Analysing&presenting Qualitative Data-mku Res3-do.pdf

hello! I am Dwita Oktaria Departement of Medical Education Faculty of Medicine Universitas Lampung

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Analysing, Interpretating & Presenting the Data of Qualitative Research

Outline ✘ Handling Qualitative Research Data ✘ Analysing Qualitative Data ✘ Presenting the Result

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1. Handling Qualitative Research Data 4

Handling Qualitative Research Data

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John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Handling Qualitative Research Data • •

Data: words, sentences Tape recorder  transcribing

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Transcribing • The procedure for producing a written version of the

interview • Full "script" of the interview. • Time consuming • Estimated ratio of time required for transcribing interviews is about 5:1  30 mins interview: 2,5 hrs to transcribe

Hancock. 2002. Introduction to Qualitative Research

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Transcribing Verbatim transcript:

“Everything a person says is faithfully copied, which means any grammatical errors, repetition, or false starts are delivered without being tidied up, made more concise, or finished.” Hancock. 2002. Introduction to Qualitative Research

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Transcribing • Not simply transferring words from the tape to the page

 verbatim transcript • Pay attention: the way people speak!

 Tone, inflection  shows feeling & meaning

• When transcribing  Punctuation marks  Upper case lettering  Underlining  Emboldening

Hancock. 2002. Introduction to Qualitative Research

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Transcribing ✘ "He was ALRIGHT"

(He was alright, I liked him)

✘ "HE was alright"

(He was alright but I wasn't so keen on the others)

✘ "He WAS alright"

(He used to be but he isn't now)

✘ "He was alright?"

(Well you might think so but I don't)

Hancock. 2002. Introduction to Qualitative Research

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Transcribing ✘ Positive/negative continuum: Whether something was seen as good or bad.

✘ Certainty/uncertainty: How sure the interviewee was about what he said.

✘ Enthusiasm/reluctance: How happy or supportive the interviewee was about the topic being discussed. 11

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2. Analysing Qualitative Data 16

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John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Analysing Qualitative Data • Hand analysis • Computer analysis: • Software:  ATLAS/ti  Nvivo  NUD*IST  F4  MAXQDA John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012 Patton, 2002. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology

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Analysing Qualitative Data • Hand analysis • Are analyzing a small database (e.g., fewer than 500 pages of •

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transcripts or fi eldnotes) and can easily keep track of files and locate text passages Are not comfortable using computers or have not learned a qualitative computer software program Want to be close to the data and have a hands-on feel for it without the intrusion of a machine Have time to commit to a hand analysis, since it is a labor-intensive activity to manually sort, organize, and locate words in a text database 19

John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Analysing Qualitative Data • Computer analysis • Are analyzing a large database (e.g., more than 500 pages of transcripts or fieldnotes) and need to organize and keep track of extensive information • Are adequately trained in using the program and are comfortable using computers • Have resources to purchase a program or can locate one to use • Need a close inspection of every word and sentence to capture specific quotes or meanings of passages

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John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Analysing Qualitative Data ✘ Thematic analysis  most common ✘ Descriptive approach ✘ In-depth method

Patton, 2002. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology

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Thematic Analysis “Looks across all the data to identify the common issues that recur, and identify the main themes that summarise all the views you have collected.”

Patton, 2002. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology

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Thematic Analysis Steps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Read & annotate transcripts Develop coding scheme Identify themes Data reduction Data display Conclusion drawing/verification Patton, 2002. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology

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Coding “Any researcher who wishes to become proficient at doing qualitative analysis, must learn to code well and easily. The excellence of the research rests in large part on the excellence of the coding.”

Strauss, AL. 1987, Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientist, Cambridge: Cambrigde University Press

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Coding “A code in qualitative inquiry is most often a word or short phrase that

symbolically assigns a summative, salient, essence-capturing, and/or evocative attribute for a portion of language-based or visual data.”

Saldana, J. 2009, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, London: Sage Publications.

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Coding

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John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Coding 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Get a sense of the whole Pick one document Begin the process of coding document Make a list of all code words Take the list code and go back to the data Reduce the list of codes to get five to seven themes or categories

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John W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2012

Coding

Charmaz K. 2006, Constructing Grounded Theory, London: Sage Publications. 28

Coding Open coding

Axial coding

Selective coding

Basically, you read through your data several times and then start to create tentative labels for chunks of data that summarize what you see happening (not based on existing theory – just based on the meaning that emerges from the data). Record examples of participants’ words and establish properties of each code.

Axial coding consists of identifying relationships among the open codes. What are the connections among the codes?

Figure out the core variable that includes all of the data. Then reread the transcripts and selectively code any data that relates to the core variable you identified.

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Coding

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Coding

Saldana, J. 2009, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, London: Sage Publications.

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Coding

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Coding

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Coding

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3. Presenting the Result

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Representing Findings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Create a comparison table Develop a hierarchical tree diagram Present figures Draw a map Develop a demographic table

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thanks! Any questions? You can find me at: Email: [email protected]

Phone/WA: 085279421210 IG: @weetha 45