Apdcomp3lecture1

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN What is ahead of us?

Terminologies Creating a System Design Components of an Information System Categories of Companies Characteristics of Information System

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN What is ahead of us?

Characteristics of a System Types of System Kinds of System Organizational Structure Systems Development Techniques and Tools Systems Development Life Cycle Next

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Terminologies:

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(IT) It is a combination of hardware, software and telecommunications systems that support business operations, improve productivity and help managers make decisions. It is any system designed to gather, process, or distribute information.

SYSTEM It is an inter-related set of components with an identifiable boundary, working together to produce a specific result.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Terminologies:

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN It is a complex organizational process whereby a computerbased information systems are developed and maintained.

ORGANIZATION It consists of the whole enterprise, specific departments or individual workgroups.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN So how are you going to create a system design? BUSINESS PROFILE It is a company’s overall functions, processes, organizations, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints and future direction. BUSINESS MODEL Graphically represents business functions that consists of business processes, such as sales, accounting, and purchasing, which perform specific tasks. BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING It is when the company attempts to simplify operations or reduce costs. Home

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Information System Components

People Hardwa re

Softwar e

Process

Data

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Information System Components Where: HARDWARE Refers to the physical layer of the information system.

♠ Computers ♠ Networks ♠ Communications Equipment

♠ Scanners ♠ Digital Capture Devices ♠ Technologybased infrastructure

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Information System Components SOFTWARE Refers to programs and instructions.

TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE: SYSTEM SOFTWARE – controls the computer and includes the operating system, device drivers that communicate with hardware, and utilities that handle tasks such as converting data into different form, virus protection and creating backups. APPLICATION SOFTWARE – consists of programs that support users and enable companies to carry out business functions.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Information System Components DATA An information system transforms data into useful information. PROCESS Sometimes called as procedures, describe the tasks that users, managers, and IT staff members perform. PEOPLE Provide valuable information to managers and users within and outside the company.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CATEGORIES OF COMPANIES PRODUCTION-ORIENTED Primarily manufacture and sell products, such as the microchips. SERVICE-ORIENTED Primarily offer information and services, or sell goods produced by others. INTERNET-DEPENDENT FIRM Often called as dot-com companies. Primarily transacts their business on a commercial website. Home

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF IS

ϑ INTERFACE ϑ BOUNDARY SYSTEM BOUNDARY – indicates where one system ends and another system begins.

ϑ SPECIALIZED BUSINESS NEEDS ϑ SIZE, GROWTH FORECAST OF THE COMPANY Home

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM

COMPONENTS It is an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a system, also called a subsystem.

INTER-RELATED COMPONENTS Dependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystem.

BOUNDARY It is the line that marks the inside and outside of a system and which sets off the system from its environment.

PURPOSE It is the overall goal or function of a system.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM

OUTPUT It is whatever a system returns to its environment in order to fulfill its purpose.

CONSTRAINTS It is a limit to what a system can accomplish.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN TYPES OF A SYSTEM

OPEN SYSTEM Interacts freely with their environment, taking in input and returning output.

CLOSED SYSTEM It does not interact with the environment.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN KINDS OF SYSTEMS

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM(TPS) It is a computerized information systems developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transaction.

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS(OAS) It supports data workers who do not usually create new knowledge but rather use information for analysis to transform data or manipulate it in some way and then share it or formally disseminate it throughout the organization.

KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS It supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors by aiding them to create new knowledge and contribute it to their organization or to the society at large.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN KINDS OF SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Computerized information systems that work because of the purposeful interaction between people and computers. By requiring people, software and hardware to function in concert. MIS support a broader spectrum on organizational tasks than transaction processing systems, including decision analysis and decision making.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM It is a higher-level class of computerized information systems. It is similar to the traditional management information systems in that they both depend on a database as a source of data.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN KINDS OF SYSTEMS

EXPERT SYSTEM It is also called knowledge-based system. It captures and uses knowledge of an expert for solving a particular problem experienced in an organization.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE TOP MANAGEMENT Develops long-range plans, called strategic plans that define the company’s overall mission and goals. Usually answers the question HOW. Strategic Planning focuses on issues that affect the company’s future survival and growth, including longterm IT plans.

MIDDLE MANAGEMENT Focuses their goals on a shorter time frame and develops plans to achieve business objectives in a process called tactical planning. They delegate authority and responsibility to team leaders or supervisors and then provide direction, necessary resources, and feedback on performance as tasks

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE LOWER MANAGEMENT

OPERATIONAL EMPLOYEES

Supervisors and team leaders oversee operational employees and carry out day-today operational plans. They coordinate operational tasks, make necessary decisions, and ensure that the right tools, materials and trainings are available.

Primarily use TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs. Empowerment gives employees more responsibility and accountability.

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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS MODELING It produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify.

BUSINESS MODEL/REQUIREMENTS MODEL – describes business functions that an information system ⇒

must support. ⇒

DATA MODEL – describes data structures and design.

