Abhinava Varanasi Kataka

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF CUTTACK Dr Rajashree Swain, M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D. (Utkal) Senior Lecturer in History Baba Bhairabananda Mahavidyalaya, Chandikhol, Jajpur Cuttack, now the metropolis of Orissa is one of its old cities, located in latitude /

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20029 North and longitude 85050 East. It is situated at the bifurcation of the Mahanadi and its main branch, the Kathjori. These two rivers form an extensive delta of which the Bay of Bengal serves as the base and Cuttack as the apogee. From the geographical point of view, the city is also unique because it is surrounded on three sides of its north, west and south by forest clad hills. Historical evidences are scanty regarding the establishment of Cuttack. ‘Madala Panji’, the temple chronicle of Lord Jagannatha throws some light on it, but its accounts are based more on traditions. On the basis of ‘Madala Panji’, Andrew Sterling writes, “Raja Nrupa Kesari, a martial and ambitious prince, who was always fighting with his neighbours, is said to have planted a city on the site of modern Cuttack, about A.D. 989. The reign of Markata Kesari was distinguished for the construction of stone revetment, or embankment faced with that material, probably the ancient one of which the remains are yet to be seen to protect the new capital from inundation in A.D. 1006; and Madhava Kesari has the credit of building a fortress of vast dimensions at Sarangher1.”

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But from the ‘Madala Panji’, it is known that Nripa Kesari ruled up to Saka 875 (i.e. 953, A.D.) but regarding the foundation of Cuttack no reference is made in it.2 Markata Kesari, the successor of Nrupa Kesari is acclaimed with construction of the fort of Barabati on the bank of Mahanadi, whereas the stone embankment along the Mahanadi is credited to one Nabaghana Singh during the reign of Ghata Kesari3.

From the ‘Katakarajavamsavali’, the Sanskritised version of the ‘Madala Panji’, it is known that, “Anantaram-Nripa-Kesari-rajo-raja -rajya-kritavan-Asaubahun-rajno-jitva-rajyani-grihitavan-Mahanadi Madhya-Kataka nama-nagaramtadantargata-dvadasa-vatika-name-durga ca- karitavan”.4 It means that a king named Nrupa Kesari ruled the kingdom after defeating many kings. There is the city of Kataka in the middle of Mahanadi. The construction of the fort of Barabati is ascribed to him. Markata Kesari, the successor of Nrupa Kesari ruled upto Saka 929, i.e.1007, A.D. His brother Nrisimha Ray constructed the stone embankment around the city of Cuttack. Thus it is clear that the recollections entreasured in these texts are confusing and the authentic history of the Kesari dynasty cannot be ascertained

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from it. However, neither the history of the Kesari Vamsa of these traditions is totally imaginary nor the ‘Madala Panji’ is totally devoid of historical evidences. Of course, these legendary stories might have embodied certain elements of historical truth which otherwise remains uncorroborated or supported by historical sources. Kataka, situated on the bank of river Mahanadi, had not attained the status of a metropolis during the rule of the Somavamsis as they had their capital at ‘Abhinava Yayatinagara’ or the modern Jajpur. On the basis of archaeological evidences, K. C. Panigrahi has tried to place his arguments that Cuttack was a “place of importance even during the Bhauma rule in Orissa”5. Of course, his view, to some extent, has been supported by the existence of a few sculptural and structural remains of the ancient temples of the 8th - 9th century A.D. at Cuttack belonging to the Bhauma kara period. But it is doubtful whether it had enjoyed the status of a metropolis, during this time. Most probably, it served the purposes of a military cantonment. During the reign of the Sailodbhava dynasty, Katakabhukti visaya is mentioned in the Parikuda plate of Madhyamaraja. R. C. Majumdar identified this Katakabhukti visaya with Cuttack6. But scholars have rejected this identification of R. C. Majumdar on the ground that the Sailodbhava territory never expanded beyond the PuriGanjam region that was also known as Kongoda Mandala. After the conquest of Orissa by Codagangadeva during the early part of the 12th century A.D., the importance of Kataka gradually increased. ‘Madala Panji’ reveals

