pGefhOD;wDxGifpGrf;aqmif&Sif (rlydkifcGifhaygif; 2500 ydkifqdkifolyg&rD&Sif) rif;&JOD; 184& ckeSpfazazmf0g&Dv(11)&ufaehwGif tar&duefedkifiH rDvefjrdKhi,fav;ü ?uae'gppfajy;rdom;pkrS aomrwfpf t,fvfAm t,f'Dqif trnf&Sduav;i,fudk zGm;jrifcJhonf/ rdcifrSm ausmif;q&mra[mif;jzpfí om;i,fudk tajccHynmrsm;oifay;onf/ t,f'Dqifonf oifay;orSseSifhrwif;wdrf?awGYorSs jriforSs tm;vHk;udk pl;prf;csif? odcsif? wwfcsifoljzpfonf/ touf(7)eSpft&G,f ausmif;pwufonf/ ausmif;wGifolonfq&mrsm;\tcspfawmfrjzpfcJhyg/ ausmif;pm udk odwf*&krpdkuf? tar;tjref;xljyD; awG;csif&mawG;aewwfaomaBumifhjzpfonf/ ausmif;wGif tqifrajyawmh aomaBumifh ol(8)eSpft&G,fwGif rdcifu olYudkausmif;xGufcdkif;jyD;?tdrfrSmyifpmoifay;&onf/ olYb0wGif yxrqHk;tvkyfrSm tdrfaemufzufajruGufvyfwGif [if;oD;[if;&Gufpdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ xGuf&Sd aom[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udkcl;a&mif;í &aiGwpf0ufudk olYrdcifodkUay;vsuf usefwpf0ufudk pmtkyfeSifh"gwkaA' ypönf;rsm;0,fjyD;prf;oyfrSKrsm;vkyfonf/ olY[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;rSma&mif;ravmufí touf 12 eSpft&G,fwGif 'ufx&GdKufjrdKYBuD;odkYrD;&xm;jhzifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;oGm;0,fvmjyD;a&mif;&onf/ &xm;pD;zefrsm;vmaomtcg &xm;vnf; tcrJhpD;&atmif?aiGvnf;&atmif ?&xm;ukrÜPDrSxkwfaomowif;pmwGif? ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,f tvkyfavSsmufonf/ &xm;wGJrSmolYtvkkyfcef;jzpfjyD; owif;pmrsm;?[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;?"gwkaA'ypönf;rsm;?pmtkyf rsm;eSifh vufrvnfatmif&Sdae\/ wpfaeUwGif tar&duefawmifydkif;eSifhajrmufydkif;jzpfyGg;aeaomjynf w G i f ; ppf t &S d e f t [k e f j rif h a ecd k u f AdkvfcsKyfBuD; *RefpwefusqHk;onfhowif;xl;BuD; 'ufx&dGKkufodkYa&mufvmonf/t,f'Dqifonf blwm&HkaBu;eef; orm;eSifhaygif;jyD;?xdkowif;tjynfhtpHk naeowif;pmwGifygvmrnfhtaBumif;blwmpOfodkhaBu;eef;&dkufcdkif;onf/ xdknaewGifowif;pmudkcgwdkif;uJhodkYapmifa& 200 r[kwfyJ apmifa&(1000),lía&mif;&m ?