4-rancangan Penelitian, 2009
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LIPI
Rancangan Penelitian Dr. Bambang Sunarko Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Alur Penelitian LIPI
Idea Concept Paper
Usulan Penelitian
Pengolahan, analisis dan presentasi hasil analisis
Penulisan Ilmiah
Komunikasi Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Rancangan Penelitian
Koleksi Data
Kegiatan Penelitian
Penelitian? salah satu
…cara untuk tahu! …cara untuk memperoleh pengetahuan! Scientific Research the most legitimate source of knowledge empiris objective, testable, tentative systematic, ….
• • • • • •
kebetulan pengalaman tradisi otoritas coba-coba ….
Why do we do research? LIPI
• • • • •
To get information To answer a question To gain understanding To predict outcomes To assist in evaluating options
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
What is (scientific) research? LIPI
“Process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of the scientific method of gathering and interpreting information” Penelitian Ilmiah vs. Non-Ilmiah?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Scientific Method LIPI
• • • • • • • • •
Become aware that a problem exists Define the problem Set forth hypotheses as to cause and/or solutions Determine what information will be required Decide which methods will be used in collecting information Collect information or evidence Compile findings in systematic form Analyze findings to determine whether they substantiate or eliminate hypotheses Write the final research report
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Evaluation Criteria for Research LIPI
Validity, Reliability, Replicability Validity
accuracy
Reliability
consistency
Replicability
to allow other to replicate it
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Validity LIPI
• Internal validity – can the design sustain the conclusions?
• External validity – can the conclusions be generalized?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
Goals of Research valid conclusions Research Design!
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Goals of Research Design LIPI
• Right issues • Correct approach – object & measures – methodology – experimental design
• Reliability & validity of results • Valid conclusions can we believe its conclusions? Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
Rancangan Penelitian (research design)
Metode Penelitian (research method)
Rancangan Percobaan (experimental design)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
• Research design – a plan or structured framework of how you intend to conduct the research to answer the research question
• Research method – techniques, and procedures to implementing research design is part of the design
• Experimental design is part of the method
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research Design LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Type of Investigation LIPI
• Correlational – Type of study to establish a relationship (i.e., non-causal) between variables that are associated with the problem
• Causal – Type of study done when it is necessary to establish a ‘cause and effect’ relationship in order to answer the research question
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Direction of correlation: LIPI
• Positive correlation
relationship between the When A has a high value, B has a high value; amount smoked When A has a low value, B has a low value and the probability of heart disease
• Negative correlation
When A has a high value, B has a low value; when A has a low value, B has a high value
• No correlation When two variables do not co-occur
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
amount of daily exercise and probability of heart disease.
Directions of Correlation between Two Variables LIPI
100
80
80
60
60
computer use per week
100
grade point
40
20
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
I.Q.
