About Gandhiji- P.govindapilla

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alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bp-sS al\o-b càkm£n-Xzw]n- tKm-hn-µ¸n-Å `m-cXw- cm-jv-{S]n-Xm-hm-bn- BZcn-¨v- Bcm-[n-¨p-t]m-cp-ó alm-ßm-KmÔn- (1869þ1948)- Hcp- ln-µp-aX{`m-´\m-bn-cp-ó \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-bIv- tKmZv-skbp-sS shSn-tbäv- càkm-£n-bm-bn-«v- Cu- P\p-hcn- 30þmw- Xo-bXnAdp-]Xv- hÀ-jw- Xn-Ibp-Ibm-Wv.- tem-tIm-]Im-cn-Ifm-b alm-òm-cpwalXn-Ifpw- C{]Im-cw- Zpjv-Scp-sS ssIsIm-ïv- h[n-¡s¸«n-«p-sï¦nepw- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bp-sS h[t¯m-Sv- Xm-cXay-s¸Sp-¯m-hp-ó alm-]mXI§Ä- hn-cfam-Wv.- B al\o-b Po-hn-Xw- F´n-\m-bn- AÀ-¸n-¡s¸«ncp-óp?- F´n-\m-bn- B Po-hn-Xw- tlm-an-¡s¸«p?- B al\o-b càkm£n-Xz-¯n-sâ Adp-]Xmw- hmÀ-jn-Ithfbnð- `m-cXo-bcm-b \mwGhcpw- A¡m-cy-§Ä- hn-iIe\w- sNbv-Xp-thWw- B alm-càkm£n-Xz-¯n-\v- ap-¼nð- BZcm-Rv-Pen-IÄ- AÀ-¸n-¡p-I.Bbn-c¯n- Fgp-\q-än- A¼t¯gnð- Cu-kv-äv- C´ym- I¼\n-bpsS Xeh\m-bn-cp-ó- tdm-_À-Sv- ss¢hv- hô\bpw- ssI¡q-en-bpap--]tbm-Kn¨v- anÀ-Pm-^À- Fó cm-Py-t{Zm-ln-bp-sS klm-bt¯m-sS "¹m-kn'AYhm- ]-em-kn- bp-²¯nð- ap-KÄ-N{IhÀ-¯n-bp-sS km-a´\m-bn-cp-ó kn-dm-Pv- DZv Zu-fsb ]cm-Pbs¸Sp-¯n- _w-KmÄ- ssIhiam-¡n-b-tXmsSbm-Wv- {_n-«o-jv- km-{am-Py-Xzw- C´y-bnð- Im-ep-d¸n-¡m-\pw- hym-]n¡m-\pw- Xp-S§n-bXv.- Aóp- ap-XðXsó Xp-S§n-bXm-Wv- C´y-bp-sS kzm-X{´y-kacw.- F¦n-epw- C´y-bn-se hn-hn-[ P\hn-`m-K§sfbpw- {] m-tZin-I cm-Pm-¡òm-scbpw- `n-ón-¸n-¨pw- I_fn-¸n-¨pw,-- C´y³- tNm-äp]«m-f§sf D]tbm-Kn-¨pw- {_n-«o-jp-ImÀ- ]s¯m-¼Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ a [y-am-bt¸m-tg¡pw- C´y- ap-gp-h\pw- ]n-Sn-¨S¡n.- Cu- ISóm{IaW§Ä-s¡Xn-sc \Sóp-sIm-ïn-cp-ó ]e {]m-tZin-I sNdp-¯p\nð-¸p-Ifpw- HSp-hnð- Bbn-c¯n- F®q-än- A¼t¯gv-þA¼s¯«n-se Hómw- tZio-b kzm--X{´y-kac¯n-eq-sS D¨tIm-Sn-bnse¯n-sb¦n-epwAXv- ]cm-Pbs¸«p.- C´y-bn-se ap-Jy- aXhn-`m-K§fm-b ln-µp-¡fpwap-Én§fpw- Hcp-an-¨v- t]cm-Sp-Ibpw- Ahkm-\s¯ ap-KÄ-N{IhÀ-¯n-bmbn-cp-ó _lZqÀ-jm-sb kzX{´`m-cX¯n-sâ N{IhÀ-¯n-bm-bn- A`ntjIw- sN¿p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- Fómð- ]cn-jv-Ir-Xam-b ]St¡m-¸pIfpw- {_n-«o-jv- càZm-lhpw- HSp-hnð- hnPbn-s¨¦n-epw- Bbn-c¯nF®q-än- A¼t¯gv-þA¼s¯«n-se kzm-X{´y-kac[o-cXbpw- Qm³kn-dm-Wn,- - Sm³-Sn-tbm-tSm-s¸ Xp-S§n- At\IiXw- t]mÀ-ho-ccp-sS càkm-£n-Xz-hpw- kÀ-thm-]cn- kzm-X{´y-¯n-\p-thïn-bp-Å ln-µpþapÉnw- sFIy-¯n-sâ tcm-am-ôP\Iam-b am-Xr-Ibpw- `m-cXs¯ ho-ïpwkacamÀ-K¯n-te¡v- \bn-¨p.- AXn-sâ ]cn-kam-]v-Xn-bm-bn- Bbn-c¯ns¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- \mð-¸¯n-tbgv- BKkv-Xv- ]Xn-\ôn\v- C´y- kzm-X {´yw- t\Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.`n-ón-¸n-¨v- `cn-¡ð Bbn-c¯n- F®q-än- A¼t¯gv-þA¼s¯«n-se kzm-X{´y-kac¯nð{]ISam-b ln-µp-þap-Énw- sFIyw- X§fp-sS B[n-]Xy-hpw- Nq-jWhpwt\cn-Sp-ó Gähpw- hen-b shñp-hn-fn-bm-sWóv- a\Ên-em-¡n-b km-{amPy-hm-Zn-IÄ- Xp-SÀ-óv- ssIs¡m-ï \S]Sn-Isfñmw- Cu- sFIy-s¯ XIÀ-¡p-I Fó Dt±iy-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-óp.- Hómw- kzm-X{´y-

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kac¯n-\v- ap-¼v- C´ym-Ncn-{X¯nð- A\p-`hs¸«n-«n-ñm-¯ \n-c´camb hÀ-Ko-bIel§fp-sS then-tbäw- Bbn-cp-óp- {_n-«o-jv- D]Pm-]¯nsâ ]cn-Wn-X^ew.- Bbn-c¯n- F®q-än- F¬-]¯ônð- B[p-\nIssien-bn-ep-Å P\m-[n-]Xy-kw-LS\bm-bn- C´y³- \m-jWð- tIm¬-{Kkv- cq-]w-sIm-ïXn-\p-tijhpw- AXn-sâ ap-Jy- IÀ-¯-hy-am-bn¯oÀ-óXv- ln-µp- ap-Énw- sFIyw- hmÀ-s¯Sp-¡p-I FóXm-Wv.- {_n-«ojv- A[n-Im-cn-hÀ-Kam-Is« t\sc hn-]co-XZn-ibn-epw- \o-§n.- hÀ-KobelfIÄ- cm-Py-¯n-sâ \m-\m-`m-K¯pw- \nXy-kw-`h§Ä-t]m-sebmbn.Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- Bdnð- ap-Énw-eo-Kpw- B-bn-c¯n-s¯mÅm-bn-c¯n- ]Xn-\ônð- ln-µp- alm-k`bpw- Bbn-c¯n- sXm-Åm-bnc¯n- Ccp-]¯n-\m-enð- cm-jv-{So-b kz-bw- tkhIv- kw-Lhpw(BÀFkvFkv),-- Chsb Iq-Sm-sX aäp- ]e hÀ-Ko-b kw-LS\Ifpw- cw-K¯p-hcnIbpw- hÀ-Ko-bsshcs¯- Bfn-¡¯n-¡m³- Xp-S§p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS cw-K{]thiwap-Énw-eo-Kn-s\bpw- ln-µp-alm-k`sbbpw- ]ckv-]c[m-cWbn-se¯n-¡m\pw- ln-µp- ap-Énw- sFIyw- sI«n-¸Sp-¡m-\pw- ]e {ia§fpw- tIm¬{Kkv- t\Xm-¡Ä- \S¯n-bn-cp-óp.