&xm;vrf;c&D;pOf wpfavsmuftvkt,uf0,fBuojzifh tm;vHk;a&mif;ukefoGm;onf/ aps;udkvnf;wpfblwma&mufwdkif; wpfcgjrSifh a&mif;aomaBumifh olUvufxJwGifaiGtyHkvdkuf&vmonf/ aemufaehwGif pwdk;qdkifwpfqdkifodkhoGm;í wpfywf&pf yHkeSdyfpufwpfvHk;udka':vm ig;q,feSifh0,fvmonf/ xdkpufudk &xm;wGaJ y:wifíolUud, k yf ikd o f wif;pm ] Weekly Herald } ud&k u kd ef ySd o f nf/ xdpk Ofu olYtoufrmS (15) eSpfom&Sdao;onf/ xdk owif;pm onfpmrsufeSm(2) rsufeSmygjyD; apmifa&(400)xkwfa0onf/ wpfapmifvSsif H3 qifhjzifha&mif;onf/ olwdkYjrdKYywf0ef;usif oHk;jrdKh\owif;rsm;omyg0ifonf/ xdkowif;pmwGift,f'Dqifonf xkwfa0ol? t,f'Dwm? owif;axmuf?jzefYcsDa&;rSL;?aBumfjimwm0efcHeSifh vufayGYa&mif;oltjzpf wpfOD;wnf;tpHk vkyf&onf/ jzpfcsifawmh owif;pmatmifjrifaeqJrSmyif wpfaehü &xm;wGJay:&Sd ol\"gwkaA'ypönf;rsm;xJrS azhgpf z&wfpf tawmihfwpfckjyKwfusjyD; rD;avmif&m olYypönf;rsm;tm;vHk; rD;xJygoGm;avonf/ &xm;*gwfAdkvfu pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzifhvufoD;eSifhxdk;aomaBumihf olYrSm em;wpfzufav;oGm;cJh&onf/ odkYwdkifatmif ZGJravSsmhao;yJ rD;wpfydkif;wpfpavmifoGm;aomyHkeSdyfpufudkjyefjyifjyD;olYtdrfwGifxm;um Paul Pry [laomtrnfopfjzifh owif;pmxyfxkwfjyefonf/ xdkowif;pmrSmolwdkYe,fwpfcGif&SdemrnfBuD;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk oa&mfía&;aom owif; rsm;jzpfonf/ tawmfrsm;rsm;u [motjzpfoabmusaomfvnf; ?xdcdkufcH&olum,uH&SifwpfOD;rS &efrlvmojzifh owif;pmudkydwfvdkuf&onf/ þonfrSpíoleSifhowif;pmvkyfief;wdkh wpfb0vHk;jywfpJoGm;Buavonf/ wpfaehwGif rD;&xm;wpfpD;t&Sdefjzifharmif;tvm ?&xm;vrf;ay:upm;aeaomuav;i,fwpfOD;udk t,f'Dqifu tcsdefrDqGJ,lu,fwifvdkufedkifcJhonf/uav;i,f\zcifrSm blwm&Hkydkifjzpf&m?olYudkrnfodkYaus;Zl;qyf &rnfudkar;onf/ t,f'Dqifu aBu;eef;ynmoifvdkaBumif;ajymojzifh&Hkydkifuaqmif&Gufay;\/ odkheSifhaemufxyf ig;eSpfwdkifwdkifd ukrÜPDtoD;oD;wGifaBu;eef;&dkufoltjzpftvkyfvkyfcJh&onf/ xdkpOfu oll\yxrqHk;tBudrfwDxGifrSKrSm n*sLwDcsdefwGif wpfem&DvSsifwpfcg wm0efrSL;&Hk;cef;odkh (6)*Pef;aBu;eef;&dkufydkYjyD; ?edk;Bum;pGmwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaBumif;oufaojy&onfhudpeö SifhywfoufítpGrf;jy 1
vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/wpfem&DvSsifwpfBudrf tvdktavsmufaBu;eef;ydkhaomu&d,mwpfckwDxGifwyfqifumat;at; aq;aq;tdyfaejcif;jzpf\/ wpfaehwGifppfaq;a&;eSifhwdk;&m? olYwx D iG rf KS udk txufutm&Hrk jyKyJ ? olYudk wm0efcsdef tdyfaerSKjzifhktvkyfxkwfvdkufonf/ aemufqHk;wGif emrnfBuD;0ufpwef,leD,HaBu;eef;ukrÜPDodkha&mufoGm;onf/ olonftvkyfudk wpfzuf u