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that ‘Biranasi Kataka’ is one among the Pancha katakas being occupied by Codagangadeva, the founder of the Ganga dynasty at the time of his conquest of Orissa. Basing on ‘Madala Panji’, Sterling described this Kataka in the name of ‘Biranasi’ but subsequently this name was being mentioned as ‘Baranasi’ in ‘Madala Panji’. From this, one can conclude that two distorted names, i.e. ‘Biranasi’ and ‘Baranasi’ were being created out of the original name ‘Baranasi’. Amongst these, the name ‘Biranasi’ gradually converted to ‘Bidanasi’ and the name ‘Baranasi’ was converted to ‘Benaras’ in the writings of muslim historians. Just as the city of Baranasi is situated between the rivers Baruna and Asi, likewise Cuttack is situated between the rivers Mahanadi and Kathjori, and, was, therefore, named as Baranasi Kataka. Codagangadeva had occupied Orissa during the early parts of 12th century. According to ‘Madala Panji’7, Codagangadeva had occupied Kataka in the guise of a dancer (nata vesare asi Kataka madivasi raja hoila). Mukhalingam plates of Codagangadeva, dated 1108 A.D. refer to his restoration as the king of Utkala, which is also supported by his Korni plates, dated 1112 A.D. From these two plates, we can conclude that Codagangadeva occupied Orissa or Utkala around 1108 A.D. In order to check the Kalachuris, Codagangadeva shifted his capital from Kalinganagara after 1135 A.D. to Kataka, which was centrally located in his vast empire. Land grants by Anangabhimadeva III in 1157 sakabda or 1230 A.D. at ‘Abhinava Varanasi Kataka’ is mentioned in a copper plate found from ‘Nagari’ village near Cuttack. This proves that a certain “Varanasi Kataka” already existed by

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the time Anangabhimadeva came to power. ‘Madala Panji’ assigns the construction of the Barabati fort and the establishment of Kataka to Anangabhimadev III. The shifting of capital by Anangabhimadev III is mentioned in ‘Madala Panji’ as follows: “Anangabhimadeva - The king used to reside at the town called Choudwar Kataka. One day the king crossed the Mahanadi and while was on the southern bank of it, in the vicinity of Bisvesvara Siva situated in the village Barabati in the Kodinda Dandapata, he saw that a heron killed a hawk. The king was astonished at this unusual event and laid foundation of a Kataka in the Barabati village and after building the palace and making it a Kataka, called the place as the Varanasi Kataka and left Choudwar Kataka. Anangabhimadeva III named his new capital as “Abhinava Varanasi – Kataka.”8 The Nagari copper plate issued by Anangabhimadeva III also corroborates the transfer of capital from Choudwar to Varanasi - Kataka. From this Nagari copper plate it is known that the king, a devout Vaisnava, built a gigantic temple for Lord Purusottama at his new capital and the images were installed on the 9th day of the bright fortnight of Chaitra. In the Nagari plate the king made land grants to a Brahmin named Sankarsana Nanda of Silo who had taken part in the consecration ceremony of this temple.9 This Nagari plate of 1230 A.D. definitely confirms the fact that AbhinavaVaranasi-Kataka as the capital seat of Anangabhimadeva-III was existed before that year. The Arulal-Perumal temple inscription of Kanchipuram dated 1226 A.D. refers to

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Abhinava-Varanasi-Kataka, which clearly indicates that this new capital had definitely come into existence prior to 1226 A.D. The temple of Purusottama seems to have been destroyed by Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1360-1361 A.D. during the reign of Bhanudeva III (1351-1388 A.D.). During his invasion, Firuz Shah Tughlaq had destroyed many temples from Khiching to BanarasiKataka. The invasion of Firuz Shah is mentioned in the inscription at Khambhat in Kheda district of Gujrat and also in the Persian texts such as ‘Sirat-i-Firuzshahi’ and ‘Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi’. After occupying Banarasi Kataka, Firuz took away the idol of Purusottama made of stone from the Rai’s or ‘Bhanu Diw’s fort to Delhi.