- F¦n-epw- B {ia§Ä-¡v- Hcp- ]cn-anXn-bp-ïm-bn-cp-óp.- Ccp-]Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ BZy- ZiI¯n-ð- Hc`n-`mjI\m-bn- sXs¡ B{^n-¡bn-se¯n-b tam-l³-Zm-kv- Icw-Nµv- Km-ÔnAhn-Ss¯ C´y-¡m-cp-sSbpw- aäp- Idp-¯hcp-sSbpw- AhIm-i§Ä¡p-thïn- t]m-cm-Sn- kXy-{Klsaó ]p-Xn-b kacssien- Bhn-jv-Icn¨v- t]scSp-¯tijw- 1915þð- C´y-bn-se¯p-Ibpw- ]Sn-]Sn-bm-bn1920þHmSp-Iq-Sn- C´y³- \m-j\ð- tIm-¬-{Kkn-sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nðAhtcm-[n-¡s¸Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- AXn-\v- ap-¼v,- C´y³- \m-jWðtIm-¬-{Kkv- A`y-kv-X-hn-Zy--cp-sSbpw- tate¡n-S¡m-cp-sSbpwCS¯c¡m-cp-sSbpw- Hcp- kw-LS\ am-{Xam-bn-cp-óp.- AXp-sIm-ïvAhÀ- \bn-¨ kzm-X{´y-kacw- FóXp-t]m-se aXku-lmÀ-Z bXv\§fpw- kaq-l¯n-sâ D]cn-Xes¯ am-{Xw- kv-]À-in-¨ Hóm-bn-cp-óp.-hÀ-Ko-b elfIfp-sS ]p-dInð- {]hÀ-¯n-¡p-óhÀ- kzmÀ-Yn-Ifm-b cmjv-{So-b {]am-Wn-am-cpw- ]W¡m-cpw- BsW¦n-epw AXn-sâ ^eam-b thZ\bpw- Iã\jv-Shp-sañmw- kaq-l¯n-sâ Xm-sg¯«n-em-Wv- \S¡pI.- B Xm-sg¯«n-te¡v- t]m-Im³- Aós¯ tase¡n-S¡m-cp-sS tIm¬-{Kkv- kw-LS\¡v- Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-ón-ñ.- Fómð- alm-ßm-Km-ÔnBbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- Ccp-]Xp-Itfm-sS tIm-¬-{Kkv- t\Xr-Xz¯n-se¯p-Ibpw- kw-LS\sb km-[m-cW¡m-cp-sSbpw- {Km-ao-WcpsSbpw- ]¦m-fn-¯t¯m-sS hn-]p-eo-Icn-¡p-Ibpw- AXn-\m-bn- tIm-¬{Kkv- kt½f\§fn-se `m-jXsó \n-hr-¯n-bp-Ån-St¯m-fw- Cw-¥o-jvam-än- `m-cXo-b `m-jIfm-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XtXm-sS BWv- tIm¬-{Kkvicn-bm-b AÀ-Y¯nð- _lp-P\kw-LS\bm-bXv.- AtXm-sS ln-µp-apÉnw- sFIy-¯n-\p-Å Blzm-\hpw- {iahpw- km-[m-cW¡m-cp-sS lrZb§sf BIÀ-jn-¡m³- Xp-S§n.Jn-em-^¯v- {]Øm-\wHómw- tem-Ialm-bp-²¯nð- (1914þ1918)- PÀ-a³- ssIkdp-sS `m-K¯vtNÀ-ó XpÀ-¡n-sb ]cm-Pbs¸Sp-¯n-b {_n-«o-jp-ImÀ- XpÀ-¡n-bn-se `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bpw- BtKm-fXe¯nð- ap-Én-§fp-sS aXta[m-hn-bpwBbn-cp-ó Jeo-^sb Øm-\{`jv-S\m-¡n.- - AXn-s\Xn-sc tem-Isa§pap-Å ap-Én§Ä-¡n-Sbn-seót]m-se C´y³- ap-Én-§Ä-¡n-Sbn-epw- tcmjm-Ip-eam-b {]Xn-tj[w- DbÀ-óp-hóp.- ln-µpþ-ap-Énw -sFIyw- hm-Às¯Sp-¡m-\pw- ap-Én-§sf¡q-Sn- kzm-X{´y-kac¯nð- AWn-\n-c¯m-

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\pw- D]Icn-¡p-ó Hóm-bn- Cu- Jn-em-^¯v- {]iv-\s¯ Km-Ôn- GsäSp¯p.- A§s\ Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- Ccp-]Xn-ð- {_n-«o-jv-kÀ¡m-cn-s\Xn-cm-bn- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bp-sS t\Xr-Xz-¯nð- C´y³\mjWð- tIm-¬-{Kkv- Bcw-`n-¨ \n-ÊlIcWþ kXy-{Klkac¯nsâ Xp-ey-{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- XpÀ-¡n-bn-se Jeo-^sb ho-ïpwA[n-Im-c¯n-teäp-I FóXm-bn-cp-óp.-- AXn-\m-bn- Jn-em-^¯v- Fsómcp- kw-LS\Iq-Sn- tIm-¬-{Kkn-sâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nð- alm-ßm-Km-ÔnBcw-`n-¨p.- Km-Ôn-bp-sS Cu- kw-cw-`w- h¼n-¨ A\p-Iq-e {]Xn-IcWwap-Én-§Ä-¡n-Sbnð- DWÀ-¯n-hn-Sp-Ibpw- kzm-X{´y-kacw- A{XIïvhym-]n-¡p-Ibpw- Aen- ktlm-ZcòmÀ,- au-em-\m- Bkm-Zv,- l¡nw- APvað-Jm³- Xp-S§n-b kacho-csc AWn-\n-c¯p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- FómðBbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- Ccp-]¯n-\m-enð- XpÀ-¡n-bnð- IamðA¯m- XpÀ-¡n-sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nð- \Só hn-¹ht¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn- XpÀ-¡nIÄ-Xsó Jeo-^ Øm-\w- \n-cm-Icn-¨t¸mÄ- Jn-em-^¯v- A{] kàam-bn.- F¦n-epw- ap-Énw- Xm-ev-]cy-§fp-sS kw-c£I³- Fó \nebnð- Km-Ôn-bn-ep-Å hn-izm-kw- Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- ap-¸XpIfp-sS Ahkm-\t¯m-sS ap-l½Zv- Aen- Pn-óbp-sS t\Xr-Xz-¯nð- apÉnw- eo-Kv- C´y³- hn-`P\hm-Zw- DbÀ-¯p-óXp-hsc A`w-Kp-cw- Xp-SÀóp.Km-Ôn- C´y³- cm-jv-{So-b¯nð- hcp-¯n-b am-ä§Ä- {][m-\am-bpwcïm-Wv.- AXp-hsc tIm¬-{Kkn-se {]am-Wn-am-À- hÀ-jw-tXm-dpw- tbmKw-tNÀ-óv- N{IhÀ-¯n- Xn-cp-a\Ên-t\m-Sv- Iq-dv- {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw- C´ybp-sS kz-bw-`cWm-hIm-i¯n-\v- At±l¯n-sâ Zbm-Zm-£n-Wyw- DïmIWsaóv- {]m-À-Yn-¡p-ó {]tabw- ]m-km-¡pI-bpw- sNbv-Xp- t]m-cpIbm-bn-cp-óp.