vkyfae&if;prf;oyfrSKtrsdK;rsdK;udkvnf;rem;raejyKvkyfvsuf&Sd\/ 0yfa&Smh i,fwpfckzGifhxm;jyD; pufjyifq&m wpfOD;tultnDjzifh ygvDreftrwfa&G;yGJtwGufrJa&wGufonfhpufwpfvHk;wDxGifvdkufonf/ xdkpufudktar&duef rlydkifcGifh&Hk;wGifrSwfyHkwifvdkufonf/ xdkodkYrlkydkifcGifhrSwfyHkwifjcif;onf olYb0wGif rlydkifcGifhtrsdK;aygif; 2500 rSwfyHk wifcJhonfhteuf yxrOD;qHk;eHygwfwpfyifjzpfonf/ odkYaomfolYpufrSm axmufcHrJ?uefYuGufrJrsm;a&wGufrSK wdus vGef;aomaBumifh rJtBuHtzefvkyfvdkaom ygvDrHtzGJUu rBudKufay/ xdkpufvnf;ra&mif;&ay/ ,if;tawGYtBuHK t& t,f'Dqif onf aemifwGif awmif;qdkolr&SdyJ wDxGifjcif;rsm;rvkyfawmh[kqHk;jzwfxm;avonf/ xdkYaemufwGifum; olY&nfrSef;csuftwGuf e,l;a,mufwGiftvkyf&SmrSjzpfrnf[kawG;jyD; ?&SdpkrJhpkaiGjzifh xGufcJhonf/ xdkeSpfrSm 1869 ckeSpfjzpfí olYtoufrSmvnf;(22)eSpf&SdayjyD/ abmhpwGefrSoabFmjzifhxGufcGmcJh&m? oabFmcay;jyD;aemuf olYwGif&SdorSsaiGukefvkeD;yg;jzpfí e,l;a,mufqdyfurf;odkYa&mufaomtcg tdwfxJwGif aiG wpfa':vmom usef&Sdawmhonf/ e,l;a,mufvrf;ay:avSsmufoGm;&if; eHeufpmrnfodkYpm;&rnfudk awG;aeqJ ? vufzufajcmufyGJ&Hkwpfcka&Sh wGif vuf z uf & nf p rf ; oyf j rnf;BunfhaeolwpfOD;udkawGYí &yfBunfhrdonf/ olYrsufeSmwGif qmavmifrSKeSifh vufzufjrnf;orm;udk tm;usrSKwdkY txif;om;ay:aeovm;rod/ xdk tjrnf;q&mu olYudk vuf,yfvSrf;ac:í ] a&mh-aomufBunfhprf; ?'g tckrSa[mifaumifu vyfvyfqyfqyfa&mufvmwm} [kajymavonf/ t,f'Dqif onf xdkvufzuf&nfwpfcGufjzifh tm;jznhfjyD; teHSYavSsmufítvkyf&Smonf/ b,frSmrStqifrajy/ tultnD&vdk&jim; e,l;a,mufwGifaBu;eef;pma&; tvkyfvkyfaeaom rdwfaqGwpfa,mufudkvdkuf&Sm& onf/ aemufqHk;wGif Gold indicator ukrÜPDütvkyfvk yfaeaom xdkoli,fcsif;udk&SmawGYonf/ xdkolu r,fr,f&&awmhtultnDray;edkif/ aiG wpfa':vm acs;jyD; ?ollYtvkyfXme&Sdbufx&Dcef;wGifntdyfzdkYompDpOfay; edkifonf/ aemufwpfaeUwGif t,f'Dqifonf Gold indicator tvkyf&HkwGif;avSSsmufavYvmonf/ xdkvkyfief; ydkif&SifrSm rpöwmavm qdkoljzpf\/ aBu;eef;ydkhpufBuD;wpfvHk;wDxGifxm;jyD; tcdsefeSifhtrSsajymif;vJaeaom a&Taps; eSKef;rsm;udk ? a0gvfpx&d pD;yGm;a&;&yfuGuf &Sd olYazgufonf a&TyGJpm;rsm;xH aBu;eef;jzifhydkY&eftwGuf ?xdkyGJpm; 300 cefhxHwGif aBu;eef;zrf;pufi,frsm;wyfqifay;xm;onf/ xdkumvrSm tar&duefjynfwGif;ppf aBumifh ajrmufydkif;&Sdjynfe,frsm;wGif ppftoHk;p&dwfBuD;rm;ae&m ? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf a&Tjzifhay;acsrSKrsm; &yfqdkif; vdkufjyD; aiGpuúLtrsm;tjym;xkwfvkyfay;acsaeaom umvjzpfonf/ ,cifu a&TeSifh aiGpuúLwefzdk;jcif;wlae&mu ,ckaiGpuúLrsm;azgif;yGjyD; ?a&Taps;jrifhwufí a':vmaps;tvGefedrfhqif;vmonf/ xdktajctaeudktcGifhaumif;,lí a&TyGJpm;rsm;acwfxvmonf/ a&Taps;eSKef;twdtusudk rjywfodatmif vkyfjyD; ta&mif;t0,fjyKum tyGBuHaeBu aomtcsdefjzpfonf/ rpöwmavmonf ,if;tajctaeudk trSDjyKjyD; a&Taps;eSKef;owif;udk aBu;eef;jzifh yGJpm;rsm;xH a&mif;pm;aomtvkyfvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ t,f'Dqifonfþvkyfief;udkpdwf0ifpm;rdonf/ odkYaomf aps;eSKef;cefhrSef;ía&mif;0,fjcif;udk pdwf0ifpm; onfr[kwf/ vkyfief;vnfywfrSKyHkpHudk enf;ynm&SKaxmifhrS pdwf0ifpm;rdjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf e,l;a,mufodkY a&mufjyD;tvkyf&SmaeonfrkSm(3)&ufrSs&SdjyDjzpfonf/ tvkyfuvnf;r&ao;? þbufx&Dcef;xJrSmyifae&wkef;jzpf onf/ odkYeSifh oHk;&ufvGefajrmufaomaeYwGiftcGifhta&;wpfckBuHKvm&onf/ xdkaehwGifaBu;eef;ydkYpuf&kwfw&uf&yfoGm;\/ pufq&mu trsdK;rsdK;ppfBunfhaomfvnf;tjypfrawGY/ rdepf tenf;i,fBumaomtcgyGJpm;rsm;\wynfhrsm; tkyfvdkuf &meSifhcsDía&mufvmBujyD;qlnHylnHvkyfawmYonf/ olwdkY pufawG aBu;eef;zrf;ír&atmif uvdefuuspfvkyfonf[k pGyfpGJBuawmhonf/ pufq&mvnf;rTefxlaejyD/ bmrS vnf;rvkkyfwwfawmh/xdkpOfrpöwmavma&mufvmjyD;vltkyfBuD;eSifhjyóemwufaeavonf/ 22
2
xdktcsdefwGif t,f'Dqifvnf;vltkyfudkwdk;a0SYí pufcef;xJ0ifvmonf/ olonfvGefcJhaomoHk;&uftwGif; þpuftaBumif;aumif;aumif;avhvmcJhjyD;jzpf\/ ] uRefawmfjyifBunfh&if&r,fxifw,f} [kajymvdkuf&m rpöwmavmu olwpfcgrSsrjrifzl;aomolpdrf;udk ,Hk&cufcufeSifhBunhfjyD;/ ] &w,fqdkvJ vkyfuGm-- jrefjrefomjyifay;} [kqdk\/ t,f'Dqif\em;aumif;aumif;rBum;&jcif;rSm ,ckqlnHyGufavm&dkufaeaomywf0ef;usifwGifcyfaumif; aumif;jzpfae\/ pdwftaeSmifht,SufodyfrcHpm;&yJ tvkkyfudkpl;pdkufvdkY&aeonf/ pufudkzGifYppfBunfh&mwGif py&defwpfckjywfaeonfudkawGY&í odyftcuftcJr&SdyJ py&deftopfwpfck&SmjyD; jyefwyfay;vdkufonf/pufysufjyD; eSpfem&DtwGif;rSmyif pufjyefaumif;oGm;jcif;jzpf\/ rpöwmavm u olY&Hk;cef;odkYac:jyD; ] pufq&mudk igtvkyf xkwfvdkufjyD? tckighrSm vdkaewmu puf&HkwpfckvHk;twGuf enf;ynmrefae*smyJ ? rif;vkyfedkifrvm; } [kar;onf/ t,f'DqifrSm bmrSrajymedkif/ acgif;omndSrfYjy&\/ ] 'gqdk