Positive correlation (r=.99)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
40
20
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
age
Negative correlation (r=-.73)
Causality: LIPI
• A causes B if and only if: – A exists then B exists – A does not exist, then B does not exist
• To test causality an experimental design
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Purpose of research LIPI
• Exploration (Penelitian penjajagan) • Description (Penelitian descriptif) • Explanation (Penelitian penjelasan) • Prediction • Improvement
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Exploration LIPI
• To develop an initial, rough understanding of a phenomenon • Methods: – – – –
literature reviews Interviews case studies key informants
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Description LIPI
• Precise measurement and reporting of the characteristics of phenomenon • What is the case? • What is the nature of the relationship? • Methods: – census, – surveys, – qualitative studies Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Explanation LIPI
• Why “Is x the case?” • Methods – experimental
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Study Setting LIPI
• natural setting – Field study – Field experiment
minimal interference manipulation of variables
• artificial research setting – Lab experiment manipulation of variables with high degree of controls
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
“a question well asked is a question half answered”
• Is it understandable? • Is it researchable?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
What the Research Question Does LIPI
• Provides key to research • Suggests types of data required • Suggests types of investigative techniques • Suggests objectives for literature search and review
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Consider the verbs used in question LIPI
• Explore (initial description) • Describe (detailed account) • Explain (establish the factors responsible) • Understand (establish reasons) • Predict (using an explanation to postulate future outcomes) • Change (to actively intervene) • Evaluate (assess if desired outcomes are achieved) Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Developing Research Hypotheses LIPI
• An hypothesis is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have occurred or will occur • Hypotheses should be based on theory, previous research, or observation of actual events • Hypotheses must be testable
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Which of the following are hypothesis? LIPI
• Life currently exists on Mars • On average, men are taller than women • Drinking coffee raises your IQ temporarily • People who get up early in the morning are better people than those who sleep late. Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Types of Variables LIPI
• Dependent variables • Independent variables – experimental: manipulated by researcher – quantitative – qualitative
• Extraneous variables – any factors other than those under study that could have an affect on the dependent variable
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Steps in Designing Research Study LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Sampling and Generalizing LIPI
• Random Sampling – to obtain representative samples (representing the population from which they were selected) • Random Assignment – To obtain representative groups
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Sampling and Generalizing
The Sample
The Population
represents The sample is used to make statements about the population
Random Assignment
Assignment
The Sample
The Population Control Groups does not get the treatment
Experimental Groups Get the treatment
The Sample
The Population Control Groups Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Experimental Groups
Remember LIPI
• statistical tests compare between group variance to within group variance - increase between group variance - decrease within group variance
Experimental Group
Control Group
to decrease Overlap Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
In field research (as in the lab) LIPI
• it is important to maximize treatment variance, minimize error variance, control extraneous variables MAXMINCON Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Maximize treatment variance LIPI
• Try to make the effect (difference) as big as possible • "pull apart" experimental conditions by choosing conditions as dissimilar as possible
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Control Group
Minimize error variance LIPI
Experimental Group
Experimental Group
Control Group
Control Group
• reduce random fluctutations and errors of measurement Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008 –Diklat increase reliability of instruments
Control extraneous variables LIPI
• try to keep from getting confused by directly eliminating some confounding variables- by
controlling them
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Eliminate them as variables LIPI
• (e.g., if intelligence can influence the variable under study, choose subjects of only one intelligence range). TREATMENT
High intelligence
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
NO TREATMENT
low intelligence
Control Group
Eliminate them as variables LIPI
TREATMENT
Medium intelligence
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
NO TREATMENT
Medium intelligence
Control Group
Steps in Designing Research Study LIPI
• • • • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Statistical Power LIPI
• Determinants of Power – sample size – effect size
• Increasing Statistical Power – increasing sample size – using more powerful statistical tests – random sampling – MAXMINCON Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Choosing Statistical Procedures START Interval Data
Relate
Compare Not Normal
Normal =SD
Spearman Correlation
Pearson Correlation
Dependent 2 groups
Independent 2 groups
=SD
>2 groups
>2 groups Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
Friedman Kruskal-Wallis
ANOVA
Dependent 2 groups Related Samples t-Test
>2 groups Repeated Measures ANOVA
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
Independent 2 groups Independent Samples t Test
>2 groups ANOVA
Latihan! • Type of investigation Correlational? Causal?
• Purpose of the study Exploration?
Description?
Explanation?
• Study setting Natural setting?
field experiment?
Artificial setting (Lab experiment)? Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
field study?
Scientific Method • Become aware that a problem exists (?) • Define the problem (?) • Set forth hypotheses (?) as to cause and/or solutions • Determine what information (?) will be required • Decide which methods (?) will be used in collecting information
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
Research Evaluation • Validity (?) – Internal – External • Reliability (?) • Replicability (?)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
Rancangan Penelitian Dr. Bambang Sunarko Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Alur Penelitian LIPI
Idea Concept Paper
Usulan Penelitian
Pengolahan, analisis dan presentasi hasil analisis
Penulisan Ilmiah
Komunikasi Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Rancangan Penelitian
Koleksi Data
Kegiatan Penelitian
Penelitian? salah satu
…cara untuk tahu! …cara untuk memperoleh pengetahuan! Scientific Research the most legitimate source of knowledge empiris objective, testable, tentative systematic, ….