- AXn-\v- ]Icw- \n-baew-L\hpw- {]Xy-£kachpw- kzmX{´y-¯n-te¡p-Å amÀ-K-am-bn- Km-Ôn- tIm-¬-{Kkn-s\s¡m-ïv- Aw-KoIcn-¸n-¨p.-- Km-Ôn-bp-sS Alnw-km-amÀ-Kw- ]e tIm¬-{Kkv- t\Xm-¡fpwHcp- AShv- am-{Xam-bn-«m-Wv- kzo-Icn-¨Xv.- Km-Ôn-¡v- s]m-Xp-sh AsXmcp- hn-izm-k{]am-Wam-bn-cp-óp.-- Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- Ccp-]¯ncïnð- s]m-eo-kv- AXn-{Iaw- kln-¡h¿m-sX Bbt¸mÄ- _n-lm-dn-se Nu-cn-Nu-cbnð- P\§Ä- s]m-eo-kv- kv-täj³- B{Ian-¨t¸mÄ- Xsâ Alnw-km-amÀ-Kw- P\§Ä- Aw-Ko-Icn-¡p-óns-ñóv- ]dªv- kl{]hÀ¯Itcm-sSm-ópw- Btem-Nn-¡t]m-epw- sN¿m-sX Km-Ôn- kacw- ]n³hen-¨p.- Fóm-ð- Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-ffm-bn-c¯n- \m-ð-¸¯n-cïv- BKkvXv- H¼Xn-s\Xp-SÀ-óv- \Só "Izn-äv- C´y'- (C´y -hn-Sp-I)- kac¯nð- ] e "Nu-cn-Nu-c'-Ifpw- sdbnð-]m-f§Ä- hen-¡epw- sSet^m¬- I¼n- apdn-¡epw- s]m-eo-kp-am-bn- Gäp-ap-«epw- Fñmw- Dïm-bn-«pw- At±lwAXn-s\ XÅn-¸dªXp-anñ.- CsXm-s¡ At±l¯n-sâ Alnw-kmamÀ-K¯n-sâ ]cn-an-Xn-Itfm-sSm-¸w- Xsâ \n-e]m-Sp-Ifn-ep-ïm-b amäs¯bpw- kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-óp.hÅn-b½bp-sS càkm-£n-XzwC´y³- cm-jv-{So-b¯nð- Km-Ôn- hcp-¯n-b asäm-cp -am-äw- AXn-s\ km[m-cW P\§fp-sS CSbn-te¡v- hym-]n-¸n-¨p- FóXm-Wv.- Km-Ôn-bp-sS Cu- ho-£Ww- sXt¡ B{^n¡bn-se kacIm-e¯p-Xsó cq-]w-sIm-ïn-cp-óp.- sXt¡ B{^n-¡bn-se kac¯n-sâ {]ikv-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-SnC´y-bnð- Xn-cn-s¨¯n-b Km-Ôn-¡pw- ]Xv-\n- Ikv-XqÀ-_m-bv-¡pwsNssóbnð-sh¨v- \ð-In-b Hcp- hcthð-¸v- kt½f\¯nð- At±lw{]ISn-¸n-¨ lr-Zbkv]r-¡m-b hm-¡p-IÄ- Cu- at\m-`m-hs¯ km-£ys¸Sp-¯p-óp.- At±lw- ]dªp-: ""Cu- {]kw-K¯n-epÄ-s¸« hm-¡p-Ifnð- ]¯n-sem-cp- `m-K¯n-\vR§Ä- AÀ-lcm-sW¦n-ð,-- kz-´w- Po-h³- \jv-Ss¸Sp-¯p-IbpwA§s\ sXt¡ B{^n-¡bnð- Zp-cn-Xa\p-`hn-¡p-ó \n-§fp-sS \m-«p-

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ImÀ-¡m-bp-Å X§fp-sS IÀ-¯hyw- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XhÀ¡p-thïn- \n-§Ä- Fs´´v- ]Z§fm-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-¡m³- Dt±in-¡póXv?- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS am-\¯n--\p-thïn- Fñm- ]co-£W§sfbpwFñm- Zp-cn-X§sfbpw- Fñm-¯cw- Ahtlf\§sfbpw- \n-jv-If¦-amb hn-izm-kt¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn- t\cn-Sm³- ss[cy-s¸« ]Xn-t\gv- ]Xn-s\«phbÊp-Im-cm-b- \m-K¸³,- - \m-cm-bWkzm-an- Fóo- Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-bnF´v- hm-¡p-IÄ- D]tbm-Kn-¡m-\m-Wv- \n-§fp-t±in-¡p-óXv?- Hm-a\¯wXp-fp-¼p-ó ]Xn-\m-dp-hbÊp-Im-cn-bm-b hÅn-b½ amÀ-Sn-kv- _À-Kv- Pbnenð-\n-óv- ]p-d¯p-hóXv- Fñpw-tXm-epw- ITn-\am-b ]\n-bp-am-bn-«m-bncp-óp.- B ]\n-aq-ew- Hcp- am-k¯n-\p-ffnð- AhÄ- acn-¨p.- hffnb½sb¸än- ]dbm³- \n-§Ä- Fs´´v- hm-¡p-IÄ- D]tbm-Kn-¡pw?- B alm-òmÀ-¡pw- alXn-IÄ-¡pw- Rm-\m-Wv- {]tNm-Z\w- \ð-In-bsXóv- \n§Ä- ]dbp-Ibp-ïm-bn.- ]t£ B {]kv-Xm-h\tbm-Sv- tbm-Pn-¡m³F\n-¡v- \n-hr-¯n-bn-ñ.- D¯a-hn-izm-kt¯m-sS {]hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw- XpÑam-b {]-Xn-^ew-t]m-epw- {]Xo-£n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-X ip-²mßm-¡fm-b B Cjv-SP\§fm-Wv,- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b \n-ehm-c¯ntes¡¯m³- F\n-¡v- {]tNm-Z\w- \ð-In-bXv.- Ahcm-Wv- al¯m-b Xym-Kw-sIm-ïpw- al¯m-b hn-izm-kw-sIm-ïpw- hen-bh\m-b ssZht¯m-Sp-Å al\o-bam-b `àn-sIm-ïpw F\n-¡v- sN¿m³- Ignª tPm-en- sN¿m³- Fsó \nÀ-_ÔnX\m-¡n-bXv.- {]ikv-Xn-bp-sS shÅn-shfn-¨¯nð- {]hÀ-¯\w- \S¯m³- Rm-\pw- `m-cy-bpw- I\nbs¸«Xv- Fsâ ZuÀ-`m-Ky-am-Wv.- R§Ä-¡v- \S¯m³- Ign-ª Cu- \nÊm-cam-b {]hÀ-¯\s¯ \n-§Ä- AXn-cn-ñm-¯ Xc¯nð- s]cp-¸n-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xn-cn-¡p-óp.- \n-§Ä- R§fp-sS tað- sI«nsh¡m³- Dt±in-¡p-ó Cu- In-co-S¯n-\v- AÀ-lXbp-ÅhÀ- Ahcm-Wv.F{Xtbm- kv-t\lakr-Wam-bpw- Fómð- AÔam-bpw- \n-§ÄR§fp-sS tað- \nÀ-tem`w- hm-cn-s¨m-cn-ª Fñm- hn-tijW§fpwAÀln-¡p-óXv- B sNdp-¸¡m-cm-Wv''.-_qÀ-jzm- hy-Xn-bm-\whÅn-b½bp-sS lr-Zb¯nð- X«p-ó càkm-£n-Xz-¯nâ hn-«p-am-dm-¯ kv-acW Km-Ôn-bp-sS Icp-¯n-sâ ASn-¯dbm-Wv.- CtX hn-Im-cw-Xsó asäm-chkc¯nð- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ-¡v- Km-Ôn- \ð-In-b {]-kn-²am-b Hcp-]tZi¯nð- - {]Xn-^en-¡p-óp.