1878-107-sugarcanereview

THE SUGAR CANE.

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BAILEY'S SPECIALITIESFOR USERS OF STEAM POWER Wanufactu~edby 3. M. B A I L E Y ' & C O - , Brass Foundry,Albion Works, Salford, MANOHESTER, ENGLAND.

Bailey's ~njoctorsfor Feeding Steal11 Boilers. dfoi-e tcu?zo7tzicn~than P I N ~ J I ~ ~ ,

AI LEY'S

WATER L1FTERS,

STEAM. JET P,WCTMFS, For. Dyeras'. ,Tanners, Rlenclrers, Sugars liel'iner3s,Papel.*MnlterJs, &c, S I ' I C ~ ~ I ~ !~l ~l l l L O l l 1 ~O~N~ lAl l ' l ' 1 4 1 U ~ ~ l ' ~ O N ~

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THE SUGAR UBNE.

JUNZ .I, 1878.

W. IL BAILEY & CO.,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS

AhD BRASSFOUNDERS,

ALL DOUBLE ACTINB.

Bailey's Pump and Boiler Combined,

Just Published, 1878 Edition oP "DAILEY'S ILLUSTRATED INVENTIONS," wiUi over 2000 Engravings; this sho111d bo in the liands of all users of stenln power, woight 21bs., prlce 41.. Frca t o cii6Lonlew who buy Q10 wortll of our goods.

Manufaoturers of all sorts of Pumps and every description of Brass Work for Engineers and Boiler Makers.

W. H. BAILEY & BO., Albion Works, Salford, Manohester, ENGLAND.

TEE SUGAR UANE.

JUNE 1, 1878.

J O H N FOWLER & CO., ENGINEERS, LEEDS,

STEAM CULT

ON MACH

Ad&pted for the efficient Cultivation of k3U(3hTt and COTTON in any pnrt of tho n.odd.

Fur C~rtnlogz
JOHN FOWLER & CO., Steam Plough Works, Leeds; And 71, Cornhill. London. E.G. THE

BRITISH TRADE JOURNAL: A M017Hm REVIEW OF BRn IS I R TRADE, Pu6lished u n the 1st of eflclb ~~zojztA,flt 4 2 , CLZ~Z?ZOIZStvect, L o ) z ( ~ o ~ ~ .

Invaluable to all having business relations with Breat Britain, and a first-class Nachinory Inclent-Guide for Planters, &c. It contains lllonthly (in the form of a Snpplelllent of 32 pages) a complete price list of English Nanufactured Bootls for circulation exclusively abroacl. SU~SCRIPTION: 10s. PERANNUM,post free to all parts of the IVodd.

THEJOURNAL OF APPL A Recorcl of Progress in the lizdzcstrial Arts. Price $d. A Monthly Journal devoteil to the intcrcvts of :Construction, Navigation, Art1 Domostic Economy, Natnral History, Agriculture, Engineering, Tcc1inic:~lEilucatioa, Chemistry, Manufactu~~es, Tclcgraplly, &c. Commerce, All communication^, Advertisementrr, and Orders for the Paper are to Le addressed to

P. L. SIMMONDS, 29, Cheapside, London, E.G.

JUNE 1, 1878.

TEE SUGAR CANE.

PARIS EXHIBITION, 1878%

G. BUCMANAN & CO., ENGINEERS, BUGKLERSBURY, L O N D O N , E.G., COXSTRUCTORS O F

BTJCHANAN'S PATENT STEAM CANE MILLS, Rccluiuing no Boa~lrlntion01' Brickwork Bctting ; also

SUGAR CANE MILLS, worked by Hand, Steam, or Cattle Power. WUMB PANS, COPPER STILLS, and all apparatus for the M & n u f a o t w e of Sug%rLr.

RICE MILLS AND MACHINERY FOR HUSKING & PREPARING RICE. COFFEE & COCOA NUT MACHINERY. 8AlV MILLS, STEAN nO'[LBRS, l?UllPS, aieo IRON ROOFIN@ & BRIDGE '7?0nI<, GALVANIZND IBON, &c. G. BUCEIANhN & CO.'S ex~)e~ieocc rlurilig tho last Thirty Yours in tho mnnufaclura and sul)ply of illaci~irrcry,osgocinlly snitcd for Colonial me, %'ill bo ssme gnnratltac of thc q ~ a l i t gof wili~tthoy supply.

DESORLPTIVE PRICE LIST SENT ON APPLIUATLON, Addrc$s as abovo, or t o G. B. & Co.'s Agout~,vhoro establisl~ed. G. RUUXANAN & 00. l!o~cby givc notice tllnt logal pgrocec~litigswill bc tnlten ngnintrt any Engi~lco~:sor Mnnafooturers In Grcnt Dlitnin who Inay nsc thelr Nnmo or Invmltions without duo nul;horination.

PARIS EXHIBITION, Vi~itordto tllc nbovc Exhibition clrr1 nec Q, B. & Oo:e Agrioulturnl Nnchina'y A~uioxo,Avc~lirodo Snffrcn,

1878.

Huchinery in oporntion, in tha British

p -

Mr. WILLIAM VOUTE, 13, Rue d'Aumale, Paris, Offers his serviccs to Visitors to thc Paris Exhibition to aid

them ill oflocting purchases. Hc

spettlcs

several languages, and

Any business relating to sugar mill be translated with special care, as &11*VOUTE . hns had many ycars observation. of tropical sugai* culture.

can furnish :~bundant; English, a11d other references.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, Representing PZante'ers, Merchants, R$~ers, and others interested in the Sz~gurTrade. Sz~bdishedin tivzefor colonial mails at Zhe begifzning of each month. Price Is., or 12s. per a9zn. in advance, post free. [POW O F APPLICATION.]

Herewith is P. 0. Order for :wehe Sl~ilZings,payable to Xr. W. Porster, at Messrs. GaZt 8 Co., Pu6Zishers, Bancheste~,h payment of Olze Year's Szcisoriptiow to " The 8ugar Cane," Thefist nzcnzber to be sent is

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18 f l a w ....................................... ................................................. Ad&e88, .................................................................................... Bate, .......................................... thcll

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SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

.... ..- 2 a m p ~ f l ~,, ,,,, 1 6 QUUTER PA@E . . . . 0 16 ;C

I.

on1 PbISB..

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d.

o

0 0

1

8.

18.

ONE-BIBHTH UISE . a . . 0 8 0 ONE-SJXTEENTH PAISE 0 4 0 For advertisements below this Is, per line,

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. . . . . . . . per cent. ........ ........ ,, Back Numbers and Bound Volumes of The Sugar Cane " may be had on DISCOUNT.-For 3 insertions

,,

6

J,IZ

J l 9,

10

I$ 20

9.

application to the EDITOR.

COURRIER DE L' EUROPE, "

f~8TABLISIlBD IN 18.40.) A Weekly French Journal, specially published for persons residing abroad who cannot receive a d d y paper. It is the only Fxonch organ instituted on the plan of the Pnglish Weeltly Journals and Reviews. It comprises sixteen pages of three columns each, in all forty-eight columns of text. At the end of the ycw,

the fifty-two numbey form R, handsome and useful volume. Each number of tho Cozwier d8 Z1&cropo contains a complete r6sum6 of all the news of the weolr, original articles by writers of the first.talont, a review of the Fxonch and foreign rQsU, a Paris messenger, with a report of all the new pieces 1)roduced at tho $arisian theatres, a gazette of comicalities, a judicnl bulletin, a literary, criticzl, altd bibliographical article, a scientiflo artiole, parliamentary dobatcs, official documents, $c. I $ also publishes romances by the best French authors.

Price 19s. per annum, for the Antilles and Brazil, Regulated for other countr~osaccording to tho respective postago tariff.

Ogioa-42, !l'avistook Htrect, Uovoat Cfnrden, Jogzdon. Prospcr Dowet, l%ditov. Agnnta Wantad in localities in which the Journnl is not yet represented.

JUNB

THE SUGAR CANE,

1,1878.

LABORATORY FOR SUGAR ANALYS 21, NINCING LANE, LONDON, E.O.

Analyses all descriptions of Sugar, Glucose, Charcoal, &C., &c. Polariscopes of the best makors and all s~~pplomentary apparatus procured.

I7zstrzcotion given in Stcgor ArtaZysis.

OFFICE P O E

BRITISH, COLONIAL, AND FOREIGN PATENTS, AND THE REGISTRATION O F DESIGNS, ESTABLISHED 1835.

c,E-, 4, ST. ANN'S

SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

Provisional Proteotion of Inventions for six months obtained. Complotc Pntcnts obtaincd in Groat Britnin, tho Colonies, and Foreign Co~~ntrios. Provisiont~land Final Bl~ecificntionsdrr~wnand rovisod. Binisliod Drn\vings lnr~defrom mnchinory or florn ~Iiotcho~. Ol~positionsto P n t o n t ~con~luctoclor dclondod. Disclaimers and N t e r a t i o n ~of spoc~ficationsprepared nnd filed. Prolongations nnd Confirrnalionu 01I'ntcnts uolicilotl. Sanrohcs imd Ol~inionsa8 to novolty of inventions, Quostions ol Infiingcmants invoutigntcd nntl advi~oclupon. Cases for tho Olsinio~lOS Uouncil l)roparcd and submitted. Useful and Ornamontal Dosigns rogisterod. Trade Rfi~rltsprotoctad undor tho L' Traclo Blurlts Act, 1876," andall other buginoss relative to tho protection of Inventions or Dosigns trsnsaotod at moderate charges. Arbitrations i n Pntent Cuseu concluclod. Free by Post-Self-help to Ptitont Tdnm, p r i c ~Gd. Colonial and Foroign P ~ t o n Laws, t prico 1s. --

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PRACT~CAL ENC:INICERSUOAEBOII~ER requires A seven AND

EBIYLOYMENT AUBOAD. bcoll cngagocl duping last Ycars in Erecting niid Wo~lring Sugur P:wtorios in Egypt ancl tllc West Indies. Holcls first-class ccrtifiei~tes. Aclclress, G. J., Nr. Por,pS, Wry& Croft, Thorney, Cilmbriclgesliire.

THE SUGAR UANE,

JUNE

1, 1818.

ROYAL MAIL STEAXEItS l'o INDIA, CHINA,JAPAN, AUSTRALIA, WEST INDIES, BRBZILB,ANERICA, CAPE,&Q.

STEWART & CO., SHIPPING &CUSTOM HOUSE AGENTS, INSURANCE BROKERS 11, OmLEINTAL PLACE,

SOUTHAMPTON. Packages, Parcels, and Samples shipped at the lomest possible rates of Freight, without respect to any PARTICULAR LWE,unless specially instructed to the contrary. Baggage shipped, cleared, and foi-ivarded. Letters and Tolograms for Passengers +promptlydelivered. Passages engaged and information supplied as to rates, &C., &c.

RUNCORN BONE GOMPANY,

Samples apd Priees-sent on application.

RUNCORN BONE W O R K S COMPANY, SUTTON, near PRESTON BROOK, CHESHIRE.

T O PLAmTERS.

WILLIAM WILSON & SONS, 6, TALBOT COURT, EASTCHEAP, LONDON, E.G. Till be happy to supply by the Dozen,

PLANTERS' STRONG BOOTS At Ss.,

98.,

108. per pair, suitable for Plantation use.

MERCANTILE DIRECTORY O F T H E WORLD. 3000 PAGFES.

PRICE, $3 3s.

This work gives the llames of moat hlerohants, Planters, &a,in every pa1.t of the wopld. WILLIAM WILSON & SONS, 6, Tulbot CourL, Enstoheap, London, E,C.

JUNE 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

ALB1QN

WORKS,

NEPTUNE STREET, LIVERPOOL. -

W---

REGISTERED

TO TRE

AR PLANTER Of the Ecist cind West lnclies, Mauritius, Queensluncl, and the United States, TRADE MARK.

It is now a clnnrtcr of a century sincc mc the piol~cersconimencrcl the i\ltiunfi~cturc of Specii~li\lanul.cs for t l ~ cSug:lr C':IIIC cnltir:ltion, llnving the advantngo of 0111. l'rior's personal acrl11aint:unrc with the culture in the West Indics, Louisinnn, &c. A11 tllosc ;\lanm.cs arc pi~eparcclin accorc~ancewith actual results ol)taincd on crops and espericncc secured tl~roiigh the continueil supply of more than 200 estntcs in Demerara, throughout tho British, Spanish and Danish West Indin Islanils, ss well as in Mauritius, Jura, Spain, &c. W e rccommclld wit11 confidence as proportionately the Best and Cheapest Alnuui~osol)t:iirinblc, our I

BPECIAL FERTIEIZE88.

Phosphated Peruvian Guano. Ammonio Phospho Guano. Raw Bone Superphosphate ; also Sulphate o f Ammonia (2ilo/, and frcc from Stzlphocyanicle). F.O.B. Lonclon,Lire~pool,oi~ Clyde. Price ancl all particnlars on application. Repcatoil Irigl~lysl~tisfactoryanalylyscs h a w been macle by Drs. Voelcker, Anderson, Nuspratt, Pliipson, and nll the other emineat Chemists here and abroad, All paclmgcs boar our registered traclc mnrlc to prcvent &and. Thc n~nnnhcturcis undor the direct superintendence of our iUr,G. Washingtoil ilrilott, P.C.S., who has for ,several ye:us carefully studied the requirements of this culture ; ancl, oming t o the conccntratccl fitatc of oulr Fcrtilizcrs there is great saving in freight and labour. W e also manufacl;nrc

SPECIAL FERTILIZERS for Coffee, Tea, Tobacco, Cotton, Cocoa, &c. Guarantee of Analysis with all our Manures.

L-

-/H'-

38a, King William-Bt., London, & Tower Chambers, Liverpool, Alegrabo~s of tlts Boynl dgvic'culturnl Sooiet~of Englntzd, Hcghlafad nwd Agr.ict4lttwnl Society of Sc~coi'ln~zd, LI;ivetyool Chemical nnd Oeologicnl Soaieties.

JUNE1, 1878.

THE BTJGAR CANE.

GALLOWAY B 0

Possessas the following advantages over the ordinnry GALLOWAY Boiler :-

Ist,-Nore space for getting below theflue for ~leaningor rel~airs. 2nd,--Inoreased strength of back flue by the tubes being so &ed as to be nearer together at their lower than at their upper ends. 3rd,-'J.'lle whole of the tubes being made to one template and INTERCHBNCtEABLE the flanges also being sguare to oentre line of tube, The attention of Steam Users is speoially directed to the important advantages mentioned above, For further Partic~ilarsnnd Zstimates, to., apply to the Patentees,

W.& J. GALLOWAY & SONS, KNOTT MILL IRONWORKS, MANOHESTER. Makers of fhe "GALLOWAY"

CONE TUBES,

For inserting into all kinds of Flued Boilers.

THE

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VOL. X.

JUNE 1, 1818.

No. 107.

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Tile writers 1~1ol1e are rcspo~lsiblcfor tlloir titibternents.

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THE WEST INDIA MENORIAL. Tlle deputation of p1:~uters and merchants whic'li waited on sir Michael Hiclre-Boileh on tlio 8th of May, and the iUcmoriril p ~ ~ s e n t e ou i l that occasiou I'rom nearly Llic w21olc of the Ittnclcd and mercantile intercut of thc West Iudia colonies, show that the produccrn are a6 little disposctl as the rofinerci to let t h e question OS foreign export bounties rcet. A more important demonetratiou caulrl not have becl1 organized, and the report of t h e ~ r o c w i l i n g ~which , we give in this improssiolz, flhowe lllal tllo case ~ v a ssided with suiticicnt forco ancl clea~zlcsslo malrc s vcry ilistinot and satisfactory imys~ssion on tho lllinil of I b e Colonial ficcrcttl~y. E i s rcply quite J'n~tificsthe anticiprulion ~ i o t only that the rcmarklcable :lnd p o r l ~ a puniquc ~ injustice of t h e ~ ~ r m c uposition t OS thc Britiuh protluccr r~llclrof~ncrwill eontinuc to reocivo the symp~ihhy:~~iti conbider~liioll01the Govc~'niue~~t, but nltio flint tho rcructly proposecl will ]lot again be cli~miehatlwitllout berious cxamiuation. h former tlcplztutiou ruocc~odotlin olicititlg from .Lhe Forcigti ~ c o ~ c t u rthe y import:ult :dn~iti~ion, aftorw:~rtLs rcl)eated by hi&. in tlle Houeo ol' Lorils, tk~td,this i~not only 11 producers' but also a, consuruc~t;'cluestlon, a11i1t l ~ itlis uti U L I C ~ L to the interest 01thc public at largo i ~ lso thul 01 tho g~o\verant2 manulilcturcr of B L I ~ ~ L I ' that tlliil loreiga export bounty ~houlclbe got rid of. On the P I ' C ~ G I L ~OCC~'ILOU Sir Jlicl~ncl LTicks-l(c:bcl~ I'i~llyret~lizod this importtmt clcrllcilt ill tllo qnestion. " It i~ u ~L1'ong1~rgnule111, l 1 ho tiays 'L bl~nt,altcr all i t is a vctry short ~iglitcd Y

282

THE SUGAR CANE.

JUNE1, 1878.

policy for the consumer to desire the continuance of bounties ; for when English Colonial sugtr is clrivcn out of the market, the price of foreign sugar mill bc raised, and the consumer mill lose very largely." But, unfort~matcly, he goes on to express a doubt whether the consnmer-by which he means those who clefencl what they believe to be the consumer's interests-will be able to sec the matter in this light. This i~where opposition t o proposals for a remedy always practictlly begins. Some aro incleed too iclle or too prejucliced to listen to and admit souncl argument even up to this point. Two members of the present Govc~nmenthave, hornever, gone so far, and so have some of the best authorities on Political Economy. But the very unsatisfactol-g anil inconclusive conclusion has always been that to which the Colonial Secretary has on this occasion again fallen back,--that, gooil as the arguments are, Pasliament mill not be induced t o act upon them. Sir Uichael HicksBeach fears that our rcprcscntativcs will prefer *at he himself characterises as a short-sightcc1 policy. There is, we fear, too llluch truth in this view of thc ease. The Government sees the real position, but knomingly adopis a short-~ightedpolicy in deference to the narrow, prejudiced, or ill-iaformcd views of Parliament. On a great question this would not be called stntesmanship ; in a matter of sugar it is not pcrhaps t o bc wondcreil at. A member of the deputation said with much truth that if this were a question of calicoes the outcry woulcl be g c a t iinlocd. Parliament has, homevcr, bccn cclucatocl on mnny subjects, arul has even profited by lectures on the sugar duties ; me may, therefore, hope that the further oonsicleration mhicll FSir MicXlacl HicksBeach has promisecl to give to the question may result in n determination to leacl tlie may to something bettcr than a sliorort-sighted policy mitli respect CO it. Maarc~u,QUBENBLAND.--T~~ mct season has at length set in, and an abundance of rain lms fallen during the past woolr. The onne crop and other vegetation was beginning to assumc an nppourance which indicated rosults of a very distressing ohar~ctor,and although thero is now no longor any danger from drought, the gromth ox the cane hns been ao much retarded [is to seriously affectthc proepects of the coming crops.

JUNE 1, 1878.

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THE ENGLISR: SUGAR TRADE AND FORIGLON BOUNTTXS.

On tllc 8th of May, 1878, n nnn~crou~;ly : L ~ ~ L \ I Z ~ clcl)ntatioi~ LC~ of plalltcrs, mcrchmts, mld otlicrs, intcrcstcd in tllo nllgar tmclc, wnitccl on Sir hlichrtcl IZiclw-llcncll, Bnrf,., LC.l'., fic.rrot:l1-y of Statc for the Colonier, For the purjroso o r pi~esmtiiig 11ctition vitli rcfcrrucc to tllo diqad.r.nntngc tllat tlicy tarx suflcring rrnil(>r) tlirough. thc bo~ultier gr:mtcil by forc.ig11 (Sovrn.nmcr~tqto thc merchants ancl others exporting si~gt~l'h 1 1 1 i h ~ f o011iitrios. i~ Amongst the mcnlbors of thc dcprdntion wcrr : 3Ir. 7Ctlward Greene, N.P.; Coloncl Iroln~l(lBl:lclrburno, A1.P.; Mr. l)~lncnu MiLarcn1 B1.P. ; Mr. Thonlhill, Bl. P.; Mr. T. 1)mlicl Trill, clinirman of tho Wcst Inclia Corn~nittcc:, anil of 1llo (!olonial 13anlr; 8iu T. Edwarcls-Moss, Enrt., raprescnting fl~cWofit Indix Assoc:iation of Live~pool;Nr. TV, P. Bornlcy and 32r. J. Lamont, rc1prr:sonting the Wcst Zndm Association of' Glasgow ; &Cr. G. Tf. Cl~rnn~bors, cllairman of thc London an(1 St. T TTou. J . Hcll Smylh, momber of Lcgislntivc Conncil, %rinicliril; Mr. 11. ,I. ,Jo~~r'tlni~~, l:ll,o iiicmbcr of Conucil, nh~lritius,mid of the i\l(lh~l'~. [jlyt 11, ( ~ I ' ( ~ O I I O,To~~rd~lill, , LP: Co.; Mr. W. N. l%038, OY Messr~.(!01,1~~i111,Rlor~to11, & (!o.; M r . R. A. IIanlrcy ancl Mr. Gnrney, oV llc5srfc. Tl~o~llsor~, lrillllcoy, cSs Co.; Yr. 8. R. Curtis nnd Dlr. (.lnintin IIogg, ol' &ICHHI)N. Bosancpot, Curtis, & Co. ; Mr. ,Jno, ~li(!onn(~ll, oL ll(bsilr~.Jno. hliConnell & Co., London, anrl ~ I C H Al~ookoi~ R . Ilrofi. (k WO., Ci~uxpool; Mr. Wilcliug, of 3fcr;srs. I I n w l h o r ~ ~Mhotl(1cn , Co.; Mr. Cland Neilson, of l\llcasrs. Clnll(1 Ncil~on (P: idons; Mr. (1. I). >Tanning, of Messrs. Blnn~ling &t A11dor(Loi1; Mr. 3Tillii11~o11 t~il(1

284

THE SUGAR C m .

JUNE 1, 1878.