⇒

NETWORK MODEL – portrays the design and protocols

of telecommunications links. ⇒

PROCESS MODEL – describes system logic and

processes that programmers use to develop necessary code modules.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS PROTOTYPING It involves the creation of an early working version of the information system or its components. It tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before decisions are made. It can serve asfinal an initial model that is used as a benchmark to evaluate the completed system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Disadvantage: Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood. If a prototype is based on careful fact-finding and modeling techniques, however, it can be an extremely valuable tool.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS COMPUTER-AIDED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

It is a technique that uses powerful programs, called CASE TOOLS – helps systems analysts develop and maintain information systems. It provides an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS CASE CATEGORIES:

UPPER CASE TOOLS - support the modeling process and produce a logical design of the information system.

LOWER CASE TOOLS – speeds the development process by generating source code based on the logical model.

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS JOINT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

JAD – involves team-based factfinding techniques.

RAD – speeds the development process by generating source code based on the logical model. Home

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION/PLANNING To generate a high-level view of the intended project and determine the goals of the project. The feasibility study is sometimes used to present the project to upper management in an attempt to gain funding. Projects are typically evaluated in three areas of feasibility: economical, operational, and technical. Furthermore, it is also used as a reference to keep the project on track and to evaluate the progress of the MIS team. The MIS is also a complement of those phases. This phase is also called the analysis phase.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

REQUIREMENTS GATHERING AND ANALYSIS The goal of systems analysis is to determine where the problem is in an attempt to fix the system. This step involves breaking down the system in different pieces and drawing diagrams to analyze the situation. Analyze project goals, break down functions that need to be created, and attempt to engage users so that definite requirements can be defined. Requirement Gathering sometimes require individual/team from client as well as service provider side to get a detailed and accurate requirements.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

DESIGN In systems design functions and operations are described in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems. The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the approved requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or prototype efforts.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

DESIGN Design elements describe the desired software features in detail, and generally include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business rules, business process diagrams, pseudocode, and a complete entity-relationship diagram with a full data dictionary. These design elements are intended to describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmers may develop the software with minimal additional input.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

BUILDING/CODING Modular and subsystem programming code will be accomplished during this stage. Unit testing and module testing are done in this stage by the developers. This stage is intermingled with the next in that individual modules will need testing before integration to the main project. Planning in software life cycle involves setting goals, defining targets, establishing schedules, and estimating budgets for an entire software project.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

TESTING The code is tested at various levels in software testing. Unit, system and user acceptance testing are often performed. This is a grey area as many different opinions exist as to what the stages of testing are and how much if any iteration occurs.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

TYPES OF TESTING:

≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈

Data Set Testing Unit Testing System Testing Integration Testing Module Testing Automation Testing User Acceptance Testing

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

The deployment of the system includes changes and enhancements before the decommissioning or sunset of the system. Maintaining the system is an important aspect of SDLC. As key personnel change positions in the organization, new changes will be implemented, which will require system updates.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

SDLC Phases Related to Management Controls

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN What is ahead of us?

Systems Analyst Roles of Systems Analyst Qualities of Systems Analyst The Interview Search Procedure

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

SYSTEMS ANALYST – is an individual charged with the responsibility of accessing business data flow problems, planning, modifying, evaluating, and implementing systems.

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ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

1. AS A CONSULTANT – an analyst maybe hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business.

ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

2. AS A SUPPORTING EXPERT – an analyst is drawing upon professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the business. It is a small modification or decision that is being made in a single department. An analyst here is not managing the project but merely serving as a resource for those who are.

ROLES OF SYSTEMS ANALYST

3. AS A CHANGE AGENT – he is a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with others in facilitating that change.

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QUALITIES OF A SYSTEMS ANALYST

1.Analyst is a problem solver 2.Views the analysis problem as a challenge 3.Enjoys devising workable solutions 4.Must be a communicator 5.Must be self-discipline 6.Must self-motivated

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THE INTERVIEW

INTERVIEWING – is a continuous that is used by the analyst to gradually build a model of the system and to gain understanding of any system problems.

THE INTERVIEW

2 Key Factors in Successful Interview

1. Choose people to interview.

2. Finding the right way to conduct an individual

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THE INTERVIEW

Interview Plan

a. Users to be interviewed

b. Sequence in which the users are interviewed

THE INTERVIEW

TIPS:

 The interview plan is often based on the current organizational structures, which is made of organizational units.  In both the initial and later interviews, the analyst should always endeavor to find leads on where to get more information.  The interview process follows a fairly structured path.  Do not expect to obtain all of the information

THE INTERVIEW(PREPARATION)

 Begin by defining the purpose of the interview.  Select the person/group to be interviewed.  Do your homework.  Prepare specific questions aimed at the individual/group you are planning the interview.

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

OPENING

 Establish rapport.  Identify yourself, the topic you plan to discuss, the purpose of the interview.  Be honest.  Tell the interviewee why he was chosen for the interview.  Begin with a brief period of small talk.

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY

 Have your first question prepared – open question  Concentrate on how and why  Begin with relatively broad, open questions and specific follow-up questions  Listen to the answers 

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY

 Delete questions that seem unimportant  Bypass questions that have already been answered  Avoid needlessly complex questions  Avoid attacks  Avoid excessive use of technical jargon

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

THE BODY  Ask probing questions but do not cross examine  Avoid attacking the other person’s credibility  Jot down key notes  Do not be a compulsive note taker

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

CLOSING

 Pay attention to the time  Ask permission to continue  Thank the subject for cooperating

THE INTERVIEW ITSELF

FOLLOW-UP

 Identify the person, the date, the place and the topic of the interview.

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