Agroforestry for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Rodel D. Lasco and Florencia B. Pulhin World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
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Outline • Agroforestry and climate change adaptation • Agroforestry and climate change mitigation
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I. Introduction
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The vanishing Philippine forests… Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years
70 %
60 %
40 %
34 %
23.7 % RD Lasco
18.3 % 4
Source: Dolom, 2006; Adapted from Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999
Imperata grasslands cover > 2 M ha RD Lasco
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18-20 M people live in the uplands RD Lasco
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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)
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II. Agroforestry and Climate Change Adaptation
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Global context (IPCC, 2007) • Planet’s warming is unequivocal • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required RD Lasco
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Impact of Climate Change Additional people with Increased water stress (50C)
20 to 30% species at inc. high risk of extinction (2-30C) Decrease (low latitudes) (1-20C) Increase (mid & high latitudes) (1-20C) (impact is beneficial) 30% loss of coastal wetlands(3-40C) Increased mortality due to heatwaves, floods and drought (10C) Reconfiguration of coastlines and inundation of low-lying areas (50C) RD Lasco 11
THE PHILIPPINES HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE EXTREMES
QUEENIE
DENR, 2007
PAENG RD Lasco
REMING
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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007) CC adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
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What is Agroforestry? • a land-use system in which woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops, animals or both • Trees on farms!
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Key Attributes of AF Systems • Maintain or enhance productivity (economic benefits) • Maintain or enhance environmental quality (environmental benefits) • Be acceptable to local farmers and communities (social benefits)
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AF promotes CC adaptation of small farmers • Trees on farms enhance coping capacity of small farmers to climate risks • Through crop and income diversification • Soil and water conservation • Efficient nutrient cycling and conservation
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Alley or hedgerow cropping
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Contour hedgerow systems: Uses and benefits • • • •
Erosion control Organic fertilizer Fuel wood Fodder for ruminants
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Natural vegetative strips (NVS) in Claveria
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Nueva Viscaya province: mahogany in grasslands
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Leyte island: contour planting with trees
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Isabela Province: tree planting
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East Timor: multisotrey
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Bukidnon: multistorey agroforestry farm
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Claveria: tree farms
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Banuae rice terraces
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Coffee under shade trees
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Cacao under shade trees
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Environmental benefits • Reduced siltation of water bodies • Reduced land degradation and desertification • Biodiversity – More trees on farm – Reduced habitat destruction
• Beauty (eco-tourism) • Climate change mitigation – Carbon sequestration – Remaining forests and other natural covers saved RD Lasco
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Socio-Economic Benefits • • • •
Increased income opportunities Diversify products and reduce risk Reduce establishment costs Reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers • Distribute labor needs • Improve human nutrition and health • Enhance community development RD Lasco
From Lassoie30
III. Agroforestry and Climate Change Mitigation
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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)
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The Carbon Cycle
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IPCC 2007 33
Atmosphere 3.3
Net accumulation
750
62.3
Fossil Deposits 6.3 About 16,000
1.6
The Global Carbon Cycle Units Gt C and Gt C y-1
60 500 Plants
92.3
Fossil emissions
Soil
90
2000
Deforestation (20%)
Oceans 39,000
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CO2
Photosynthesis Burning
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BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50% CARBON BY WEIGHT
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ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS TREES
UNDERSTOREY
NECROMASS LITTER
ROOTS
SOIL CARBON
Carbon poolsRDinLasco forest ecosystems
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Fig. Carbon density of various land cover in the project site
180 160 140 120 100
tC/ha 80 60 40 20 0 OGF
SGF
Gmelina (6yr)
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Agroforestry
Grassland
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189 (48%) Total C density= 393 t/ha
3.5 (0.9%)
4.8 (1.2%) Roots = 4.3 (1.1%) SOC= 191 (49%) RD Lasco forests in Leyte, Philippines 39 Carbon density (t/ha) of natural
106 (37%) Total C density= 283 t/ha
1.7 (0.6%) 1.3 (0.5%) 13.2 (4.7%) Roots = 0.7 (0.2%) SOC= 160 (57%) Carbon density (t/ha) of a mangium plantation in Leyte, Philippines RD Lasco
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Fig. Carbon MAI of various land cover in project site
8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0
tC/ha/yr
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 OGF
SGF
Gmelina
Eucalyptus
Acacia
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Mahogany
Dipterocarp Agroforestry Grassland
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“Forest” lands that need trees Forest land cover distribution in the Phillippines (total area= 15.9 M ha) (Source: Lasco and Pulhin, 2000; FMB, 1996)
Protection forest 17% Upland farms 34%
Secondary forest 18% Plantations 3%
Grasslands 13%
Brushlands 15%
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Co-Benefits of CDM Forestry Projects • Ecological and socioeconomic benefits to local communities • Agroforestry promotes climate change adaptation
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In Summary… • Agroforestry systems enhance adaptive capacity of small farmers • The Philippines has huge potential for change mitigation through agroforestry
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Thank You!!!
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