Agroforestry For Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation

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Agroforestry for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Rodel D. Lasco and Florencia B. Pulhin World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

RD Lasco

1

Outline • Agroforestry and climate change adaptation • Agroforestry and climate change mitigation

RD Lasco

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I. Introduction

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The vanishing Philippine forests… Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years

70 %

60 %

40 %

34 %

23.7 % RD Lasco

18.3 % 4

Source: Dolom, 2006; Adapted from Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999

Imperata grasslands cover > 2 M ha RD Lasco

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18-20 M people live in the uplands RD Lasco

6

RD Lasco

7

Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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II. Agroforestry and Climate Change Adaptation

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Global context (IPCC, 2007) • Planet’s warming is unequivocal • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required RD Lasco

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Impact of Climate Change Additional people with Increased water stress (50C)

20 to 30% species at inc. high risk of extinction (2-30C) Decrease (low latitudes) (1-20C) Increase (mid & high latitudes) (1-20C) (impact is beneficial) 30% loss of coastal wetlands(3-40C) Increased mortality due to heatwaves, floods and drought (10C) Reconfiguration of coastlines and inundation of low-lying areas (50C) RD Lasco 11

THE PHILIPPINES HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE EXTREMES

QUEENIE

DENR, 2007

PAENG RD Lasco

REMING

12

Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007) CC adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

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What is Agroforestry? • a land-use system in which woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops, animals or both • Trees on farms!

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Key Attributes of AF Systems • Maintain or enhance productivity (economic benefits) • Maintain or enhance environmental quality (environmental benefits) • Be acceptable to local farmers and communities (social benefits)

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AF promotes CC adaptation of small farmers • Trees on farms enhance coping capacity of small farmers to climate risks • Through crop and income diversification • Soil and water conservation • Efficient nutrient cycling and conservation

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Alley or hedgerow cropping

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Contour hedgerow systems: Uses and benefits • • • •

Erosion control Organic fertilizer Fuel wood Fodder for ruminants

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Natural vegetative strips (NVS) in Claveria

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Nueva Viscaya province: mahogany in grasslands

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Leyte island: contour planting with trees

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Isabela Province: tree planting

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East Timor: multisotrey

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Bukidnon: multistorey agroforestry farm

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Claveria: tree farms

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Banuae rice terraces

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Coffee under shade trees

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Cacao under shade trees

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Environmental benefits • Reduced siltation of water bodies • Reduced land degradation and desertification • Biodiversity – More trees on farm – Reduced habitat destruction

• Beauty (eco-tourism) • Climate change mitigation – Carbon sequestration – Remaining forests and other natural covers saved RD Lasco

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Socio-Economic Benefits • • • •

Increased income opportunities Diversify products and reduce risk Reduce establishment costs Reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers • Distribute labor needs • Improve human nutrition and health • Enhance community development RD Lasco

From Lassoie30

III. Agroforestry and Climate Change Mitigation

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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The Carbon Cycle

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IPCC 2007 33

Atmosphere 3.3

Net accumulation

750

62.3

Fossil Deposits 6.3 About 16,000

1.6

The Global Carbon Cycle Units Gt C and Gt C y-1

60 500 Plants

92.3

Fossil emissions

Soil

90

2000

Deforestation (20%)

Oceans 39,000

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CO2

Photosynthesis Burning

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BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50% CARBON BY WEIGHT

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ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS TREES

UNDERSTOREY

NECROMASS LITTER

ROOTS

SOIL CARBON

Carbon poolsRDinLasco forest ecosystems

37

Fig. Carbon density of various land cover in the project site

180 160 140 120 100

tC/ha 80 60 40 20 0 OGF

SGF

Gmelina (6yr)

RD Lasco

Agroforestry

Grassland

38

189 (48%) Total C density= 393 t/ha

3.5 (0.9%)

4.8 (1.2%) Roots = 4.3 (1.1%) SOC= 191 (49%) RD Lasco forests in Leyte, Philippines 39 Carbon density (t/ha) of natural

106 (37%) Total C density= 283 t/ha

1.7 (0.6%) 1.3 (0.5%) 13.2 (4.7%) Roots = 0.7 (0.2%) SOC= 160 (57%) Carbon density (t/ha) of a mangium plantation in Leyte, Philippines RD Lasco

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Fig. Carbon MAI of various land cover in project site

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0

tC/ha/yr

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 OGF

SGF

Gmelina

Eucalyptus

Acacia

RD Lasco

Mahogany

Dipterocarp Agroforestry Grassland

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“Forest” lands that need trees Forest land cover distribution in the Phillippines (total area= 15.9 M ha) (Source: Lasco and Pulhin, 2000; FMB, 1996)

Protection forest 17% Upland farms 34%

Secondary forest 18% Plantations 3%

Grasslands 13%

Brushlands 15%

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Co-Benefits of CDM Forestry Projects • Ecological and socioeconomic benefits to local communities • Agroforestry promotes climate change adaptation

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In Summary… • Agroforestry systems enhance adaptive capacity of small farmers • The Philippines has huge potential for change mitigation through agroforestry

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Thank You!!!

RD Lasco

45

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