Mr. Gaviller, of Nessrs. Wilkinson & Gariller; &fr.J. Rravo, oE Messrs. Joseph Bravo & Co.; Mr. A Turnbull, of Messrs. A. Turnbull & Co.; Mr. D. C. Da Costa, Mr C. H. Best, and Mr. W. P. B. Shepheard, Barbados pi~opiictors; Mr. W. D. Child and Mr. Eyams, Ja~naicaproprietors; and My. Ohlson, secretary of tho West Iudia Committee. Mr. GREENE,M.P., having intyocluced the deputation, MT. T. D. ESL said that the deputation had attended for the purpom of pointing out the injustice mhich was occasionecl by the protection of beet-root sugar, and to express thoh anxiety for legislation on a subject of so much importance. Ever since the emancipation of the slaves, thc Wcst Indians had been struggling hard for existence; but at onu time they thought that their exertions mould be cromned wit11 success. They had, howevel; been osermhehed by the system of protection adopted by other countries. It was a fact that whilst sugar was a half-penny a pound clearcr on the Continent than in Englancl, yet Englancl was drawing large snpplics of that commodity from the Continent. Mr. LUBBO~IC then reacl a statement setting out in full the views of the deputation. The existence of premiums upon the export of wgar from France, Belgium, and Holland has beer1 officially recognised since the year 1863, when a long series of international confe~,encesancl conventions commenced. I n 1864, a Conrention was actually signed by England, France, Belgi~zm, and Holland, with a view of placing the different countries upon an equal Tooting in regarcl to the exports of sugar. Bnt this result hacl never boon brought a b o u L f o r e i p Govorntuents have never carried out their engagements. To the above-mentionecl POW~I-8, as allowing prcmi~imsin one lorm or anotliler, must now be added Germany, Austria-llnngary, and Russia. I n fact, the whole of tlle beet-root sugar interest throughout the continent of Europe derives aclvantage from this system of prernitzms, and to this came must be attributecl in n considerable degree the onormous expansion of the beetroot industry, from an average of 721,770 tons in 1867-8-9 to 1,232,690 tons in 1876-7-8. During the last 20 years the growing clemund lor sugar has beon suppliecl

JUNE 1,

1878.

TEiX SUGAR CANE.

285

by beetroot and slave-grovn produce, w l d c tlie British colonies have been unable, in conseqnmcc of the unequr~lco~upctition to which they wcrc cxposccl, to take their proper share it1 supplying t h e wants of the molld. The mcllzorial, which we llave now t h e honour to prcficnt, defines the position of thc West lndiu Colonies, both iu regard to slave labour and bounty-Pecl sngar. With regnrcl to the former, the memorialists say :-' I That in the colony whcrc your petitioners rcuiclo, the cu1tiv:~tiou of sugnl- is the principal inclnutry upon which t h r public, sevcnuo is b;lsocl ancl the institutions of Govenl~ucutoupportoil ; b y which the l a b o ~ w h gpopulation ealx ~vages, unil zlpon which tho p~ospelityof the whole c o m ~ i ~ ~ u lclopcnds. ity " That thc saiil iliilustry has snfEeruil ~nuclldcl)rosiion and grcat restriction for m:luy year6 ~ I U SC ;~L L, L S ~ (by ~ want of sufieicut lilbour, nucl b y the peculiar difficulties occnsioncil by your potitioncr~ having hail to struggle against thc corupctition OS the rl~~vc-lubou~. oountrics OS t l ~ cworld, n compot.ition ~ ~ l ~ iyour c l l pctitioucr~will not cease to protest agnilist tls most n~jl~riour: aucl unfair. " Thnt your pctitione~.h have, ncvcrtl~oleus,sustained this competition in the hope t h d , by the a~bolitionof slavory in foreign countries and colonies, tlic excrtionfi of your pctitioncrfi, all11t l ~ c largo cupital cmploycil by thorn in tlloir indust~?y,~vould:it lcllgtll yield n proportiona.lc r c t ~ ~ r u . " You, sir, will probal~lyatdluit thc truth OS tlie c~11ovo1'0p1'0~1:121~atioa. Tlio sugar i n d u ~ t r yis, ancl a l w ~ ~ yh:ls s bccn, tlul grotlt mainstay of t l l ~Britid1 West Indics, tllo ~liitnt,nlailvnntl~gcn1)osscfisctl by tllosc colonies for the pracluctio~lol'ai~garbcing ~ ~ n i ~ i v : ~ l l c i l . And r~lthoughthey havc had R O I ~ ~ O I I S~Ziflic~llti~tj to co~~tcllct I L ~ I L ~ I ~ H ~ i n the lnnttor OS L~bour,tlioso clifficultio~IILLVOILOJV bouli HO f a r ovctrcome as to j ~18tif.ya, bclioil in thc r c t u n ~oC prosperity, provi~lutl oilly tlio colonial sugar intlust~y11nilf n i play ~ at hornr. 'Clicsc difEoultiurl h i ~ give11 ~ e the colouics n pc~cnlinrly~tr011gclail11t o ih(1~ollt,iii([cl':~Lion mcl just trcatmcnt at tllc: llantl~ol: tho n~ollii~r country. The succeeding paragruphs of tlie moinori:ll uxylo.iri l ~ o wLllc bo~xntysystom affeetti tlic protluec ol: tlic colonic~:'' That in conscquenoc, l~owcvcl; o! tlio pructioe OS grnnting

286

THE SUGAR CANE.

JUNE 1, 1878.

bounties upon the export of raw and refined sugars in many of the sugw growing countlies of the vorlcl, the industry of your petitioners has of late years, and continues to be, most seriously affected. That in France, Belgium, and Hollanil, in spite of protractecl negotiations, ancl numerous treaties with Great Britain, the system of granting bounties on the export of sugar is still vigorously maintahecl. '' That a similw system has also been adopted in Austria, Russia, m11Germany. "That thc abovc-mentioned foreign countries protect their native sugar inilustries, in addition to granting bounties on the export of sugar. G Thnt the effect is to rostiict the export trade in sugar horn the United IFingclom, to destroy altogether thc Britisli loaf-sugar industry, and to recluce the piice of all classes of sugar in the English markets below a natwal level. That if this state of things is allowed t o continue, and the English masket is to bc goveined by the p i c c at which foreign bounty-fed sugar can be sold h it, production must be restricted, esccpt in countries where bounties are gantecl ; the general supply of sugar will be rcrluccd, or the article mufit be raised at peatcr cost in countlies less suited to its production, and its bounties will hardy bc con~inuedwhen free colupetition has c2eclinec2, piices must eventually be enhancecl, to thc poimancnt injury of the

consumes." The cbecb infl~~encc of the bountics is seen in the recl~~ction of prices belolv n natural lcvcl-that is, to a point not clctc~uinccl solely, as it should be, for the consumers' permanent interest, by the lowest natural cost of proch~ction. If a French r e h e r , for instance, obtahs g3 per ton prcmium on the export of his sugar, it will be seen that hc tau dorcl to sell his sngm at $ 2 less than oost price, ancl still malie n profit of g1 por ton. As n matter of fact, this clepsession of the mtxrkct is going on at tho present moment. Tha clopreciation iu price bolom cost 01 procluction iu morc than covered by the prelni~zmthc French refiner enjoys,

JUNE 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

28 '7

whilst i t is evicleilt that such dcprccii~tion is a dircct and absolute l o s ~to the Cololiinl produccr v h o has to co~upetcwith him. hncl with rep~rilto thc intercst of thc cansumcr in this question, Lord Dcrby, in cxprcssing the ~ i c w sof H e r Najcsty's Government i n tlic Ilousc of Lords, in 1875, saicl, " W c w e convincc8 that any advantage of chenpncss to the consumer which can be obtained by mealls of the hocunty on forcign sugnr will bc tempo~wy only, because, if thc bo~mty mcrc continuccl long cnough, and raised high enougll to cb-ive tlle Euglish sugar refiuer mil co1oni:tl prodnccr out of the marlret, then it follows that tllc f o r c i p procluccr would gct thc monopoly of the market, i n which cnsc thc price moulrl not long remain at a low rate." I t will not be clisputecl that such an artificictl arrangement, and ouc so contrary to the laws of frcc trailc, cannot in the long r u u bc to thc acl~iantngcof the consumcr. The imports of sugar (raw ancl rcfincrl) iuto t h c United Kingdom from countries whcrc bounties are given or indirectly :~llowod, havc risen from 261,350 tolls in 1876, to 320,529 tons in 18'77, ~ ~ naye c l expectcd to be co~lsiilertiblylargcr during thc present ycar, The only grcuncl of objeation that wc cou~lilhavc, of course, to thesc large importations, is that thcy do not come unilcr conclitions oP fair ancl crlual competition. Wcrc such conclitions in forco, a nluch largcr proportion of sugar ~vot~lclcon^ from countries pcc~liiulyailaptcd to its proiluction, viz., tllo Britis11 Wost India Colonies. The extent to which t l ~ cEnglish iuarlcct is fcd by thcsc foreign bo~~uf,y-sugarswas still further illustratecl by tllo fact tlmt t h c customs cntrics in Lhc port 01 ~ontlon,from thc I ltll to tlio 20th March, 1878, arc cntircly maclo up of raw and refined sugar Eroln thc continent, showing nn nvcragc import for tho ]lino woolc iucludccl in tlmt period of over l000 tons pcr clay. Tllc largo quantity of sugar i~uportcdinto the Unitcil I l i l ~ ~ i l ~ ~ ~ , r~nilsolcl uildcr its legitimate frce trailc valnc, iu dcprcssing, as above\ stated, tllc pricc of British colonial sugar, provcuts oxtcnsion of cdltivittion, ancl lrocp~clown the value of property in thc coloilics, ilepriving them of thcir natural n~lvalltugcscoiii~cctod\vitIi t h ~

THE S U W CANE.

288 --

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Jum 1, 1878.

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relative cost of production, anJ d e p r i h g the mothor count~y,too, of the full adTnntages which tlie sugar industry of the West Indies offers to its shipping and engineering interests, which advantages are not obtained in the case of the beet sugar production. The question is now in the hands of Ecr Majesty's Goveinment. Negotiations ~ G t hthe treaty powers me presumably at an end, Tchilc Germany, Austria, and Russia have never come into any international armngemeni;. We do not h o w what course is likely to 'be adopted. It is otzr duty simply to present the memorial, ancl to ask you, sir, as the official guardian of the interests of the colonies, to consider ~eiiouslythe statelnent it contains, and to take such steps as will induce Eer llijesty's Govelmment to adopt any practical means that may be open to them to provide a remedy for the grievance vhich by this memorial, so largely and influentially signed, t11e T e s t India colonies have brought before you. Mr. Lubbock then said, with ~espeet to the memorial he now handed in, that, in the Barbadoes memorial, the complaint as to want of labour was omitted, ancl, in the Jamaica memorial, the complaint, as to the effect of bounties upon the home market, was put into still more urgent language than in the other petitions. The signatures represented very- nearly the whole of the landed and mercantile interest of the West India colonies, whilst members of all classes had numerously signed. The British Guiana memorial was signed by six members of the legislature, by 331 proprietors, planters, representatives of estates, and merchants, and there Tcere 109 miscelIaneous signatr~res, including those of cler,gymen, disti-ict medical officers, schoolmasters, tradesmen, &c. The Trinidad memorial was signed by four members of the couneil, tlie chairman of the Planters' Association, and by 221 proprietors, planters, merchants, &c. The Jamaica memorial was signed by one member of council, three justices of the peace, the president of the Cornwall Agricultural Club, and custos of the parish of Xt. James ; by 208 proplietors, planters, and merchants, and 230 miscellaneous. The Barbadocs memoiial mas signed by one member of council, the speaker, and 11 members of the House

JUNE 1, 1878.

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T E X SUGAR CANE. a -

289 -

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of Assembly, the Presidents of thc Commercial Rixll m ~ dAgi*icultllrnl Sociotics, 2 11 proprictors, planters, nud ~nerclzauts,anil 105 others. The St. Vincent Memorial, by 72 proprietors, planlovs, mid merchnnts (including severril inombers of lepislnturc), and 83 luiscellaneous. The Grenadr~Memorial, by 170 proprictors, plantc~s, and merchants (including four members of legislatl~rcl), nail 38 miscellaaeons. The Domingo Memorial, by 129 proprictors, planters, inerchanta, &c. The Tobago Mcmoriul, by 43 proprietorb, c h . 7'11~ Nevis Nomorial, by 87 proprietors, &c. Thc M o n t ~ o r mMcrr~ori:~L, t (inclniling ~ncmbc~-s of lcgislaturc), by 5-1 propr.icltors, kn. '1'1~R t . Kitt's wafi ~ i g n e db y the vico-p~pcsiilcnt OS tho Iiccwtrril l ~lnnds' council and 12 me~nbers01 fedcm1 ancl local councils, 126 p~.oprictors, plantcrs, and mcrchants, aud 4'7 ot1lo1.s 7'hc Antigua Memorial wrts uignc~d by thc prcsideut of the foilornl couuoil, 10 m m bcrs OS the lcc1ei3al nlld looul councils, 100 propriotor.;, ])ln~ztcra, ant1 rnorcl~ants,unrl. 46 othcrs. 'Chc total numbor o t signt~f,~ir.cs lo the memoritils was 2410. T l ~ opotition, wliiclz mns t l ~ c nCormally 13rcsontct1, sot oat :--l . That i n tllo colorly whore your Pctitioncrs rosiilc, t,llr oultivlvtion of sugar is tho principal inclustry npon .\vhicll tlrc public rovennc is based, uurl thc intititations of G l o v c r n ~ ~slil)portail ~o~~~ ; by which UIC l>tbo~il*ing popillhtion own w ~ ~ g o simil , upolr ~ v l l i c l ~ t l ~ epr~spcrit~y of thc mholo comm~inltyclcpcnile. S. 9'111~tt h c suid i ~ l d u ~ t rhas y snffmnil lniich rlcl)rcljnion nntl great ~ o ~ t r i o t i ofor n xliibny ycilw [IIIHL,cnuuctd by wnrli, ol' s ~ ~ f i c ~ i t ~ n l , labour, ltnd by t h c pcculiur iliilioultiol; oooi~l;ioucd by ~ O I L I * Petitiouors h ~ v i n glrr~ilto ~ t r ~ ~ g ngnin~t glo the c~onzl~ctition of I he slave-lnbonr cour~triosof tllo wollcl, a ootl~pc:tii,io~lwl~ical~y o ~ u Potitio~~crs mill not ccasc to p ~ ~ o t ie~~gtn i n us ~ t n ~ o s tiuj u r i o a ~mr tl unfuir, 3. Thnt your Pctitionc!rq~Iinve, I~OVO~~IIOLCHII, N I L B ~ ~ ~ I Ii(, l' 1( i~8 competition in tllo 11opclhat, 11ytllo al)olitiol~01' slnvc:t*yit1 Sorc~ig11 countrics and colon.ics, LILO osovtion~or YOILP IIotiti~llor~, :LII(L 1110 largo C I L ~ ~ei~lploycd ~ L I I by tll0111 in their i i l ( l ~ ~ ~~vor~lcl t ~ ~ y :d, , lollgll, yield ic proportioutxi,~l~otur9n. 1. Tlli~tin C O ~ ~ H O ( I L I ~ [ ~ ILO~VOVO~, CO, 01) 1,110 prt~otiuo01 grunting.

a90

THl3 SUGAR CANE.

JUNE1, 1878.

bounties upon the export of raw and refincd sugars in many of the sugar-growing countties of the world, the industry of your Petitioners has of late years, and continues to be, most seiiously affected. 5. That in Prance, Belgium, and Holland, in spite of protracted negotiations anil numcrous treaties with Great Britain, the systcm of g~antingbounties on the export of sugar is still vigorously maintained. 6. That a similw system has also been acloptecl in Ailstria, Russia, and Germany. 7. That the above mentioued foreign countries protect their native sugar industries, in adclition to granting bounties on the export of sugar. 8. That the effectis to rcstrict the cxport trade in sugar from the Unitcc1 Kingdom, to clestroy altogether the British loaf sugar industry, ancl to rcduce the price of all classes of sugar in thc English markets below a natural level. 9. That if this state of things is allowecl to continue, and the English market is to be governed by the pricc at which foreign bounty-fcd sugar can bc sold in it, production must bc restricted except in coumtries whore bounties arc grantccl ; the general supply of sugar mill be reduced, or the a~ticlemust bc raised at greater cost in countrics lcss snitcd for its production, and as bounties will harclly bc continuecl mhcn frec competition has declined, prices must cvcntually be enhancecl, to thc pcrmancllt- injury of the COnSUnler. 10. That while your Petitioners cannot cxpcct Her Xajcsty's Govcrllment to secuse equal competition for British sugar in foreign markets, they are bound to believe that ller Majesty's Governrnellt; will be clisposed ancl able to secure that result in the home maskuts of the United Kingdom. 11. That it would bc strictly in accordance with the commci~cial policy of G r e ~ Britain ~t to romovc from thc foreign sugar iml)oi+,ed in tlle United Kingclom, any awtificial advalrtages that accrue to it from its having obtaincil a bounty on csport, the rcsult of such removal bcing to rcstorc a llatural froc-trade competition.

JUXE 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

291

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Your Pctitioners therefore humbly pray that yon, sir, ~vouldbc ploased to take the above statemcnts into your scrious consiileration, and to adopt such mcasuros as will result in IIer Majesty's Government, oithcr by special treaty, or in any commorcial treaty that may be negotiated, binding the Governments of Francc, Belgium, Holland, hustxia, Russia, ~ n dGei.many to abolish bountics on thc export of sugail, And, failing to secure by thase means international hce-trade, your Petitioners would furthcr pray that you, sir, mould adopt sucli rnmcu1'es as w o ~ ~ llead d to Her Majesty's Government proposing to Parliament thc imposition 01 a countervailing duty upon all ioreign sugar imported into thc United Kingdom, cqual to the bounty which thc said sugar has obtained on export, and that such duty shall be continuccl upon sugw i11111ortccl from any foreign country so long as thc bounty upon the sugar is g.ranted, cliroctly or indirectly, by thc Government or Legislation of that country, or otl~crwisci.11 any manner obtained. ilncl your Petitioners, as in duty bounil, will ever pray, &c.

XIr. G. H. Clr~nmr~ns refei~edt o thc unfubness of tllc struggle wlion slave labour was brought into compction with freo labour. As long as England took ihc produce of hci~own colcnics, fully thrcc-fourths of thc money pnicl was spcnt with us again, but, uom that 80 much was bcing &&Iconfrom Cuba, not one-tenth of thc monoy was so sl~ont. Fort~mutelythc importation of slavos to Cuba had boon to a groat cxtcnt proventail. Tho failurc of Francc and Spain, howovcr, to c t ~ l ~out y tllc promisc to put the sugar traclc on a fair. footing had douc a groat dcul of injury. Thc rigllt was, tlicrcfore, with the English tl~~dcrs, ancl. thoy loft it to hor Majesty's Govcrnmcnt to prcss that right us opporkmcly as possible. Sir T. EDIYARD~-MOSS said tile English planters lit~clbecn told that; thc real rcmody, lor what tllcy complained of, mits thc cxtcnilecl usc of machincry for thc saving of labour. I n answor to t l ~ a thc had to say that machinery had becn iml~o~toil to Ihc Wcst Tndios lo an cxtcnt tltat, if anything, wont Lcyond what t11c circuusttmces would justify, During thc fo~ui*yaars ending in March of last ycar tllore had bocn a loss of 37000, or 38000, on an estatc 01 his,

293

THE SUGAR CARE.

JUNE 1, 1878.

and another estate, which he took over for four or five years, produced nothing, owing to the way in mhich it was handicapped. The English proprietors and planters had one great crime, and t h a t was that they were a small and weak body. He v a s afi'aid t h a t before long they would add another crime-that of poverty. If larger interests were affected in a similar may-if, for instance, gave a bounty of 15 or 20 per cent. on calicoesforeign eo~~ntries the outcry would be very great indeed. The Hon. W. RUS~ELL (Demerara), said that, as a practical grower of sugar cane, he was able to state that there was no better climate for growing it than in the colony from which he came, and ancl yet since the abolitiou of slavery there had only been one sugar plantation put into ol~ltivation. This clearly showed how h e a d y thc Englifih planters werc handicapped. The sugar cane of the West Indies yielded double the saccharine matter that beetroot did, ancl. this fact, coupled with the fact that it is almost shut out of the markct, proved the great injustice which existed. Last year there was a sho1.t beet crop, ancl the sugar r e h e r s had recourse to British Guiana for their supply of sugar. This was refinod in Prance and then exported to this country. The plantera of British Guiana could double their produce if they had fair play. He hoped the action taken in London mould bring about a more equitable state of things. UP. JOURIIAIN (Mauritius) said that pei.fect machinery was used in the English colonies, and v h i t sugars were produced m'hich could be sent t o England, if they had not to compete with beet-root R U ~ U , on which a bounty had been paid. The oonscquence was thal; thc white sugars wcrc sent to Australia. It was fortunate that there was so good a market near at hand, but the Australian traders, knowing that the sugar coulcl not be sent to Englmcl, obtainecl it practically on thcir o m terms. Xr. M'LUEN, N.P., gave an instance of a large sugar cornpally that hail carliecl on business for years at a loss, in hope that the injustice which existed would be remedied, but at last it had been necessary to wind it up. He believcd that similar things were taking place in other parts of the United Kingdom. He was aware

JUNE

1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

293

of all that had been done by her Majesty's Govelnmcnt to inducc the French and other Govesnmcnte to do wh:it was l i g l ~ t ,and that prolllises had bccn nlade by those Govcrnmenls ~rhiclzhail never been performed. Tho point was, ~vllatpower c x i ~ t e dto nltilrc tl~eru act justly. H e was opposed to anything that could be cnlled l)rotcction, but this was a qrrcstion, not of fret tl-ade, b n t o f frcu tradc haudicappecl. He woulcl suggest that the Ptoverumcnt should do, with rospcct to hngnr, roructlling siuilar to tllat which lzacl heen (lone with respecl to spirits. lit o i ~ ctime 10s. a g,~llon v a s clliwgcd on all Jlrinils of spirits, but it vrns lom~cl tlmt thc distillcrr; in this comilry carricd on tllrir tmdo a t a grc,tt tlisadv'iutagc. 111 conscquoncc of this a duty of 2~1,ailditionnl ~ v u schargctl on coloniid spirits and 4tl. arlditiollal on all forcigrl spirits. At that mo~acnt,whilst tllc distillerri of this coulltry wrrc payillg 106. a gullon, Franco, Gorruuliy, and othel* coulltrics were paying 10s. 4d, a. galloil on spil-its. lTc would venture to ~ ~ ~ g g cljl:~t s i , US tllo foroign borulty on csportccl bugar w a ~onc-tllircl oC n penny or1 the pountl weight, a11 cquivnlcnt temporary duty fihol~ldbc laid on eo long ns that continued, but th:J if Prnllcc slioultl ilo away with the bounty :m Ortier ill Uouncil shoulil abolish t l ~ erluty 3 8 1~1rds it concerlicil Pxmcu. LLe thought that in this may a great r~ot01 jtl~ticcwoulcl be clone lo thc sugar refiners in tllifl country. l f such n clu1,y could ilot bc ticCentlctL in t l ~ ccare oJ: bugar, it co~ilil nob be tlofcnile(1 In Lhc clzsc of ~i1)irit.i. 8i1. M. Hrc1c8-D~~crr r~slfetl rnl~etllorthe cLcpui~ll,ion~ hat! any writ11 ~ ~ o ~ o r o n1,o c ctllc inrrc;lso in 1,ho exporl of rliw t ~ i i c I refined sugars b o r n the colotrica wliicl~tlzcy rcprcasruted. Mr. Luunocr; said tlley hncl no stidistics wit11 tllcm, b u t llc coulcl gonorally tlmt vhilst t h e 11~~11 been L: slight i n o ~ w r ci n thc ~ x p ~ r tof8 tllc Wcsl lnclies tluriug thc p a d 30 ~ C A I ' H , t h exportri ~ of Cuba hacl increa~ciltllroc-fold. Sir M. JECrorrs-Blencn said thc point was all important onc. Mr. Ln13uoclc scuid tllc point I ~ : L S wlzctl.lor tllc tmclc ol' thc English colonies had il~orcascdpro rcctrc wit11 that of other colonics It had not donc so, hut hiid only inareasod vcry slightly. s i r N. BEACEHICICB ~:~iil--Tll~pctitioll~, 7vIJcI1 llavo b o c ~ Hignod by so many porsons in the Wcrit hi(1ina colonion, coi~clutlc

294

THE SUGAR C m E .

