Apdlogiclecture5

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION It is a direct(unqualified and unconditional) expression of judgement between the Subject and the Predicate. It asserts the agreement or disagreement of the Subject and the Predicate unconditionally or directly.

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Man is an animal. No one is perfect. Dogs are animals. This new car is red. Mary is a woman.

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION QUALITY OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION consists in the judgement of a proposition whether affirmative or negative.

QUANTITY OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Quantity refers to the Universality or Particularity of a proposition. It denotes numbers, countable and uncountable.

CATEGORICAL ∴PROPOSITION As regards Quantity, Categorical Propositions are either Universal or Particular. ∴As regards Quality, Categorical Propositions are either Affirmative or Negative. BASIC STRUCTURE OF LOGICAL PROPOSITION

Subject + Copula + Predicate

CATEGORICAL FORMS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS(based PROPOSITION from the combinations of the Quality and Quantity of propositions.

1. A Proposition(Universal Affirmative Proposition) The Universal Affirmative proposition speaks of a whole. It stands for each of the subject to which it can be applied. Universal affirmative proposition does not deny the quality of each member of a class for which it stands for. Examples: a. Absolute music is instrumental music. b. Every man is a “homo viator”. c. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese medical procedure.

CATEGORICAL 2.PROPOSITION E Proposition(Universal Negative Proposition) The Universal Negative proposition does not affirm each member of a class. It denies a total relationship for each member of another universal class. Examples: a. Not any of the highjackers to be arrested could be located. b. None of the invited guests enjoyed. c. Whatever new age fashion is not traditional.

CATEGORICAL 3.PROPOSITION I Proposition(Particular Affirmative Proposition) The Particular Affirmative proposition speaks of a part of a whole. It stands for an indeterminate numbers. It also stands for more than one but it does not designate or define it definitely. The Particular Affirmative proposition does not deny the quality of the Subject, or “one”, or “group” to which it can be applied.

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Examples: a. Some inquisitive people are imaginative. b. Several pragmatists are artistic. c. Seven circumstances are understood as determinants of morality.

CATEGORICAL 4.PROPOSITION O Proposition(Particular Negative Proposition) The Particular Negative proposition speaks of a part of a whole to which it denies such connection or agreement. It stands for an indeterminate numbers. It also stands for more than one but it does not designate or define it definitely. The Particular Negative proposition denies agreement with its Subject.

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

Examples:

a. Some women are not good horseback riders. b. A few substances are not conducive to health. c. Many Westerners are not generous.

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION QUANTITY

QUALITY

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

UNIVERSAL SINGULAR

All are A

All are not E (No – are)

PARTICULAR

I Some are

O Some are not

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

Quantity of the Predicate The quantity of the predicate is not equivalent to the quantity of the subject. To determine the quantity of the predicate, find out the following: If the proposition is affirmative, such as A and I, the predicate is particular, provided it is not singular. If the proposition is negative, such as E and O, the predicate is universal, provided it is not singular.

KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL 1.PROPOSITIONS CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION – is an expression of judgement stating a condition or a prerequisite. It has two compositions, the ANTECEDENT and the CONSEQUENT. Conditional Propositions are usually expressed by the words if, in-case, supposed and the other words expressing a condition. It is usually called the “IF and THEN” Proposition. ANTECEDENT If….

CONSEQUENT then…

KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS Examples: If a man’s reason is unbiased, Then, he can produce a better judgement.

KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS

2. CONJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION – is an expression of judgement that denies the possibility of two alternatives(hypothetical or categorical propositions). Examples: 1. You cannot be in Pampanga and Tagaytay at the same time. 2. If you are in Espana, Manila, you cannot be in Makati City.

KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS

3. DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION – is an expression of judgement in which you either affirm or deny from two alternative propositions. It is called the EITHER OR statement because of its form. Examples: 1. A person is either a man or a woman. 2. Either you talk or you keep quiet. What to do?