7 24

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7.24.06 page 1

Constituencies Washington, D.C. - Party Leaders - Colleagues - Lobbyist - Administrative agencies The folks at home - Casework: cut red tape, pork for constituencyo - Politician: home style, kiss those babies and cut those ribbons! - Explain how Washington works Staying in Office Incubancy ­95% reelection rate for members of the House Safe seats: 60% + of the vote Open Seats The representational Role of Members of Congress How should an elected official represent his/her constituents? - Trustee – representatives use their own best judgment - Delegate – representatives vote the way their constituents want them to - Politico – representatives  act as trustee or delegate depending on the issue. How Congress is Organized - Every two years, a new Congress is seated - The first order of business is the election of leaders and adoption of new rules Organization Party affiliation: - Committee assignments - Office space - Aisles - Cloakrooms and baseball teams  - Interaction with president Party Vote: 90% of the members vote according to party stance More partisan votes

7.24.06 page 2 Congressional Leadership: House of Reps - Speaker of the house - Majority Leader - Majority Whip - Minority Leader - Minority Whip

The Senate - Vice President - President pro tempore - Majority Leader - Majority Whip - Minority Leader - Minority Whip

Different Types of congressional committees - Stanfing committee: permanent - Joint Committee: made up of members of both houses - Conference committee: resolve differences in bills passed by either house - Ad hoc, special, or select committees: temporary committees designed for a  specific purpose The Law­Making Fucion of congress Only a member may introduce a bill but anyone can write a bill - staff member - lobbyist - white house 9000 bills are proposed and fewer then 5­10% are enacted into law Most bills come from executive branch The Law­Making Function of Congress Most bills die! Bill must survive three stages to become a law: - committees - floor - conference committee - a bill can die at any stage! How members Make Decisions - it is rare for a legislator to disregard strong wishes of constituents, particularly  on hot­cotton issues  or those contentious issues that get a lot of media  attention. - Decideing how the voters feel is not possible - The perceptions of the representative are important since he/she cannot really  know how all the constituents feel about an issue

7.24.06 page 3 -

If constituents have little konlee or interest in an issue, the legislator often  makes an autonomous decision

How Members make decisions - Constituents - Colleages - Party - Causcuses – (congressional black caucus or womens caucus) - Satff members - Political action committees - Interest groups

Congress and the president ­ especially in 1930s president seemd to have upper hand over congress ­ However, congerss retains several key powers vis­à­vis the president: o war powers act o funding powers o oversight o impeachemt/removal

Texas legislature Terms of office and qualifications house 150 members - two year terms - 21 years old - tx resident for 2 years - district resident for 1 year senate, 31 members - 4 year term - 26 years old - texas resident for 5 years - district resident for 1 year

7.24.06 page 4 Weakness Multibillion dollar budget Low salaries $72,000 per year - 118 day allowance when in session, 30,00 avg per legislative year - live away from home for 5 months - median annual household income in the US was 42 ,228 in 2000 Electorate Believes they work only 140 days every 2 years Reforms Annual Sessions - No need for special session in a crisis - Better oversight - Less speculation about budget matters - Allow legislature to call itself into session Size and salaries - unicameral legislature since all districts H and S are base on population - Average pay in other large states is about 50,974 Terms of office - Staggered 6 year terms for Senate and 4 year terms for house - Time to develop expertise in procedures and substantive policy - Term limit: does it limit democracy? Factors that shape legislative decisions - lietwnant gov leadership team - staff - interest groups - governor - statewide office holders - news media Texas Legislature House Leadership Speaker of the house - Names committee chairs and vice­chairs - Appoints all members of procedural committess - Appoints a speaker pro tempore (assistant presideing officer) Lieutenant Governor - most powerful office in texas state government - president pro tempore is chosen by senators from among their membership

7.24.06 page 5 -

(both have more power then governor)

Governors role He can veto but in 10 tens in session. 20 days out of session. 2/3 override in both  chambers.2

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