Agroforestry For Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation

Agroforestry for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Rodel D. Lasco and Florencia B. Pulhin World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

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Outline • Agroforestry and climate change adaptation • Agroforestry and climate change mitigation

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I. Introduction

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The vanishing Philippine forests… Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years

70 %

60 %

40 %

34 %

23.7 % RD Lasco

18.3 % 4

Source: Dolom, 2006; Adapted from Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999

Imperata grasslands cover > 2 M ha RD Lasco

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18-20 M people live in the uplands RD Lasco

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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II. Agroforestry and Climate Change Adaptation

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Global context (IPCC, 2007) • Planet’s warming is unequivocal • Adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required RD Lasco

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Impact of Climate Change Additional people with Increased water stress (50C)

20 to 30% species at inc. high risk of extinction (2-30C) Decrease (low latitudes) (1-20C) Increase (mid & high latitudes) (1-20C) (impact is beneficial) 30% loss of coastal wetlands(3-40C) Increased mortality due to heatwaves, floods and drought (10C) Reconfiguration of coastlines and inundation of low-lying areas (50C) RD Lasco 11

THE PHILIPPINES HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE EXTREMES

QUEENIE

DENR, 2007

PAENG RD Lasco

REMING

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007) CC adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

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What is Agroforestry? • a land-use system in which woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops, animals or both • Trees on farms!

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Key Attributes of AF Systems • Maintain or enhance productivity (economic benefits) • Maintain or enhance environmental quality (environmental benefits) • Be acceptable to local farmers and communities (social benefits)

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AF promotes CC adaptation of small farmers • Trees on farms enhance coping capacity of small farmers to climate risks • Through crop and income diversification • Soil and water conservation • Efficient nutrient cycling and conservation

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Alley or hedgerow cropping

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Contour hedgerow systems: Uses and benefits • • • •

Erosion control Organic fertilizer Fuel wood Fodder for ruminants

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Natural vegetative strips (NVS) in Claveria

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Nueva Viscaya province: mahogany in grasslands

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Leyte island: contour planting with trees

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Isabela Province: tree planting

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East Timor: multisotrey

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Bukidnon: multistorey agroforestry farm

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Claveria: tree farms

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Banuae rice terraces

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Coffee under shade trees

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Cacao under shade trees

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Environmental benefits • Reduced siltation of water bodies • Reduced land degradation and desertification • Biodiversity – More trees on farm – Reduced habitat destruction

• Beauty (eco-tourism) • Climate change mitigation – Carbon sequestration – Remaining forests and other natural covers saved RD Lasco

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Socio-Economic Benefits • • • •

Increased income opportunities Diversify products and reduce risk Reduce establishment costs Reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers • Distribute labor needs • Improve human nutrition and health • Enhance community development RD Lasco

From Lassoie30

III. Agroforestry and Climate Change Mitigation

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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The Carbon Cycle

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IPCC 2007 33

Atmosphere 3.3

Net accumulation

750

62.3

Fossil Deposits 6.3 About 16,000

1.6

The Global Carbon Cycle Units Gt C and Gt C y-1

60 500 Plants

92.3

Fossil emissions

Soil

90

2000

Deforestation (20%)

Oceans 39,000

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CO2

Photosynthesis Burning

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BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50% CARBON BY WEIGHT

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ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS TREES

UNDERSTOREY

NECROMASS LITTER

ROOTS

SOIL CARBON

Carbon poolsRDinLasco forest ecosystems

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Fig. Carbon density of various land cover in the project site

180 160 140 120 100

tC/ha 80 60 40 20 0 OGF

SGF

Gmelina (6yr)

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Agroforestry

Grassland

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189 (48%) Total C density= 393 t/ha

3.5 (0.9%)

4.8 (1.2%) Roots = 4.3 (1.1%) SOC= 191 (49%) RD Lasco forests in Leyte, Philippines 39 Carbon density (t/ha) of natural

106 (37%) Total C density= 283 t/ha

1.7 (0.6%) 1.3 (0.5%) 13.2 (4.7%) Roots = 0.7 (0.2%) SOC= 160 (57%) Carbon density (t/ha) of a mangium plantation in Leyte, Philippines RD Lasco

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Fig. Carbon MAI of various land cover in project site

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0

tC/ha/yr

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 OGF

SGF

Gmelina

Eucalyptus

Acacia

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Mahogany

Dipterocarp Agroforestry Grassland

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“Forest” lands that need trees Forest land cover distribution in the Phillippines (total area= 15.9 M ha) (Source: Lasco and Pulhin, 2000; FMB, 1996)

Protection forest 17% Upland farms 34%

Secondary forest 18% Plantations 3%

Grasslands 13%

Brushlands 15%

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Co-Benefits of CDM Forestry Projects • Ecological and socioeconomic benefits to local communities • Agroforestry promotes climate change adaptation

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In Summary… • Agroforestry systems enhance adaptive capacity of small farmers • The Philippines has huge potential for change mitigation through agroforestry

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Thank You!!!

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