JUNE 1, 1878.

mith a prayer, and two alternatives are suggcstcd. The first is, that further troatics should be ncgotiatecl bincling foreign Governments to abolish the systcm of bo~ulties; ancl the second is, failing renewed treaties, that 3 countervailing duty such as was alluded to by Nr. N'Laren shoulrl be imposed. With regard to the first of these altcsnatives the rlcputation, 1am sure, arc better 'aware than I can be, from their long acquaintance witb. the subject, that the Governmellt have already clone a great deal-in fact, all in their power, to deal with this mattor by may of treaty. 1am afraid i t must be aclmitted that in the foreign ~ount~ios, mith which those treaties have been made, the interest of the producer predominates over that of the oonsumel; and therefol~o,of course, inducements arc apt t o be held out by the Governments of those countries, with respect to bounties, such as that we have been discussing to-day, and other things are done which in our minds are almost; indefensible. Those acgotia;tions to which I havc aIlucled are still continuing. I am bound, however, to admit, so far as I can judge, that there is not a very hopeful prospect of their arriving at a satisfactory conclusion. I think that is due mainly to the point to mhich I have alluded, and if thorn interests (the producers') havc prevailed in thc past, in the case of Prancc at any rate, so much as to prevent &c Government of that country fulfilling the engagerncnts they had absolutely entered into, I am afraid it is too probablc thcy will prevail in futurc, and provent the Government assenting to any such treaty as that you dcsirc. Thcn I come to the second alternative-tho imposition of a countervdling dnty on all forcign sugw on which a bounty has been paid, We must remomber that in this collntry the interest of thc consumer is stronger than the interest of the producer ; and of tourse it is clear that the off ect of these foreign bounties, as h r as the present day is concerned, is that the consumer gets his sugar more cheaply than hc would mithout them. That is the diaculty we have to deal mith. It is a strong argument usecl by the doputation, and by Lord Derby in 1875, that aftcr all it is a very shortsighted policy for the consumer to desise thc continuanco of bounties, for when English colo~ialsugar is driven out of the markot the price of foreign sugar will be raiscd, and thc consumer will lose very

JUNE1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

295

largely. But I aru afraid it \ T O U ~ C bc ~ extremely difficult to convince tllc confinmcr in ICuglaud with rcgnrcl to sac11 :t subject ns sugar, that n ~iystcln of import dutics of this lrinil mould bc justifinblr, or that sugar, n9 Nr. l f ' l a r e n fiuggcstc(1, shoul(1 be tnsed ns spirits Rre taxed. Of course, I ueccl not allntle to the iliffcrcncc of the, vholc system of taxation on t h c two articlas, and 1 do not think i t follo~vstllat, bccnnse a cluty is impowd on the importntion of lorcigrl ~ p i l ' i on t ~ the grounds ~~amecl, thc HOI~SC of Corumonfi wonld ilgrcc to thc imposition of a ~imilartlaty on sugar on tllc grounrls ~~ointccl out by the dcpntntion. I tllinlr it mill be nclmittecl tllnt t11c subjcd, is vcry Lull of ilifficulty. For my own part, I hnvc llcaril much to-day, aud many statements hnvc bccn mndc by tllorc who have spoken, with ~vllicll 1 vcry l~luclz ~ympnthiue. Whctlier i t is possible to (10 nzlytliillg to meet tlie views you have urgcd upon me C cnnnot say now. L c10 not think i t mould bc aclvirnble that 1hhoulil uttcmpt t o cspreqfi n defiuitc opinion upon so i q o r t m t B q11cstion d t e r having bccn able to devotc so sl~optR t,i~neto it8 conqiclerntion. 1\%rillr~nref~llly give my attoution to the mcrno~inland the points you have laid b c f o ~ r mc, and I mill corrmnluuica.lc with t l ~ cotl~orclcpnrtmcnts of the C)ovcnl~ucnt, lritll wllom, 1 belierc, you h x ~ calready been i n communicntion, with a uicw to gccin:, nrhcther nnythillg f u ~ t h c r cau bo clono. If tiny fmthcu points occur to :my geiltlcirlnn which might bp lniil before me nritll n view to strenghl~cningyour rahr* T should be glncl if tliey may br! forwarded to iuc. - --

M -

--

-

-

VISIBLE SUPPLY OF SUGAR. --

-

1878.

1877.

ton^.

Tons.

1,016 48,615 57,101 34,985 79,665

1 4 7 128,582 18,U15 36,110 54,116 76,445 88,961

........ 168,437 .. ................ 114,000 ..

United Kingdom Prance Hollnnd Qcrmnny united Statcs. ........... Havnnn nncl Matnnznt; Afloat.. ................

................ .............. ....

643,818

.-

. .. .. ..

.. -.

647,958

....

.. .. .. .. ..

1876. Tons.

172,256 164,968 36,520 39,140 05,200 8 4,026 70,000 662,109 ---

296

THE SUGAR. UANE.

$WE 1, 1878.

SUGAR BOUNTIES. f From the Reports of Seoretaries of Legatiorz n76cZ Conszcls.)

The extent of the production of beetroot sugar, which proclnction is fostered and protectecl by bounties in one form or another, may be s e ~ nDom the following t,able :-

A~odtcction of beetroot sugar. Tons.

For three years, 1867-8-9 ,, ,, 1870-1-2 ,1 ,, 1873-4-5 19 ,, 1876-6-8

. . 2,165,310 . . 2,958,786 . . 3,339,577 . . 3,698,072

Tons.

Average

,,

,, ,,

................ .............. ............

France Itt~ssia Austria-Eungary Belgium Holland ancl other count~~ies

.............. ......

721,770 986,262 1,109,859 1,232,690

870,000 220,000 245,000 65,000 25,000

Hr. Nicolson's Report oa the Sugar lizdustry of Geraiafzy, 1876. I n Germany the sugur dnty is imposecl upon the weight of roots, but the bonus upon exporl; stands in no proper relation to the amount of the tax. As the .tendency is to obtain an increasing quantity of' sugur from the beetroot, so the premium upon export becomes larger. 12+ cwt. of beetioot am efitimatcd to procluce one cwt. of ram sugar, but the actual yield is much greatcr. Less than 11 cwt. of beetroot produces one cwt. of sugar. A dmwbnclr. on exportation is therefore given on a quantity of sugar which had not previously paid cluty, and it is calculated .that a bounty of d least 3s. per cwt. is granted in tkis way. Besides this oxport bonus, the bcot industry of Gemmany is protected by a cu~tomsduty of 12s. por cwt. on mw Colonial sugars, aguintlt all

JUNI l, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

297

-

-

excise of 10s. per cwt. on raw beet sugars. This ailvantngc is, of course, onliancecl as the actual yield of sugar from the beetroot becomes incrca~inglygreater than the Official yiclcl on which t h e duty is calcnlateil. I n Franco the duty is lcvicd on an cstiinatccl yicld, not of ram sugar from the beetroot, but of rofiued fiom raw sugnr. And as a certaiu cluantity of ram sugar rct~llyproduces ~uorethan t l ~ Official c yield, a clmwb:lclr is given 011 L: quantity of sugar that has not previously paid cluty. Lord Derby doscribccl tlic Frcnch ~ystorn as follows, in the House of Lorcls, on 2211~1July, 1875.-"The way in wl~icli such unhii* ~tilv:~ntage is fiocurcil ia this : the duty lcvicil on sugar is mcawrcil by tlic estimatccl yiclcl of rofincd sUglLr Doill :L ccrt:liu cyu:~ntityof riLw mntcrial. 11'this yicld is 1111ilcrestimated, as has gcncrnlly bccu the case, tllcu tllc dralvbacli granted on oxportation opor:itcs as L: bounty, theit is to say, s ~ ~ p p o s c 1~ rc~fiitol'llnr paid iluty 011 an ciitimatrtl yicld of 90lbs., he rcally obtains 951bs. and lie gets t11r drawback on 951bs. A sun1 is t11~1*0fore rckbnclcd to liim vhi~11110 hue never paiil, nncl which ie clcnr gain into l~ivpoclret. I t i u ownccl that tho Prcnch Govonlluent are p q i n g in this ~ v i ~L: yluoulity of $800,000 n year," Tlio complicatod sy~tcrrt01' classificntioil n i ~ analysis l by which tl~ctcll~tics nro nsscsscd i n l!'rtrncc, gives other ailvarltagcu to tlio ro&iiors i n t h r ~ tcomitry. It ifi not s~zprifiing,ihcroforo, that exports of mgar (incluiling every oluufl, raw, rofi~lcd,indigenous and colorlial) from I'r:mce II:LVL' incrcii~cdfrom 87,000 tons in 1862 to 306,536 tolls in 1875. Tl~cso1:~rgcex1)orts show tllnt the procluction Eias bcon stialu1:ltcil cxcessivcly, ancl l,lu~tto lrocy opcr~cllannolfi of cxport, ovoii a t v1186 uxpcnsel by tlic Public Trons1~1.y,is cvselitial to tha maintoni~nceof tlio inclustry r~tits prcsont extent. J f i . dficholl's .Rcporl,

Boo., 18jY'7.

Ln Russia the lollowing st:ttc of things exist : L L 8 i u ~t e l ~ ~ ~ k d b l i ~ l 1 1ofl l ~t110 ~ t ir~crcasc~l rates of C ~ ~ ~ U \ Y ~ I ~on C ~ I~lig:tr, EI in Octobcr, 1876, the sngar iuilafitry iu IEussia lii~sltirgcly dev~lopc~l, nntl a great i~ii~)otuu lli~bbceu givcrl to 1110 cx1)ortation of l t ~ ~ n s i a n rnui~l~ft~cturccl sugar to foreigu coantrics, Accoiding to t l ~ oInsL Ru~sinneuslorus returns, which comprise IL period of nine nzontlis

m

298

THE S U G U CBNE.

JUNE

1, 1878.

of the present yea]; i.e., from the 1st of January to the 1st of October, 1877, 3,180,846 pouc7s (51,120 tons) of raw and 178,439 ponds (2868 tons) of refined lump sugar mere exported from Russia during that time, the exportation of this commodity having been, during the last and other preceding years, altogether insignificant, I n addition to the premium offered to the native manufacturer in the shape of a high bounty on his exported produce, the 2isposal of Russian sugar abroad was favoured by the scarcity of French and other beet sugars in the market, and the consequent high piices that prevdled. The low rate of exchange existing between Russia and foreign countries this year has also tended to increase exportation of sugar, particularly to England, whcre, it is said, Russian grown sugar has found great favour, owing to its good quality. Further encouragement was afforded to Russian sugar manufacturers last year by the advance to a syndicate of such manufacturers of 3,000,000 roublcs ($450,000) by the State Bank on very favourable terns. This loan has not yet been refunded to the bank, and tlie period for its repayment has been extended over a considerable time." The native industry of Russia is also protected by a high customs duty on cane sugar. In nine months of 1877 only 18 tons of cane sugar mere imported into Russia.

Austria exports Itage yuantitics of raw sugar under bounty.

In that country there is a very lax system of taxation on roots. A very considerable proportion of the excise duty is piid away in the form of clrawback, and there is no doubt that this c7raw~acli operates as a bounty. Only a very smell quantity of sugar has been exported which has not pro5tecl by this clr.awbaclc. From the table givcn in the report, it appears thtvt; this drawback system only commenced in 1863, ancl in 1874 had aiisen to such an cxtent as to absorb '7,595,243 florins out of a total taxation of sugar of 9,528,648 fforins, leaving only as tho balance received by the State, 1,983,405 florins. I n will bo evidciut from thesc figures, that sugar fxtaxation in Austria exists for the purpose of protecting tlie sngar induelry of that cou~itiy, of

J-UNE 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

299 --

lrceping open channels of export by purcly artificial means, and of unduly stimulating the production of an article which the bounty allows to be exported at all unfairly low price, mith the result of fbrcing sugar below its rcal value in the markets of the world. Mr. EPariss-Gastrell states " I t is ackuowlcdged that the quantity of beetroots returncc1 for taxation as manufactured into sugar is notoriously less than thc actual quantity.,' He further says, that the drawbaclc i n probably, to nearly half its amount, a real bounty on export. ( l IIeece the Austrian nianufactu~ercan send his sugar abroad a t n very low price."

Sir X a w y Bni.r.ouls Reports

098

Ba(yizhnb, 1865 n ~ t d1875.

With regard to Belgium, Sir Bcnry Bnrron, in commenting upon artificial ancl one-sided arrangements, said, in 1865, augar woulcl be chenpcucd for export at the public cxpcnsc, each country wonlcl rcfinc for its n~'ighbours,ancl an artificial traffic mould bc creatcd. Evcry source of scicncc and fiand would be clirccteci towards sccuring a bounty." The manufacturc~in Belgium pays duty, not on the quality or type of thc sugw rcally made, (the excise dooe not even sec it) but on thc presumcd yield in sugar of thc beetroot juice passccl through the defecating pan. The r e d resillt varies but is always groator (sometimes 9 per cent.) than the official figure. "The supposed yiclil is obviously a mere imaginary average of nn average. Conscrlrlently the taxation re~rcscntsa mure fiction, certainly not the nccuratc proportion stipulated by tlic Corlvention. The Trcn~uryrcimburscs to the manuft~cturerthc exact nluounf; of duty, not hc has paicl but; wl~iohhc is supposcd to have paid. It is clear that by this system thornore sugar is exported the grcater iri tlla quantity of surplus sugar ('' excoc1:mts abovc the l~rcanmedyicltl remaining available duty free for home consumption. I f cver this ' cxcedants' should sufficc for the home conxuml,tinn, tllc from sugar would evidently bc entircly cxhau~tcclby the clrambi~clr,leaving nothillg to the Treasury." To obviate this, ill, Official minimum of revcnue horn sugar was compelled to bc eljtabli~licd. I n T3olland a similar system of assessing duty on the presumed yield from juicc is in forcc. jJ)

THE SUGBlt CXNE.

300

JUNE1, 1878.

thus be seen that the great beetroot sugar proilucing It countlies maintain their respective inclustries, first by bounties on export, ancl second by customs clutiefi shutting out colonial sugar. Germany, Austria and Russia have nevcr come into any International arrangement. Since 1864, there have, however, beell many Conferences hell, and abortive Conventions made between Great Britain, France, Hollancl and Belgium. France and Holland agreed, i n the haft Convention of Xmch, 1877, to aclopt a system of stiicter supervision, and Bclgium to recluce her duties. This Convention has never becn ratified, and Hollancl has now (March, 1878,) given formal notice that the terms of the said clraft Convention are unacceptable, that the best arrangement that could be made would be a reduction of the duties, but that the state of the finances mill not aIIow of this, and the Cabinet of the Hague regets not to be able to h d , for the time, any basis, so far as the 7;ow Countries are concerned, for the conclusion of anInternationa1 arrangement." This withdrawal of Holland, necessmily brings negotiations to an end, and allow the Brit,ish Government to take that independent action which British interests, if they are to be maintained a t all, imperatively call for. The imports of sugar (raw and ~efined)into the United Eingdom from countries whore bounties are given on export are as follows :Tons. 1876.

.. , . . . . . 28,100 Holl~ncl., . . . . . . .. 29,596 Belgium ., .. . . . . 30,986 France .. . . . . . . , . 147,685 Germany

Tons. 1876.

Tons. 1877.

76,000 99,600

(P~iacipallyAuatrim sugar, v% German Port#.)

47,159 32,803 123,364 Other Countries (Russia, &C.)14,983 14,999

--

---

31,045 23,596 126,132 40,156

--

261,350 293,825 520,529

--

It should be explhecl that the bect crop of 1878-7 was, froin p~trclynatural or climatic causes, an exc~ptionallybail one. Thc crop of 1817-8 mill be at least 25 per cont. greater, ancl thc exports to Great Britain of course proportionatoly more.

Jme l, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

301

The extent to whicll the English markct is fed b y these foreign bounty snenrs is still fnrther illustrated by the fact that thc Ci~stomsentries in t h e port of London, from the 1 l t h to the 20th M r ~ ~ c h1878, , arc entirely macle up of ram and refined sugar from tllc contincut, shoving an nveragc import for the nine meek days inclnrlccl i n t h a t period of over 1000 tons pel clay. Tho li~rgc(panlity of sugar i~nporteclinto tlic United Kingdom, and soli1 nude? its legitimate free tracle value, necessarily depresses the price of British colonial sugar, prevents: cxtensioll of cultivation, and kccps down the value of property i n the colonies, deprives tliose colonics of thcir natural :~clvantages connected with tllo rclntivc cost of production, and prcvents them from maintaining suocossf'ully tllc competition agnhit slave grown sugar, a competilio~lthe inequality of which is sufficiently shown by t h e het t l d tlic labour of 450 people in Cuba is equal in the production of sugar to that of 2000 people on nn estate i n a British West lndin colony. The bounties given by foreign co~intriesreally constitute a tau upon English producers. To remove this tax mould be to restore free tmdo and equality, and this could, in the circumstances, only bc tlollc by (L conutorvailing duty. i n the Convention of 1664 it was I L ~ ~ tllnl C C ~a c o ~ ~ n t e r v ~ ~ iduty l i n g should be considcrcri in case of bounties bciilg given by non-contracting powers, nnd in t h e draSt 'tollveution of 1877 the principle was again iqccognised. Sir ILcury Bar~-on,in t h e report q~iotcrl above, affirms this to be thc only rcrnerly. A dnty to thc cxtcnt of tlle bounty would not be prol~ibitory,but p ~ l ~ c lco~lntcrvailing, y that is, i t mould take for tllc bonoiit of tllc revenue tho artifical ailvantagcs possessc~lby the sugnr, ill the salno may that a siiuilar clnty tctkes from foreign ~ p i r i ht~l l ~i ~ r l v r ~ n t aihcy g ~ 11osscss on importntion by not beiug subject to t h e disabilities of English oxcisc. G r c ~ ~Britnit1 t is the largcst sngar c e n t l ~in tlle world, but 90 h r from t l ~ cBritifih sugar Colonics benefitting by this, thby are on tlle contr12l.y s~lbjectto rlirnbilitios as comparecl mith all other imporlant sources of supply. A countervailing duty mould not rclstrict tllo sllpply of sugar to Great Britain, for so long as there ~p.ns a ilcmnncl, sugar would come fkom every m.m-+ of pro-

302

THE SUGAR CANE.

Jm 1, 1878.

duction, only it would come on fair terms, and our o m colonies, from the natural advantages they possess, mould supply the oonsumer with sugar at the lowest possible cost of production. The effect of a duty would be seen in the abolition of foreign bounties. When they do not pay, aucl have no effect, they will soon clisappear. Foreign Governments will quickly bccomc tired of spending immenrjc sums out of the taxes of the peoplc in artificially propping u p a partic~~lar interest, when such support would be useless, and moulcl nob tell in a free ancl open market. l<ecause, therefore, it mould be frcir iu itself and a cause of fair rlealing in others ; a countervailing duty of (say) 3s. pcr cwt. should be imposed upon refined sugar, and a proportionate one on ram sugar imported from France, Bclgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, ancl Ruasia, so long as those countries conkinuc to grant bounties on exportation. Auch duty mould bc favourable t o the permanent interest of tllo consnmer. Lord Derby in expressing the vicws of Her Majesty's Government in thc House of Lorcls, in 1876, said "we arc convinced that any advantage of cheapness to the consumer which can bo obtained by means of the bounty on foreign sugar win he tcmpora~yonly, becausc, if tllc bounty were continuecl long enough and raiaed high enough t.o drive the English sugar refiner and t the mnl*ltet, then it follows that thu colonial produccsr out o ~ l of forcign prorlncer would get the monopoly of thc market, in wliich case, the price \-voulrlnot long remain at a low rate." ;IPest Itjilin Co~iwtittrc,9, Bi2Mter Squnrc, London.

dfnvok, 1879.

h important meeting of thc cei1trd execniive committee of Operative Sugar Rofinclw, alfcctccl by thc continental bounty system, was hcld on Nay 25th, at Bristol. Thc sccrctary reportocl that employws in thc refining districts t'hroaghout the counlry wcre CO-operrttingwith the wol.lrmcn, nnd that n nationid conforonce of clclegittes t o considcr thc c~nefitionof tho ~ u bounty g ~ system vould meet in Londou towards the end of June.

JUNE 1, 1878.

THE 8UGAR CANE.

303

QUEENSLAND. SEdoND A N N ~ JR,I~POT~T ~ ~ L O F THE BOARD APPOINTED TO BNQIJIRE TKIE CAUSER OF I~ISIASES ABFEOTING TJIVE STOUHAND PLANTS.