• • • • • •
kebetulan pengalaman tradisi otoritas coba-coba ….
Why do we do research? LIPI
• • • • •
To get information To answer a question To gain understanding To predict outcomes To assist in evaluating options
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
What is (scientific) research? LIPI
“Process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of the scientific method of gathering and interpreting information” Penelitian Ilmiah vs. Non-Ilmiah?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Scientific Method LIPI
• • • • • • • • •
Become aware that a problem exists Define the problem Set forth hypotheses as to cause and/or solutions Determine what information will be required Decide which methods will be used in collecting information Collect information or evidence Compile findings in systematic form Analyze findings to determine whether they substantiate or eliminate hypotheses Write the final research report
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Evaluation Criteria for Research LIPI
Validity, Reliability, Replicability Validity
accuracy
Reliability
consistency
Replicability
to allow other to replicate it
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Validity LIPI
• Internal validity – can the design sustain the conclusions?
• External validity – can the conclusions be generalized?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
Goals of Research valid conclusions Research Design!
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Goals of Research Design LIPI
• Right issues • Correct approach – object & measures – methodology – experimental design
• Reliability & validity of results • Valid conclusions can we believe its conclusions? Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
Rancangan Penelitian (research design)
Metode Penelitian (research method)
Rancangan Percobaan (experimental design)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
• Research design – a plan or structured framework of how you intend to conduct the research to answer the research question
• Research method – techniques, and procedures to implementing research design is part of the design
• Experimental design is part of the method
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research Design LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Type of Investigation LIPI
• Correlational – Type of study to establish a relationship (i.e., non-causal) between variables that are associated with the problem
• Causal – Type of study done when it is necessary to establish a ‘cause and effect’ relationship in order to answer the research question
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Direction of correlation: LIPI
• Positive correlation
relationship between the When A has a high value, B has a high value; amount smoked When A has a low value, B has a low value and the probability of heart disease
• Negative correlation
When A has a high value, B has a low value; when A has a low value, B has a high value
• No correlation When two variables do not co-occur
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
amount of daily exercise and probability of heart disease.
Directions of Correlation between Two Variables LIPI
100
80
80
60
60
computer use per week
100
grade point
40
20
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
I.Q.
Positive correlation (r=.99)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
40
20
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
age
Negative correlation (r=-.73)
Causality: LIPI
• A causes B if and only if: – A exists then B exists – A does not exist, then B does not exist
• To test causality an experimental design
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Purpose of research LIPI
• Exploration (Penelitian penjajagan) • Description (Penelitian descriptif) • Explanation (Penelitian penjelasan) • Prediction • Improvement
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Exploration LIPI
• To develop an initial, rough understanding of a phenomenon • Methods: – – – –
literature reviews Interviews case studies key informants
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Description LIPI
• Precise measurement and reporting of the characteristics of phenomenon • What is the case? • What is the nature of the relationship? • Methods: – census, – surveys, – qualitative studies Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Explanation LIPI
• Why “Is x the case?” • Methods – experimental
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Research LIPI
• Type of investigation • Purpose of the study • Study setting
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Study Setting LIPI
• natural setting – Field study – Field experiment
minimal interference manipulation of variables
• artificial research setting – Lab experiment manipulation of variables with high degree of controls
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
LIPI
“a question well asked is a question half answered”
• Is it understandable? • Is it researchable?
