding can be referenced to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of a country; total value of goods and services produced by a nation

How Much Does Canada Spend? ¾ GDP for Canada: ¾ 2002 = $728 billion ($23,500 per capita) ¾ 2003 = $714 billion ($23,000 per capita) ¾ 2004 = $1023 billion

¾ NSERC Spending: ¾2004-05; $803 million (0.113 %)

¾ IDRC Spending: ¾2003; $122 million (0.017 %)

How Much to Spend on Charity? ¾ How much money does the Government of Canada spent on charity? (Separate from Social Services)

¾ Government of Canada? ¾Goal = 0.7% of GNP (Set by Lester B. Pearson before the United Nations) ¾Actual Spending (2005) = 0.26%

¾ CIDA Spending ¾2003-04; $2.717 billion (0.38 %)

How Much do People Give to Charity? ¾ How much money do people give to charity in Canada? (Separate from the government) ¾ Non-Government Organizations, NGOs? ¾$6.5 billion per year or 0.91% of the GNP ¾~ 2.4 times as much as the Government

Spending on Research? ¾ Who should do the Engineering Research? ¾Universities: Definitely ¾Research Institutes: Maybe! • Federally funded • Provincially funded

¾Engineering Consulting Firms: Yes!

¾ When can the Engineering Research be discontinued? ¾Never; it must be a part of progress and accountability

Example of Applied Research for the Benefit of the People

Geotechnical Engineering Office, GEO ¾ GEO has ~ 600 engineers handling slope stability problems in Hong Kong ¾ Came about as a result of the Po Shan landslide that killed 78 people in 1972 ¾ Result: Greatly reduced death and cost of landslide related distress in Hong Kong ¾ Today: Largest hazard management system in the world (for about 12,000,000 people)

Secret to Success in Hong Kong has been related to the “Control of Infiltration” through a variety of techniques Anchor for membrance Rainfall

Plastic membrance Runoff Collection system for runoff footings

Surface drain Completely Residual soil weathered

Unsaturated Soil

Highly weathered

Groundwater table

Bedrock

Slope in Hong Kong covered with a temporary geomembrane during the preparation of the slope for further remediation

Same slope in Hong Kong after grass has taken root on the slope. Control of infiltration is the focus of the design

Temporary control of infiltration using geomembranes

Control of infiltration using concrete gunite

Most Often it is Environmental Influences that Cause the Instability of a Slope

On what should the Geotechnical Engineer focus when trying to get a solution for these types of environmental impact problems? Answer: The difference between a stable and an unstable slope is generally related to the coefficient of permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) of the soil near to the surface of the slope.

Slopes in Hong Kong are generally covered with Chunam (i.e., mixture of decomposed granite, flyash and cement) to reduce surface infiltration by 90%

Note the design detail around one small tree!

Each slope is photographed from a variety of angles and has an identifying label. Performance data is stored in a large database containing thousands of slopes in Hong Kong.

There has been increasing pressure from society for the slopes to be “green” in Hong Kong. Numerous procedures have been used to “make the slopes green”.

Changes in design have changed the infiltration characteristics of the slopes

Soil Nailing -Generally installed as an excavation is advanced -Nails are also installed on existing slopes

There is controversy over whether nails placed on existing slopes provide any further security

Green slopes on the NTU campus in Singapore

If we “think the way the soil behaves”, we will come up with “wise solutions”

These slopes become green with time but the surface hydraulic conductivity has been reduced through use of a concrete covering with holes

Slope Stability Management in Vietnam ¾ Landslide management could be associated with: ¾Roadway system (85,000 km) ¾Railways (4250 km) ¾Dykes along rivers

¾ Objectives are to: ¾Improve facility design and maintenance ¾Reduce maintenance costs ¾Facilitate development ¾Primary role in poverty reduction ¾Improvement of living conditions

Philosophical Context for the Study ¾ A Civilization’s rise and fall is linked to its ability to feed and shelter its people and to defend itself. These capabilities depend on infrastructure – the underlying, often hidden, foundation of a society’s wealth and quality of life. A society that neglects its infrastructure loses the ability to transport people and food, provide clean air and water, control disease and conduct commerce (National Science Foundation, USA). Roadways are primary element of infrastructure

Often little consideration given to the back-slopes and ditches along newly constructed highways

Within one year many new landslides occur and close the roads

Surrounding farmland may also be affected

Often little attention is given to geology, soil mechanics and climatic conditions

“Little or No Preliminary Engineering”. Rather, as failures occur, remediation steps are implemented

Cost of remedial work often surpasses the original cost of construction; a difficult lesson to learn

Objectives of the Vietnam Proposal ¾ Develop a capital work plan for the assessment, maintenance, monitoring, control and management of slope instability along the roadway system ¾ Transfer scientific, engineering and environmental technology, training and information, to improve our understanding & analysis of slope instabilities associated with roadway system ¾ Develop internal capacity within Vietnam to provide technological training relative to solutions, maintaining, managing and monitoring of slopes and flash floods affecting the roadway system

Methodology for the Feasibility Study ¾ Combine a capital works feasibility program with a local capacity building program to define the most effective longterm maintenance, monitoring and management system of capital works for slopes along the roadways in northern and middle Vietnam ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

Joint, Interactive Project Design Workshop Inventory Site selection Socio-Economic and Regulatory Investigation Analysis Design and Mitigation Forecasting and Risk Technology Transfer, Planning and Training Document results

Work Plan and Schedule Months ¾ 1: Project management procedures ¾ 2: Domestic information review ¾ 3: Selection of test site ¾ 4-6: Geotechnical engineering, enviromental & socio-economic ¾ 6-9: Selection of additional test sites ¾ 7-9: Preparation of Draft Report ¾ 10: Circulate draft report ¾ 11: Workshop/Conference presentations ¾ 12: Final Feasibility Study Report

Project Team and Budget ¾ Golder Associates (Canada) ¾ Sask. Research Council (SRC) ¾ SoilVision Systems (SV)

¾ Vietnam Fed. Civil Eng. (VIFECA) ¾ Advance Assoc. Corp. (AA-Corp) ¾ Ministry of Transportation ¾ Ministry of Construction ¾ Ministry of Science & Technology ¾ Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment ¾ Ministry of Planning & Investment ¾ Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development

¾ Budget ¾ Phase 1: $423,476 ¾ Phase 2: $4,200,000

Negative pore-water pressures Net normal stress (σ - ua)

Matric suction (ua - uw)

(σ - uw) Effective stress

Thank You

Positive poreSa s water c tura pressures i ted Soil Mechan