INTO

I n our July i ~ s u cof Inst year wu gnve nn nccount of Dr. Bi~ncroft'e rcsoarolies illto the canse of cnno discnso then so p1-evnlent in Queeuslnnil. W O lli~vo11ON before ns a lieport bearing the nbove titlo, from which wo mako tllc follo~vi~lg ostracts, conlnilling, we lnny presume, tllc rasnlts of tlie lt~testcspcri~uouts 011 tlint important finbjoct, with prf~cticals ~ ~ g g c ~ t i nfor n stlio oxtirpntion of the evil :Witli n viom to nlnltil~goxperimouts with sugar cane, a piece of lnnd nt Now FLL~UL llafi boor1 ~~lrztitcd wit11 d i l k r o ~ vn~ioties. ~l TLieso cnncs lnnvc boo11 too raccnbly plailtoil to afYord muoh ~natorinlf o ~ uspcrimc~~l,nl invnsCigntio11. I t has boon d c e m ~ d dcsirnblo to ini,rotlucc all tlie different varieties of sugar cnnc cr~Itivntcclhi ~i-igar-gvo~\ring countries, mid t o snbjoct them to H U C ~i08fis as 8hnll detorlnitic thoir iilll~pt~bilih~ to our soil r~nil cli~ur~to.1Mr. Wn.ltcr lIill has, tliprefore, Ireau aut1iori~;cilby tllo Bonril to proauro ns 111any vnriotios 11s Iio inny be ablo to obtain. U~irlor tho niisl~icos of thc Borard, nfr. Angus Mnclmy llns nrrnllgotl for n lrirgo r~nilv:~riotlcollection of cnaos from the Unitod Stnto~of A~IIOP~CII, nncl 1,110Wost Iudios. Tllcso nro dnily oxpectcd, tint1 on thoir urrivnl will bo ilisinfcctcd aild plnrltotl in tlic Boaril's ospcri~o11l,u1 1111~111,1~tioxl. 1 1 Iho disonso la1o\v11 UH rast, in sugnr crmc has vercivotl n Iri~~go shnro ol' tho nl,l,ontion or tha Ilon~ililnri~lgt,l~oycnr. 'L'ho r o ~ n l t sof Dr. liar~crofb'rjiiivcstigntions llr~vot11rotv11IL 1101\~ligl~l,OU tliis snbjccl, sl~o~viilg 1J1nIl v11st nrifics Ij'oirl 11110 coi~ll~iliodnct,iori of inuscts nilil fu~ngi,t l n ~ sindicnliug tlirlt :LTPIKIOLI~ lnay 110 fo~l~lil by ilru~csingt l ~ o cane plnntr~will1 chornical ~oll~i,ions. ~ ~ E P O R ' ION '

EXPICI~INICNTAL GROUND,NEW P A R ~ I , By Mr. IV(~ltrs.Dill.

Wit11 t~ \"Icw of debcr~~ki~ling $110 vnriotios of sngtlr caue iuosl

304

THE SUGAR CANE.

J m 1, 1878.

suitable for cult,ivation in the southern districts of the colony, and of instituting a series of experiments for thc purposc of testing the possibility of the eradication of rust and othcr diseases, mhich, for some seasons past, have materially affected tlle cane plant througllout the greater portion of Queenuland, this R o ~ rented Y ~ a piece of land of about five acres in extent, t11e prope~ty of nth. J. S. Turner, situated on the New Farm road. It vns decided by the Boarcl that the ground should be propared for the reception of the cane plants in the orclinary manner, and the preparation of a portion of l a d , viz., ploughing 5 inches in depth, cross-ploughing, and harroming, was performed under the supervision of Mr. G. G~imes. Three varieties of cnne-Ouatamity, Chcribon, and Mah-mere obtained from Mr. Gcorge Raff 'S plaiitntion, Cabooltnre, and woro plnntecl in the nlonth of Febniary, 1877. The canes mere plaited as follows :WO. 1. Containilzg three rows of cane plants, 130 y a ~ d in s lengtl~, with a distance of six feet betvceu the roms. No. 2. Containing tnro roms of cach of the abovo-mentioned varieties, 17 yards in lengtl~,with a distance of six feet from row to row. One row of each variety was planted wit11 cane-taps, and nnolbe~-wit11 cuttings from the stein of the cane. This course was adopted in order to tcst the conlljarativo germinating powers of the different descriptions of cuttings. On examination of the canes on July Gth, the plants in No. 1. hnd not made ns much growth as might reasonably have becn expected ; this may be in solno mensure attributable to the insnficicnt propamtion of tho soil (for, instead of n five-inch ploughing, the depth, upon exnmimtion, was found to be barely three), and the advanced period of the season whon the planting wae com1)leted. The Cheribon vaiiety oxhibits inclicatioas of having sufferad from climatic effects, and rrosents a disensocl appearance, differing from tllat linown as " rust" in cane. Tho cliseased portion of the leaf, when subinitled to the microscope, presents a pull~lishviolet apponrance-in some instances inclining to a reddish pin11 on tlie undersicle of the leaf, clottecl with patches of a sort of whitish mycelium. The cliscolouration of the upper

JUNE

1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

305

surfaco of the leaf is not so ~narlrcclas that of the undorsiclo. Tliis apliarent fungcicl growth al11)enrs to diffor. in Inany respects from tlie ordinary onno rust, bat further invcstigntion mill bc roqnirotl bofo1.e a correct opinion as to its natnre, canso, effect, aud possible mode of prcvcution can bc arrived nt. I n f~irtlicrailccof this objcct, aud xt tlie request of Dr. Roolrer, director of the Roynl Gnrclc~is, Ken, I hnvc forwarded to hi111 ~11cci1nci1sof diseased cnnes in various stnges, for tho purposc of axnmiuntioil. Sl~ccimonshi~voalso been submitted to co~npotentlnicroscopists in the solithcrl~colonies, 2nd in a short time l hnpc to bc iu posscssio~l of tlloir opiuions as to the nntnre and probable cnnse of this dificnse, U~iderthc surfnce of the ground new buds arc forming, ulcl, np to this ti~no,whatcver its subsequc~ltcffcct niay be, tlie tliseasc does not npposr to llnve rnateriillly injured the cane l7lauts. I n No. 2, in tlic thrco rows plnntcil ~vitliculio tops, few niisscs nrc perceptil)lo, ancl tlio caues goncrnlly linvo iilnde 11i~ogross : ~11eren4, in threc rows pltzutoil with s t c ~ ncuttiugs, in two of thci~itlic mliolo of the plants linvo failcd to gonninnte, allcl in the tliiril row rilany deficiencies nre :~ppnrcnt. I n the ~llorltliof March a sclcction of olovon viiricties of sngnr cnne were obtainod from Mr. Georgc Grimcs, Osloy. Upoa ilrrivnl thc canes were found to bc ~ i l n c infostecl l~ wit11 boror, n,ud 11po11R O I I I ~ of t h e u a whitish 11litut lontx was dctectcd. Upoli cxa~riiuntioiiwit11 the ~llicroscoycthis illscct proveil to be a pinlc-botlictl aciwns, covcrcrl wit11 IL whitish w~ixysubstance-most probnbly n provisio~iof aatnro for tlio protoclion of tlic insect from tlio offo'od;~ of ~noistlire; 011 oitl~cr side-along tlic outcr odgc of thc body -two GRcori fcct, lilco 11~0jections, wliicll at tlio lirst glniico, uiigllt on~ilyl)o illistnlrcli Tor tlle true feet. 011turlliiig tho inscct on hi8 back, tlic oight t r l ~ eSuet and two silii~llante~lumare visible. 'L'hi~illsect nppcrbrs to dinlilro tllo light, ant1 when oxposoil quiclcly, ontlcnvonru to mnlcc for covcl-. Throc rows of ei~chof tlia vr~rietios,70 ynrils ill lc~igth,worc plr~ntoil, aud all nppour to liavo tlirivon with tlic ~xcopl~ion of tllo Sn1;~llgore vsrioty, ~ v l ~ i cish aifocto~lin a silniler lllanncr to the Clicriboii, and most ~~robubly from tlio sallle cuuso. Upon cxallliiiilig tlic plitllts ander tE~osurfuco of tllo grourid, fiuc t ~ u alict~ltliy yot~ngbuds were

306

THE SUGAR CAXE.

JUNE 1, 1878.

forming ; and if the forthcoming season prove fmourable to the growth of t h e oane plant, there is every probability of t h e disappearance of t h e disease. The superior progress of these canes, as compared to that of Nos, 1 ancl 2, must, i n a great measure, I consider, bo attributed to the better and more careful preparation of that portion of the experimental ground occupied by them. Subjoined will be found the l i ~ t of vnsioties of sugar cane obtained from Mr. G . Grirnes :--

LISTOF SUGARC A N EPROM ~ PIP,. G. GRINBS. Sorghum. sacchavntzma :Variety-Rrtppoe. ,, Chigaca. ,, Troeboe. ,, Y ellom. ,, Meera.

Va~iety-Socrat. ,, Malabar. ,, Ribbon. ,, Shemeie. ,, Guinhnm. , Salangors.

I n the month of Kpril a further supply of cane plants was received from Mr. George Raff, Morayfield, consisting of the Purple, Green, ancl Ribbon varieties. The whole of these canes (except the purple) mere infested with plant lice. The nunlber of canes obtained were suflicient to plant two rows of each variety, 70 yards in length. On July 6th the young plnnts were examineil by me, and a considerable number of plant lice were found upon the roots, but none were iletecteil upon the lenvcs. Upon examination undsr the microscope the insect appeared ~omewhatsimilar in size nncl form to tllat discovered on the canes obtained horn Mr. Grimas, but differing from it in colour, the botly being dark, but coverad with a similar whitish waxy substance, ancl not possessing the fifteen footlilre projections on either side of the body, and, unlike the former, this louse is furnished with only six legs. I ~ n u s talso mention that the root of ReZopz~sa~razrlfitzdsa number of similar lico were found. This plant was growing within a short distance of the sugar cane. Neither of them appeared to have suffered to any great extent. It is possible that theso insects have boon driven by the cold to take refuge in the roota, and that tlleiz. increase mny be found upon the leaves in the forthcoming spring ; but this is merely

J m 1, 1878.

THE 9UGAR CANE.

307

a matter of surmise, ns the observations have not yet sxteuded over a sufficient peikioil of time to enable me to arrive at a correct estimate of their habits. 13efore concluiliug, I am desirous in this report of placing my opiuiou on recorcl, and, after careful considcrnpreviously es~~rcssecl tion, I fincl no rotlson lo clevinto from it,, viz., tlint the course n i o ~ t oalculated to banefit tho sngnr proilucors of this colony is not t o eradicate the cnncs nlrently planlccl-as has becn proposed-ancl t o i*oplnce then1 wit11 cane plmits whicli have been preprered for tho purpose of resisting discnso, lmt by c~rofulesperin~cntupon the diseased caues t l ~ n WO t nll.oady posscss, to ci~denvourto discover tho cause of disease and the moans of its cradicatiou, or, nt all events, the mitigation of its effects. The tlieorotical prevention of disease, though apparently perfect, lias ill iilnily il~stnuccsfniled when praotically aplilied upon estousivo arons, notably in tho case of Plt!/J/~~k,mern vnstnfrix, where nmnbors of infallible thoorotical roiiiedies, when attempted to be put iuto practic" sigl~allyfailed. What tlio sugar growers of this colony require is a n~cthodof ilostroying the disensc as it nppearli n n ~ o u g ~l1hoi~. t standing canes, without going to t l ~ o exl)euso of rooting out thcii- crop nud rcl~lnnti~lg it, with prcpnrc:d cane plants ; a courao that in many instnuces, cvc~iif cnicncionn, woulil provo boyoncl the incans of the nlnjority of cultivators. 'It is to tho sohition of this question that, r collsider tillo co111o111pIai~od experin~olltsof the 33onrd Hh0ultl tend. Tl~iliwill be moro nppnrcnt when thc ilnn~cnse roprodnctive powar of this g]-onp of illsects is talten into consideration, for it is ~tntodby Reainur, who has probably invca~tigni,cdtho modo find rato in 1vE1ic11thcsc illsrcts incronso better thnzl i~nyot,hcr untnmlilit, ' c Thnt n single individual nlny bo tlie progo~~itor of six thousand millioi~sof individnnl~cluriug tho life of five generatiol~s;" thus, if only a fern l~lnntlico oscapccl dcstruction by the drcssing procoss (which has alroailp boon tllo cape in a slnall cxporii~ient,nud woulil certninlg occur whcu li~rgcq~lallt,ities mere ol~crntedupon), thoso fow iiidiviclunls, in consetllzonce of their euorillons rcprodnctivo l~uwcrs,would bo perfectly &ble to re-sfoclr the whole plnntution in n vary uhort ~)erio(lof timo, and thus tlzo dressing of crme plants, a8 a nieanfl of prevontiori, woilld iiltirnntely

308

-

THE SUGAR CAXE.

JUNE 1, 18'18.

prove futile. I n addition to tho dnnger to be apprehen(1etl from the lice t h a t escaped destruction in the dsessing process, the gro~ving canes wanld always be liable to be infected from &djoining plantations where disease is prevalent. These a d many other facts tend to show t h a t our attention should be directed to the discovery of some method of eradication or prevention capable of application in an econominical lnnnner to standillg crops over large areas, and one that could be used without difficulty in the course of ordinary agricultural 012 erations. DEVELOPE:MENT OF SUGARCBNIEDISEASE. BT. Bancrd8's OBservatio~zsand Reoornme~zcl~~tio~zs. My first paper on this subject, together with drawings of (Iiseased canes, w a s written in August, 1876, and is publishecl in tlie report of t h e Board of Enquiry into the Causes of Diseases of Live f3toclr and Plants. Shortly afterwards I obtaineil specimens of diseaaod canes from Mr. Rnff, Mr. G~imes,and Mr. Hill of the Botanic Gardens. There were altogether about fifty varieties, all of which shoved t h e rough patch at the joint which is previously spoken of by me a s " fungous tuber," I selected from tllese a piece of each kind, had t h e trash carefully removed, and all remains of it trimmed off the joints. They mere then ilnmersed in limo newly slnlred in water, at t h e r a t o of 21bs. to the g~llon. On some the limca was nllowed to dry ; others were planted nt once. A few specimens perished from v a r i o u ~causes. I now count forty-five stools of cane of great cliversity of character. During the summer I watched weelily the progress of these canes, and saw various trifling disensod conditions. $ome spots on the leaves, very small, are due to the bite of minute insects-thrips ancl red spiaer. A n oraage red fungu~lgrows on the dead trash attachment of the lower leaves with the stem where wet with oarth. It grows with n small head on a fine thre~cl. The heads soon adliere togotlier, when tlie appearance is like a many-legged red stool. With a magnifying power of fibout 100 this may be easily recognised by observers. It is the first fungus I noticeil before the summer rains ; it is by no means common ; does not attach itself to tha cane stem, and to all appearance is harmless.

JUNE 1, 1878.

T H E BUOAR CANE.

,709

A second fungus was observed lnkcr ; on one stool of canes some of the lower shcaths loolred rod, and on lifting thom a wl~itofungus like whito cotton was seen in grout plenty, with a small grnnulo about as largo ns a pin's heacl-possibly its fruiting organ. This again only grew on the decaying sheaths. As the lower leaves of the growing cancs gavo signs of loss of vitnlity they morc carofiilly removed, and red rusty patchc~above tlie buds wore carefully sought for, but vvero not discovered zultil Febrnary, and then on one stool of cancs only. I cut off the first cane I fot~nd,and on rcmoving tho sheaths higher up found abundaiit red incrustation giving off wllat appeared to the nalred eye n white powclor. I carried this cano top homo, thinlring new to see the recl incrustittion in fruit, anil to discovcr the clue to the extcllsion of tlio so-called r u ~ t . Uncovering a fiosh joint, I plnccd the rod cruxlg patch under tlie microscol~e. Now the white pomclery atuE was clearly no fungus spore, but nn old acquaintance, .the acltrlls figured in iny fernier 131lpe1+,not in ones or twos bnt in hundroils. On a single c:ue in this coildition thoro are of them mitos, malos, females, and eggs, an innumerable host. On close inspection of tho other canes I could cliscovcr no lnitos osccpt those of the sniue stool; this, liowcvcr, did uot last loilg, and oncli succccding visit I found them furthcr and furthor on tllo row z111ti1m i ~ ~ of i y the ccntigz~o~~s canes, vvhoso foliltge touchecl, Tvcrc in a slight dcgroo alfectocl. Some thnt are not in conti~ctare l ~ tprosent froe, and Bourbon canes I linvc growii~gat my sti~blcsin Erisbane without any miles on thom, the joints of wliicll wcrc limod before pla~iting. Tho Bourbon I notice to have pichos on thc cnne .~vhcrothe glossy covering ie absont. Thia Booms to bo soiuo dofcct i11 tho growth of the plnnt, and is in no may coilnoctcd with the ravngco of tho mite. To loolr at theso canes, thu sugar plimtor or gnrdoner rvoulcl proilounoe all the stools pcrfoctly hoalthy, ~tndthoso canes tlmt harbour colonics of mites irr their nppcr sliont1.1fi at tlie prescnC tilrio (May 16th, 1877), looli quite ns ~vollto tlle oyo ns tlloso tlirtt nrc perfuctly froo. All spccimons, will1 tllo rough 11i~tclion tho sto~n,nhow, oil reinoving the upper ~heatlios, the same incrustatiou moro atrongly

310

THE SlJCL4-R CANE.

JUNE 1,

marked. The lower joints may be quite clear and glossy; higher up, a little roughness may be seen that cannot be wiped off with the wet finger ; and on removing the sheathes that are yet green, colonies of the living mite are to be found. Under the highest sheathes the incrustation may be still pale; there the insects and eggs are plentiful. The incrustation may even be found on tho blades of the leaves in the centre of the shoot. When the leaves unfolcl, the acarus leaves this part and finds its home between the sheath and ths cane. Hero it may be seen in great numbers, immersecl after rainy weather in water, in which nevertheless it lives and thrives. I incline to the opinion that rainy weather favours the spreacl of the acari. They do not like the sunlight, for if placed under the microscope with bright sun shining on them, they may be seen to creep to tlie under side of the section. Leptus autumnnlis is an acarus very similar to this mite, having like it, six legs only. Possibly the cane mite will prove of the same genus. I have no doubt but that the bite of the cane-mite causes the growth of tho white blisters, which afterwards become red and shrink into the foym of cups ; then the cups become surrounded with fungous threads, and all observers hitherto, as far as I know (including myself), pronoullced the whole incrustation, vesicles, cups, and mycelium, to bo the different conditions of one fungus. The miie wns also seen, but its true significance was not clear. Under the upper sheathes the vesicles and mites exist without any fungous threads. Here and there mycelium may be seen starting up, nnconnectetl with the vesicles. Tlle fungns, which I take to bo the common sooty mould of the carte, is to $0 found on canes that have no mites on them. Spores of this, germinating on tho aite of the mite colony, may give rise to the threads, but this point 1 havo not yet determined. The fungus qponrs to start into growth much in the same manner as various fungi attack the scale insocts of the orange tree, one of which covers the lenvos with black mould. This is nevor, to my knowledge, seen on an orange or other plant, excel~tscale insects or coccus hoppers of some lrincl are prescnt also, in the honied secretion of which the mould thrives ; ants also are often present seeking the honey. As I am travelling a little wny

3 12

THE SUGAE CANE.

JUNE 1,

1878.

points out the importance of careful inspection of sugar canes and other plants by competent observers before distribution to gardeners and planters. The hiding place of the young P6u blanc, m white louse, I have noticed within the eyes of the cane, under the dry outer husk of which these insects pack themselves in great nnmbers. From this fact the necessity of prolonged steeping may b e seen. The canes that I treated with the lime dip mere, with one exception, cleared of the mite. In future 1 would advise a prolonged immersion in the nlilk of Lime, after carefully trashing the joint. Lower joints, too, are more likely to be freer from the mite than upper ones. I notice the mite battles bravely in the lime for a long time before he dies, ancl other dips are worth considesation. It would b e very imprudent to plant joints obtained from any fields where white louse has been observed. I have to thank Pilot Marlrham foY specimens of canes from Moraton Island, quite fiee from acarus or other disease. To these canes I referrecl in my last paper. The joints were obtained from one of the South Sea traders, and have grown two seasons at the Pilot Station. I am now steeping canes before planting in common capbalic acid and water, letting them remain in the mixture twenty-fou~hours. I have not decided what the proper strength should be, but recommend 1lb. of acid to 100 gallons of water. I feel great confidence in asserting that all the varieties of sugar-cane, Bourbon included, can be grown free from the ~o-calledrust by cleansing the cane joints, using suitable dips to destroy insects and mites, and by avoiding the proxilnity of old cane patches.

FROZEN ClANES. Accidents are varied by tho circumstances which conduce to their occurrence, and tho histoty of the manufacture of sugar from the juice of the cane supplies no exception to this rule. I n the l~revious number of The Sugw Cmza we had a highly interesling description of the overtaking of the routino of the boiling-houso by frost. It is a major impodiment, the study of which may help to explain many

,?UN*;1,

1878.

THE S U G N t CANE.

Y 1:3

of the minor impediment8 of almost daily occurrence ; we may thus learn something from its teachings, nnd from the "twentyseven yoars " of cxl)erienco, which so opportunely illustrates the difficulties, but mitllout sufficiently overcoming them. W e may accept Mr. Rer's public stntelnellt of facts, for they are in the main col:roborateil by tho experioncc of otliers. Some of hie most interesting facts may be gntherod from an argument on allother brnnch of tlie subject. 130 says "If cnnex mhich had "been frozen solid, madc good f;ugar ill large quantity ~evealy 'i " days after and if cane put up for seed in October has " been lino~vn (not aufi.equc~ltly) to malie sugar in the f o l l o ~ n g March, do I go too f ~ in ~ asserting r lriy belief that canc properly '' winilrowod, will l~lalie sugi~r nftor llincty clays." A somcmhat parallel case occurrod whore cnnes thnt hacl been thrown clonrn from tirne to tiu~oby rats, wcro collecteil for a cliallcnge to nlake sugar with their juice. I n n provious liuniber of this &Ingasine we slim Mr. Muno rccorcling the fact in Tha Quca~~skcntlcr., tl.iat 110 got l i l b . of sugar l7cr gt~lloaof the juice of cnnes, two-tl~irilsof those canes were alrcndy stalc and sour, owing to the deli~y after cutting thorn, added to the time occupiecl in transit by wi~tcr. Thc common usage is to grilld tho canes tlio firimo dny tllat they are cut, thereby intending to nvoiil tlio r~cidity of fcrmcntation, which 80 often onnbarrassos the bovt efforts to save the augar. Of collrsc tllore wns sugi~rill the juico of those oanos, ~ ~ it; n is d important to boar in mind tlli~tthnt juico wus not ~uorclyBugar aucl wator. I n h c t , wllntovor tl1o jaico eontiiiucd 111ore than S U ~ ~ L I . and m ~ t e rwore positivc ibntagonistic il~ipuritics. Suppose wc take one of thoso woll ltnown impurities for n snmplo. Let it bo , m d hydyogen ; starch. Now starch is cou~posoclof C I L ~ ~ O Uoxyg~n, and 80 is sugiw ! Thoy simply cliffur in tlio propol.tion ill which those clemcuts combino. This powor of con~binn1,ionhowovcr, is is easily disnrmngccl. Nevv combut feeble, nncl t l ~ oarrai~golno~lt binatious occur whon this bond is broken, and sugnr suffol.~; for fcr~llontatiouinstantly bcgin~,nuil sugr~r is, so to srty, its food, and tho starch becomes it fcfori~~oiit.I t will be porfeddy cloar that nro niitural in the onno, were free to if those antngonisms, ~vliicl~ X

314

THE SUQAR OmE.