- ""\n-§Ä- ssIs¡m-tÅï \S]SnIsf¡p-dn-¨v- Fs´¦n-epw- kw-ibw- tXm-ón-bmð- sXcp-hnð- Im-Wp-ó Gähpw- Ahi\m-b Bfn-s\ HmÀ-¡p-I.- AbmÄ-¡v- F§s\ KpWs¸Spw- Fóm-temNn-¨v- \n-§fp-sS \S]Sn- cq-]s¸Sp-¯n-bmð- AsXmcn-¡epw- sXäp-Ibn-ñ.''- C´ym- \Kc§fn-se kpJhm-ktI{µ§fn-eñ,F«p-e£¯nð-¸cw- hcp-ó {Km-a§fn-se Zcn-{ZtaJeIfnem-Wv- hÀ¯n-¡p-ósXó Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS {]Jym-]\hpw- Hm-À-¡p-I.- Km-Ôn-¡pwamÀ-Iv-kn-\pw- X½n-ep-Å Cu- AhiP\m-`n-ap-Jyw- FSp-¯p-Im-«n-s¡mïv- Ccp-hcpw- X½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-k¯n-sâ t\À-¡v- C Fw- Fkv- \¼qXn-cn-¸m-Sv- C{]Im-cw- hn-cð-Nq-ïp-óp-: "" ...-Km-Ôn- ZÀ-i\¯n-sâ Hcp- {][m-\ `m-Kam-bn- Rm³- IW¡m-¡póXv- Zcn-{Z P\Xtbm-Sp-Å sFIy-am-Wv.- AXv- Km-Ôn-ZÀ-i\¯n-sâ Hcp- {][m-\ `m-Kam-sWóm-Wv- Rm³- a\Ên-em-¡p-óXv.- AXv- Rm³DÄ-s¡m-Åp-óp.- AXn-sâ Gähpw- DbÀ-ó cq-]am-Wv- amÀ-Iv-kn-kw.ImÄ- amÀ-Iv-kpw- Zcn{Z\m-cm-bWtkh \S¯n-b Bfm-W.v- amÀ-Iv-kn-sâ Po-hn-XsaSp-¯v- ]cn-tim-[n-¨mð- AXv- Im-Wmw.- amÀ-Iv-kn-\vthWsa¦nð- DbÀ-ó i¼fw- In-«p-ó Hcp- DbÀ-ó DtZym-KØ\m-Im³Ign-bp-am-bncp-óp.- AXn-\p-thï ]Tn-¸pw- ]cn-io-e\hpw- At±l¯n-\pïm-bn-cp-óp.- ]t£ At±lw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K¯n-sâ kw-LS\¡pw{]hÀ-¯\¯n-\pw-thïn- Po-hn-Xw- AÀ-¸n-¨v- Zm-cn-{Zy-¯nð- Ign-bp-Ibm-

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Wv- sNbv-XXv.- ]«n-Wn-bp-sS ^eam-bn- At±l¯n-sâ ctïm- aq-tómIp-«n-IÄ- acn-¨p.- Aóós¯ `£W¯n-\p-t]m-epw- hIbn-ñm-¯ amÀIv-kn-s\ Po-hn-¡m³- klm-bn-¨Xv- Fw-Kð-kv- AS¡ap-Å At±l¯nsâ kp-lr-¯p-¡fm-bn-cp-óp.- amÀ-Iv-kv- Hcp- bYmÀ-Y Ejn-bm-bn-cp-óp,- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-sbt¸m-se¯só.- ]t£ alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bpw- amÀ-Ivkpw- X½nð- Hcp- {][m-\hy-Xym-kw- Dïv.- F´m-Wv- hy-Xym-kw?- sXm-gnem-fn-Isfbpw- Ir-jn-¡m-scbpw- kw-LSn-¸n-¨v- Ahcp-sS kac§fnð¡qSn- cm-Py-¯n-sâ kzm-X{´yw- t\Sp-I,- Cu- cm-Py-¯v- Hcp- ]p-Xn-b kaqlw- sI«n-¸Sp-¡p-Iþ C¯csam-cp- Im-gv-N¸m-Sv- Km-Ôn-Pn-¡n-ñm-bn-cp-óp.Xsóbp-añ- Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS Alnw-km-kn-²m-´w- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw- Irjn-¡m-cpw- IÀ-jIs¯m-gn-em-fn-Ifpw- aäp-am-b Zcn-{Z\m-cm-bWòm-cp-sS kac¯n-s\Xn-cp-am-bn-cp-óp.- t\scadn-¨v- amÀ-Iv-kv- B Zcn-{Z\m-cmbWòm-cp-sS kac¯n-sâ Iq-sSbm-bn-cp-óp.- B kacw- ]et¸m-gpwASn-¨aÀ-¯s¸Spw.- Hm-tcm- -kac¯n-epw- Bbn-c¡W¡n-\v- Bfp-IÄcàkm-£n-Ifm-hpw.- ]t£ AXv- kac¯n-sâ `m-Kam-Wv- Fóv- IïvB kac¯n-sâ Iq-sS \nð-¡p-Ibm-Wv- amÀ-Iv-kv- sNbv-XXv.Fs´ñmw- ASn-¨aÀ-¯ep-IÄ- Dïm-bm-epw- Fs´ñmw- aÀ-Z\§ÄDïm-bm-epw- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw- Ir-jn-¡m-cpw- IÀ-jIs¯m-gn-em-fn-IfpwZcn-{Z\m-cm-bWòmÀ- Fóv- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn- hn-fn-¡p-ó aäp- ]m-hs¸« _lp-P\§fpw- kw-LSn-¨v- ap-tódp-óXnð- At§bäw- Bthiw- sImÅp-Ibm-Wv- amÀ-Iv-kv- sNbv-XXv.''- (C Fw- Fkn-sâ sXcsªSp-¯ {] kw-K§Ä- Un- kn- _p-Iv-kv-þ1996 t]Pv- 226þ27)A[zm-\n-¡p-óhsc kw-LSn-¸n-¨v- kacwsNbv-Xv- Nq-jIhÀ-K¯nð-\nóv- AhIm-i§fpw- `cWm-[n-Im-chpw- ]n-Sn-s¨Sp-¯v- hÀ-Kcln-Xam-b Hcp- kaq-lw- þtkm-jy-en-kv-äv- kaq-lw-þ sI«n-¸Sp-¡p-I Fó Im-gv-N¸mSm-bn-cp-ón--ñ Km-ÔnPn-bp-tSXv.- am-{Xañ A¯cw- kacw- lnw-kbmsWópw- Alnw-km-hm-Zn-bm-b At±lw- kn-²m-´n-¡p-óp.- ap-Xem-fn-amscbpw- Pòn-am-scbpw- Nq-jIcpw- aÀ-ZIcp-am-bn-«ñ sXm-gn-em-fn-IfpsSbpw- Ir-jn-¡m-cp-sSbpw- c£Icm-b "{Skv-än'-am-cm-bn- Im-WWsaópwAXn-\v- hn-]co-Xam-bn- {]hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó ap-Xem-fn--am-scbpw- Pòn-amscbpw- - Alnw-kbpw- A\p-\bhpw-sIm-ïv- am-\km-´cs¸Sp-¯p-IbmWv- thïsXópw-hsc Km-Ôn- kn-²m-´n-¨p.- Cu- {Skv-än-jn-¸v- kn-²m´w- _q-À-jzm- Nq-jWhyhØsb \ym-bo-Icn-¡p-ó _qÀ-jzm- kn-²m´am-sWóv- hn-aÀ-iIÀ- Nq-ïn-¡m-«n.- Bß\n-jv-Tam-bn- Km-Ôn- _qÀjzm-þ`q-{]`p-hÀ-K¯n-\v- ]m-Ztkh sN¿p-Ibm-sWsóm-ópw- hm-Znt¡ïXn-ñ.- ]t£ hkv-Xp-\n-jv-Tam-bn- Km-Ôn-bp-sS kn-²m-´hpw- {]hr¯n-bpw- ^e¯nð- AXp-Xsóbm-Wv- sNbv-XXv.