ighudkrif;taBumif;ajymygtHk; ? b,fuvmwmvJ?b,f rSm aeovJ? pufudkifoifwef;awGaum wufcJh zl;vm;} [kar;onf/ xdktifwmAsL;jyD;onfhtcg t,f'Dqifudk wpfva':vm(300)eSifhtvkyfcefhvdkufonf/ t,f'Dqifonf oifhawmfaomtcef;wpfckwGifajymif;aejyD;?0yfa&Smhwpfckudkvnf;zGií hf tvkycf sdejf yifywGipf rf;oyfrKS rsm;jyKvkyo f nf/ aps;eSKef;aBu;eef;ydkYpufudk ,ckxufydkrdk vG,ful?aumif;rGef? wdusatmif xGifcsifpdwf&Sdaeonf/ olonfaiGaBu; aps;uGuftv,fA[dkwGifvkyfae&aomfvnf; ,if;odkYaiGupm;onhftvkyfrsdK;udkpdwfr0ifpm;ay/ xdkenf;jzifhtjrwf &SmonfrsdK;udkvnf;rvkyfvdk/ wdkif;jynf\tcuftcJudk tuGufaumif;,lí tjrwf&Smaeaomxdkyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkvnf; avmbaZmwufaeonfh reSpfrsdKYzG,fowå0grsm;tjzpfomjrifonf/pufynm&SifwpfOD;taejzifh aiGonftoHk;0if ypönf;jzpfcsifjzpfrnf ? tqHk;owf&nfrSef;csufawmhr[kwf[k cH,lxm;onf/ odkYwdkifatmif xdkaiGwdkYonf rBum rDyif olYxHodkUtvHk;t&if;eSifh 0ifvmBuavonf/ rpöwmavmonf olYukrÜPDudk jydKJifzufukrÜPDwpfckodkYa&mif;vdkufonf/ xdkukrÜPDydkif&Sif rSm AdkvfcsKyfBuD; vufzwfpfjzpfjyD; ?a&TeSifh pawmhaps;uGufaBu;eef;ukrÜPDjzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf t,f'Dqiftm; aiGaBu; axmufyHhay;jyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom aBu;eef;ydkYzrf;pufwDxGifap\/ odkYeSifht,f'Dqifonf vHk;0yHkpHrwlaom puf opfwpfrsdK;udk wDxGifvdkufonf/ xdkpufudk ] t,f'Dqif,lkeDAmq,fy&ifwm} [k trnfay;jyD; rlydkifcGifhrSwfyHkwif vdkufonf/ 18&0 jynfheSpf aehwpfaehwGifAdkvfcsKyfBuD;vufzwfpf u t,f'Dqifudk &Hk;cef;odkYac:jyD;ajymonf/ ] rif;wDxGifxm;wJhpufudppö um;ajymBu&atmifuGm? rif;rlydkifcGihfudkb,favmufeJha&mif;rvJ} t,f'Dqifu tajzay;zdkYtjrefawG;&onf/ ]a':vm ig;axmifavmuf&&ifawmhaumif;rSmyJ? oHk;axmif avmufay;&ifvJ vufcHvdkuf&rSmyJ] [kawG;onf/ 'DavmufaiGrsm;rsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;u pOf;pm;yghrvm;? [m;wdkuf &,fjyD;awmhrsm;ighudk armif;xkwfrvm;} [kvnf;awG;rdjyD; ?AdkvfcsKkyfBuD;udkom ay;edkifonfhaps;ajymzdkY tqdkjyKvdkuf\/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;u ] av;aomif;avmufqdk b,fheS,fvJ} [kar;onf/ t,f'DqifrSm rarSsmfvifhaompum;udk Bum;vdkuf&í owdarhrwwfyifjzpfoGm;&onf/ ] rqd;k ygbl;?oifah wmfygw,f} [kom AvHk;AaxG;jzifhajymvdkufrdonf/ wD x G i f r S K eS i f h q ef ; opf r