The excavation of Barabati fort conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India reveals the remains of the temple showing three mouldings of the base over a foundation of laterite blocks. It stood on the sandy soil without any habitational deposit. The excavation indicates the possibility that the temple is the

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earliest structure within the fort. The badly mutilate sculptures discovered show close resemblance with those of Konark on stylistic ground. About four hundred architectural fragments belonging to temple parts and sculptures depicting erotic couples, musicians, standing female figures, heads of females showing ornaments and different hair styles and mutilated images of Ganesa and Surya were recovered from the filling in the palace. The temple covered with debris was completely destroyed. It is found that the pillars of later period are resting over it, causing damage to later lime plaster flooring associated with the temple. It clearly indicates that the palace, to which these pillars belong, was constructed at the time when the temple was already passed into oblivion. This implies a gap of more than a century between the destruction of the temple and the construction of the palace. The Nagari plate of Anangabhimadeva III refers to a temple being constructed by the king for Lord Purusottama. The temple excavated at Barabati Fort was the only temple that was built by the Ganga monarch. This is also supported by the description of ‘Tarikh-iFirozshahi’, in which the destruction of Purusottama temple during Feroz Tughlaq’s invasion of Cuttack and carrying off the idol of Purusottama to Delhi has been mentioned. Thus it can be presumed that the ruins of a temple found during the excavations at Barabati fort was the same temple constructed by Anangabhimadeva III and destroyed by Firoz Tughlalaq in 1361 A.D. Nagari plates of Anangabhimadeva III10 mentions that the king donated twenty vatis of land at Purunagrama to a Brahmin named Sankarsanananda Sarman while taking bath in Mahanadi, between the temples of Chitresvara and Visvesvara at

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Abhinava - Varanasi-Kataka. On the eve of the consecration of God Purusottama in Saka 1152 (1230 A.D.), the king donated the land. Again in Saka 1152, while standing before the God Purusottama at Abhinava-Varanasi Kataka, the king had granted four vatis and eight manas of land to a Brahmin named Devadharasarma. The date, recorded in the charter, confirmed to January 5, 1231 A.D. Abhinava-Varanasi-Kataka, without doubt represents the fort area of the present city of Cuttack. The area seems to have been known as Varanasi because of the presence of the temple of Visvesvarasiva on the bank of the Mahanadi, which was regarded equal to the sacred Ganga. Abhinava-Varanasi-Kataka continued to be the capital under the later Imperial Gangas. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis succeeded the Gangas. Kapilendradeva, the founder of Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty, had his capital at Kataka on the bank of 11

river Mahanadi which is known from a copper plate grant of Ganadeva Rautraya of Kondavidu dated 1455 A.D. mentions:

“Katakakhya Puri-yasya- rajadhanivirajate Mahanadi-parisaresakrasyeva-amaravati” Kataka, the capital of Kapilendra deva, has been compared with Amaravati, the celestial abode, which reveals its importance and prosperity. The Anatavaram plates12 8