- Al½Zm-_m-Znð- KmÔn- Xsâ ijy-\m-bn-cp-ó Kpð-km-cn-emð- \µbp-sS ]n-´p-Wtbm-sS kw-LSn-¸n-¨ anð-s¯m-gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b³- Cu- hÀ-KklIcWamÀK¯n-eq-sS ap-Xem-fn-am-cp-sS Xm-ev- ]cy-§Ä- kw-c£n-¡m-\m-Wv- DXInbXv.hÀ-Kkac{]iv-\¯nð- am-{Xañ {_n-«o-jv- hn-cp-² kzm-X´y-kac¯nepw- Cu- _qÀ-jzm- hy-Xn-bm-\w- Isï¯mw.- 1920þ22 se Hómw- \nÊlIcWkacw- Nu-cn-Nu-c s]m-eo-kv- kv-täj³- B{IaW¯n-sâ t]cn-epw- 1930þ31 se kacw- Km-Ôn-þCÀ-hn-³- DS¼Sn-bp-sS t]cn-epwkl{]hÀ-¯Itcm-Sp-t]m-epw- Btem-Nn-¡m-sX Km-Ôn- s]m-Spó\sh ]n³-hen-¨Xn-sâ ]n-dInð- _qÀ-jzm- hÀ-KXm-ev-]cy-kwc£WXz-c Isï¯mw.- kacam-cw-`n-¨v- AXv- DuÀ-Pkz-eam-bn- X\n-¨vap-tódp-t¼mÄ- AXn-sâ t\Xr-Xzw- _qÀ-jzm- hÀ-K¯n-sâ ssIIfnð\n-óv- hgp-Xn- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS,- IÀ-jIm-Zn- P\km-am-\y-¯n-sâ ssIIfn-te¡v- t]m-Ip-óXv- XSbm-\p-Å cm-jv-{So-be£yw- Cu- ]n-³hen-¡ep-IÄ-¡v- ]n-dInð- Dïv- Fó hn-aÀ-iIcp-sS hm-Zw- A{XthKwXn-ckv-Icn-¡m-\m-In-ñ.-

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1942 se Nq-Xm-« t]m-cm-«walm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bp-sS Po-hn-X¯n-epw- tIm¬-{Kkn-sâ Ncn-{X¯n-epwA´n-aam-bn- \Só t]m-cm-«am-Wv- Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- \mð¸¯n-cïn-se "Izn-äv- C´ym- kacw'.- kJy-I£nIfpw- ^m-kn-kv-äv- A¨pXïv- I£n-Ifpw- X½nð- \Só cïmw- tem-Ialm-bp-²w- Xp-S§n-bXvtem-Iw- ]¦n-s«Sp-¡m-\p-Å Hcp- km-{am-Py-Xz-bp-²am-bn-«m-bn-cp-ópsh¦nepw- Bbn-c¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n- \mð-¸s¯m-óv- Pq-Wnð- ln-äv-edp-sS PÀ-a³- ssk\yw- tkm-hn-bäv- bq-Wn-bs\Xn-sc \o-§p-Ibpw- tkm-hn-bävbq-Wn-b³- A§s\ kJy-I£n-Ifp-sS `m-K¯v- bp-²¯n-teÀ-s¸SpIbpw- sNbv-XtXm-sS bp-²¯n-sâ kz-`m-hw-Xsó am-dn.- Hómw- temIalm-bp-²w- (1914þ1918)- ]cy-hkm-\n-¨tijw Pbn-¨ Bw-t¥m- {^ôvkm{am-Py-Xz- cm-jv-{S§Ä- bp-²Im-e¯v- ASn-acm-Py-§tfm-Sv- sNbv-X hmKv-Zm-\§Ä- ew-Ln-¨v- km-{am-Py-Xz-s¯ Ac¡n-«p-d¸n-¡p-Ibpw- FXn-cmfn-Ifnð-\n-óv- ]n-Sn-s¨Sp-¯ cm-Py-§Ä-t]m-epw- km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-sâ ]nSn-bn-sem-Xp-¡p-Ibp-am-Wtñm- sNbv-XXv.- tkm-hn-bäv- bq-Wn-bsâ ]¦mfn-¯w-aq-ew- Hómw-tem-I alm-bp-²Im-es¯ hô\ BhÀ-¯n-¡m³]Sn-ªm-d³- km-{am-Py-Xz- iàn-IÄ-¡m-hp-Ibn-sñópw,-- km-{am-Py-Xz¯n-sâ Gähpw- Zp-jv-Shpw- {Iq-chp-am-b cq-]am-Wv- ^m-kn-kw- Fópw,tem-I ^m-kn-k¯n-sâ ]cm-Pbw- tem-Ikm-{am-Py-Xz-s¯ £o-Wn-¸n¡p-Ibpw- hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fn-se kzm-X{´y-kac§fp-sS AWs¡«pIÄ- s]m-«n-¡p-Ibpw- sN¿p-saópw- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-ImÀ- hm-Zn-¨p.- AXpsIm-ïv- ^m-kn-kv-äv-hn-cp-² bp-²X{´s¯- XIcm-dm-¡p-ó kac§Äkzm-X{´y-kacs¯Xsó BXy-´n-Iam-bn- Zp-À-_es¸Sp-¯p-ItbbpÅq- Fóp-am-bn-cp-óp- AhcpsS hm-Zw.- AXp-sIm-ïv- Izn-äv- C´ymkac¯n-sâ {]Jym-]n-Xe£yw- A`n-\µ\o-bsa¦n-epw- AXv- AIm-en-Ihpw- e£y-s¯ tXmð-¸n-¡p-ó am-À-Khp-am-sWóv- hm-Zn-¨v- Iayq-Wnkv-äp-ImÀ- Izn-äv- C´y- kac¯nð-\n-ópw- Hgn-ªp-\n-óp.- ]t£ ^m-knkv-äv- hn-cp-² {]Nm-cWt¯m-sSm-¸w- km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-² {]Nm-cWhpwAhÀ- iàam-bn- Xp-SÀ-óp.-asäm-cp- hn-aÀ-i\wIq-Sn- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-ImÀ- Izn-äv- C´ym- kac¯n-s\Xnsc Dóbn-¨p.-- bYmÀY¯nð- AXv- Hcp- P\Io-b kacbXv-\-añ; {_n-«ojp-Im-cp-am-bn- H¯p-XoÀ-¸p-ïm-¡m-\p-Å Hcp- hn-et]ið- `o-jWnAsñ¦nð- Hcp- Nq-Xm-«w- BWXv- Fópw- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-ImÀ- hm-Zn-¨p.hm-kv-Xh¯nð- Hcp-hn-[ Xbm-sdSp-¸pw- kac¯n-\p-thïn- tIm-¬-{KkvsNbv-Xn-cp-ón-ñ.- 1920þ sebpw- 1930þsebpw- kac§fp-sS ssien-bpwkw-LS\m-cq-]hpw,- GXp-hn-[¯nð- {_n-«o-jp-Im-sc sNdp-¡Wsaó \nÀ-tZihp-sañmw- B kac§Ä-¡p-ap-¼p-Xsó \S¯n-bn-cp-óp.- 1942 BKkv-Xv- 9þmw- Xo-bXn- apw-ss_bnð- tNÀ-ó tIm¬-{Kkv- tbm-K¯nðIzn-äv- C´ym- {]tabw- ]m-km-b-Xn-s\¯p-SÀ-óv- Aóp -cm-{Xn-Xsó tIm¬-{Kkv- t\Xm-¡sfbpw- At\Iw- {]hÀ-¯Iscbpw- Adkv-äv-sN¿pIbpw- tIm¬-{Kkv- kw-LS\ \n-tcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XXn-s\ Xp-SÀ-óvkz-btah cm-Py-am-kIew- s]m-«n¸p-ds¸« tcm-j{]IS\am-bn-cp-óp Izn-ävC´y- kacw.- B kacw- {]Jym-]n-¨n-sñóXp-t]m-seXsó Fsó¦nepw- ]n³-hen-¨Xm-bpw- tcJIfn-ñ.- Cu- cm-Py-hym-]Iam-b tcm-j{] IS\s¯ Nn-«bm-b- kacam-¡n- am-äm-\p-Å {iaw- \S¯n-bXv- tIm¬{Kkn-\Is¯ tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- t\Xm-¡fm-b Pb{]Im-iv- \mcm-bW³,Acp-W Bk^v- Aen,- \m-\m-]«oð,- dmwat\m-lÀ-tem-ly,- - sI _ntat\m³,- a¯m-bn- am-ªq-cm³- Xp-S§n-bhcm-bn-cp-óp.- Ahcm-Is« Alnw-km- amÀ-K¯n-eq-sS Añ Ncn-¨Xv.- s]m-eo-kv-kv-täj³- B{Ian¡p-I,- sdbnð-¸m-fw- s]m-fn-¡p-I,- sSet^m¬- I¼n- ap-dn-¡p-I,- ]me§Ä- XIÀ-¡p-I ap-Xem-b "lnw-k'-sbóv- Km-Ôn- hn-tijn-¸n-¨ Im-cy§sfñmw- AhÀ- sNbv-Xp.- Hfn-hnð- t]m-Ip-óXpw- \n-bahn-cp-²] {X§Ä- \S¯p-óXpw- aäpw- Km-Ônbp-sS ho-£W¯nð- lnw-kbmsW¦n-epw- Pb{]Im-ipw- Acp-Wbpw- CS¯« \m-cm-bW\pw- sI _n-

