Bab 4 - Klafikasi Penyelidikan

TAJUK III

JENIS-JENIS PENYELIDIKAN

PENJENISAN . . . KERANA 

MATLAMAT  Penyelidikan

Gunaan  Penyelidikan Tindakan 

NATURE KAJIAN  Kajian

Lapangan (Fieldwork Research)  Kajian Perpustakaan (Arm chair Research) 

METODOLOGI >penditilan

MAKSUD: PENYELIDIKAN GUNAAN Penyeldikan

yang penemuan-penemuannya boleh diaplikasikan kepada masalah sosial hari ini/semasa.

PENYELIDIKAN GUNAAN 

Penyelidikan ke atas proses  Proses

pembelajaran berkesan  Proses pengeluaran bahan makanan 

Penyelidikan ke atas produk  Kelebihan

dan kekurangan produk  Kelemahan dan kekuatan modul

PENYELIDIKAN GUNAAN DLM SOSIAL SAINS Pelajaran  Usaha memupuk integrasi  Penggunaan dan penagihan dadah  Jenayah dan kenakalan  Wanita sebagai tenaga kerja  Masalah orang tua 

PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN (ACTION RESEARCH) 

AR is social research carried out by a team encompassing a professional action researcher and members of an organization or community seeking to improve their situation.



Consists of 3 elements:  Research:

to generate new knowledge.  Action: alter the current situation to betterment.  Participation: participatory process of individuals (Greenwood & Levin. Introduction to Action Research 1998: 4 & 6)

. . . KERANA NATURE  Kajian

Lapangan

 Bukan

kajian dokumen  Kaedah temubual, soalselidik, pemerhatian  Deskriptif, kajian sejarah  Kajian  Kajian

arm-chair

di library  Kaedah: literature review  Kajian perbandingan, persejarahan, analisis kandungan

ASPEK METODOLOGI SEJARAH

Dokumen

DESKRIPTIF

Eksplorasi

KUALITATIF

Analisis Kandungan

Rekod Kuantitatif

Rekod Lisan

Assessment & Evaluation

Korelasi

Kajian Kes

Kajian Etnografi

EKSPERIMEN

PERSEJARAHAN  MAKSUD  SUMBER

Dokumen (Sengaja/Tidak Sengaja)  Rekod kuantitatif  Rekod lisan  Relik 

 METODE      

Kenalpasti Masalah Sumber maklumat Kebolehpercayaan maklumat Menyusun / klasifikasi data Menganalisa data / kritik Membentang penemuan

PENY. DESKRIPTIF 

PENY. PENEROKAAN  Kajian

meneroka masalah baru  Digunakan untuk kajian rintis (pilot study)  Kajian terhadap penerimaan ideologi/program 

PENY. KECAPAIAN & PENILAIAN  Kecapaian 

(Assessment)

Kajian ttg tahap kecapaian sahaja

 Penilaian

(Evaluation)

Mengkaji tahap kecapaian  Mengkaji faktor berlaku sesuatu fenomena/masalah  Membuat cadangan mengatasi masalah 



PENY. KORELASI

KAJIAN KORELASI 

IAITU: Kajian mencari kekuatan & kelemahan antara dua pembolehubah (BUKANNYA mencari sebab musabbab)



E.g. Penyelidikan samada jumlah ramai orang menghadiri majlis korban berkaitan dengan kurangnya pertolongan menyiapkan korban

. . . OUTOME CORRELATION RESEARCH  Positive

CR: Nilai satu pembolehubah (A) tinggi , maka nilai pembolehubah kedua (B) juga tinggi e.g. Jumlah ramai orang (A) meningkatkan pertolongan (B).

 Negative

CR: Nilai satu pembolehubah (A) tinggi tapi nilai pembolehubah kedua (B) rendah. E.g. Jumlah kehadiran ramai (A) mengurangkan pertololngan.

 No

CR: Tiada hubungan antara satu pembolehubah (A) dgn pembolehubah kedua (B).  Jumlah orang tidak memberi kesan samada menolong atau tidak.

PENY. KUALITATIF 

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN



KAJIAN KES



KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN Kandungan Dokumen  Kandungan media cetak (Akhbar, majalah, kitab, jurnal)  Kandungan media elektronik (TV, radio, internet, kaset, CD)  Fokus kepada kaitan isu semasa  E.g. Kajian Ceramah Ismail Kamus, Fadhilah Kamsah, rencana agama UM) 

METODE ANALISIS KANDUNGAN 

Conceptual Analysis (Thematic Analysis):  A concept is chosen for examination,  The analysis involves quantifying and tallying its presence. Also known as thematic analysis.  The focus: looking at the occurrence of selected terms within a text or texts, although the terms may be implicit as well as explicit.



