3.1 Description Of Faults

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.1

Frequency of disturbances in electrical networks

R: Total number per 100 km line-length 24.08.2006

VEO

VDEW

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.2

Causes for disturbances in electrical networks

lightning stroke other atmospherical effects external effects other effects non-identified effects

R: Total number per 100 km line-length

24.08.2006

VEO

VDEW

3.1 Description of faults

Causes for disturbances in electrical networks (1) Natural Phenomena • • • • • • • •

Lightning Wind, Tornado Ice Snow Galloping conductors Insulator contamination Earthquake, Fire, Flood Other

Human, Foreign Objects, Animals • • • • •

Sabotage Vehicles, Airplanes Trees Animals Others

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3.1.3

3.1 Description of faults

Causes for disturbances in electrical networks (2) System Operation • Switching surge • Overvoltage • Instability (steady-state, transient) • Undesired relay operation • Overload trip • Personal error • other Line or Equipment Failure • Tower structure • Conductor • Ground wire • Insulator assembly (mech. failure) • Terminal equipment • Other Non identified causes

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3.1.3

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.3 /1

Isokeraunic level ares of Untied States and Canada for line outage study

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3.1 Description of faults

Transmission line with galloping conductors

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3.1.3 /2

3.1 Description of faults

Tree-to-Line Contact

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3.1.3 /3

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.4

Causes for disturbances, RWE network 1990 Natural Phenomena Lightning Wind Ice Galloping conductors Human, Foreign Objects, Animals Vehicles Trees Animals Other System Operation Switching surge Undesired relay operation Line or equipment Failure Insulator assembly (mech. failure) Terminal equipment Non identified causes Total sum

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220 kV

380 kV

87 82 0 4

63 33 1 3

3 4 3 6

0 1 0 4

1 2

1 10

1 4 35

1 2 18

232

127

0

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.5

Data of the electrical network of RWE Network data 31.12.1990 220 kV

380 kV

Circuit length Overhead line Cable

6247 km 5 km

4124 km -

Total length

6252 km

4124 km

238

136

116 699 673 2976

42 293 241 1645

Transformers Substations Bays Circuit breakers Isolators and earthing switches

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3.1 Description of faults

3.1.6

Causes for disturbances in power stations Natural Phenomena

System Operation

• • • • •

• • • •

Lightning Extreme coldness Draught Earthquake, Flood Other

Human, Foreign Objects, Animals • Sabotage • Airplanes • Others

Instability (steady-state, transient) Undesired relay operation Personal error Other

Equipment Failure • Coal mills • Boiler • Turbine • Generator • Transformer • Other Non identified causes

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3.1 Description of faults

3.1.7

Faults in power stations

Hydro generation units Thermal generation units

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Construction, buildings Pelton turbines Kaplan turbines Steam turbines Additional turbine equipment Boilers Economizer Pipes and collectors Other parts of boilers Additional boiler equipment Subordinary systems Monitoring devices Generator stator winding Generator rotor winding Generator exciter circuit Other parts of generator Drives Transformer Other electrical subsystems External effects

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.8

Annual values of non-availabilities on workdays at 8 a.m. (Thermal power plants within UCPTE countries 1978 - 1990)

Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Mean value 24.08.2006

Planned outages [%] 8,2 8,5 9,2 9,0 8,3 8,6 8,7 9,4 10,8 10,7 11,3 10,2 9,2 9,5

Forced outages [%] 12,0 10,4 9,5 10,8 11,8 10,9 9,0 9,6 8,7 8,0 6,7 7,7 8,5 9,4

Total [%] 20,2 18,9 18,7 19,8 20,1 19,5 17,7 19,0 19,5 18,7 18,0 17,9 17,7 18,9

3.1 Description of faults

3.1.9

Annual values of non-availabilities on workdays at 8 a.m.

Non-availability [%]

(Thermal power plants within UCPTE countries 1978 - 1990)

Mean Planned outages 24.08.2006

Forced outages