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tat\m-\pw- aäpw- AXp-Xsóbm-Wv- sNbv-XXv.- Nu-cn-Nu-cm- kw-`h¯nâ t]cnð- Hómw- \n-ÊlIcW kXy-{Klkacw- s]m-Sp-ó\sh ]n³-hen¨ Km-Ôn- Cu- A{Ia§sf Hópw- A]e]n-¨n-ñ Fóp-ÅXvAt±l¯nâ Alnw-km-hm-Z¯n-se hn-Nn-{Xam-b ssh]co--Xy-am-Wv.- am-{Xañ Adkv-äv- sN¿s¸-«v- kacw- \S¯p-óp-shó AhØ¡v- at[yHcp- sIm-ñ¯n-\Iw- Km-Ôn- XShnð-\n-óv- ssht{km-bn-bp-am-bn- Fgp¯p-Ip-¯p- Iq-Sn- Bcw-`n-¨t¸mÄ- kac¯n-sâ ho-dpw- hym-]v-Xn-bpw- Ipdbm³- Xp-S§n.- A[n-Iw- Xm-akn-bm-sX Pb{]Im-ipw- aäpw- Adkv-ävsN¿s¸Sp-Ibpw- kacw- sI«S§p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.CsXñmw- hy-àam-¡p-óXv- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-ImÀ- BZyta Dóbn-¨ hn-aÀi\§Ä- Xn-I¨pw- icn-bm-bn-cp-óp- Fóm-Wv.- {_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-am-bn- H¯pXoÀ-¸n-se¯m³- \S¯n-b Hcp- Nq-Xm-«tam- `o-jWn-tbm- B-bn-cp-óp"In-äv-C´y'-kacsaóXpw- Km-Ôn-bpw- ssht{km-bn-bpw- X½n-ep-Å Fgp¯p-Ip-¯pw- B- Fgp-¯p-Ip-¯p-Ifn-se kÔn- at\m-`m-hhpw- sXfn-bn¨p.-- 1945þð- bp-²w- Ahkm-\n-¡p-Ibpw- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-ImÀ- {]hNn-¨Xpt]m-se C´y-bn-epw- aäp-]e tIm-f\n-cm-Py-§fn-epw- - kzm-X{´ykac¯n-sâ AWs¡«p-IÄ- s]m-«n- P\ap-tóäw- iàam-bn- ap-tóm-«pt]m-Ip-Ibpw- sNbv-Xt¸mÄ- C´y-bnð- tIm-¬-{Kkp-ImÀ- AXn-s\ FXnÀ-¯ {_n-«o-jp-Im-cpam-bn- H¯p-XoÀ-¸p-ïm-¡m-\p-Å X{X¸m-Sn-embn-cp-óp.- {_n-«o-jv- B[n-]Xy-¯n-s\Xn-sc sslZc_m-Znð- \Só "sXep-¦m-\ km-bp-[ ImÀ-jn-I'-kacw,- apw-ss_bn-epw- aäv- Xp-dapJ]«W§fn-epw- \Só \m-hn-I ]Sbm-fn-Ifp-sS Iem-]w,- - ]p-ó{] þhbemÀ-t]m-se ]e \m-«p-cm-Py-§fn-epw- \Só kac§Ä,- _w-Km-fnse "sX`m-K' IÀ-jI kacw- Xp-S§n-bhs¡ñmw- tIm-¬-{Kkv- FXn-cmbn-óp.- Cu- kac§fn-sem-s¡ Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-Im-cpw- tkm-jy-en-kv-äp-Imcpw- ap³-]´n-bn-em-bn-cp-óp-shóXpw- {it²bam-Wv.hn-`P\hpw- kzm-X{´y-hpwC´y-bn-se ssk\n-IÀ- DÄ-s¸sSbp-Å P\e£§fp-sS kacthentbäw- {_n-«o-jp-Im-sc am-{Xañ- tIm¬-{Kkv- t\Xr-Xz-s¯bpw- ]cn-{`m´cm-¡n.- ]gbam-Xn-cn- kÀ-hm-[n-]Xyw- Xp-Scm³- Ign-bn-sñóXm-Wv- {_n«o-jp--Im-sc ]cn-c{`m-´cm-¡n-bsX¦nð- kzm-X{´y-kac¯n-sâ thentbäw- CSXp-]£s¯bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-Isfbpw- kact\Xr-Xz-¯n-te¡v B\bn-¡p-óp-shóXm-bn-cp-óp- tIm¬-{Kkn-sâ ]cn-{`m-´n-¡v- ImcWw.- F§s\sb¦n-epw- Hscm-¯p-Xo-À-¸p-ïm-¡n- A[n-Im-c¯nð- {] thin-¡m-¯]£w- _q-À-jzm-hm-gv-NXsó A]ISs¸SpsaóhÀ`bs¸«p.- AXp-sIm-ïv- AXp-hsc AhÀ- \JinJm-´w- FXn-À-¯n-cp-ó C´ym- hn-`P\s¯bpw- ]m-In-Øm-s\bpw- A\p-Iq-en-¡m-\pw- AhÀaSn-¨n-ñ.- {_n-«o-jv- Kh¬-saân-sâ Fót]m-se tIm-¬-{Kkn-sâbpwCu- Zp-c´Zp-ȦIsf Xn-I¨pw- ap-Xem-¡m³- ap-l½Zv- Aen- Pn-óbp-sS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å ap-Énw-eo-Kv- Xbm-dm-bn.- X§fp-sS Bhiyw- \ndthäm-¯]£w- C´y-³- D]`q-JÞs¯ tNm-c¸p-gbn-em-gv-¯pw- Fó ap-ódn-bn-¸v- \ð-Im-\m-bn- AhÀ- 1946þ ð- \S¯n-b {]Xy-£kacwC´y-bp-sS Ncn-{X¯n-se Gähpw- `o-Icam-b hÀ-Ko-b Iq-«s¡m-eIfnem-Wv- ]cy-hkm-\n-¨Xv.Cu- \nÀ-Wm-bIam-b Ncn-{Xap-lqÀ-¯¯nð- tIm-¬-{Kkn-se "Km-Ônb³-'- Fópw- "heXv-'- Fópw-- - hn-tijn-¸n-¡s¸Sp-ó kÀ-ZmÀ- ]t«ð{Kq-¸pw- "CSXv'- Fóv- - hn-tijn-¸n-¡s¸Sp-ó s\{lp-{Kq-¸pw- tNÀ-óv{_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm--tem-Nn-¨v- hn-`P\sa¦nð- hn-`P\saó \nebn-te¡v- am-dn.- F§s\bpw- A[n-Im-c¯n-se¯m³- F´v- hn-«p-ho-gvN¡pw- X§Ä- Xbm-dm-sWó s\{lp-þ]t«ð-- Zz-µ¯n-sâ \n-e]m-Svssht{km-bn- au-ïv- _m-ä³-{]`p-hpw- ]m-In-Øm³-hm-Zn- Pn-óbpw- apXem-¡m-\p-Å {iaam-cw-`n-¨p.-