S K wd k Y o nf t,f'Dqif\ pdwfwGiftpOfrjywfyif qufwdkufjzpfay:aeonf/ ,if;wdkhudk vufawGYvnf;prf;oyfatmifjriftoHk;jyKcJhonfcsnf;jzpfonf/ wpfcguqdkvSsif t,f'Dqifonf wDxGif rSK 54 ckxufrenf;udk wpfjydKifeufxJ vkyfoGm;onfvnf;&Sdonf/ 1870 rS 1875 ckeSpftwTif;wDxGifrSKrsm;rSm aBu;eef;qufoG,fa&;eSifhywfoufonfrsm;yifjzpfonf/ xdkwDxGifrSKrsm;aBumifh aBu;eef;tquftoG,frsm;,cif uxufydkjrefvmonf/ t,f'Dqifonf 1871 ckeSpfwGif rm&DpwD;0Jvf trnf&Sd trsdK;orD;eSifhvufxyfcJhjyD; aemuf? qdyfjidrfat; csrf;aoma'owpfckwGiftajcpdkufjyD; wDxGifrSKrsm;pl;pdkufjyKvkyfvdkojzifh olYzcif&Smay;onfhajrae&mjzpfaom e,lk;*smpDjynfe,f ?ukef;jrifhqifajcavsmrsm;jzifh om,mvSonfh rifvdkygcfh t&yfüajymif;a&TYtajccsavonf/ xdka'owGif t,f'Dqifonf wDxGifrSKtajrmuftjrm;udkqufwdkufjyKvkyfcJhonf/ yxrOD;pGmw,fvDzkef;wGifwyf 3
qif&ef rdkufu&dkzkef;udkwDxGifonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh "gwfjym;udk wDxGifvdkufaomtcg ] toHqdkonfrSm wnfwHhrae yJ ay:xGufvmjyD;aysmufoGm;wwfonf } [laomobm0ed,mrudk pdefac:vdkufovdkjzpfí ?þ odkYtoHzrf;xm; edkifonfudk wtHhwBojzpfukefBuonf/ t,f'Dqif\trnfonfcsufcsif;urÇmausmfoGm;\/ rifvdkygcfh\ewf0dZÆm (The Wizard of Menlo Park ) [kowif;pmrsm;utrnfay;Bu\/ 1878 ckeSpfwGift,f'Dqifonf tyef;ajzc&D;oGm;&if;? aumfeufwD;uyfjynfe,f?tefqdkeD;,m;a'o&Sd ? 0DvD,Ha0gavhpfqdkol wDxGifxm;onfhvsyfppfrD;zefwD;xm;yHkudkavhvmcJhonf/ 0DvD,Ha0gavpfhonf vSsyfppf'dkiferdk udk wDxGifcJholjzpfonf/ vSsyfppfrD;awmufzefwD;yHkrSm opfom;abmifcyfíuehfvefYbm;acsmif;eSpfacsmif;rS wpf acsmif;pDwGif umAGefyvdyfjym;wpfckpDwyfqifxm;aomu&d,mjzpfonf/ 'dkiferdkrS oG,fwef;xm;aom0dkif,mBudK;udk xkdyvdyfjym;eSpfckBum;wGifxm;jyD; ? vSsyfppfpD;aBumif;jzifh umAGefyvdyfjym;udk avmifapjyD; tjyma&mifawmufy usdef;pyfaom rD;awmufudk zefwD;jcif;jzpfonf/ t,f'Dqifonf xdku&d,mudk aocsmpGmavhvmjyD; ?'dkiferdk wpfck0,fcJhonf/ ]vQyfppfrD;} qdkonfhtkdif'D,m udk t,f'DqiftvGefpdwf0ifpm;oGm;ayjyD/ vlYordkif;wpfavsmuf vlwdkYonf nudkvif;ap&ef a&eHacs;?za,mif;?qD? trJqD ponf trsdK;rsdK;oHk;cJhBujyD? 