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
What the Research Question Does LIPI
• Provides key to research • Suggests types of data required • Suggests types of investigative techniques • Suggests objectives for literature search and review
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Consider the verbs used in question LIPI
• Explore (initial description) • Describe (detailed account) • Explain (establish the factors responsible) • Understand (establish reasons) • Predict (using an explanation to postulate future outcomes) • Change (to actively intervene) • Evaluate (assess if desired outcomes are achieved) Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Developing Research Hypotheses LIPI
• An hypothesis is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have occurred or will occur • Hypotheses should be based on theory, previous research, or observation of actual events • Hypotheses must be testable
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Which of the following are hypothesis? LIPI
• Life currently exists on Mars • On average, men are taller than women • Drinking coffee raises your IQ temporarily • People who get up early in the morning are better people than those who sleep late. Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Designing Research LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Types of Variables LIPI
• Dependent variables • Independent variables – experimental: manipulated by researcher – quantitative – qualitative
• Extraneous variables – any factors other than those under study that could have an affect on the dependent variable
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Steps in Designing Research Study LIPI
• • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology – Data Collection Methods – Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Sampling and Generalizing LIPI
• Random Sampling – to obtain representative samples (representing the population from which they were selected) • Random Assignment – To obtain representative groups
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Sampling and Generalizing
The Sample
The Population
represents The sample is used to make statements about the population
Random Assignment
Assignment
The Sample
The Population Control Groups does not get the treatment
Experimental Groups Get the treatment
The Sample
The Population Control Groups Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Experimental Groups
Remember LIPI
• statistical tests compare between group variance to within group variance - increase between group variance - decrease within group variance
Experimental Group
Control Group
to decrease Overlap Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
In field research (as in the lab) LIPI
• it is important to maximize treatment variance, minimize error variance, control extraneous variables MAXMINCON Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Maximize treatment variance LIPI
• Try to make the effect (difference) as big as possible • "pull apart" experimental conditions by choosing conditions as dissimilar as possible
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Control Group
Minimize error variance LIPI
Experimental Group
Experimental Group
Control Group
Control Group
• reduce random fluctutations and errors of measurement Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008 –Diklat increase reliability of instruments
Control extraneous variables LIPI
• try to keep from getting confused by directly eliminating some confounding variables- by
controlling them
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Eliminate them as variables LIPI
• (e.g., if intelligence can influence the variable under study, choose subjects of only one intelligence range). TREATMENT
High intelligence
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
NO TREATMENT
low intelligence
Control Group
Eliminate them as variables LIPI
TREATMENT
Medium intelligence
Experimental Group Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
NO TREATMENT
Medium intelligence
Control Group
Steps in Designing Research Study LIPI
• • • • • •
Research question Hypotheses Variables Methodology Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Methods
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Statistical Power LIPI
• Determinants of Power – sample size – effect size
• Increasing Statistical Power – increasing sample size – using more powerful statistical tests – random sampling – MAXMINCON Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, 2009
Choosing Statistical Procedures START Interval Data
Relate
Compare Not Normal
Normal =SD
Spearman Correlation
Pearson Correlation
Dependent 2 groups
Independent 2 groups
=SD
>2 groups
>2 groups Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
Friedman Kruskal-Wallis
ANOVA
Dependent 2 groups Related Samples t-Test
>2 groups Repeated Measures ANOVA
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
Independent 2 groups Independent Samples t Test
>2 groups ANOVA
Latihan! • Type of investigation Correlational? Causal?
• Purpose of the study Exploration?
Description?
Explanation?
• Study setting Natural setting?
field experiment?
Artificial setting (Lab experiment)? Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
field study?
Scientific Method • Become aware that a problem exists (?) • Define the problem (?) • Set forth hypotheses (?) as to cause and/or solutions • Determine what information (?) will be required • Decide which methods (?) will be used in collecting information
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
Research Evaluation • Validity (?) – Internal – External • Reliability (?) • Replicability (?)
Diklat Fungsional Peneliti Tingkat Pertama, Gel. XVII, 2008
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