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]t£ Hcm-Ä- am-{Xw- s\{lp-þ]t«ð- hô\¡v- hg§m³- Iq--«m-¡n-bn-ñ.AXv- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bm-bn-cp-óp.- thïn-hómð- Hcp- kzm-X{´y-kacwIqSn- Bcw-`n-¡msaópw- AXn-eq-sS {_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-am-bn- IW¡p-] dªp- ]n-cn-ªv- ]qÀ-Wkzm-X{´yw- t\Sp-Ibpw- ap-Én-§Ä-¡v- hn`P\sam-gn-¨v- Ahcm-hiy-s¸p-Sp-ó F´pw-þ A[n-Im-c¯nð- P\kwJym- B\p-]m-Xn-Iam-bn- e`n-¡m-hp-óXn-t\¡mÄ- Iq-Sp-Xð- ]¦m-fn-¯wDÄ-s¸sSþ \ð-Im-saópw- Bbn-cp-óp- Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS \n-e]m-Sv.- CXnt\m-Sv- tkm-jy-en-kv-äp-Im-cpw- Iayq-Wn-kv-äp-Im-cpw- - ]t«en-s\t¸m-se A [n-Im-cZp-cbn-ñm-¯ Km-Ôn-bòm-cpw- A\p-Iq-en-¨n-cp-óp.- ]t£ tIm¬{Kknð- Km-Ôn- Häs¸Sp-Ibpw- kz-´w- in-jy-òm-cmð- Xn-ckv-Icn¡s¸Sp-Ibp-am-Wv- sNbv-XXv.HSp-hnð- C´y- hn-`Pn-¡s¸Sp-Ibpw- In-g¡³- _w-Km-fpw- Ct¸m-gs¯ ] mIn-Øm-\p-apÄ-s¸sS ]m-In-Øm-³- 1947 BKkv-Xv- 14þmw- Xo-bXn-bpwC´y³- bq-Wn-b³- B-Kkv-Xv- 15þmw- Xo-bXn-bpw,-- \n-ehnð-hcp-IbpwsNbv-Xp.- Cu- kzm-X{´y-{]m-]v-Xn-¡v- sXm-«p-ap-¼pw- ]n³-]p-am-bn- ]m-InØm³- {]tZis¯ ln-µp-¡Ä-s¡Xn-cm-bpw- C´y³-bq-Wn-b³- {] tZis¯ ap-Én-§Ä-s¡Xn-cm-bpw- \Só AXn-`o-Icam-b \cth«IfpwA`bm-À-Yn-- {]hm-lhpw- hn-hcn-¡m³- hm-¡p-Ifn-ñ.- `o-jv-am-km-lv-\n-bpsS "Xakv'- (Ccp-«v)- biv-]m-en-sâ "kOm- Oq-T'- (\n-dw-]n-Sn-¸n-¨ \pWIÄ)- aWn-Iv- _tµm-]m-[y-bbp-sS Xn-Xm-jv- GIv-Yn- \ZoÀ-\mw- (Xn-Xmjv- Fó t]cnð- Hcp- \Zn-bp-ïm-bn-cp-óp)- Xp-S§n-b- càw- Xn-f¸n-¡pó BJym-bn-IIfntem- Fw- Fkv- kXyp-hn-sâ "Kcw-lhm'- ,- EXzn-IvL«¡n-sâ kn-\n-aIÄ- Xp-S§n-bhbn-tem- \n-óv- \ap-¡v- CXn-sâ GItZiw- Hcp- cq-]w- In-«pw.hn-hn-[ `m-jIfpw- aX§fpw- Pm-Xn-Ifpw- kw-kv-Im-c§fpw- aäp-am-bn- inYn-eo-Ir-Xam-bn-¡n-Són-cp-ó Cu- {]m-No-\cm-jv-{Ss¯ GIo-Icn-¨v- kzmX{´y-kac¯n-eq-sS C{Xbpw-hsc F¯n-¨ cm-jv-{S]n-Xm-hn-sâ lr-ZbwXIÀ-¯ Im-gv-Nbm-bn-cp-óp Xsâ in-jy-òm-cp-sS hô\bpw- Xm³- Poht\¡mÄ- al¯cam-bn- Icp-Xn-b ln-µp-þ ap-Énw- sFIy-¯n-sâ XIÀ¨bpw.- Xm³- hn-Pb¯n-epw- ]cm-Pb¯n-epw- ap-dp-sI¸n-Sn--¨ Alnw-kbpsS Øm-\¯v- {]ISam-b càcq-£n-Xam-b lnw-kbp-sS hn-fbm-«hpwalm-ßm-hn-\v- kln-¡m-hp-óXnð- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn-cp-óp.- Po-hn-Xw- ap-gh³Xm³- ap-dp-sI¸n-Sn-¨ aq-ey-§Ä- Nn-Xdn-s¯dn-¡p-ó -Im-gv-N B lrZbs¯ ]n-fÀ-óp.- 1947 BKkv-Xv- ]Xn-\m-evþ- ]Xn-\ôv- AÀ-[cm-{Xnkab¯v- Xm³- ]cn-io-en-¸n-¨v- hfÀ-¯n-b injy-òmÀ- Xsó Dt]£n-¨vA[n-Im-cknw-lm-k\¯n-sâ Xn-f¡¯nð- I®v- aªfn-¨v- BÀ-¯pñkn-¡p-óXv- B hµy-htbm-hr-²s\ sXsñm-óp-añ thZ\n-¸n-¨Xv.BKkv-Xv- 14þ15 AÀ-[cm-{Xn- kabw- {_n-«o--jv- bq-Wn-b³- Pm-¡v- hen-¨pXm-sgbn-«v- kzm-X{´y-¯n-sâ {Xn-hÀ-W ]Xm-I Xm-cm-NÀ-¨n-Xam-b hnlm-bÊn-te¡v- Dbcp-t¼mÄ- AXn-\v- km-£yw-hln-¡m³- s\-{lp-hnsâbpw- ]«o-en-sâbpw- au-ïv- _m-äsâbpw- cm-tP{µ{]km-Zn-sâbpw- cmPm-Pn-bp-sSbpw- H¸w- alm-ßm-hv- Cñm-bn-cp-óp.- At±lw- In-gt¡ C´ybnð- `o-Icam-b hÀ-Ko-b elf¡v- hn-t[bcm-bhsc,- {]tXy-In-¨pw- apÉn-§sf,- B-iz-kn-¸n-¡m-\pw- Ahcp-sS I®o-scm-¸m-\pw- AÀ-[\á\mbn- Xsâ \o-ï hSn-bpw- Du-ón Aebp-Ibm-bn-cp-óp.kzm-X{´y-{]m-]v-Xn-bp-sS ap-lqÀ-¯¯nð- in-jy-òm-sc A\p-tam-Zn-¡m³sNón-sñ¦n-epw- ctïm- aq-tóm- hm-NI¯nð- Hcp -ktµisa¦n-epw\ð-IWsaóv- A`yÀ-Yn-¨v- D]{][m-\a{´n- hñ`m-bn- ]t«en-sâ Zq-X³Km-Ôn-sb sIm-ð-¡¯bnð- kao-]n-¨p.- tcm-jhpw- Zp-x-Jhpw- IeÀ-ó kz-c¯nð- At±lw- Zq-Xt\m-Sv- ]dªp: ""F\n-¡v- Hcp- ktµihpw- Xcm-\n-ñ''.- - B kµÀ-`¯nð- In-g¡³- _w-Km-fn-se \u-Jm-en- {Kma¯n-epw- aäpw- ho-Spw- _Ôp-P\§fpw- -\jv-Ss¸«v- tNm-cbnð- Ip-gª a®nð- Cgbp-ó A`bmÀ-Yn-Ifp-sS Imgv-Nbpw- sImð-¡¯ sXcp-hp-

