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American Psychological Association Reference list Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Metropolitan Campus Information Access Center (Centro de Acceso a la Información (CAI)) Information Skills October 2001
Goals
To guide on preparing a reference list using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association To illustrate examples of information sources arranged as bibliographic entries.
Definition
It is a list of publications (books, serials, documents, non-print materials and electronic sources) and any other used sources about a given subject.
Arrangement
It may follow an alphabetical order of author (last name first), or title when the author is unknown. It may follow a chronological order by subject, or publication type.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
It is known by the acronym APA. It is frequently used to write academic papers and monographs on all disciplines of human knowledge
Examples of bibliographic entries
Books by a single author
Author. (Publication year). Title. (Edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Tomas, A. (1994). Beyond the time barrier (6th. Ed.). New York: Bantam.
Books by two authors
Authors’ names are joined by the word “and”, or the ampersand sign (&).
Example:
Kenner, C. A. & MacLaren, A. (1993). Essentials of maternal and neonatal nursing. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.
Books by three to six authors
Start with the first named author, and then the co-authors (last names first).
Example:
Engle, M. E., Lutz, M., Jones, W. W., Jr. & Engle, G. (1993). Internet connections: A librarian’s guide to dial-up access and use. Chicago: Library and Information Technology Association.
Books by more than six authors
Mention the first six authors. Use “et al.” to indicate that there are more authors.
Example:
Dunfee, T. W., Gibson, F. F., Blackburn, J. D., Whitman, D., McCarty, F. W., Brennan, B. A., et al. (1996). Modern business law and the regulation environment (3th. Ed.). New York:
Books by a corporate author
Government agency Corporation Association
Example:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th. Ed). Washington, DC: Author.
Note: When the author and the publisher are the same, write “Author” instead the publisher.
Brochures
Write [Brochure] inside brackets [ ].
Example:
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th. ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Signed articles
Include the preposition “In”.
Example:
Parker, E. (1993). Puerto Rico. In The Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 22, pp. 777-790). Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Complete works Follow the same format used for books.
Examples:
Real Academia Española. (1992). Diccionario de la lengua española (21va. Ed.). Madrid: EspasaCalpe.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th. Ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
Serials
Author(s). (Publication year). Article title. Publication title, volume number (issue number), pages.
Examples:
Keep, N. B. (1995). Emergency: Identifying pulmonary embolia. American Journal of Nursing, 95(94), 52-54.
Waterman, R. H., Jr., Waterman, J. A., & Collar, B. A. (1994). Toward a careerresistant workforce. Harvard Business Review, 72(4), 87-95.
Newspapers
Author. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper title, pages.
Example:
Kim, J. (1995, November 11). The best Internet providers. The San Juan Star, p. 19.
Master and PhD thesis
Published in “Dissertations Abstracts International” (DAI) and “Master Abstracts International” (MAI) and obtained thru UMI.
Examples:
Phillips, P. B. (1998). The changing role of the learning resource teacher. Masters Abstracts International, 36 (04), 877. (UMI No. MQ25877).
Williams, P. E. (2000). Defining distance education roles and competencies for higher education institutions: A computer- mediated Delphi study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (04), 1325. (UMI No. 9969029).
Master and PhD thesis
Found using DAI or MAI and obtained here:
Examples:
Phillips, P. B. (1998). The changing role of the learning resource teacher (Master’s thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, 1998). Masters Abstracts International, 36, 877.
Williams, P. E. (2000). Defining distance education roles and competencies for higher education institutions: A computer- mediated Delphi study. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 1325.
Unpublished Master and PhD thesis
Examples:
Colón, U. M. (1994). La mujer maltratada que mata a su compañero: ¿Asesina o víctima? Tesis de maestría sin publicar, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
Robles Torres, R. (1988). The relationship between creativity and self-esteem in puerto rican kinder- garden children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
Audiovisual sources Include:
Motion pictures TV programs TV series Music recordings
Motion pictures
Producer and director. (Copyright date). Motion picture title [Motion picture]. Place of distribution: Name of the distributor (Include full address if its circulation is limited).
Examples:
Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn Hooker [Motion picture]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023).
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me
Musical recordings
General format:
Composer. (Date of copyright). Song title. [Recorded by (put here the artist name if it is different than the composer)]. In Album title [format]. Place of recording: Music label. (Date of recording if different than the date of copyright).
Examples:
Simon, C. (1995). I believe in love. In I believe in love [CD]. Syracuse, N. Y.: Moonrise Records.
Rodríguez, I. (1993). El SIDA está cañón.