19 &mpktpwGif ausmufrD;aoG;"gwfaiGYay:vmonf/ ,ckvnf;odyÜH ynm&Sif rsm;u vQyfppfudkazmfxkwfcJhayjyD/ þvQyfppfonf rD;tvif;&zdkYpGrf;tiftajctjrpfjzpfvm&efaocsmonf[k,Hk Bunfvsuf&Sdonf/ olY&nfrSef;csufrSm vQyfppf"gwfpD;aBumif;udk rD;awmufrD;vQHtjzpf jzKef;wD;rypfyJ?rD;tdrft ajrmuftjrm;odkYqufoG,fjyD; xdkrD;tdrftwGif;&Sdavmifpmudk rD;&JaeatmifjyKjcif;jzifh tvif;ay;&ef jzpfonf/ rnf onfhavmifpmudk oHk;&rnfudk okawoejyKzdkYomvdkonf/ t,f'Dqifonf vl 40-50 avmufjzifhaeY-n tjyif;txefokawoejyKcJhonf/ zefoD;udk avpkwf xkwfí twGif;ü rD;&JaernfhavmifpmxnfhjyD; tjyifrSvQyfppfpD;aBumif;0ifaponf/ umAGefpuúLrSm tvif;a&mif ay;aomfvnf; puúefYydkif;omcHonf/ yvufwDerfa&TjzLrSm ydkaumif;jyD; vQyfppf'PfcHedkif&nf &Sdaomfvnf; tvGef aps;BuD;onf/ t,f'Dqif u vltrsm;aps;aygaygeSifhoHk;edkifrnfh t&momwDxGifvdkonf/ umAGefokwfxm;aom uwåLjym; ? tkef;cHG? azmh?qHyif ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;prf;oyfBunfhaomfvnf; auseyfp&mr&Sd/ þodkYjzifhtcsdefawG Bumjrifhvmonf/ 1879 ckeSpfatmufwdkbmnwpfnü tvkyfpm;yGJwGif aq;vdyfaomuf&if;bmqufvkyf&rnfudktBuHxkwf aepOf olYtusÐBu,foD;udkdtrSwfwrJhqGJaerdonf/ cPtBumwGif Bu,foD;jyKwfxGufoGm;&m ?Bu,foD;aygufwGif tyfcsnf BudK;wef;vef;ygvmonf/ t,f'Dqifonf csufcsif; tBuHaygufjyD; "gwfcGJcef;odkYajy;oGm;um olYvlrsm; tm; ] rif;wdkY 'DcsnfBudK;rprf;&ao;bl;r[kwfvm;? vm-tckprf;Bunfhr,f/ tyfcsnfvHk;,l?BudK;wdkwdkav;awGjzwf? umAGefawGokwfayawmh} [kajymjyD; prf;oyfBu\/umAGefokwfxm;aomcsnfBudK;rQifudk avvHkzefoD;xJ aocsmpGm ydwfívQyfppfpD;0ifap&m ? zefoD;wGif;rStndKa&miftvif;aysmhaysmhvif;vm\/ xdktvif;onfrnfrSsBumBumcHrnf enf;[ktcsif;csif;tavmif;tpm;jyKjyD; apmifhBunfhBuonf/ wpfrdepfvm;?wpfem&Dvm;? xHk;pHtwdkif;vlwdkif;avmif; aBu;xyfBuonf/ aemufq;kH wGiaf wmh &dk;&dk;csnfBudK;eSifhvif;onfh rD;oD;onf em&D(40)txdvif;aeaBumif;awGY &awmh o nf / t,f'Dqifonf þwDxGifrSKudk csufjcif;rausnmao;yJ?tumif;qHk;?taocsmqHk;jzpfatmifrGrf;rHjyKvkyfjyD; ol\ rD;oD; em&D(500)cHaomtqifha&mufrSom vlrsm;udkzdwfac:jyD;jy\/ bklwm&HkrSolYtvkyf&Hktxd "gwfwdkifpdkuf í "gwfBudK;rsm;oG,fwef;jyD; rD;vHk;rsm;xGef;jyxm;\/ b@ma&;&if;eSD;jrSKyfeHSolrsm;tBuD;tus,fpdwf0ifpm;pGmurf; vSrf;vmBuavonf/ aemufydkif;eSpfrsm;wGif enf;ynmtcuftcJrsm;?xyfqifhwDxGif&rSKrsm;?b@ma&;eSifhtzGJYt pnf;a&;&mu@rsm;tqifhqifh&ifqdkifajz&Sif;jyD;aemuf 1882 ckeSpf pufwifbmv(4)&ufaehwGif e,l;a,mufjrdKY wpfjrdKYvHk;rD;vif;a&; t,f'Dqif\pDrHudef;BuD;atmifjrifjyD;pD;cJhavonf/ xdktcgrSpí urÇmwGif vQyfppfwpfacwfqef;opfcJhonf/ t,f'Dqifonfvnf;urÇmudktvif;ay;olk tjzpfrSwfwrf;0ifcJhonf/ vQyfppfrD;oD;wDxGifjyD;aemufydkif; ajrmufjrm;pGmaomwDxGifrSKrsm;qufvufjyKvkyfcJhonhfteufrS &kyf&Sif uifr&mwDxGifrSKonft,f'Dqif\txif&Sm;qHk;atmifjrifrSKjzpfcJhonf/ ,cifuynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkYonf vSKyf&Sm;rSK 4
rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifedkif&ef trsdK;rdsK;BuHqcJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifedkifBuay/ t,f'Dqifonf xdkudpu ö dkudkifwG,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonfh1880 jynfheSpftxd"gwfyHk&dkufuifr&mudk wpfcsufrSsxdcJhbl;olr[kwfay/ xdkYaemuf"gwfyHk&dkuf jcif;udkavhvmjyD; ?xdkpOfu "gwfyHkeuúwpfyHkay:&eftoHk;jyKonfhrSefjym;jzihf qufwdkufvSKyf&Sm;rSKyHk&dyf rsm;udkzrf;,l &ef rjzpfedkif[kqHk;jzwfcJhonf/ xdkYaemufzvifrsm;ay:vmaomtcgrSomolYtdkif'D,mtaumiftxnfazmfa&; twGufpwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ olwDxGifvdkufaomuifr&mrSm &dkuful;vdkufonfeSifh rSefbDvl;a&Sh&Sdzvifrsm;onf wpfuGufcsif;puúefY\ tpdwftydkif;rSsomjidrfíqufa&GYoGm;apjcif;tm;jzifh vSKyf&Sm;aeonfhyHk&dyf\taetxm;toD;oD;udk &kyfaoyHkrsm; wpfqufwnf;awmufavsmuf&dkuf,lkaejcif;jzpfonf/ jypufxJwGif xdkzvifudkxdktjrefeSKef;twdkif;qGJ&pfjyD;?rD;xdk; jyaomtcg vSKyf&Sm;aeonfhyHkrsm;ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ t,f'Dqifonf 1931ck atmufwdkbm(18)&uf?touf(84)eSpfwGifuG,fvGefcJhonf/ olonfaemufqHk;t csdeftxdraerem;tvkyfvkyfoGm;aomyk*d¾KvfBuD;jzpfonf/ urÇmay:wGifay:aygufcJhonhfbufpHkwDxGifolrsm;wGif t,f'DqifonfaemufqHk;jzpfíolYaemufwGifbufpHkwDxGifedkifolrsm;r&Sdawmh[kqdkBuonf/ aemufydkif;wDxGifolrsm; rSm b0wpfoufwmvHk;u@wpfckwnf;udkomtcsdefay;ítxl;jyKedkifolrsm;jzpfBuavonf/ olonf 0dd&d,udkt"duxm;oljzpf&m? trsm;uolYudk yg&rD&Sif( genius) [kkac:BuonfeSifhywfoufí ‘]yg&rD&SifqdkonfrSmpdwful; pdwfoef;wpf&mcdkifeSKef;eSifh acR; udk;q,fhudk; &mcdkifeSKef;aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf} [kt"dyÜg,fzGifhcJhavonf/ urÇmBuD;udk rD;xGef;ay;oGm;aom ?r[mwDxGif&Sif t,f'Dqif\*kPfaus;Zl;udk aemifvmaemifom;rsm;u pOfqufrjywfazmfxkwf*kPfjyKaeBuOD;rnfom/
rif;&JOD; Ref: “Men who changed the world” by Egon Larsen. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Edison.pmd
5