JUNE1, 1878. --

R C therein, ~

we might withhold our assent from Mr. Ifer's proposition to "make sugai ninety days after cutting the cane," nor should we be likely to place any confidence in the facts which he adduces, that he made good sugar in large quantities after seventy clays, "from canes which had been frozen solid." I n point of fact the best canes might give glucose, but nothing better a t hny time. We may, however, accept such facts most reaclily, when me know that they are not isolated facts, ~vhichlead us to understand the greater fact that the contained sugar remained unclecoml~osed,unaffected evon by frost and time combined. In fact, although those canes were frozen solid," their contents must have remained in about the same relation to each othar. Break or bruise the cane, or crush it in the mill, then the shattered svnlls of that cellular structure can no longer keep the contained antagonisms apart. Fermentation is now all but instantaneous. It ramifies and progresses to total acidity, prompt, at the expense of sugar. This fermentation and its resuIts are modified ,in character by the surroun(1ings and by temperature. This resctiou has been extensively and closely studied by able, well qualified men, as Desfosse, Fsangois, Braconnot, Ifircher, and M~clagan,FrBmy, Pasteur, and many more. Their great analytical expeiience, if added to the long practical experience of Mr. Iier and others, may help us to uudarstand our subject to the extent of our acquaintance vith their labours. We can take but a cui*sory glanco at two or three matters of import before we find that theory is, after all, but well understood and well arrangod practice. There is n very useful axiom among physicians, which runs thus, a correct diagnosis is half a cure," unless we know what we are doing we are like the mariner at sea without rudder or compass, or, to change the figure, like a blind man driving nails-hit or ~niss. Fermentation, then, is ihe great destroyer of sugar with which we have to contend, enormous loss of sugar is the daily consequence, molasses is the sure inclox. Such are the simple faots. The result of practical experience wit11 canes that have not bocn frostod, as well as those canes l h t ~havo t boon hostod, can aid the ventilation of this subject, mlricli has a wide, an every clay application.

JUNE1, 1878.

T H E SUGAR CANE.

315

Whnt are those things which we desire to control, and horn do they act in relntion to the subject before us ? There aro three or four iugredients of cane-juico which nre of sufficient importance to deserve our consideration here, because they arc suficient to produce all the ills complnined of. Besides water, WC find sugar, starch (nmylacaouq matter), albumen, xymas, &c. These arc stored in separate divisions of the cellular of food, nild the preparer ofthis food. sugar-cane as R O ~ n a n yrese1~voi~8 The food has to be prcparctl-say digestc(l-before it can become suitable, fit to ralllify tlirongh the sap vessels. The soluble ferment zynlas" is i~lw,lryssufficiently near to accomplish this chauge, as nature requires, ~vhon sugnr becomes gIucose instantaneously on contact, and xtarch is P ~ L H B C froiu ~ the ~ C R U U ~ I Lill111 Y albuinen is already in tlie liquid state. We ulay uorv see clearly that wheu we crush the can0 in the mill all tliese come in conf~~sion together, and the now ~nischiovousfcrilleut is lot loose thore, to begin the work of clestruotion. I t Grst acts on thu starch by dissolving those granules into the fluid state, uud slnrcli uom also becornel; a ferillent in the presence of nlbumen. Sugar is split up into glucose to becomo the food of this ferlnenCatiou, until vinognr is tho ultimatc result, or until the progress of destruction is arrested. I t follows, that the proper time to arrost this forinoutation ul~lst b0 UB soon as these antagouisnls aro broughl togothor, that is, in the mill, mhero ~Iostructionbogins. It is also porfoctly cleni~that if we allow titno for fermenti~tionto pcrvnrlo the mixture, now cano-juico, wo lu~lstoxpoat to be a~iuoyed in prorortiou to the lengtl-i oP tliis time, (to b8 recko~edljy minutes, if not seconds,) by oile or moru of tlic orgnuia :~ciils,and by rnolahsos in exchange for the augnr that was in tllo cauo-juico. The vulgar error obtaiiis in many qni~rters,that cnuo-juice is nnturnlly ncid, when we lrnow tliat a ilnturally ncid vogotnblo jaico c a ~ i ~ lcry~l,:~llise, ot it caa only produco glnooue. Thie notion inly have hastencil lVl.1. Iier's olcl fii and othcrs to pour dLthoblue bucli~tfulof Iiiue " so gonerousIy iuto tho cnno-juicc. Solno toll 11s the liino is to oll~rify the cane-juice, otl~orstlit~t it is to corract, the I L ( C ~ I C I ' C C ~ncirZit!/ of the juice, and a third party Inyr; clairn to both explanations ancl so

316

THE SUGAR CANE.

J u m 1, 1878.

gets L' between the two stools " in the eagerness to be riglit. Lime certainly can dissolve tile starchy and the gummy matters to give the liquor a clearer appearance, which some call clarification, men who h o w that 210 imyzlrity land 6een' ~emoiled6y the lime, wAen linle was ndded, to Z~eco~ne(1% ob~~ozioz~s orgn~~io linu-salt thus laden with i n y z ~ r i t y ,as if designed to augment the immense sacrifice of sugar in molasses. Unfortunately it is not a difficult task to demonstrate the fact that some men lose as much sugar in the manufacture, as they sell. No doubt it is the promptitude with which fermentatio~l begins, that has deceived then1 to the falso conclusion t h d cane-juice is aatnrally acicl. We have glanced at one class of fermentation, the aoetous. The other forms of fermentation are variod by the snrrouzldings. 7Ve may hear of complaints of "ropiness" in the sugar, and it is attributed to some peculiarity of the ~veathcr,or the soil, or whatever imagination can suggest, which can also as satisfactorily explain the sticky " charactor of tlie sugar, the slowness with which it crystallises in i q e r f c c t crystals, that it is difficult to work in the centrifugals, although he " has not begrudged lime," his re~lledyfor every thing. H e l~esitntesto believe that an organic lime-salt, laden wit11 impurity, was thc cause of his anxieties. I n ordinary solutiolls of sugar in mater we may see the viscous, the lactic, and the butyric fermentatiolls appear in succession. I n enne-juico however, the transformation roceives such m impetus from the associated iml~urities, as cause it to rush through these intermediate stngos, nnd eve11 thc vinous ancl alcoholic stnges of fermentdon are passed into the ultimdc acetous stage, producing vinegar, and is consistent with every day l~ractice. It is not inoonsistent with the facts to suggest the possibility of tho progress of this fel?nentation being i~rresteda t some one of tlloso intormediatc stages, if not at the first, then at the viscous stage, for oxampla. T h d indefatig~bble, and most distinguished labourer in this field of inveatigntiou M. Paslour, tolls us that the vi~cousfcru~enfation can trallsforln cane-sugar inlo a kind of gum or dextrin, manuito, and carbon dioxiilo. HO also s q s that this gun1 is uloro nllicll by its charnuter8 to dexti.ino, n ferment, tlzaa to gum arabic, and that

JUNE l , 1878.

TEE SUGAR CANE.

311

white wines nre moro subject to tliis clinngo called "ropiness " than recl wines. IIe aclils that the conclitions of nction necessary to thefie gummy ferments nre the same as those nrhioli suit alcoholic fcl+mcnt. RClins attributed ropiucxs to n fi~rmcatnt~ion pccnli;~rto s previous tlecay ia the vogctinble. I t s e e m to l!oillt to the originnl cut which severed the enuc fro111 its roots, ~ n t time l Iincl induced and perfec1,orl this docag therc. W e see tliis idcn wns hnppilg~cnrriotl out into pmctice, when the cnt cnlics rvo1.c nrvniting tlte opl~ortaliityfor trnusit to Mr. &T'nne's rr~ill; their cut oude Tirere burnt to i111poc2otllo progloss nf decny. Thc rcsonrclios of 1U. Fremg nncl &I.Boutron, t ~ swell as those of &I.Polou;r,e an12 RI. C+;llis,~vhonilivertignti~igtlia lactic fermentation, nscertnined tllo best oonclitione for effecting thc rapid trnnsformatioll of' sugnr into lnctic ilcid. The lr~ctic formontation requires tlie presenco of nitrogonons a1i)umilloicI mabtcr-l)rcciscl,v that which is nlready one of tllo in~puritiesin ovcry ci~nu-juice. T h i ~forrncntntic,~ : can only cnutin~zoif the dogreo of acidity of the licluor bo kept from exceeding certain limits. Thc cud is 1)cst obtnirroil by ~t~turnting tho l i q ~ ~ ofrom r time to time with chalk, or lime sufEcieut to ncutrnlize all t l ~ cnciil wliich can bc forllled nt tlie expense of sugar. Rore we linva at once the confir~nntinuof IUr. I c c r ' ~great 0~1~erieuc:o wlicn 11e nllows t,ho ncid present to prcdomiut~teulltil he " colnes " OLIC nt thc cnd with 1% noutrnl coi~ipositio~i in which ~loitlieracid nor Lnsc will ~~recloiuiuato ; ui~nnt l,liis, itnil thou do it," he thus nrrosts this lactic fermc~itatiou. Accident call aKorc1 moro ~Ln1ocnuos tlla~it l ~ cl>lnliter cnn conseizt to part ~vitligrntuitously, lTis comluon rolncdy, limo, i~ of very qncstionnblc vnlno. Whnt nrc bho h c t s ? Ttie B U ~ I L Piu tlioso ct~riosronininfi, and so do tho sood~of ~lestr~iction, nnd lnnny of' tlloln havc boen ruultiplic~ill~ndriponed by time into a b t ~ t oof nctivo 1u:lturity. If those seads of closlrnction could llil~0so opornted nr to produce any effect I)oyonc2 thoir o w ~locnlity, ~ all t l ~ osugnr must llavo boconlo vinegar in tlro cane, nricl Mr. ICol couirl liot lmve ronli~cdnlly augrtr from thouo frozen or nlly olhor cnnor;. On tho contrwy, hc got goocl sugar from them. Aguin ; tale, mt-gnawetl C L L ~ O H ,tllitt hnd 1)et:li

THE SUGAR CAXE. thrown down from time to time, were gleaned for a challenge ; and a well crystallised sugar was got from their juice, and 25 per cent. more than from the bcst canes of that same field. Of course there was acid in those fitale canes, but it was confined to the locality of the cut or bruise. If the cane be cut off-at tht, 9?~iZZ--above the knot next to the cut or bruise, where feirnentation may be rife,'!' the sugar that may be in the remainder of the cane will be found as when orignally cut in the field, if not improved, provided the cane remains sound and d ~ ;y and the juice when exprossed be properly clarified, when denying it the opportc~llityfor fermentation. Again, we are disposed to endorse Mr. Ker's experience when he says, IUno process continuous from the mill to the drying room is the quality of the sugar materially improved if approzi*znte

'tparfection 60 not attailzed i 7 the ~ Ibalzdbi?zg o f the mtujuioe. It ~lnzcst b s p ~ o p ~ rtret~ted, $ nb ilzitio." There can be no doubt that the p r o ~ time e ~ for interrupting the fermcntation of cane-juice is 6ffofa11e it leaves the mill. It may begin then in moclerntion to nccumulate in force, by the repetition even of wealmess, before the jilicc reaches the pans. No lime ~houldbe used, unless to correct any accidozltal acidity, suflicient, but no more, when clarification is complete. This treatment of cane-juicc, however it may be carried out into practice, nppenrs to be the most consistent wny out of the difficulties wl~ieh so frequently surround the planter who nims a t a suitable result for capital ancl lnl~onr. Therc can be no doubt that w11ere llle common, enormous loss of sugar by fermentation is avoidcd, a much larger sugar product is the result. So a l ~ o neither frozen canes, nor stale canes, nor immature cnnes naod bo altogether lost if properly treated, and thc juice promptly froetl from impurities, as Mr. I<er a l s ~advises, whilst the juicc is in tho "raw" state, and not boil purity and impurity togelh~r,in the vain expectation of getting a pure sugar without loss of sugar.

W. EAT~IORNE GILL. Sozcld V i l l Park, Eatrpstand.

--

--

*This idea may also apply to inlrnnture citnos, which nocessitjt compels to

out. They could be laid or stnnd on u, dry picco of ground expo~eclto the Hun, say 8 or 10 days, to ripon the starch into sugar. Otller cancv grown ran11 in wet ground, could be similarly trcnted with bonsAoirtl rasults.

TABLE OF EXPORTS OF SUGAR AXD XOLhSSES FRON TEE BAWAIIdN ISLBXDS, (Continued from To?. 5, pp. 609, 610),

BY TEOXASG. Tmm, Honoltdu. -

'

j

1873.

,

;

. . . . . . . .. . . .lbr.l Molasses . . . . . . . . . .galls. Sugar. .

l

25,129,101

1875.

24;666,611

25,080,182

90,060

93,722

1

146,459

1

1 --

1874.

1

l

1876.

1877.

--

i

151,462

!i"able sl~owing to what Cbujzt~ies the n6oce has Been ezjlorted.

1

A'LAx$kf

PACIPIO PORTS, U.S.

/

ZCN.L? 1 BBITIEXCOLTIYDU. NEThlsIeYll PAOIPIC ISLAID?.ALLDIIEX Poara.

'lTs

l

14,757,614

115,874

990

1874

18,133,244

67,928

6i,9SG

1875

23,694,977

1876

2,0003Y

IS77

25,506,025

1873

d::; 101,926

86,576

1

453

9,917

12,561

1

6,672 27,353

l

1,620 9,S10

i1 ..

/

2,198

15,750

1

1

2,265

74,565

..

12,179

3,997

6.250

300

THE SUGAR CANE.

320

JUXE 1, 1878.

FOREIGN NOTES. --

U

JouvfiaZ des Fabricants da Suere."

The sugar inclushy seems to be but moderately repl.esented nt the Exhibition. Among thc apparatus, the show is neither very varied nor 1a1,l.g.e. There are sevcral fine cane mills of great power, triple &eta, pans, pulpers and turbines ; a manuel press, Lallonette's fltering pressc d oaisso, continual presses of different malres, and very fine char kilns and distillers' apparatus. The produots shown are very fine, although a vcry large part of the case irl devoted to sugars of consommatio~~ dirccte,-in crystals, tablets, cubes, &c,, mhich shows how the public taste is changing, and that the process of refining and fabrication will need to ~uclergo consic2erable modification. The fendu~wcseems to lie to thc refininginjtilbrzpzts, ancl to the production of sugay in eubos, pieces, &C. The specimens exhibited prove the solution of thc industrial question, and that, if the Bovcrnment rould lcnd themselves to it, there would be no d%cnlty in cstablishiug rural refincries, which are the typical ancl. dofinitc orga~~isation of the beetroot sugar ill France. The root is really the first stage of the angar, and it8 fnll treatment, from the extmctiou to the refining, can surely be performecl with the groatest economy in the s m c place. At the beginning of lnst week abundant rains Iell in all tho beet clistlicts, and the mcath~rhas thus beon unfttvoural~~o to sowing. It is estimated that a third of thc crop mill be sown since the 15th of May, and will probably not bo finishecl.till the 4t;h or 5th of June. The rising crop is good, but a deal of ro-sowing and transplanting has to be donc owing to tlxe ravagcs of insects. The soil is very wet and dirty, making the ilrcssing very clifficult, ancl we may expect a very late and irrognlar crop. Ln the No~~cl the sowing is hishod, and the crop on tho whole is goocl. I n tllc? neighbourhood of Arms bout two-seveutl~sof thc sowing has yot to be done, and.what has alrct~clybocn sown has suflereil muoh from the ravages of all kinds of worms. The surfi~cesow11 is from 15 to 20 per cent. above that of lnst year. Proln Mngclcbourg the news is not much better, although thc ternporat~z~c i~ vow rising

JUNE1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

321

along with a considorable cession of the cast and soutll-mesternly minds. ilbout 145,51-1. arpcnts h a w been sown as against 138,084 last year, being nn increa5e of 51 per ccnt., hut 8 per ccnt. will probably turn out to be ncarer thc ~uarli. T11c mcatlier in H r u ~ g a r y11~1schanged !ofor the rro~sc,but thc so~ringlus hcc.11 finished, ancl thinning Iias erell been corumcnrcil in several plnrcs. About 8 or 10 per cent. morc has been solrrn. I n Itussk the ~ligllt frosts havc cansc:cl considersblc ilnn~age,sevcr:ll of thc f ~ b r i c ( ~ n t 8 along the Pastoff Railway having to re-sorr largc tracts. On the vrhole, homcrcr, nncl from thc p n c r a l conrlitioiis nf thr different rountries, nrr can h:wcUy loolr for a crop :ibo~-cthe average. In the Nord the oprration of the last proclucts 01 the fabrication is at prcscnt si~spc~ldecl oming to thc bnd htate oT the market. From t h e official tables of tllr l)roduction, BC., of tllc szlcrrs i ? ~ d i g h z rmade ~, u p to tllr 30th of May last, wc fincl that in April the production mns augmenter1 to 3 millions lrilos., lrhich justifiec the excellent quality of the root grown in 1877. The prorluction of 1877-78, will, in the opinion of most optimists, esceerl this, and we may cxpcct 390 millioils lrilos, agaiust 336 millions in 1876-77. The general reunion of the Ger~nnnsugar fnbrzennts tooli plucc~ on t h e 23ri1, 24tl1, ancl 25th of May. During their sitting they proposed stiltlying n n u u l b ~ rof vcry inlportnnt questions lelative t o t l l ~cnltnre, analysc~s,&r., of the bertroot. - - .- -

INRTBUCTlONS CONCERNING THE CULTIVATION O F TEIE SUGAR BEET. -

We extract the following f ~ o mthe Genernl Report of tile Commissioncl. of Agriculturc ancl Pubic Works of the P r o r i u c ~ of Qucber, for tllc ycar cniliag, June 30th, 1876 :The most appropriate soil f a ~ .the cnlt,ivation of wheat is that which must be cllo.icn, in prefereace, for Llle soming of sugar beets. ill1 rick, well-dfiiil~edlands, containing n large proportion of pure clay, not escecding ~ i x t ypcr ccnt., Ltre consiilcrcd as well aclapted f o the ~ cultivation of the bugar beet. Snnclp soils wholly wiillout clay arr not nt a11 suited.

322

-

Jme 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CAXE.

I t is important thab the beet should be sown as early as possible, so that it can profit by thc spring rains to grow rapidly. The soil must be deeply mouldecl so that tho root can develop itsclf in the earth in placc of rnnning out of the soil ; for all the portion exposcd to thc air ancl sun loscs its saccharine qualities. For the sake of the saccharine richness of the beet it is better that the land should be manured the year preoecling the culture of the beet; for stall manure, especially green manure, imparts certain salts which greatly diminish the value of the juice and and renders its extraction rlifficult. If the lnncl has not been manurea beforehand, it woulcl be much better to sow thc seed in good strong land well pulveiizecl and drained. It is now a fact, shown by experience, that nu cxccss of mannrc increases t h e weight but iliminishes the richness in sugar. It is very necessary to prepare tlle seed for germination, as it gains time ; for this pu~yoseit is steeped in liquicl manure for twenty-four hours, then placed in heaps ; as fioon as the germs commence to appear it is ready for usc. For a small sowing, in default of a mechanical flomer, me talre a wooden bar, say twelvo feet long. in vhich are placcd bolts of one inch in diameter, exceeding thc face of the bar by two inches. Two chilclrcn, placcd at each extremity, put thc bar on the drill, bolt side clown, and make as many holes as there are bolts, then the bar is brought t o the last hole made, and so on to the encl of the clrill. The sower then follows aucl placcs two or three sccds in each hole. Thc sowing being complete, thc roller is passed ovcr the field. It is propcr also to havc thc clrills flat, and a space of at least sizteel~inches must be left between each drill. The first dressing or mellowing should bc made when the fleeds are noticed coming out of the ground ; it is upon this operation, effected at a proper time ancl in a proper manncr, that a portion of the success of the crop depencls; it is clolle with a liorse hoe, passing throng11 thc drills, or more simply with u hand hoe, as for potatoes ; there remaitls then only the weeding between the becte in the drill to be clone wit11 tile hancl. When the beets have attained a size of from to 2 of an inch, the drills are thinned out leaving only one beet, thc most vigorous,

+

JUNE

THE SUGAR CANE.

1, 1878.