Electronic sources Include: Databases Online serials and newspapers World Wide Web sites Online forums, mailing lists, or newsgroups E-mails Online newsletters
Some bibliographic elements for the electronic sources entries in APA’s 5th Edition are different than those from previous editions.
Databases
Variety of formats: CD-Roms from a college library server. Online thru a World Wide Web site.
Author, A. (2001). Article title. Publication title, volume number. (issue number), páginas. Retrieved on month, day, year, from database name.
Example:
Shapiro, B. (2001, November 5). Anthrax anxiety. The Nation, 273(14), 4-5. Retrieved November 30, 2001, from ProQuest/Academic Research Periodicals database.
Abstracts
Retrieved from online and CD-ROM databases.
Example:
Edwards, K. J., Hershberger, P. J., Russell, R. K. & Markert, R. J. (2001). Stress, negative social exchange, and health symptoms in university students. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 75-79. Abstract retrieved October 31, 2001, from Ovid/PsycINFO database.
Internet resources
General format for electronic sources
Online serials
Online documents
Author, A. A. (2000). Article title. Publication title, volume number (issue number), pages. Retrieved on month, day, year, from World Wide Web site.
Author, A. A. (2000). Document title. Retrieved on, month, day year, from World Wide Web site.
Online newspapers
Author, C. B. (2001, month, day). Article title. Newspaper title. Retrieved on month, day, year, from World Wide Web site.
Online serials
Examples:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/ pre0030001a.html.
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117- 123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html.
Online newspapers
Examples:
Espo, D. (2001, 23 de octubre). Deja el ántrax su sello fatal. El Nuevo Día Interactivo. Recuperado 31 de octubre, 2001, de http://www.adendi.com.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forescasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2001, from http://www.newyorktimes.com.
Personal E-mail Personal E-mail from one individual to other may be cited as personal communication. (See section 3.102, p. 214, APA, 5ta. Ed.). Cite it only in the text of the work. Do not include it in the reference list.
Examples:
D. Díaz (comunicación personal, 25 de octubre, 2001) G. L. Nuñez, (personal communication, October 1, 2001)
E-mails
Obtained by:
Online Online Online Online
newsgroups forums discussion groups mailing lists (LISTSERV)
Examples:
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Msg 1]. Message posted to news://sci.psychology.consciousness Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC:Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref- Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/reflink/msg00088.html Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg 31]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/mes sage31
Reference
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5ta. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Questions?
Goals
To guide on preparing a reference list using the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association To illustrate examples of information sources arranged as bibliographic entries.
Definition
It is a list of publications (books, serials, documents, non-print materials and electronic sources) and any other used sources about a given subject.
Arrangement
It may follow an alphabetical order of author (last name first), or title when the author is unknown. It may follow a chronological order by subject, or publication type.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
It is known by the acronym APA. It is frequently used to write academic papers and monographs on all disciplines of human knowledge
Examples of bibliographic entries
Books by a single author
Author. (Publication year). Title. (Edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Tomas, A. (1994). Beyond the time barrier (6th. Ed.). New York: Bantam.
Books by two authors
Authors’ names are joined by the word “and”, or the ampersand sign (&).
Example:
Kenner, C. A. & MacLaren, A. (1993). Essentials of maternal and neonatal nursing. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.
Books by three to six authors
Start with the first named author, and then the co-authors (last names first).
Example:
Engle, M. E., Lutz, M., Jones, W. W., Jr. & Engle, G. (1993). Internet connections: A librarian’s guide to dial-up access and use. Chicago: Library and Information Technology Association.
Books by more than six authors
Mention the first six authors. Use “et al.” to indicate that there are more authors.
Example:
Dunfee, T. W., Gibson, F. F., Blackburn, J. D., Whitman, D., McCarty, F. W., Brennan, B. A., et al. (1996). Modern business law and the regulation environment (3th. Ed.). New York:
Books by a corporate author
Government agency Corporation Association
Example:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th. Ed). Washington, DC: Author.
Note: When the author and the publisher are the same, write “Author” instead the publisher.
Brochures
Write [Brochure] inside brackets [ ].
Example:
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th. ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Signed articles
Include the preposition “In”.
Example:
Parker, E. (1993). Puerto Rico. In The Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 22, pp. 777-790). Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Complete works Follow the same format used for books.
Examples:
Real Academia Española. (1992). Diccionario de la lengua española (21va. Ed.). Madrid: EspasaCalpe.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th. Ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
Serials
Author(s). (Publication year). Article title. Publication title, volume number (issue number), pages.
Examples:
Keep, N. B. (1995). Emergency: Identifying pulmonary embolia. American Journal of Nursing, 95(94), 52-54.