Relational Analysis (Semantic Analysis):  Begins with the act of identifying concepts present in a given text or set of texts.  Seeks to go beyond presence by exploring the relationships between the concepts identified.  The focus: to look for semantic, or meaningful, relationships.  Meaning is a product of the relationships among concepts in a text.

CONTOH ANALISIS KANDUNGAN 

Craig, Stephen. "The Effect of Day Part on Gender Portrayals in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 26.5-6 (1992): 197-213.



Gender portrayals in 2,209 network television commercials were content analyzed. To compare differences between three day parts, the sample was chosen from three time periods: daytime, evening prime time, and weekend afternoon sportscasts. The results indicate large and consistent differences in the way men and women are portrayed in these three day parts, with almost all comparisons reaching significance at the .05 level. Although ads in all day parts tended to portray men in stereotypical roles of authority and dominance, those on weekends tended to emphasize escape form home and family. The findings of earlier studies which did not consider day part differences may now have to be reevaluated.

KAJIAN KES (CASE STUDY)

Studying a social phenomenon through a thorough analysis of an individual case. The case may be a person, group, episode, process, community, society or any other unit of social life.  All data relevant to the case are gathered and organized in terms of the case. 

It provides an opportunity for intensive analysis of many specific details often overlooked by other methods.  Approach rests on the assumption that the case being studied is typical of cases of a certain type. 



Through intensive analysis, generalizations may be made that will be applicable to other cases of the same type.

. . . KAJIAN KES Kajian satu juzuk bagi generalisasi umum.  Tujuan: Pemokusan masalah, mengelak kesukaran mendapat keseluruhan data & kajian mendalam.  Skop Kes: kumpulan, organisasi, lokasi, isu tertentu.  Kajian: isiu-isu sosial/agama/politik di kawasan tertentu.  Metode: temubual, soalselidik, observasi. 

DESIGN KAJIAN KES What questions to study  What data are relevant  What data to collect  How to analyze that data 

JENIS KAJIAN KES 

Illustrative Case Studies These are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show what a situation is like. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.



Exploratory (or pilot) Case Studies These are condensed case studies performed before implementing a large scale investigation. Their basic function is to help identify questions and select types of measurement prior to the main investigation. The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as conclusions.



Cumulative Case Studies These serve to aggregate information from several sites collected at different times. The idea behind these studies is the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive studies.



Critical Instance Case Studies These examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalizability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion. This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions.

KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI The scientific study of human social phenomena and communities, through means such as fieldwork.  The ethnographer lives an ordinary life among the people, working with informants who are particularly knowledgeable or well placed to collect information 

. . . KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI

Kajian pengamalan/perubahan budaya.  Metode: Observasi.  e.g. komunikasi penduduk pendalaman, perkahwinan orang asli, penjagaan anak kalangan bekerja, keyakinan politik masyarakat tua.  Kelemahan: kekeurangan masa bersama responden, bias penyelidik. 

PENY. EKSPERIMEN MAKSUD  METODE 

 Kumpulan

sama masa berbeza  Kumpulan berbeza 

KOMPONEN EKSPERIMEN  Kumpulan

diuji (treatment group) & kumpulan dikawal (control group)  Alat ujian (soal selidik, tayangan, tindakan)  Pra ujian & Pasca ujian

PENYELIDIKAN EKSPERIMEN Ia dibentuk bagi melihat hubungan sebab (beberapa faktor) ke atas kesan (musabbab).  Penyelidik boleh mengubah faktor bagi melihat kesan  eg. Meramaikan /mengurangkan orang (faktor) utk melihat kesan pertolongan bila berlaku kecemasan. 

KEJAYAAN EKSPERIMEN BERGANTUNG:  Operasi:

Proses menguji hipotesis berdasarkan prosedur boleh dikukur & dilihat. Operasi dilakukan via independent variable & dependent variable.

 Setting

eksperimen: Makmal (Bilik & bangunan) & Lapangan (jln., atas bas, bilik darjah)

 Pemilihan

Rawak Responden. Tujuan: tafsiran dan kesimpulan tepat/.

SOALAN Bincangkan perbezaan antara penyelidkan kualitatif dan deskriptif ?.  Bincangkan penyelidikan-penyelidikan berikut: 

 Deskriptif  Kualitatif  Persejarahan