325

at every nine inches, care being taken not to distnrb it when upsetting the othcrs ; t l ~ e nthose tnlien out are planted wlierevcr there arc blnnlrs, a hole being previously made sufficiently deep, so that tllcl root of the young plant mill not he turned back on itbelf. r1110 i sccollcl dressing or mouliii~igis perfonncd when the beet has three or livc lcnvcs. Oilcc tllc bcct has grown huffieiently nizil its l c i ~ v eCOTPI' ~ the ground it lcills tile werclfi. Tllc 1enrc.s n..ust not bc rlilyccl from thc beets, rxccpt mhoil tlioy arc yrllow ; tl~ese:trc then givcn to the cattle. The beet to hc vcrp rich ill sugnr rnust lzot cxcccil two ponnd.; in weight. Thr be(+? arc t:llrcn I L ~vhcn ~ fully ripclled towards tllr micldlc of October. T t is important that they shoulil not; br 1iun.t nor brolrcn ~~rllctnbcing talccn up, for t l ~ c yrlnir7kly spoil. Fov this p11rpom O" ~1):1'11>or two 11rongci[ PnrIc i\ 111(cd; in lnrgin operation.; t h i ~work is tlone with a plough. Aftor tho beets rLrn tn1rt:n up their lcnvrs nrc taken off, either by broalring theill wit11 tllc~htulrl or 1)y cutting o d tl~cb portiori bcnring tllc lc:~vc\nrith 3 k ~ l i f ~ . 'L'llr bc1c.t~ tnlrrn IIII ~ l ~ o ~1 ~) lplncclrl ~c l in I~enpsarltl roverod with ICNTCY 1111Lil 111;~(1cd in the pit. 011r cnpuiit; OF \rc'll cnltivatctl lruncl rrglilnrly pln~ltcdns above sho\\rn give6 2.10 bcctu pclr ~*o\v,niltl :ir t h c i ~arc 135 r o w , rnlle11 eixtc1c.u inc11cv t~p:Lrt,, 32,400 bcttq :1re oht:lined ; 1)y taking one poun"1 as tllr avrmgc wcigllt OF rncll hi~ct,ihiq gi\-c>l32,100 pounclu per :tl*pmt. Tllnl tllcrr rrmains tlic pulp :intl l,l~clcn~ctiwhir11 co~zldbr nt,ili~c.d fcoclii~grnttlo :mil which r ~ p ~ ~ t j s:L onutritivr ~lt vnlnc cclunl to n t lcnst ono-filth of tllc entiro h ~ c t . !U Belgium aild Prance the avcrnge price of tllc bcwt is $2 pcr tllonsnnd pouncle, to wlricll znu~t,br :~iltlcil1~11oxciso clr~tyof $2, -\vhich mnlre~thr cost $4 l)ctl+tl~oufil~r~rl po~u~tls d(~livc~rc~d to 111e factory. TII 1873 :L rcsolntion w:lCit~tloptodin tllc 1~cilcr:zlP:t~lialnent exempting the mtmnf:~aturc, ill C:LI~:L~:L, of beet root sngtzr from nll cxcisc dnty clai-i~~g ten yiva.s, A H long a~ t l l i ~oxrnlption ln~tfi,it is cvirlcnt l013

324

TBE S U G U CANE.

JUNEl, 1878

that the sugar inclustry should be advantageous to thc cnltivators of the beet, as well as the makers of the sugai.. If we now acld to this the grant of $7000 voted per yeav for to the first sugar factory established in ten years, by our legislat~~re, this province ; and, if, in addition, tlic beets from the seccl clistiibuted this year, give a satisfactory return both us regards quantity and quality, tliere is every reason to hopc that next rnintw a company mill be formed to vork sugar bcets. Those who, by their intelligent labour and their care, shall have contributed to the succoss which the Bovcmment oxpocts from this attempt at cultivation, will havc thc satisfaction of saying that they have a good share of the merit of having implantecl in the country a medth producing ind~istry. With a great number we are certain that this praiseworthy ambition will have all the attraction of a remard proportionate to the cfforts and sacrifices ~lndergoneby thorn. -- ---THE NATURAL ADTTANTABEB OF TROPICAL COUNTRIES. As agricultural procl~~cers,tllc tropical countries of tho globc possess a great many advantages over those of the tempcrato runt1 colcl zones. Thcir procluctiolzs are always wantcc1 tho wodil over, ancl by reason of the scarcity of labour sinco slarory was abolished in the majority of them, there is sclclom an ov~r-proi[uctio~i. Some of their productions are altogether coizfincd to I,licm, such ua sngrtl., coffee, cocoa, indin-rubber, indigo, tun11 most OC $110 spices; and they have thus, so to say, the connnand of the worlil's marl
Juxlr 1, 1878.

THE SUGBK. CANE.

:125

Thc following ndl show horn tropical p~oductionsnrc clistrib~ltcd carth :l . The cquatorinl zone, to 15" on both sicles of thc cclnator. I n this ilirision mc shall find tlic Cilpe Vsrrl Islnncl, Sierra Lcone, _\ticent;ion, ancl St. Hrlcna, thc Republic of Libclitl, tlic Europe~zn nncl Native*bcttlemcnts iu the Gulf of (iuinea ; on the RTcstcrn Coi~stof Africa ; ilbyssiuin, Zanzibar on the Zast Coast ; ITocha and ,Ldrn i n tllc Rccl Sce; the northcnl portion of Xadagascnr, the S-ieyuhclles, t l ~ cN:ldrns l'rcsidency, Nottlle~nIndia, Ceylon, and tllc Eicobar lslancls, 8um,zt1a, Siam, Xalncca, Sing:lporc, and thv dtraitb Settlcmcnts, Cochi~lUlLina, thc Philippine I ~ l a n ~ tIhrneo, s, Cclubcs, i ~ n dtllc ~IO~IICC:IY, J a ~ ancl a Madura, Bnncn, the ,Fohorc -irchipclago, Tinlor, and thc cnstcrn group of islands, vitli XZW tfui~ica, :L 1:lrge portiou of Korthern Australia, the ISarclucsa~~, Society, illlil o t l l ~ roce:lnic is1,limtls. 1n South Arncrica, t h e Republics of Peru, Bolivin, Ecuaclor, Clolumbin, and Yenczuela, British, F r c n c l ~ ,: ~ n dD u t c l ~Guian:~, illlcl a l a c e portion of thc Empire of Brazil; Trinidad, B:lrbitducs, iind most of the islands in thc CATribbcan Scn. Tlic zollc has a mean temperature of 78 1-2 to 82 1-2 F u h r c ~ l l ~ r i t . 2. Thc tropical xonc ronchcs from thc 1.5" on each siclc of the! o ~ ~ ~ l atot othe r tropics in 23 1at. Thc muan tempcraturc is 73 1-2 t o 7 8 3 - 4 O . Summer tcmperaturo, 80 1 . 3 to 86" ; inter t e l q e r n t ~ ~in r cthc 1 l : ~ h t ~ r 1coast 1 dislricts, S9'. In this regiun :LE coupribcc1 tlie follo~~.ing countries : icjauclvicli l hlcs, Cilnton, in provincc of chink^, Xurm:tli, Calcutta, nncl a portion of the l$cngal Prcsidcacy, thc Roi1111:ty Z'residcncy, ;\mtlngnsc-W, Mauritius, auil Bo~vbon; t l ~ usouthern portion of Bmzil, Cuba, St. Domiago, lIlcxico, ancl Central ahmerica. 3 . Tllc ~in11-tropicalzo110 e x t c n d ~from the tropics 23" to 3-1" of 1:rtitudc. 'l'herc :ire a numiber of tt-opicsl fluits in this region. The w i u t c r ~arc milcl, and vegetation is grceli throughout thc year. In thiq clivision of tllc ;zone, p a l m aitutl bnnaauu grort7on the plains; =cl irl tllis rcgio1l arc cumpriscd all tllc c s t r c u c northern portiolls of l\frica, Lo:tqtingtllc 1\Leditcrraue:m, coniprising blgiers and the narblLry stntcs,Xgypt, part of l'crbia, Cubool, allcl the lJI1~jaub; 011 tlle

THE SU6BR CANE.

J m 1, 1878.

the greator postion of China, Lower California, Texas, the SouthWestem States of America, tho Bermudas, the Cape Colony and Natal, New South Wales, Southern ancl Western Australia ; the Government settlements in the Northern Islands of New Zealand, the largo& portion of Chili, Paraguay, Uruguay, ancl the Argentino Rellublic, thc provinces of Brazil, from St. Paul to Rio Grancle, Madeira, ancl the Canary Isles. To clefine accurntcly the conditions of temperature which a plant requises to maintain it in a flourishing conclition, we must ascertain mithin what limits its period of vegetation may vary, and what quantity of heat it requires. This most remarkable circumstance was first observecl by Bonssingnult, but unfortunately we do not as yet possess sufficiently accurate accounts of the conclitions of cult11re in the vtwious rogions of the earth, to enable us to follow out this ingenious view in all its dotails. His theory is, that the time requirecl by a plant to arrivo at maturity is as the invcrso ratio of the temperature ; therefore, b o w i n g the moan tempoi~ature of any place, and the number of days which a plant takcs to ripen, the time requirecl at any other point more or lcss elevated can easily bc nscertainccl. Peter P u q , a native of Switzerland, who settled in Charleston in the eighteenth century, in a n~emoriulto the D ~ k of e Newcastle, then Secretary of state, sets out with this postulate, that thero is a ccrtain latitudo on our globe, so hal~pily temperccl between tllo O X . ~ ~ ' O ~ of C S hefit z t d colcl, as to be more p~ticxzlaslyadaptccl than my other for certain iich productions of the earth, among mliich arc sill<,cotton, indigo," etc. ; ancl he flxos on the latitude of 33*, whethos north or south, as thc ono of that peculiar charactei.. The following table, showing the climate, cluration uncl produchion of certain plants cultivated in tropical Ahmcrica, is from tile 1)roccecIings of the Agricultui~nl Socicty 01Grenacla. Tho second column givos tho altituclc in :English yarils abovo tho lovol of the sea. The filth, tho numbcr of plants in a Spanish fanogacla of 170 vai8as, about 153 squarc yards. The sixth, the average dtzration of each plant. Thc sov~nhh, the avoi'age producc of eacll plant in the year.

JUNE l, I

1878. -

-

THE SUGAR CANE.

8

0

8

z-

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$ Cl

8

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827

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1 $ l3 : d,4:

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328

T E E SUGAR CANE.

JUNX

1, 1878.

AN APPEAL PRON THE BRISTOL OPERATIVE SUGAR REFINERS. Giant's Castle Hotel, Counterslip, Bristol, May, 1878. To the Sugar Refiners and Wovkifig Classes oJ the United Ifingdom. Fellow-Countrymen, As members of the great army of British industry, we desire to place on public record our 'grievances in relation t o the odious system now in operation in the principal countries of Europe-'(of granting money bounties to the exporters of home-grown and refined sugar goods." We clesire to fully and freely discuss this important question, and we ase sanguine that me shall bo able to establish the justice of the cause for which we plcacl, viz. :-that those boitnties sho~llcl be withdrawn altogether by foreign Governments ; failing that, that our own Government shall take such steps in the interests alike both of producers and consumers, 8s shall preclude the possibility, in the future, of this country being wholly placed at the mercy of the Uontinental supply. As an illustration of the unfair and unjust oompetition which English manufact~lrersand workmen labour under, we cannot do better than point out the relittions that foreign oountries stand to with English refiners. I n 1874, Austria granted out of the State no less a sulll than $750,000 for the distribntign of bounties to encourage the exportation of home sugars. Brnncc contributes ;E.800,000, mhilst Gemany, Russia, Hollancl, Bclgium, alike has contributccl large sums from the State to encourage the devolopment of the honlo sugar trade. To show the gradual deoline of the English sugar industry, it may be stated that in 1875 the total amount of foreign sugar impoi%eclinto tho Unitecl IZingclom amounted to 260,000 tons, whilst in 1877 it had reachccl n total of 380,529 tons, or an inarcns~in tmo years of ovcr 60,000 tons ; whilst in tho same spnco of timo, in the port of Uiistol alone, thc dcclinc in thc importation of m m sugm* amounted to 44,000 tons. Thitr system has bceil the luei~lls of not only rnining the capitalist and refiner, but has dso thrown thousands of honest English wol.lrmon, throughout tlio country,

JUNE 1, -

TEE SUGAR CbNE.

1878. A -

-- -- -- -- -

329 -

--

into enforcecl idleness, snrl those dependent upon them i n a &ate of semi-starvation, whilst our colonies, rrith crery possible natural advantage for the cultivation of cane sugar, their trade 118s been nearly annihilated through this systeln adopted by Continental nations, of fostering the production and exportation of beetroot sugars. To point out how one branch of refiniilg ha, become in~pos>iT~lc to be successfully carriecl out in this country, i t may be datecl that it takes the labo~wof 70 mcn, one -rucek, to nianufactnre 10,000 loave5 nnil tittlcrs : tllu wages, a t 35s. per \~celi,amo~iiitingto $87 10s. ; the m i g h t of the loares and tittlers ~roulilayclage '30 tons. The same amount of gooil3 exported fin111 France to this country would entitle the Frenrh riiine~sto f150, as a banns of f;2 per ton from the Gorcrment. I n the c:cie oPGirmau esported sugar goods, the bonus would bt: 3 2 7 0 upon 00 tons, or a t the sate of £ 3 per ton for e-ier~ ton esportecl irom t h ~ tcountry. Thu.;, not only iloes the foreign refiller obt,iin free g~,ltisthe ldiiour of his ~iorl~pcople, thcir wages bein;: p,iid by the St,~tein the shape of bounties, but he 1x1s also a large adilition~lsurplus placed to his credit, fol the purpose of hmclicappiug Engli.11 refiners in their ovrn markets. It must then bc clcL1rto all miriils th:k the system of granting bounties by foleign Govelnments to exporters of sugar is h a scandalous violation of a11 free tinde principles, ~ ~ h i cfiebars fair competition, ancl which is hastening the destruction of nu old anrl hononrable branch of Englishindustry, nncl, ~ v h e naccomplished, y out tllu ileclaratio~~ of Lorcl Derby, made in his will f ~ ~ l lbear place in Parli,imcnt, that v h c n foreign rciintrs were masters of the situation, Blitisll consumers woulcl then l i n e to bear :ul increased price in tlie purchase of sugars. Tilerefore, 2%operati~caugur refinels, rrhose only hhelitaninle i-i tlleir ltlbonr, jve raise our roice to protcst trgainst a conlinuu~lceof this Bystem, ancl Ke pleail for the moral and prnctlcal co-operation of all sections of the British ;h>eoplein enabling us to carry our. p.llrpose to a successful ibsue. Signed, on behalf of the E r e c u t i ~ eCommittee, ~ I I ; L R L LFOX, ~ Tr~kis~irc~.. A3ios D a ~ r . ~ o sChairman. , S . ~ ~ I U PLTCU~, CL Secreki~g, Hayerflhnm House, Goodhind Street, Stnl~lctonnoild, Blibt01. P

THE SUGAR CANE.

JUNB 1, 1878.

MONTHLY LIST O F PATENTS. Uommunicated by GEOROE D n ~ ~ sG.E., s , Patent Agent, 4, St. B n n ' s Square, Manchester.

-ENGLISH. APPLIOATIONS. 1624. OHARLESDENTON ABEL,OE 20, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lanc, Middlesex, f i n p ~ o v e ? ~ t eC~ tappa~atz8s s enyloyed in the lna~zzlfactureof lonf or luvp szdgav. A communioation from Eugon Langen, of Cologne, Germany. 1703. WILLIA~I ROBERTLAISB,of Southampton Buildings, Middlesex. bnproveme?ats in tAc mnnzcficctlbl'e of szcgav. A oommunicntion from A. Zenisok and Dr. 0. Schnlidt, both of Dobramic, Bohemia. 1904. JOHN F~LEDCBIOIL GOOISI:F~mclurmnand JAMBSBURNSNACFAI~. LANE, both of 21 and 26, Long Acre, Dfiddlctrex. &qwo.vetntnts ift t&e treatlnent nnd pzbrt@catiogt of szcgnr.

A~RID~C~IENTB. 3749-77. JOHN SCIIWARTZ, of Stopney, Middlesex. Lnprose~ne+ttsijc the mnnt$zfnclzcvs of szlgnr. The object of this imention is to Coat white or crystallized sugar in such n manner as to i I U p ~ ta bloom or complexion thereto, that will improve its nppoaranoe and quality, and thereby increase its commercial value, To this end a solution of brown syrup or a solution of semi-uncryatallizablo sugar is pt~ssedtluougli the whito or crystallized sugar oithor aftor it has undergone the ordinary rofining process, or when i t has boon partially refined or d ~ ~ ~ ithe n g rofining . process. This will impart to the crystnllized sugar a ?ich l~rstrotlsbloom or complexion which will groatly improve iCu appearanoo and also its taste and will thoroforo add to its oommorcial value. Whon the solution of brown syrup or semi-uncrysta1lisable sugar h&sboon proparod by diluting 11, sufficient quttntity of the same in wator so tls to obtain the dosired colour and donsity, tho solution must be allowod to purcoldo throng11 tho xllusrr of white or crystallized sugar which it is desircd to operate upon; bui it is proferal~leto carry on this process in a centrifugal machine, which will drive the solution through the mass of sugnr mithont dir~solvingtho snmo and will merely allow the colowed solution to impart tho closirod tint, colom,, bloom, or complexion, by coating the crystals in an uniform mannor. NBWTON,of GB, (Thnr~coi*y Lnno, Mjddlomx, 3766-77. Wrr,~,mnrEDWAIUI horn IQdouard A,, i~t~pvovcd112elAod of t.oJi?thcg szcgn~, A co~lm~unicntion Morijot, of Paris. On lenving tho l~oilingapparatils tho sacchtvcino rnnss is pourod irlto moulds or framos of a l)ocaliar consLrucLion in which it is nllowod to cool and ~~olidify-'UIOHO ~ n ~ u l dors frarnos tiro intended to be

Juax 1, 1878. -- -

THE SUGAR CANE.

331 -

filled with the conccntrated syrup ant1 placed in the turbine, and they are held in place by angle pieces or bloclrs. The moulds or forms are constructed of a strong metal framing or plate capable of resisting the pressure to which it is to be subjccted, while two of the sides may be enclosed only bp a woven or other fabric or metallic cloth or perforated metal. All the side8 are slightly inclined in order to facilitate the ~ubsequentdischarge of the contents of the moulcls, and the corners are roundod also to facilitate the delivery of the solid bloclr of sugar. That side of the mould which fit8 against the side of the turbine is of less ~vidlhthan tha opposite side, so t h a t when the saccharine mass is subjected to the action of the centrifugal force it will have a tendcnry to apiroaeh the sides of thc turbine; but being held or confined by the sides of the mould, i t will become compressed, and without cracking or splitting as often occurs in other construction of apparatns. I n order to fill the moulds they are placed on a bed made of wood covered with zinc, and the bottom of which is ersetly the same curve a s the under or curved part of mould ; and the Iateral aides of the bed also fit as exactly as possible tlio sides of the mould. At the end of from 18 to 24 hours the moulds may be rcmovcd and placcd in the turbine, any superflnous sogar that may hnve run over thc sides having bccn first removed. When the moulde h w o been properly secured in the turbine by means of wedges and covered in with a circular mctal pliate, the sugar is subjected for from forty to fifty minutes to the action of steal1 mixed with air, which may be blown into the central past of the appnratus through a E n d of Giffard's injector. When the block8 have been sufficiently cleansed (which mill be 8co1i by examining the syruip which flows from the apparatus) the admission of the steam may be stopped ; but the turbine should be kept in rotation i n tho air. This will dry ancl l~ardenthe blocks, which, when removed from hhe monlds, may be cut, sawn, or broken up after a short staving. 4001-77. HENRY MCYBIL,of BOW,Middlesex. d t z it~zproveltzent i~c tAs procesa of t i z a t ~ z ~ n c t u r i ~ zsltynr. g The invention essentially consists i n blanching the saccharine liquor by means of sulphurous acid gas in vacuo, while the oporation of concentrating the saccharine solution 18 being carried on. It is proposed to manuhcturo the sulpliurous acid gas as thc concentration of tho sacc:hnrine solution is proceeding, :tnd to introduce the gas directly into thc vacuum ptms so that these pans will become :r substitute for tho bleaching tanks. Tho cost of the tanlrs, and of tho pumps or apparatus for. pumping thc gas into such tanlrs, is thus saved, and the labour necessary fox carrying out the manut'trctnro or r e h i n g of the sugar is proportionatoly economizcrl, while the saccharine liquor is properly bleached. T h e vacuum or partial vacuurn set up in the pans in the ordinary way is sufficient to draw i n the gas, Ghich will come by preference chect from the a1)parat.u~in which it is genoriited and purified. The sulphurous

832

THE SUGAR CANE.

JUNE

1, 1878.

acid gas may be introduoed into the vacnum pan either intermittently or continuou81y until c h a ~ g ethoraof has been admitted. When theliqLlor in the vacuum pnn has becomo blenched and sufficiently concentrntecl i t is clramn off into tanlis, and the process of manufnoture mill then proceed as heretofore. FRENCH. n fo?' sr1gals wo?.b, rcnd for 121430. B c n x ~ n nof , Paris. ~ a c t c r l ~e.vtl'actors the treatment of fnt bodzes. 121464. Possoz and L c o u u ~ a of , Pnris. fii?prove~~zeats B& tJro mafit~nctuve of 8ztgar. 121478. LE BREF,of Pnxis, d p p l y i h g n .rpecial tisszce fov ealr'acting beetjuice in continuozds presses. 121761. FO~T~NIER-LAIQNY nnd GUPOT,of Erron, An nppa~~atus folq evapovating alzd conceratvnlilrg~f~i[~s~" 121853. BounDoN. fiup~ovc~ne?ats ift the trcatgnent of aariotls sulstlc~zces Iy the $ltev-press. 121864. B o u a u o ~ . fijqt.ouc~~zetzts in.filtor-~resses. CE~TI~~ICATCS O r ~T~DITION. 118953. Lncorwnrr t~ndVILLBTTC. d pr'epal'~t0I'~ pl'e.98 for' heet-pfb@ a?ld otJrer seazi-#z$i(l szcbstasccs. 114848. TISSOT, d c o ~ t t i ~ ~ t ~ ~ z ~ ~ p v e ~ ~ - J Z t e ~ . COLONIAL (NPW SOUTI~ WAI~IS.) Jnlrns DUNCAX (nssignce of 1\'Io~otzWeinrich). .Fnzgrove),zr)zts01 the tvcatm811t und ptwiJEaatin12 of S Z C ~ and ~ I ~ sncclbnrino f n a t t c ~ npld , ilt the appn~~atrts entployed therein. AiIXERTCAN. W. ~ ~ A L I C E I Iand . TIIOMAR L. P A T T C ~ B O0.fN ,& ' o G ~ o c ~ , 200780. HUGH lfs xyvupa. The ol~joctof the invorition i~ Scotland. I ~ ) ~ ~ r o v o m ei7z~Jnvoz~?~ctl to procluce flnvonrod syrups or l)rcsoiSvosCpr clon~osticuse lrom the residual saccharine juices of sugar manilfactura; and this ol~jcctis n#ainod in tho juicc i~ iirst troatcd by nuy or tllo wollfollowing manner :--The ~;~cchurinc known proccsscs for ro~idcringLho finill product unerystrillisnblo. For tliis purpoae tho syrup mtty bo trentod with sulphuric or othcr noid in the ordinary mnnner, but any of tho llintllods lrnown to sngnr rcafinors may ba employed for the purpose. The liquid is tlinn nontr,ilizoil nntl flltcrod, and, if desired, it may be clariflotl by chemical ngent~. Tho juice is noxt concuntratecl in the usunl mnnnor, nnd iint~llyclnrilied, At nny fitago of $110 treatment of the sweet liquid or syrap, us iloscribod, tho dosircd flnvour or aroma is impnrtcd to it by combining thcrowit11 tllc corrusl)cncling fioil-ossonco or essential oil, oithcr oblnined hom h i t or fiowor~,or obtninorl nrtilicinlly. 201110. JOISN G~ISVOLI), of Fnndon, rllinoitr. I j ~ q ~ ~ o v ~ ~ ~ervoai ~t to ~ u t i ~ t g - ~ ~ r t nThis s. invention xolnto~ 1,o ovnl~orntors for tho innnufnctmo of molasiles and sngnr from sorglinm nntl oL11or s~ign~*-p~oclncing plt~nts: n~td

JUNE1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE.

