Apdresearch1lecture1

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH DEFINING RESEARCH It implies that the person has to search again, to take another more careful look, to find out more”. Why? • Information may not be enough • Misleading information • Totally wrong

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

It is an activity which is meant to acquire better knowledge by “relearning what we already know through systematic observation and experimentation.” - Filipino anthropologist F. Landa Jocano

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

Research is a systematic, objective and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accurate gathering and recording and critical analysis and interpretation of all facts about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends. - Best and Kahn(1989)

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

ARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. Research is directed towards the solution of a problem. 3. Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles or theories that will be helpful in predicting future occurrence. 5. Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

ARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. Research involves gathering new data from primary or firsthand sources using existing data for a new purpose. 3. Although research activity may at times be somewhat random and unsystematic, it is more often characterized by carefully designed procedures that apply rigorous analysis. 5. Research requires expertise. 8. Research tries to be objective and logical, applying every possible test to validate the

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

ARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems. 3. Research is characterized by patience and unhurried activity. 5. Research is carefully recorded and reported. 12. Research sometimes requires

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

AJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH BASIC/THEORETICAL RESEARCH – type of research which is conducted for the sake of knowing. OBJECTIVES: • It is known as theoretical because it is designed to add to our understanding and store of knowledge, but without any particular practical goals. • Its other main objective is to test or arrive at a theory with ultimate goal of establishing general principles.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

AJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH – to be undertaken when the purpose is to obtain knowledge for practical application or useful ends, thus, it is also known as PRACTICAL RESEARCH. The intention is to use the newly-acquired knowledge to solve problems or improve the prevailing condition which in its present state is unsatisfactory, or may be satisfactory but which has still room or possibility for betterment.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

AJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH

PURPOSE(according 1976):

to

Gay,

The purpose of applied research is to apply, test, and evaluate the usefulness of a theory or knowledge arrived at in solving problems.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

C STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS: 1. Problem identification 3. Review of Related Literature 5. Objectives Formulation 7. Formulation of hypotheses and Assumptions

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

C STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS: 5. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Construction 6. Research Design Selection 8. Data Collection 9. Data Processing

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

C STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS: 1. Data Analysis and Interpretation 10. Report Writing

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

UNCTIONS OF RESEARCH 1. Research corrects perceptions as well as expands them. 2. Research gathers information on subjects or phenomena we lack or have little knowledge about. 3. Research develops and evaluates concepts, practices, and theories.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

UNCTIONS OF RESEARCH 4. Research obtains knowledge for practical purposes like solving problems on population explosion, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, and the like. 5. Research also develops and evaluates methods that test concepts, practices and theories. 6. Research provides hard facts which serve as bases for planning decision-

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH RESEARCHER FACTOR

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Objectivity Critical mind Openness Resourcefulness Patience Logical Thinking Ethical

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHABLE PROBLEM 1. When there is no known answer or solution to the problem such that gap in knowledge exists. 3. Where there are possible solutions to it but the effectiveness of which is untested or unknown yet. 3. When there are answers or solutions but the possible results of which may

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHABLE PROBLEM 1. When there are several possible and plausible explanations for the undesirable condition. 5. When the existence of a phenomenon requires explanation.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

URCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM     

Personal experience Common sense Theories Past researches Practical problems

 Journals, books, theses and dissertation, and mass media  Technological changes  Friends, colleagues, professors, consultants  Conferences, symposia, dialogues, ordinary meetings

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

OOD RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.Research problem should be of great interest to the researcher. 2. Research problem should be relevant and useful to a specific group of people. 3. Research problem is good when it is novel in that it possesses the element of newness or freshness.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

OOD RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. A good research problem should be well-defined or specified. 3. A good research problem should be measurable. 6. It should be time-bound.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

OOD RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.It is good if it does not cause ethical or moral violations. 3.It is good if the study of it will contribute to the refinement of certain important concepts, creation or improvement of research instruments and analytical systems, and will permit generalizations.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH HOW TO DEFINE A RESEARCH PROBLEM 3. The researcher should see to it that the major concepts or terms and variables in the study are clearly defined. The concepts/terms/variables must be such that they mean according to how the researcher wants them to be understood and they can be represented by some evidence which can be obtained through direct or indirect activities which are feasible to carry out. 2. Limit the scope of the study in terms of issues, concerns, or subjects; area coverage; target population and/or sample population, source of data or respondents; time allotment; and data requirement – qualitative or quantitative, or both.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

TIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

1. Is the problem a current and timely one? 2. Is it pervasive or widespread? 3. Does it affect a special group of people such as mothers, children, farmers, fishers, drivers, domestic helpers,

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

TIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.Does it relate to ongoing programs such as land reform, family planning, tuberculosis control program, child immunization, skill training and others? 5. Does it relate to broad social, economic, and health issues such as unemployment, malnutrition, immigration, graft and corruption,

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

TIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

1.Who else is concerned about the problems – top government officials, medical doctors, administrators, or other professionals? 8. What are its direct and indirect, short- and long-range impact on the welfare of a group of people

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The research problem should be discussed in the introductory section where its existence, prevalence and seriousness should be established. This section is sometimes titled “Background of the Study”.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVE – an effect that is desired or expected to be achieved by an activity, project or program(Blumenfeld, 1985) It refers to the statements of purpose for which are expected to be attained at the end of the research process. They are stated right after the introductory section where the research problem is discussed.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

JOR CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTIVE

GENERAL OBJECTIVE – it is a broad statement of purpose which uses abstract and nonmeasurable concepts. It is usually the rephrase of the research title so constructed that it became an objective structurally and in essence.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

JOR CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTIVE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE – is a statement of purpose which uses well-defined and measurable concepts, the formulation of which should be based on and logically flow from the general objective. Some studies may only have

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

OOD RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

simple language measurable concepts attainable result-oriented time-bound

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS SCOPE – defines the coverage or boundary of the study in terms of: 1.Area or Locality 2.Population or Sample 3.Duration or Period 4.Subjects, issues or concerns which are explicitly stated in specific objectives of the study

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS – are statements which alert the reader of the research report to certain conditions or constraints have direct bearing on the result of the study because they may place restrictions on the conclusions of the study and their application to other situations.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH DEFINITION OF TERMS

It helps the readers of a proposal or report in understanding the research objectives, method/s and findings because here the key concepts are defined not only conceptually but most importantly operationally, that

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH

TWO FUNCTIONS OF DEFINITION OF TERMS c.Establishes the rules and procedures the investigators will use to measure variables. b. Provides definite meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH PES OF DEFINITION OF TERMS • CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION – universal meaning that is attributed to a word or group of words and which is understood by many people. It is abstract and most general in nature. The usual source of conceptual definitions is the dictionary. b. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – meaning of the concept or terms as

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is where the researcher discusses the value of his study in as persuasive as possible in order to get the approval of the screening and approving committee and the financial support of the prospective funding institution.

NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH AREAS TO WHERE CONTRIBUTION MAY BE MADE: 3. Contribution to accumulation of knowledge, or to filling up a knowledge gap; contribution to building, validating or refining prevailing theories; 4. Contribution to meeting a pressing need of a specific group like solving problems or improving certain conditions; 5. Contribution to refining concepts, improving research instrumentation and methodologies; 6. Contribution to meeting the concerns or priorities of funding institution.