of Prataprudra Deva, dated 1500 A.D., refer Kataka as the capital of Kapilesvara Gajapati. Thus Kataka served as the capital of Orissa during the reign of Suryavamsi Gajapatis. After the death of Prataprudradeva, his treacherous minister Govinda Vidyadhara, after killing his master’s two minor sons – Kakharudeva and Kaluadeva, established a new dynasty, called Bhoi dynasty. Kataka remained as the capital of Orissa under the illreputed Bhoi rulers. Mukunda Harichandan established the rule of the Chalukya dynasty in Orissa, after imprisoning Raghubhanja Chhotray, the last ruler of the Bhoi dynasty. He was the first and last ruler of this dynasty and also the last native king of Orissa. Mukundadeva undertook the reconstruction work of the magnificent Barabati fort, the greatest citadel of the illustrious monarchs of several dynasties who ruled from Kataka for about seven centuries. Mukundadeva, besides repairing the defensive walls of the fort, also constructed a nine-storied palace. Since that time, the fort of Barabati was known as the palace of Mukundadeva. After the death of Mukundadeva, Orissa came under the influence of the Afghans who ruled from Barabati fort from 1568 A.D. till 1592 A.D., when the Mughals finally supplanted them. The Mughals ruled Orissa from Kataka, which was mentioned by Abul Fazl that the Mughal Governor was staying at Kataka, which had “a stone fort of great strength and a masonry palace within.”

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In 1633 A.D. a new palace known as Lalbag palace, on the bank of Kathjori, was built which became the residence of the Subahdar of the province. The Mughal rule over Orissa continued up to 1767 A.D. after which the Nazims of Bengal had a brief sway before it came under the occupation of the Marathas. The Marathas had remarkably improved the fort of Barabati by strengthening the ramparts while the ditch round the fort was widened and deepened. During their rule, Kataka flourished as an emporium of trade and became the central market of exchange between the Marathas of Nagpur and the English merchants in Bengal and Northern Sircars. It was by this time that the English power was considerably growing in Bengal, in the north and in the Northern Sircars, in the south of Orissa. After the battle of Plassey, the relationship between the Marathas and the English was strained. By 1799 A.D. the Eastern Coast up to Ganjam came under the control of the English. The Governor-General Lord Wellesely wanted to unite the Northern Sircars by a continuous line of seacoast with Bengal. Finally by the treaty of Deogaon concluded on 17th December 1803, A.D. Raghuji Bhonsala ceded in perpetual sovereignty of the province of Cuttack along with the port and the district of Balasore to the East India Company. During the early part of the British rule, Puri served as the headquarters of Orissa. But from 1816 A.D. onwards, Cuttack served as the headquarters of Orissa throughout the British rule. Abhinava Varanasi Kataka represents the present Barabati fort area of Cuttack has witnessed the rise and fall of several kingdoms and empires in the history of

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Orissa. Cuttack had enjoyed the opportunities of becoming the capital of several kingdoms, empires and the political headquarters of Orissa for a long time. It also stands as a witness of some important happenings in the history of Orissa. Thus in the past, the present city of Cuttack was famous in various names such as ‘Abhinava Varanasi Kataka’, ‘Abhinava Varanasi’, ‘Varanasi Kataka’ and ‘Kataka’. This famous city had gone through various stages of metamorphosis, from a mere military cantonment to that of the capital of Orissa. Unlike many other ancient cities of India, it does not meet its end in the cross current of time. It continues to be one of the important cities of Eastern India even today. --------------------- O ---------------------

Address for correspondence: Dr Rajashree Swain A/1, Dev Apartment P.O. College Square Cuttack-753003 (Orissa) Cell:09778345216 E-mail: [email protected] References: 1. Andrew Sterling, Orissa; chronology and History, reprinted in N. Sahu (Ed.) History of Orissa, vol II (Delhi, 1980) p. 234 2. A. B. Mohanty (Ed.), Madala Panji (Utkal University reprinted) p. 14 3. Ibid pp. 14-15 4. G. C. Tripathy and Hermann Kulke (Ed.), Katakarajavamsavali,(1987) pp. 15 5. K. C. Panigrahi, History of Orissa (Cuttack, 1981) p. 453 6. Epigraphia Indica - XI, pp. 281-287 7. A. B. Mohanty, Op. cit, p. 22 11

8. Ibid. p. 27 9. Epigraphia Indica - XXVIII, pp. 235 - 258 10. Ibid 11. Indian Antiquary - XX pp 390 ff 12. R. Subrahmanyam, Inscriptions of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis, (Delhi, 1986), p. 153

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