333

coneists essentially in the construction and arrangement of devices, by which t h e green, impure substance or scum is separated and removed f ~ o mthe juice, and in a cooling apparatus arrdnged to provent the agitation of boili n g from mixing the dcum that has once risen wit11 the juice again. The evaporating-pan is placed on the top of the filmace, and provided with n series of transverse partitions, which divide the pan into three chambers at t h e end immcdiatcly ovor thc fire, and a series of chambers for the remainder of its length. Thc first namecl charnhers itre on one side extended a suititble distt~ncebeyond the side of the furnace, and :it the ontor end of each of these oha~nbcrsthe bottom forms inclines. The juice ie fed into n box, nnil from t h e same cxtcnds a cooler under the projecting ends of the chambers. On t h e partrtitions dividing these chan~belsis placetl a n~cvahlecarriage, carrying CL shaft, to which are attached three pairs or sets of spring nrms for supporti n g the skimmers. These aro made in the form of a pan, open at tlie front, and provided with perforated bottoms. From the back of each pan extends a T-shizped arm, which is placcd between tho spring arms, and the ends of these arms are bent ot;tnrards, and sprtmg into holcs made in tlioside flanges of t h e elrirnmer. 'rho two outer pairs of itrms are, at their rear or inncy ends, provided mith counterbalancing weights, while thc middle pair or sct is by a roil connected wit11 n pivotted lever for operating the slcimmers. The skimmers a r e made of material 80 fincly perforated that uuhrolcen scum-cells mill not pass through, while juico-cclls will pass freely; and it is easy to perceive t h a t t h c two will be soparittocl if a proper place is provided for the eclllll to colleot and rest without being brolrcn up by the boiling process. Such n place is providccl in t h i ~evaport~tor,by the cool juice constantly flowing beneath that portion ontsido the fnrnacc in each OS the three sltimmingcllan~borsor sections. 201229. AI,IIE~~T o8 LA MONTARNIE, of Now Terk. I ~ I I I ~ J I . irt OVII)IE~~~ aancAi~~t,s fo~prasi,Igstcpiltr,.. This invcntion rolatev to a machino for pressing sugnr into c ~ ~ l ~and c s ,is, in its p:rrts and their operation, an improromcnt on t h e sugar proesing machine patontocl to thc inventor under letters patent No. 181920, and grnntocl Septcmnher 6, 187G. The invention consists in the co~nbinationsof deviccfl wheroby the entire itction and operation of the machine is nutomatic, ~viththc esccption of the charging of tho dics mith sugnr t o be pressad, irnd the removal of the trays receiving the con~preseed cul~us,and whcrcby a granter cornl~actnaseand durability of t l ~ eparts ale soo~lrod. The bloclr bearing tha plmiger~j,and forming part of the same, is fixed on the shiuft, mhirh llas lrearings in the frame. Upon this block, and fittod upon the pllmgors, are thc dies. These dies are yoked together in opposito puirs. I n tho sidcs of the bloclc are cnt channels or grooves, and in thoso channels worlr tongucrr, which extends inward from the [lie frames upon either side. Uy ~noansof those chanllels and tongues the dies are permittod t o play upon the plungers, whilc, at the same timc, the dies and thoir frames nru rendarcwl. 'n~orch stc~rdyin their movement on the plungers, and

JUNE1, 1878.

THE BUGAH. CANE.

--

STOOKS OF

~~UGTA INB TB

1ST

APRIL,

335

CE~EFMARKETS OF TECE WORLDON ~m YEARS,IN THOUSANDS OF

FOR THBEE

TONS, TO THE NEARXBT THOUS9ND.

CONSUMPTIONOF SUGAR IN EUROPE FOR THREEYEARS, Exmrua lsr APRIL, 1

Great France. Holland Britain.

1

275

:

887

P4

l

IN THOUSANDS OF TONS.

h2 Ei

8s

9

'?

81

m

TOTALTOTALTOTAL

4

'"g 6% 290

j 1

164

1878.

1877.

1640

1575

1876.

1

1630

I

-

ESTIMATED CROPOF BEETROOT S U GON~THE CONTINENTOF EUROPE, FOIL TBE ~ S U I N QSEASON, CONPARED WITH THAT OF THE THREE PREVIOUS SEASONS. flirom Licht's ~KotonthlyCi~culav.)

1877-78. 1876-77. Tons. Tons. Prance , 385,000 243,295 Germany (Zollverein) :370,000 , 291,204 Austro-Hungary , 250,000 305,267 Xussia lznd Polund 220,000 250,000 44,467 65,000 Belgium ,

. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . IIollund and othel. Countries. . . . . .

25,000

.. . .. .. .. ..

1875-76. Tons.

. . 462,259 . .

1874-75. Tons. 450,877 250,"r8 140,192 222,500 71,079

. . 346,646 . . . . 180,138 . . . . 245,000 . . . . 79,796 . . 25,000 . . 30,000 . .

30,000

336

T H E SUGAR CANE.

JUNE1, 1878.

STATE AND PRO8PECTS O F THE SUGAR MARKET. The fiugar &f.~ket clusing the past month has been clull, and prices of the finer clescriptions of raw sugm have recedecl about 6c1. per cwt., whilst useful refining kinils and Paris loaves mast be quoted from 9d. t o Is. lower. The excess of stoclrs on the 18th Uay, when compared with the same clate iu 1877, was about 21,000 tons, a oimilm comparison a lnonth previously showing an excess a t that time of about 35,600 tons. Deli~cries,which a month ago showed a n excess over those of 1877 of about 39,500, c10 not show m i t e so large an excess. They lverc'on the 18th May 35,400 i n excess of those a t that date in 1877 ; whilst the imports for the two years, which were about on a par last mouth, shomcd a decrease on tho 18th Nay, as eomparccl with 1877, of itbout 22,500 tons. s o tliat prices Eiavc fallen i n spite of statistics favourablo, at any rate, to steady prices ; and this fall l y tcuding to curtail it,-at least so we must influence t h e s ~ ~ p pby shoulcl suppose. The chief causc of this is the Frclich bounty which continues to cleluge tlic English markct with refined a t prices boLom cost. Xtefinors, to protcct themselves, arc forccd, i u faco of all figures, to give less for their mw sngaiq, ancl the loss has conscq,nently to be mainly borne by producers ; but our so-callecl free-traders consider this rrclvantageous to the consumer, as it is not thougl~tessential that plantcrs of sugar should hnvc any profit i n orcler t o incluce the111 to supply sugar. They hnvc bcen impoverished for fionle years past, but must producc s n g u cvcn who11 rninecl just as they arc bound to breatl~e a i ~ . The n c ~ v(discovery mac10 by " F ~ e cTrade " is that a goose which lays golclen eggs cntmot bo killecl, and that it will insist on continuing to do so ad inf. Only on this IICW tlicory can what would otherwise appear t o be tlic blind folly of our legislature, i n not dealing vigorously with French bounties, be intelligible, ns govcrnccl by s n y principle ~ v h i c ht a k o ~ ~ the f i h w e into account. Present quotations of the standard qualities are as u~lcler:Porto-Rico fair to good ~ ~ f i n i n 20s. g , 6cl. t o ~ I S . against , 21s. Gd. to 22s. ; goocl to fi~ic gToccry, 23s. to 25s., agaillst 23s. Gd. to 25s. ; Un~artiniq~~e cry~tals,27s. to 27. O'd., agai~ist27s. Gcl, to 28s. ; No. 12 Envnnn, 22s. 6d. to 23s., rcgainst 23s. 6cl. to 24s. ; hir to goocl refiqing Cubn Muscovados, 20s. Gd. to 21s., against 21s. Gcl. to 22s. ; middling to goocl brow11 Baliia, 18s. 6d. to 19s., against 19s. 6d. to 20s. ; good to fine Pemnmbuco, 19s. to !NE.. again& 20s. to 20s. Gd. ; Paris l o a ~ c a 27s. , 6d. to 28s. (id., against 28s. 6d. to 29s. 3cl.

JUNE 1, 187s.

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THE SUGAR CYANE. -

-

CONTENTS OF No. 107.-Vol.

X.

T n ~ a M ~ l eINDIA s~ N~nronra~ . . . . . . . . . Nncrcar, ~ ~ U E ~ X S L . ~ N. I J. . . . . . . . . . . T ~ EXGLIS.E E SUGAETXADE.isn FOREIGN BOUNTIES . . . Vrs~nr,~~ t4u~nr.r OF SUOIB . . . . . . . . . . SUGARBoue~rcs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PAGE.

. . .

28 1

. . .

263 295 296 303 3 12

. . . . &UBBNSL.LND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F n o n : ~CANES. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. 282

. .

TABLEOF ]?ISPOI?TS O ~ ~ U G A.iXD R ~OL.ISSES PBOX r n l r HA~'.~IIAN ZSLINIJS. BY Trro~r-isG. Tnitmr, Honolulu . . . . . . 3 19 FO~UGIC~X N O T B.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 ~ N S T R U W ~ O NCONOEILNIXG S T1IE CUI~IPIYI~TTON 0 8 THE SUUSR BEET . 321 Tar, NATUI~AT. .~DV.QNTAG~:S OF '~!ILOPICAL L'OUXTRII:~ . . . . . 321 A N APFC.\LILT\O~\I TIIE B~ISTOL O I ~ U T L V BSUGLEI~EFIXERS. . . 328 NONT~L Zrw Y OF PAYENTS. . . . . . S U G .ST~LTI~TICS, ~~ 334 ; STOCKS. . . . S T ~ ~AND T Z PROSPECTS OB THE SUGA~L IRKE ET

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

330 335 336

Subscriptionsto "The Sugas Cane," dueinadvance on the 1st of January. may be remitted to the Editor, MS, W. FORSPER, care of Messrs. Ctalt & CO,,Publishers, Manchester,

MANLOVE, ALLIOTT & (To., Nottingham, England; And ROUEN, Franoe; MAXEIE8 OF THE QONUT%ETOR.

USE OF THE CONCRETOR FOR MAKING SUFAR, TIIXbolicf appca~sto bc prov~~lent that the Concrclor ie only applicable to tho mar,ufnot~lroof concroto" sugar. Tl~isis not tllo case, as it mrly .wit11 crlual aclvantago be nsccl in conjunction with tho centrifugal nlaclzino for tlio proiluotioi~of yollow to liue countor .sugars, or in connection wi$h tho vacuum pun for making the finest class of vnauum pan

sugars.

TRE SUGAR UANE. Juwe 1, 1876. -- --p-.-.IST&THOD.--Use of the Concretor alone to make concrete " sugar. T h e n this is the objcct to be attained, the mannfactmcr procccds as folloms :The cane is crushed and the juice cla~*ifierl or clcfccatcd in the usual ~ 1 ~ a - y .Aftcr the defecation thc jnicc passos on to the tray of tlic at Concretor. Here it is concclltratcil u p to about 30 to 33" B~~umd which density i t passes iuto the " r~\-oh-ing cylinder," also forming s portion of the apparatus. T11c inlcrior of this cplindcr is full of spiral 1)ladcs. As thc cylilldcr r(1.i-olrca tliesc spiral bladcs take up the conceatrated juice or syrup, and expose a vciy Iwgc surface of it to the action of R current of hot air :lranrn tllrough tllc cylinder by n fan, which forms part of the machinc. Tllc cl-aporation i n this cylinilcr is concluctecl entirely by means of hot air, the consequencc being that tllough thc evapor:itioupr~cccd~ rapidly, the tcmpcrat~ireof the juicc or symp is liopt low; indeeil, on entesing the cylinder the tempcraturc of thc syrup at once faus to about the tcmperilture at which it would be boiled in a vacuum pan. I n this cylinder the syrup is concentrated to such a point that on being difichargecl from it nnd allowed to cool, it becomes quitc hard, m d is at onco ready for sale or shipment to any Clistance. I n working the Concrctor in this v a y tzo ntolas~es whatever is made, but for evcry gallon of juice at 10kOBaumb supplied to the apparatue, it ~ i e l d two s pounds of raw sugar (or " concrete,") of a quality varying according t o the quality of the cmc-jnicc from which it was made. The aclvantages of this method of using the Concrctor, are :l.-The sntn2lnoss of $fie oz~llnyrfquired for the manufacture of a gken quantity of cnnc. 2.-.Economy Znbour.. 3,-ZargeZy i?icraaselt qua7ltii'y of sugar from a given quantity of juice. 4.-Abolition of distillery, chmcoal filters, centrifugal machine, molassce, tanks, &c. Its clisadvantagc is, that th&gh very much'more sugar is obtained by this process from (L given ~luantif~y of cane juice than by any other system of manufacture \vhatcver, yct this sugar does not realise so high n price per ton as vac umn pan sugar. It ia for the plantor to dccidc, multiplying the quantity of sugar produced by the price he call obtain for it: and taking into account reduced interest on capital, in consequencc of tlic comparative cheapness of the macliinory neeclctl for nlalring '(concrete " sugar, and also reduced costs of mnnufacture, through cconomy in 1:ibo~irant1 fuel, wllother i t might not pay him bcttcr to lnnlsc the larger quantity of low piiced sugar, rather than the smf~llcrquantity of high lpricecl sugar. The inrclltoi* ancl 'the n~aliuf:~cturcrs of tlic Concrctor belicre, that unless thcrc be a domntid fir counter or vucuuum pail sugar for local consumption or other cxception:ll circnmsta~iccs,it ~villpay bile planter better to mdcc the large quantity of " concrete " sugar, rathcr than the ~mnllerquantity of higller plicccl sugar. ~ N METECI).--Use D of the Concrotnr in conjunction with thc contr3ngal pachine, t o make counter eugars.

JUNE 1, 1878.

-

THE SUGAR CAKE.

--

The process of concentration is conducted much in the same may as in No. 1 method, cxcept that the syrup as i t leaves the Conoretor l trays," ought cither to bc filtered through bag filters, or allowed to subside for 24 hours before it passes to the cylinder. The object of this filtration is to remove any mechunical iml~uritiesleft in the juice, which if not rcmoved would be likely to impart an objectionable gray tinge to the sugnr. 1n.the revolving cylincler the syrup is not concentrated to quite su high a point as if llconcretc" sugar wore to be made. Prom tlm cylinder the syrup is passed into coolers whcre it is allowed to stand for 24 hours to crystallize ; after this it is clrahccl in the centrifugal machine. The molasses obtainccl from thc " first sugar " may be boiled clom a second time in the rcvohing cylinrlcr to produce seopnd sugar." T ~ clisad~rantages C of this system as comp:~rrrIwith No. 1 method of working, a1~11.--lnc1,ensccl outlay for macl~inory,sincc centrifugal machines, filters and nlolasses tanlcs are nccded. 2.-Increasccl cost of production, for as there are moro processes to he gone tlu*o~igh,so more labour and morc fuol are required than whore concrete " sugar is producctl. 3.-Diminished quantity of sugar obtnincd. The advantage of Ihc process is that it produces a nicc loolrhg eugaz', purc, and of good colour, vhich will sell at a highcr price per ton than concrete sugar. ZED 3fxnron.-Uso of thc Clonoretor as an auxiliary to vacuum pan. Where thc Conoretor is tllus employecl i t occupies tllo place usually filler1 by the "triple e f i t " where that systelll is used in concentrating the juice for the vacuum pan. The Concretor performs this work of prepnrntory concentration for tho vncuunl pan morc rapicily and more econolnically than thc l' triple offct." It needs no la1,ge boilcrs, nor costly air and water p i ~ p p sto aid i t ; it rcquires no skilled wol.lcmen to talrc charge of it ; it d o c ~not rcadily get out of order and if' out of ordcr is very easily put right ngctiin. Whcn uscl1 in conrlection with the v a c ~ ~ u m pan, tlxe juice is only conccntratccl up to al~out1G" 01, 18" 13anm6 on the "trays ;" it then passes to the rcvolving cylind~rwhcre its clensity is raised to 26" or 28' Baumi!. Bltor 1c:~vingt l ~ ocylindcr tho conopntr;~tionof the s ~ ~isl p con~plctcclby tllc vacu1lnl p311 in the usnnl muy. The aclvantagcs ancl disadvantages of this mctllorl of ~vorkingare similar to tl~oscof No. 2 method but liloro mtl~lrccl,sincc No. 3 system ~iccclsstill morc ~nuchinc~*y anrl nloro laboilr a11d fucl, thong11 at tho snma iilne it yicllils a nioro bcn~~tiFril t~ntlhigher prioocl. Augur than No. 2 mctllorl. Tllo timc? occupied by t l ~ cjuicc in kaversing tllo l 1 trays " ie only allout 10 n~inuto~, ilm.il~gwllicli ti~nctllc jnicc is conccutratcd from 8' up to 2G0 01' 28' Baunlf. I n the rcvolving nyliu(l(.r it rcmains h* about; 20 minuto~,cl~ning~vlvllitrh timc t110 evuporution is co~nl~lctcil.Tho sngnr lea~rost l ~ ocylinclcr in such I, ~ t a t othnt as it cools it bcco~i~es L: solicl rnass not liilblc to ~L.ainng~. Tl~ustllo juiao is only axposccl. to heat j'ov nbout Any an how. On tllc l ' t ~ ~ "~ ~vlicro y s tho juioo is thinnost and tlierofore boet r ~ l ~ ltoo

THE SUGAR OANE.

JUNE 1, 1878.

bear heat without injury, the temperatttnrc is about 214" to 216" Faht. A the~mometerplangod into the juice on thc t q s nt nf2y paint T L L T C ~ ~ or never registers more, and even this tcmpmatwe lasts for oily about ten minutes. When the juice passes from tlie "traysn into the re~olving cylinder its temperature nt once falls to about 140' or 180" Eaht. The temperatwe gradually rises as the syrup approaches the outlet until it becomes 190' or 200' Faht. at the point wliere thc sugar issues from the cylinder. Let these temperatures ancl the length of time illwing ~vhicllthe juicc S exposed to them be comparecl with the temperatures of the triplc effet and vacuum pan and the length of timc duwing which the juicc is cxposed to then&,mcl it will at once appear that less harm is done to the colour and chemical composition of the juice by the Concrctor than by the triple effct ancl vacuum pan. If then the plantcr wish to make the classcs of sugar proclucecl by cithcr of the first two mcthocls of moslring the Concretor, he will assuredly produce them fw more arlvnntngconsly to himself by using the Concrctor than by employing any othcr method of man11facture ~vhate~rc~l. If on thc other hancl, he desire to make the h e s t vacuum p m s u e r it vill cost less t o make this with the Concretor :I~LI T:Lcuurn pan combined t h m mith the triple effet ancl vacuum pail combined, vhile thc sugar thus obtained mill be nd least as goocl ~s where the triple cffek is employed, if not better. Of the many Concretors sold, somc are being nsccl in the manner first described, others ale being employed in conjunction with the centi.X~~gal to producc countex s~igms,and others arc being wol.lrecl in the third ma7 mentioned in connection with the vacuum pan.

JUST FUBLISEED. --

Price ISixpelnce. Post Fwe, Sevenpence.

T H E VACUUM P A N WOBKING XN CONNEOTION WITH

THE CONCRETOR, GALT

Lk CO., BlhhTOEIEBTJ4R.

THE SUGAR OANE.

~ U N E1, 18?8.

GEORGE FLETCRER & CO,, BETTS STREET, ST. GEORGEI'S LOXD82Y,

EAST,

AND

M A S S O N WORKS, DERBY, BlrLKILBRB OF ALL ICINDS O F

Multitubular Boiler. ---"""""--"--

Amongst khe Articles ~Ianufacturedme may anurnorate-

Cattle Pumps, Multitubular and othar Steam Boilers, Vacuum Pans in copper or cast iron, Condensing and High Pressure Steam Engines, Bag Pilters, Donkey Engines, Charcoal Filters, Distillery Engines, Blow-up Pans and subs id er^, Air P ~ u n pEngines for Vacuuum scumP ~ ~ ~ ~ Pans, Centrifugal Sugar Uachines, Wi*oughtl r o n Water Wheels, All lrillcls of Apparatus for ReHorizontal and Ycrtical Su~gm burning Charcoal, Mills of 0Tol-y dcsc~
Also,

otl~ey

of

.,

<...\r"lnn.\nh

JfuoJii?tayused iiz. Sz~garPlantatiot~sand Refijteriee, s210ii

as

WREELS, PINIONS, URANE8, CRABS, TOOLS, $tol

~

~

,

THE ST:(iAIL

C,iXE:.

.ILSB

l, 1878.