Waterman, R. H., Jr., Waterman, J. A., & Collar, B. A. (1994). Toward a careerresistant workforce. Harvard Business Review, 72(4), 87-95.
Newspapers
Author. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper title, pages.
Example:
Kim, J. (1995, November 11). The best Internet providers. The San Juan Star, p. 19.
Master and PhD thesis
Published in “Dissertations Abstracts International” (DAI) and “Master Abstracts International” (MAI) and obtained thru UMI.
Examples:
Phillips, P. B. (1998). The changing role of the learning resource teacher. Masters Abstracts International, 36 (04), 877. (UMI No. MQ25877).
Williams, P. E. (2000). Defining distance education roles and competencies for higher education institutions: A computer- mediated Delphi study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (04), 1325. (UMI No. 9969029).
Master and PhD thesis
Found using DAI or MAI and obtained here:
Examples:
Phillips, P. B. (1998). The changing role of the learning resource teacher (Master’s thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, 1998). Masters Abstracts International, 36, 877.
Williams, P. E. (2000). Defining distance education roles and competencies for higher education institutions: A computer- mediated Delphi study. (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 1325.
Unpublished Master and PhD thesis
Examples:
Colón, U. M. (1994). La mujer maltratada que mata a su compañero: ¿Asesina o víctima? Tesis de maestría sin publicar, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
Robles Torres, R. (1988). The relationship between creativity and self-esteem in puerto rican kinder- garden children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
Audiovisual sources Include:
Motion pictures TV programs TV series Music recordings
Motion pictures
Producer and director. (Copyright date). Motion picture title [Motion picture]. Place of distribution: Name of the distributor (Include full address if its circulation is limited).
Examples:
Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn Hooker [Motion picture]. (Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023).
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me
Musical recordings
General format:
Composer. (Date of copyright). Song title. [Recorded by (put here the artist name if it is different than the composer)]. In Album title [format]. Place of recording: Music label. (Date of recording if different than the date of copyright).
Examples:
Simon, C. (1995). I believe in love. In I believe in love [CD]. Syracuse, N. Y.: Moonrise Records.
Rodríguez, I. (1993). El SIDA está cañón.
Electronic sources Include: Databases Online serials and newspapers World Wide Web sites Online forums, mailing lists, or newsgroups E-mails Online newsletters
Some bibliographic elements for the electronic sources entries in APA’s 5th Edition are different than those from previous editions.
Databases
Variety of formats: CD-Roms from a college library server. Online thru a World Wide Web site.
Author, A. (2001). Article title. Publication title, volume number. (issue number), páginas. Retrieved on month, day, year, from database name.
Example:
Shapiro, B. (2001, November 5). Anthrax anxiety. The Nation, 273(14), 4-5. Retrieved November 30, 2001, from ProQuest/Academic Research Periodicals database.
Abstracts
Retrieved from online and CD-ROM databases.
Example:
Edwards, K. J., Hershberger, P. J., Russell, R. K. & Markert, R. J. (2001). Stress, negative social exchange, and health symptoms in university students. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 75-79. Abstract retrieved October 31, 2001, from Ovid/PsycINFO database.
Internet resources
General format for electronic sources
Online serials
Online documents
Author, A. A. (2000). Article title. Publication title, volume number (issue number), pages. Retrieved on month, day, year, from World Wide Web site.
Author, A. A. (2000). Document title. Retrieved on, month, day year, from World Wide Web site.
Online newspapers
Author, C. B. (2001, month, day). Article title. Newspaper title. Retrieved on month, day, year, from World Wide Web site.
Online serials
Examples:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/ pre0030001a.html.
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117- 123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html.
Online newspapers
Examples:
Espo, D. (2001, 23 de octubre). Deja el ántrax su sello fatal. El Nuevo Día Interactivo. Recuperado 31 de octubre, 2001, de http://www.adendi.com.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forescasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2001, from http://www.newyorktimes.com.
Personal E-mail Personal E-mail from one individual to other may be cited as personal communication. (See section 3.102, p. 214, APA, 5ta. Ed.). Cite it only in the text of the work. Do not include it in the reference list.
Examples:
D. Díaz (comunicación personal, 25 de octubre, 2001) G. L. Nuñez, (personal communication, October 1, 2001)
E-mails
Obtained by:
Online Online Online Online
newsgroups forums discussion groups mailing lists (LISTSERV)
Examples:
Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Msg 1]. Message posted to news://sci.psychology.consciousness Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC:Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref- Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/reflink/msg00088.html Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg 31]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/mes sage31
Reference
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5ta. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Questions?
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