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Ifn-se I¯n-sbcn-ª sI«n-S§fnð-\n-óv- han-¡p-ó a\p-jyamwk¯n-sâ ]p-Ibp-ó KÔhpw- alm-ßm-hn-sâ lr-Zbs¯ \o-äpIbm-bn-cp-óp.A´y-ktµihpw- càkm-£n-Xz-hpwkzm-X{´y-{]m-]v-Xn-¡v- tijhpw- alm-ßm-hn-sâ bXv-\§Ä- ln-µp-þapÉnw- sFIyw- ho-sïSp-¡m-\pw,-- elfbnð- acWhpw- Aw-K`w-Khpw- kz¯p--\m-ihpw- kw-`hn-¨ Øe§Ä- kµÀ-in-¨v- Ahtijn-¨hÀ-¡m-izmkw- ]Icm\p-am-bn-cp-óp; - AtXm-sSm-¸w- C´y-bpw- ]m-In-Øm-\pwX½nð- ku-lmÀ-Zw- hfÀ-¯m-\pw- ,-AXn-\v- {]Xn-_Ôam-bn- Aóv- DbÀóp-hó "kv-säÀ-enw-Kv- an-¨'-{]iv-\w- ]m-In-Øm-\\p-Iq-eam-bn- ]cn-lcn¡m-\pw.-- hn-`P\¯n-\p-tijw- C´y-bnð- Ahtijn-¨n-cp-ó Ip-sd h¼³-tiJc¯n-sâ P\kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-Iam-b Hcp- ]¦v- ]m-In-Øm-\v\ð-IWsaó hy-hØ C´y- ew-Ln-¨p.- Im-iv-ao-À- Xp-S§n-b {]iv\§sf sNm-ñn-bp-Å ]m-In-Øm-sâ \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- aäp-am-WXn-\v- ImcWw.- HSp-hnð- s\{lp-hn-sâbpw- ]t«en-sâbpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-s\Xn-sc cmjv-{S]n-Xm-hn-\v- C¡m-cy-¯n-\m-bn- \n-cm-lm-ckacw- \St¯ïXm-bn¯só hóp.alßm-hn-sâ "Cu- ap-Énw- {]o-W\'-\bs¯ FXnÀ-¯Xv- ]t«ð- am-{XwBbn-cp-ón-ñ.- C´y-bn-se ln-µp-alm-k`bpw- BÀ-Fkv-Fkpw- aäp- lnµp-hÀ-Ko--bhm-Zn-{Kq-¸p-Ifpw- Km-Ôn-sb i{Xp-hm-bn- Iïp.- hm-kvXh¯nð- 1948 P\p-hcn- 30 \v- ap-¼p-Xsó cïp-aq-óp- XhW- Km-Ôn-sb h[n-¡m³- {iaw- \S¡p-Ibpw- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ {i²bn-ð-s¸Sp-Ibpw- sNbvXn-cp-óp.- ]t£ AXv- Ku-cham-bn- kÀ-¡mÀ- FSp-¯n-sñóv,- Km-Ôn-h [s¯¸än- At\z-jn-¨ Pp-Uo-jyð- Iao-j³,-- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Aew-`mhs¯¸än- ISp-¯ hn-aÀ-i\am-bn,-- tcJs¸Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv.- ln-µp-almk` Xeh³ hn- Un- khÀ-¡cp-sS A\p-bm-bn-bpw- BÀ-Fkv- Fkv- AwKhp-am-bn-cp-ó \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-bIv- tKm-Zv-skbm-Wv- Zn-ñn-bn-se Zfn-XÀ hkn-¡p-ó Hcp- tXm-«n- tIm-f\n-bnð- {]mÀ-Y\m-tbm-K¯nð-sh¨v- - almßm-hn-sâ s\-ônð- \n-dsbm-gn-¨v- B al\o-b Po-hn-X¯n-\v- hn-cm-awIp-dn-¨Xv.- - tNm-chm-À-ó s\ônð- ssIsh¨p-sIm-ïv- ""tl dmw,- tl dmw''- Fóv- P]n-¨v- Ncn-{X¯n-te¡v- kw-Kan-¨ B bp-K]p-cp-jsâ FñmZuÀ-_ey-§fpw- B tNm-cbn-eq-sS hmÀ-óp-t]m-bXm-bn- Icp-Xmw. -ln-µp-þap-Énw- Ass\Iy-hpw- C´y³- bq-Wn-b\nð- apÉn-§Ä-¡v- t\cn«p-sIm-ïn-cp-ó Zp-c´hpw- am-{Xañ alm-ßm-hn-s\ A´y-Im-e¯vthZ\n-¸n-¨Xv.- Xym-K¯n-sâbpw- kl\¯n-sâbpw- aqÀ-¯n-Ifm-bnAt±lw- hfÀ-¯n,- DbÀ-¯n- cm-jv-{St\Xr-Xz-¯nð- F¯n-¨ in-jy-òmcp-sS Kp-cp-\n-µ am-{Xhp-añ At±ls¯ thZ\n-¸n-¨Xv.- 1946 ap-Xð- ]e kw-Øm-\§fn-epw- HSp-hnð- kzm-X{´y-¯n-\v- sXm-«p-ap-¼pw- ]n³-]p-ambn- tI{µ¯n-epw- Htóm -ctïm- hÀ-jt¯m-fw- `cW¯n-tedn-bt¸mtg¡v- kzmÀ-YXbn-epw- Agn-aXn-bn-epw- AhÀ- Bïp-Xp-S§n-sbó ]cmXn-IÄ- alm-ßm-hn-\v- In-«n-s¡m-ïn-cp-óp.- am-{Xañ ]cp-]cp-¯ JZÀthj¯nð- Ffn-atbm-sS Po-hn-¡m³- At±lw- ]Tn-¸n--¨ ]ecpw- A[nIm-c¯n-sâ BUw-_c¯nð- ap-gp-Ip-óXm-bpw- At±l¯n-\v- ]cm-XnIÄ- e`n-¨n-cp-óp.- Chsbñmw- IW¡n-seSp-¯p,--sIm-ïv- shSn-tbävcàkm-£n-bmIp-óXn-sâ aqtóm -\m-tem- Zn-hkw-ap-¼v- Xsâ ss{]hävsk{I«dn-bm-b ]ym-cn-em-en-s\s¡m-ïv- At±lw- Fgp-Xn-¨ Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ]ym-cn-em-en-sâ ""alm-ßm- Zn- em-kv-äv- t^kv-''- (alm-ßm-þA´y-- L«w)Fó Ir-Xn-bnð- tNÀ-¯n-«pïv.- AXnð- tIm¬-{Kkn-sâ Ncn-{XZu-XywAhkm-\n-¨p- Fópw- C\n- tað- AsXm-cp- cm-jv-{So-b ]mÀ-Sn-bm-bn- XpScp-óXv- \n-cÀ-YIw- am-{Xñ - B]ð-¡cw-Iq-Sn-bm-sWópw- alm-ßm-hv\nÀ-tZin-¨p.- AXp-sIm-ïv- tIm-¬-{Kkv- Hcp -tem-I tkhkw-Lam-bnam-dWsaóm-bn-cp-óp- alm-ßm-hn-sâ D]tZiw.-

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Cu- hkv-Xp-XIfnð-\n-óv- \mw- a\Ên-em-¡p-óXv- cm-jv-{S]n-Xm-hvXsóbm-Wv- cm-jv-{S¯n-se {]Ya {]Xn-]£ t\Xm-hm-bn-¯oÀ-óXvFót{X.- `cW]£s¯ cq--]o-Icn-¨ cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- {]Ya {]Xn-] £s¯bpw- kr-jv-Sn-¨p.- cm-jv-{S]n-Xm-hn-sâ càkm-£n-Xz-¯n-\vtijw- ASn-bp-d¨ \n-ch[n- Km-Ôn-bòm-À- þIr-]em-\n,- tIf¸³- XpS§n-bhÀ-þ tIm¬-{Kkv- hn-«p-t]m-hp-Ibpw- In-km³- akv-ZqÀ- {]Pm-]m-ÀSn- Fsóm-cp- I£n- cq-]o-Icn-¨v- CSXp-]£§fpam-bn- klIcn-¨v- dn¸»n-¡³- `cWLS\ A\p-kcn-¨p-Å Hóm-as¯ sXcsªSp-¸n-ðaÕcn-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XXv- Cu- Ahkc¯nð- kv-acWo-bam-Wv.almßm-hn-sâ asäm-cp- al\o-be£yw- C´y-bp-sS tZio-tbm-Zv{KY\hpw- aX ku--lmÀ-Zhpw- Zfn-Xcp-sS (lcn-P\§fp-sS)- Dóa\hp-ambn-cp-óp.- kzm-X{´y-{]m-]v-Xn-¡v- tijw- Adp-]Xv- hÀ-jw- Ign-ªn-«pwC¡m-cy-§sfñmw- Ct¸m-gpw- km-£m-Xv-Icn-¡m-¯ e£y-§fm-bn- XpScp-óp.- alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bp-sS al\o-b càkm-£n-Xzw- A\p-kv-acn-¡pó Cu- thfbnð- Cu- e£y-§Ä- km-£m-Xv-Icn-¡m³- \ap-¡v- GhÀ¡pw- {]Xn-ÚsbSp-¡mw.-

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