MANLOBE, ALL BRITISH, COLONIAL & FOREIGN ENGINEERS,

Y ILLWRIGHTS, Works

in

B01LEB UAIKRS, AND COPPERSMITHS. -

Eng*lcold: NOTTINGHAM. Worlts in F r c ~ n c e; ROUEN. Alccnchesft?r Ofhce : BACK SQUARE,

Tho Machines nom made by IVIANLOVE, ALLIOTT Ss CO, are tho result of the experience of hlORE THAN THIRTY YEARS of manufacture, and include the emborliment of ove?y valuable patented and ol;holSS~llpxovemont;the design, mode of oonstruotion, and quality of mateiaialsadopted have brought the Machine to a stat? of porfeotion formeTly thought unattninable. The accuracy in balancing the moving parts, and the lnathods adol~ted,a,nd mixtures of metals eniployed for preventing the heating of bearin~s,and climinishing friction ant1 pomor, constitute advantages mhioh these Machines possess over those of less expe~iencet2makers, some of the contrivaaccs of whom ape re-inlroductions of old and disoartled inventions,

M. A & CO. have boon 811M. A. & CO, have snppliecl pointed the 8010 Nnkcrs in Eu- CENTBIPUGAL 3YIACBINES to the i.ope of the CEN T R I F U Q A L following places, l o a r ~ yof which NACHINES under the following application lnny be uncle for inspecl ~ o n:Patents :15'13 1843 1513 1Sik 1645 IS49

Is19 IS10

1519 IS50 1530 1

IS51

lsll I S jl l S60 S lt.74 1914 187-1 1S73

. .. hl~bllid, x:~rll,~tlos, . ~ ~ ' . . . . . .. llulgllnn, ~ ~ ~ , ~ . .. . . C'tlpe of Good C'olltli~l~ h n c l i t n , (~cYI~I~, .. chin,z, .. t'lil l~I?lIILl ILla, . . .. . . . ]<:RS.lrt, . . l~~~~gl,t~iil, .. ' 1 l-~~nrc, Finll'nll~ . . .. . . . .. . . .. I I ~ , ~ ~ , ~ FIiYIFR . . . . . . . 1,991 T I ~ ~ ~ , I I I ( ~ , 1 1 1 1 . . . . 3,375 1 In(ll.t, SLYRIC; . . . . . i.ji37 I(I<EI,Y S: i l ~ ~9iiT,2~ 1Ihl:T)~lhN 9S9S LLLT,IO'I'T . . . . 10,070 EI$YT1G.. . . . .10,'1!)1 TVILbOY . . . . . . . .12,501 pO"IJ .. .. ,,12,(12(j FTSZEL . , . ,12,0(j8 1:11001\IBN . . . . . 12,7 12 ROT('I1 .13,1123 IIESSl
n1"7i'v

'

1~1,

8

ALLlO I 'I' k FRTEIC . 1,773 BIII'\\TOIfllI . .' . . . . I,T!IS

llIn~uiL;l~a, l\lt.uico, Ncm Sontli \V,llcs, ~Nowl Zt~i~land, ~ ~ , hrnrm,ly, l'oru, l'lullil)i~~o Islands, l'olnntl, P o ~ t olltco, I'll' t N,1tnl, Qtlccn~ldllll, IZlwb~tl, Scothnd, Snil~orlnnd, S\r.cdol,

S l l i ~ ~Sclllorncnta, ls Sl,llrl,

~f +,p L ,~ ~ n Tlinid:~il, [JniLo~lStatcq, "ol!'t \'onc.fitol,l, vicloi i:~, : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ T c r' , ~ l l~~ ~ , T,c.rnvn.il r i l ~ l ~ l c l ~ ,X ~ L I L Z L I , , ~ ~ , lrC1~loit:~,

PR1:XET'I' . . . . . 210b0 / BI~YICILfi. A L L l O Y r . 2,2?j Also Manufacturers of every variety of IdACHINEnY and APPARATUSused by

$sYGAB PLABTEBt,8 & &U@AB BEFIBTERS, - ---

Special Agents forFAIRBANKTS STANDARD W E I G H I N G MACHINES Cunvel~lclltncclu~rtctttt~lI I O ~liublc t o L I C I U ~ ~ C U I C ~ ~ L . . ~

a(;BIcUL b'TJBaL LOCO 8tihOl'LV-E F,ir'l'llmsl~illg,S t c n ? ~Cl~lti\~atioll, %rnvillg,l'lunpillg. :11lti P C I I I : I Y I I I ~n~,rl.i~~lll~ll.ill ~l.nllll<:~.

1

STATIOiirAlZY SrBAM IEPJC)INEB, C)F riii sizci, nnd x i t h Boilors nrrnugcd to burn coal voorl, or vcgelnblo fuel.

PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, for b~wninf;all kinds of fuel, [I~~nion~ns, Sirl~c~1111II~llid's P ~ r t n b !I~# I I ~ ~ ~nro I I L11otr:il ~ P F(,r t11fi1' 8znn11 c011811ml~tion of fllel. Rend snd Sollcmiot,li'8 l'i:l.~!nt;I.ingines, us iliusbrrutcd, oil1 burn st~.a~v, ~*ccds, aaLl;on stniks, meg.n%q,hroshvood, nnd c~l;llcry~,ycti~llic i i ~ ~ l ) s t ~ ~ILS ~ woll ~ f e sas , coal nni1 WOOU. 'T11cy nrn Inl*p(tlyliscil i l l nossin, Xgypt, India, $30uth hmwicn, BC.:and cffccb in somc coul~tricsIL snvinc: ill Cncl of ncnrly $22 a day.

PATEN l! 3-PUBROW PLOUGHS, h.Incl0 &loo~ I L I I2 nlui 4 11lrrc1auRIICCIILII~bllilcd f01' 1li3lrirt.iI\ lhcl*oInbolnr is it-iuco.

STEAM PUMPING NACBINERY, o n wheels for 1po1, ~ ~ ~ . i ~1iI0 ~ pllml,~ ~ l ; i ~ ~nrrnng~Yl ; Lrntr~lrort,or nxcd on S 8Lnnga ovcr hho WRtcr.

ILLUSTRATEID U A T A S ~ O ~ UFEWE ~S ON

APPLXUATION.

TEE SUGAR CANE.

Under the Spacial Patronage

--

JUXE 1,

1878.

of H.R.B, the Priiico of Waler;. THE

PATENT URBAN MANURE CO, LIMITED, CRURCHBBIDBE, STAFFOBDSI-IIILE.

SPECIAL SUGAB CANE MBNKfEtES. EXTRAOTS FRO~\I REPOIWS-

From Dr. VOELCKER, C'l~e~tlist to [he Royal Agricultural Society 9 Z/:,lglro,d: "1877, It is n powdery moll mnclc nrliticial mnnlirc, zmrl, in my j u t l y m c ~ ~\veil t , :~ilirlrtculior the growth of the Sug;rr Ui~nc."

&om Dr. PHIPSON,Professo~of At~nlyticul Che,~zislt.y itz Lorirlor~: "1877. It is the b a t nnd chcnpest Cn~ncImnnrc hitllerto prorl~iccil."

From A. P. BARBON, Un~dctz Stcperintex(Zo~~t,Iio!,icl L l b ~ . t i c ! t l t z ~ ~Socielj's nl

Gnrrlo~~s, Chis~oicl;,,zcrzr Lo,rtlo)~: is tho b a t pntcnt nlnrloro IVO hnvc cvcr nseil." N.B.--T~C URBAN SUGAR CAXB UbNURE is cnlcnlntc~l to lironiolc thn ripclling of tile Calle u ~ drich sncchu~inojuicc, ~vc'hilstimproving tlle soil for thc ncxt scirrun. $

For prices, &C., npply a r ubovc or to ~ U I I I S L L Y . ELWELL, HUTCIIIHSON S: CO., 70, Qncct~ Street, London, Sole hgcnts ior tllu TVe3t Indips.

---

(UNIVERSAL M A R I T I M E . INDEX), FOUN1)GI) I N 1869, I s , as its title indicntos,n collootionof iuformntion i~~dinps~lstllrlo to 1110 :L'LI,\UI':, NAVIG,lTION and &fARlNE C A H l t I A G E ~ fb o t l ~IJ~IYSENGEIISund CiOOUS t h r o u g h o ~ l ttho GLOBE Bud: u n d e r & new mnnngoment, IY now e c ~ m p l ~WOl'li-uui:llIo, te rind ~ v i t h o u rivnl, t lu ~ t s sill be foundF I ~ ~ TThe . full pnrticlllnrn of 811 tho rdillofi of Ocrnn Stcnmora ns moll ns of t h o Sons, Ri-;crs, and Lnkas, i n a form ndaptcd lilr enYy referonco, nud compiled \vith ~ I I m R o s t serupulooa crootiludc; rntes of poasago of nll ulnuses, tilllcs of arrivnl nnd depnrturs, will1 nn Ittdcx of all Stnkioufi on t h e route, tables of distnncas, nllmu5 of vnuscln, lritll Lb3ir tonnuga nod Ilorna.power, and the minute cletnila so ncoessnr?. t o 1118 trll~'ollcr,s o nl.l.ilngerl ns to bo f i n ~ unt n g1nocc.S ~ C ~ N TDh .o ngroemcnt of 1111 LLo A1;:rina S c ~ v i c o of s I'.ul,ope R I J t~ h e Ctlol~o,l l n i t i ~ ~tile g oosnu and internal u~vigntion--'l'nlnu. l l l u alt~bnP~tionl List of I'orts q u d l'lncru, b o t l ~lurga nnd amall, of bolh the sons ant1 river$.-~ool1'ru. l h o I ~ i uof t tllo Sniliug and Stnarn Vossols landing nt the principal ports with tho ?ales ef f/*eivht for c n c l ~~ l n s t i ~ ~ s l i o u . - l : ~ ~ r r r .A liaogrnlihionl Cl~art,sbowingt h e t k c l l of difforenl C o ~ n p l l ~ ito~ rall i pillLs of 1110 World.---Srxr~r, llntes of lExchauge botweon nll coontrios c o r n ~ n r e d~ v i l Fl ~r e n c h moneys.---S~VENTII; l'ostal Sorvioes of ~ o l t o rCirculnrs, ~ nnd Samples. v ~ n h i c ~ t e Maritime ur Universe! ig tllurofcrro t o Knvigst.iou. of 1110JVorld what Druds Iiuirle I S tu tlle I l f l l l l ~ O~f yC;PUIIL ~ HY~LIIIII, l~iI.11t110 ~AVIIII~P!!C it~ful.lllnliol~ ~ O I I I in I ~ no "ttlor poblicatiol~,nnc2 beillg ~ I ' i l l t ~ilnl I"l~llc/d,(he ~lorcrrf11lo.sla f t i r v ~ ~ ; ~ u ( l i ~ . v ~Iultgungr, ~ o X ~ ~ c i~ readily Im(ie~.sttlotlby trnvnllers rrolu ever? Co11lltl.s. To,Rclverli~ersit 'oll'cr~ the adv~uitrrgnof RI, llulinlited circulrrtion in every oolultrv, nl;d i t srlll Lic I'ra~lna noll by tlre h1err:llnnt ill tiro ~ ~ ~ ~ t i n g - ns h othe~ 'ronrist ~ n e at 1l1@Son-~ide,Llle 1:olonirt 111a disl.nllar, and tllo l't~ssongerat all xllilsay Slnl,ions, nud nt Club 1iour;es. Cloil'co-rornr~lsnnxl l-lotols ovr!rywl~nre. ~ ' I n d i c a t e wMaritime Uni~ersolwill Ilo fl,kntl i~~ilisprtntinbl~~ to T I ~ ~ I I ~ Compnllic~ I I O ~ $hip Hlol;crn, and C u p l t l l n ~l ~0 the C~111~llls of rill h'ntiona, Lllo Ollir,r31'~ n f t,l~o null Nlryy osory country, nud to nll inlor~4terlin tllu i n l o ~ c o m ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ori 1111: o n lI'euglcu i o ~ ~ of t11o \Vorld.

Terms for the United Kingdom 25s per illinurn or 10d. par oopy; for Aclvertlsements, l0d.'por iine, or by a.i-i.:tngemant,

HEAD OFFICE: 22, RUE NEUVE SAINT AUGUSTIN, PARIS.

JENE

1, 1878.

TEE SUGAR CANE.

H. 0.ROBINSON L WATERS. 34, Bishopgate Street

LONDON. ESTAELISXED. 1834. ~ ~ A N U B A C T U R B I I S OF

ALL

DB~CEIPTIO OFN ~

SUGAR MACH NERY, OIL AND COFFEE MACHINERY, IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, & BUILDINGS, STILLS. H. 0. R. & W. make a Speoiality of

DOUBLE & TRIPLE EFFECT APPARATUS Effonting a Terp great saving in fuol, the Megass alone being suffioiont fuol for all tho purposes of manufact~ue.

TRAMWAY RAILS 6L TRUCK F I T T I N G S . ESTINATES ON APPLICATION.

FILTERING BAGS & SHEATHS M m n ~ ~ c m mAND ~ n S ~ P L BY~ D

PORRITT, BROS., & AUSTIN, STUBBXNS VALE WORKS,

RAMSBOTTOU, near ,MANGHESTER. JUST PUBLISHED.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

A RETROSPECT ON TIXE

MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FRO^ CANE-JUICE. BY WlLLlAM EATHORNE GILL. London: Whittalcor & Co., hvo Ifaria Lnno. Manchostostor : Malt $ Co., 2, Oo~l~orcltion Street.

ROUSSELOT'S PATENT CANE MILL, 1 S O L E MAKERS,

MANUFACTURERS OF

STEAM EN@INES. STEAM BOILERS. & LIVERPOOL. COTE IklILLS, for Cattle, Wind, Water, and Steam. CANE MILLS, Rousselot's Patent. RUSSELL'S PATENT NACERAlPOR. VAGWN PAPTS. TRIPLE-EFFECT VACUUN AFPARATUS, DOUBLE-EFFECT VACUUM APPARATUS DISTILLERY APPARATUS, f i e & Steam, COFFEY STILLS, CHARCOAL AND BAG FILTERS. DEFEGATORS ARD CLARIFIERS. JUICE HEATERS. ASPWALL PANS. All classes of MACHINERY for SUCtBB ESTATES. The essential feature of the Rousselot system of construction for whicKiLetters Patent mere obtained on the 23rd March, 1871, and the 2nd arch; 1677, is the use of thorough-fare bolts going right through the PRESSES-Hydraulic, Soyew, and Lever Headstocks. By this means all the tensional strains are taken up by the wrought-iron Bolts, instead of for Cotton, Jute, Wool, Oil, Wine, &o bearing on the cast-iron Headstocks,-thus ensuring HYDRBULIG PRESSES-Vatson's Patent, I. Entire security against the breaking of the Headstocks. II. Greater facility in erecting and adjusting the Mill, the arrangement permitting of the easy WATSON'B Patent AUTOIIZBTI(I ORBNES, removal laterally of the lower rolls without otherwise disturbing the:,hfill. .m. Increased quantity of juice espressed from the Cane, the greatly increased strength of the Xi,CORN AND RIOE MILLS, due to its system of construction, allowing harder crushing to be donewithout danger of fracture. WATEIt WORKS, for the supply of Towns, The Rousaelot system of Headstocks, with thorough-fare Bolts, can be applied with great ad-iantage to U R I N E ENGINES, existing M&, utilising the present rolla and lUii-bottom.

FAWCETT, PRESTON

CO-,

SUGAR

CHINERY.

TO BE SOLD, in one lot, a Valuable Set of Sixteen TRACINGS (sizes 50 in. by 30 in. and 38 in. by 26 in.) of a " Sugar Plant," erected in Pom, for Raw and R c h e d Sugars. Each portion of the PI& is in detail a d fully dimensioned with coloured sections. POX SALE also, separately, a quantity of LITHOGRAPHS O F 8lJG.A.R NACHINERY suitable for references, 38 in. by 25 in. For prices and particulars acldress, uSu~an," care of Messrs. WATERLOO Bnos. & LAYTON, Birchin Lane, London, E.C.

HEN=

BENNETT & CO., (LATEB c m m & KENNEUY,)

CONSULTING ENGINEERS, IRON MERCHANTS, M A C m R Y AGENT8 & VALUATORS, 123, TlOPE STREET, GLASGOW,

Make out Designs and Specijicafions, supply a// descrlpl'ions of Machinery, Railway Plant, and M~ferials. SOLIIAGENTRIN F~COTLAN~I, FOR

Brotherhood's Patent 3-Cylinder gngines, Pumps, &C, Bandyside's Iron Roofs, Bridges, Ornamental Iron Work, &c. Lewin's Portable Engines, Tluashing Nachinery, &c, Mr. BIINNNX~TX l i n Itnd ~ :\bout GVO ycitl.8' practical oxporionoo on Sugar Plantations in tho Wout T~ldies,and vjsitod oxtonei~oEstntou in the EatlC. dwy n ~ Nnvy d Qn-cftc snyfl-" Tho pnns oI' Nac~livonSG Onmoron promise to bo houscllold words ii)r gonoratione." I' Thoy colno na a boon nnii a l~loseing to mon, Tllo l'idcwick, tllo Owl, and tllo Witvorloy Pon." " Thcy arc U tronsuro."-Stnlar1aI.d.

MIXED BOX FINE POINTED PENS MIXED BOX MEDIUM POINTED PEPS MIXED BOX BEOAD POINTED PENS

rficciilto~8 J30m!~s oo7ateiniff.q ell thc Ici~idv,Is. Id. b.11 post.

JUNE 1, 1878.

THE SUGAR CANE,

JAS. S H E A R S

& SONS,

BANKSIDE, LONDON, ENGINEERS, COPPERSMITHS,

&C.,

M m n s O P ALL KINDSOF

Sole Eanufacturers of Britten & Barron's Patent Universal Joint Driving, and Suspended Drum, Bottom Discharging'

CENTRIFUGAL MACHINES.

ALSO, SHEAR'S PATENT

UNDER-DRIVEN, SELF-BALAIVCING

CENTRIF'UGAL MACHINES. CONTINUOUS STILLS, AND ORDl NARY COPPER STILLS. VACUUM PAN8, & TRIPLE EFFECT APFARATUS. ContinzcozcP DiscAar,ying E1tn2~ornt iltg Bnozczcm Pans.

Steam Engines, Boilers, Sugar Cane Mills, Vacuum Pumps, &c,

JUNE

THE SU@AB CANE.

1, 1878.

IMPORTANT TO SUGAR REFINERS AND THE SUGAR INTEltlZST GENERALLY. --

SMITH Bc FORREST'S PATENT

VE BLACK VARN Price 116 per Gallon in Manchester. I n submitting to Notico this Varnish, me mould rcspoctfdly enilmcrate tho c~ilvnntt~ges and MAILICED SUPI3RIOICITY clnimed for it, nfter 10

years' trial, over overy Pilint hitherto tried 11pon Sugar Plant and Machinery. 1st.-It is a Natural Pnro Distillocl Val.rlish. 2nd.-No Leads, oxiiles or Corrosive agent is in it. 3rd.-It dots NOT TAINT THE LIQUOR IN A N Y V A Y , as it giv& off NO EVAI'OILnTION. 4th.-Is nloro d~ui.ablothan nny arclinnry paint, resisting tho action of Acids and Corrosion. 5th.-Is 110 IILOTA tKnn one-half tho pricn of Common Black Faint. 6th.-Rctluircs No MIXINWor Proparation. 7th.--May bo r~ppliodby any m~slullo~l labourcr. I t s continued' and extending uso by tho lording Sugar Refinclss in Great Britain, is a guur&co oL' its Ir~con~parrblc Ad~lptl~biliby and Econonly. 'l'h~follo\ving higli-cli~ssfirrn~in Buropo, have used this Vnrnlah -ivitll lnnrlred ~ c c c s sfor yutrrs, iuicl Si~gnrJIirohborg Engi11ocl.a huvc boon suplrlied with it for oxportation :

LONDON." W. ABMSTROITG. Lolllan Street,w'biteohqel I. B&YANT, GO~UIOstoat, ~itaobaliol. JAS. DUNOAX, mydo Wh$rf, Viatorib Dooks. J. F. D m N , St. Ctoorgo's, Whiteollapol, SYDNEY B. HODC+I& SON.FioldantoSt. QODBY 62 BOM, St. ~toor~o's-in-hast, F. WESDEN, Loman Street, D. 'MARTINEAU & BON, Ch~istitian-St, J. L9CHWARTZI Polhnn St~oot. WAINWRIClHT, &AIILDISDEN b CO,, Chrlst~anStroet,, F. WOL&EiWGII,Gommoroinl Boarl, PETER KUGJK, Christian S.troot,

AMERICA.

I

LIVERPOOL. BLACK~~TOCE sua.fi REFININ@ 00,

/

~ \ ! f l ~ L ~ i & ~ R O ~ o ~ E ~ sONS, Oi ~ ~ R &I (K),E GA@ER & oo, LIVERPOOL SUGAR REFINING Co. H. TATE & SONS.

GVEENOCK. A, ANDERSON & CO. BLAIR, REID Bc STEELE. CBRTSBUILN SUGAR REFINERY 00, @LEBE SUGAR RBPINERY CO, , [email protected] REPININGF 00, D, & J, REID, NIIILL, DBMPSTBR L% NEILT,, CLYDE SUGAR RBFINlNG 0;1,

DBCASTRO L DOWNER 8UGAR REMANCHESTER. PINTNB CO,, N:Y, MANOHlCSTER SUUAR REFINWG Co. HIIVEXNYER L BLDlGR, Brooklyn, Limiton. BEDPATlI L SON, Nontito:hl. SIIARP & GFALLOWAY, EEVERE SUciAR RaPrNINa-On., llnltimoro in fillgnr Prictorios nnil Ct h:is tblso bc~r\rl~tscr(l \vit,l~ncrt,ish~cl,iol~ oil 1'1:lnti~tior1si ~ rH:LIIJ:L,I1 O I I ~ ~ C OCic~lot~, ~ I ~ , i \ ~ o l l ~ o u i&C. '~~~,

K

Mcrnufnciory :--/iOL T TOWN, MANCHESTER.

TIIE SUGFAlS 0~~

JWNE

1,' 1878.

ALFRED FRYER'S

FOR TBE MANUFACTURE OF(

1

CU~AR.

-

p p -

I

The Conoretora already sold are capable of supplying more than one-$nth of all the Sugar used in the United Kingdom. The CONCPETOR may be used in either of three ways r ( 1.-Alone,

for ~ndcingGoacreto 8ugtl;r..

See sugar ,Ca?ze, pnga 501, October, 18'70; and page 4.10, August, 18'73.

9.-In conjunction with thc ,Centrifugal, for n~aldug fine M~zscovado. Seo Sugar Cane, page 404, July, 18'70 ; pago 83, Pebruary, 18'71; page 553, Octobcx, 1871 ; page 412, August;, 1872 ; and pago 885, July, 1t774.

&-$ Prepai~ing l@ Syru]) ? for the Vacuum Pan ; for this $1i3~ose it is superior to the Triplo .Eret and much superior to tho Coppers"W'a1l. Sce Sugar &no, pug0 133, SoptOmbor., 1869; pugo 649, Octobor, 18'72 ; nnd page 32'7, JUILO, 1873. _ _-_-____ -__._ ___ ._._- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Por fustllor purticulars apply to

MANLOVE, ALL OTT, FRYER & GO., ENG12TEEF&X, AND

MAWTTPACITURE'bES OF XF@AB MACNIRERY,

BLOOMSGBOVE WORKS, NOTTENGHAN, EMC~.LAJTD, AND

RUE ,D'ELBEUF, RO'ITEB, FRANOX.