1873-sugarcanereview

THE SUGAR CANE. SOME

JAX. 1, 1876.

OF

BAILEYS SPEGIALITIES FOR USERS DF STEAM POWER Manufaotured by 3. BAILEY & CO., Brass Foundrg, Albion Works, Snlford, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.

Bailey's Injectors for Feeding Xteam Boilera.

I3 P B

1R

$

........11.

Ilocse Poner 210

180

prioe..geao

sll

Siae

I411

B.

$15

OU

sli

38

60

G

13

885 g3rZõ &i

$815

10

AILEY'S WATER LI FTERS, STEAM JET Pü'MPB, For Dyerç. Tanners, Bleacl-iers, Sugar Refinem, Paper Malrers, &c. SPICUIrLD CIJIOULAR ON APPLIOATION.

THE STILWELL WATER HEATER, LIME CATCHER AND GREASB SEPARATOR, POR ISIGR PRBYSURI.: ENGINBS AND UOXCBIlS. A Perlcct !Ynstc Stcntii Econoiiilacr nnd Iiicruatntion Preicilti-r-18 to 20 i l c r ecrtl. o t l u c l snvcd. 20 pcr c c l i t o i \B#itcr niived. JvnA'r rire cLarnr r~oni1.. W c clnliii tlint, regnrilcd slrii 317 nu R I I r ~ ~ l inio n , Iinvc tltc boa1 i 8 1 t l i c world; ni,it ns a I~rrrnRiiTnAcrori, i 1 ntnilifn niriiie, i ~ i i r i v n ~ ~iii e t iitw pcrrci.t iictiou. IVC einim t l i a t 1110 iiao o í o u r Ilsntcr w i l l cflcet n nnviiig r i i ~t lelinl IG i i c r cclit, nf í u e l vbiirc s i i í t wnter is >>ao&, n l i i l \vi~p)i" l l l i d " ~tltdI~PIII.C tvittor IR ~ ~ d c di t, v i t i t,IIcct iiH I I Y I I I ~ of trnm 18 t o 60 i i c r scrit. o f tucl, iiirt ti1 incritinri tlic snvlii boili:rn, Ir1 tlitii-. n t i d b obviiitizi t l i e ncccsaitv, occasIncic,l I I *'iicrile ~ >' o í Aii~?!;hy 1' itli>ivin$ i i l f " auù c&iuiittg boherr, ajob so dronilcd Iig csigiitecn. o& 80 onpenulvo to crti~iloyarn.

.

OVEff IOM) 1N USE.

Important t o a11 nbout to eigectWew Engines or Boilers, T i i e PATXNT "STILNUI~L" H

~ A T PANI1 .~ LI~IP ClTOlrnn 111 1101 i i n

melir, b i i t n l i oslnùliilied succaaa, I ~ n v l n s t i i o r ~t i i r tost o f ti11 klnds n f w n t c r ;

,,Sil*r1 ir EX

r n i i i d l i ~ a i t lvi h i c h i t I 8 I i c l i i n ado t r d f y aliir i~iniit p88irticiil nml nrii.liUfic cnp;iiiccrs. ? , t , ~ 2 ~ $ ; ~ 1 ; ~ ~ ~ ~ d I~I ;g BLCaRI PUWEG IX 8 I I I O N ~~IIIII~YI~~P ertd~ino~n~~tt

91 THE No.

IIEATEII CAN O N I X UE AFPLIED T O BIGII-PIIESSURI Iiicliea.

. ::

Irem 9 t o G liore; i i 4 ft. liiyh. 1G

.

"

;; ;;;;a,,

O

o 18 ta 21 32 t o 30

8

.,,;;

:.

7

ili.

ENGINEG.

.............£20. ................... ....................

din~iictcr..

Prlse. ElO.

.I................

"L o;

36 .,.. g

£80.

£00. PHO, ......,.......<.. .................."'Efll. ............,.....

,, I,

I

S l i i i~isLi.iiiiiciiti s ninda of n pipc nn nii. clinmùor, n cliac o? =*ILE 7 S !1IEtiil, Iiiiible nt 212 dcg., a i 111 boiliri; rriilcr, nslticli i s ecciircrl to QREEN ~ x ~ \ L G ~T ' ~s ~ E N113 T""'L" 11s n ~inioulinriiir: n whistlcoii il'n stelii. TL will Iio o b c e m d tlint this Dctcctnr csii Iic nlipliei1 to niiy kiiiil of stcnui boilcr.

R E D U C I I\IG VA LV E, F~~rediicing strnni froiiI Oi or 80, or nnJ

ltigli prít:siirc, to 6 or 10, or iiiiy low ]iressiirc, for Iicmntiiigo r rlryiiigliiii]ioscs. Yary scu;iitive nud clllcicnt. Ali giiii-iiielnl. Scrcnrcilfor liti. &as Llirenil .£2 10 DiLto for l i litio 8 lá Dilto for 2ti. rlitbo B 10 Tliis Viilvc lins iicitlicr c o n ~ i i t1101 riibùcr liiicldrig nboiil iL. :I, 4, o, 6, iiiid Sili., ~vit11tiniigcd t o urilcr, sO8, 11r!r ii~cli.

... ..

1i i

1

P l i i i ~ i mui~ilcLr, , nii1 irndy for Iiiiig, r i t l i aiir iiileii c x t m Insiblc ùiscs :-No. 1, rill Iiriis, Iiiglily liolislirrl. vcry liniickoruc ntid ~ o c df5. , No. 2, villi iroii pilic niirl bnli:; qiiitc iis ~1111sLn1ltinl as NO. 1, b u t iioLsi>Iiiiiirl~oUic,6 3 10%

.-.

B A I L E3 Y'S PATERT FTr8IBLE PLUBS FOR PREVBRTINCI DURNT BOILERij. 7

1

Tllo brat iiir;calinctllevcr niailc ùy Slenin üoila I'roprictors is'l'en Shilltiigr lur n Udlcy'a Piar, to Iisurc ~lcrlectncfcty Iroiii dninngc LlirouK1i low wntcr. Tiie itioiiiciii tlic a n i c r liaeotiicr too low Iic flrc ia ~iutuar, aiiù dniipcr prcvaiiteil I'or

Stotiorinry Docli-ncna.ed

No. 1.

1s. cncli.

to ll/21iigns tli-eii4

I.onac Cnps. 13s. pcr doreli. No. IA, i c r c n c d to 2 I,), gnd Lltrcnd, 16s. envli. Lnose Ciipa. 30%.por iInz~.ii.

1-ive-iiicli cxl.rnslrotip Doiiblc

.,SAFETY

VALVE,

Ycr 00 1.Ii'. Doilci..

A11 wruiight-jroii BILtiiign rinA (Iiiii XCcLiil geatiiig coiilli~cte. SB 105.

Agenf

AAW!~PA!b%Wk?Ps'$,SAL /V/?b,

@ANU=$E$TEW

in Demcvovcr : G. W . R l s l E N , The Leonorcr, Wesi Cor*"'

--

THE SUGAR CANE.

JORN FOWLER

JAN. 1, 1815;

$

COO,

ENGINEERS, LEEDS,

STEAM GULT

ON MACH

hdnpted for khc efficient Cidtivation of STTLT(filIlniid COSTOR in any part of tho n-orld.

FOTCrctulogzies, $c., npply to

JOHN FOWLER & CO., Steam Píough Works, Leeds; And 71, Cornhill, London, E.C.

The following Books on Sugur af fhe very Reduced Prices, Now o11 Sale by JOHN WHELDOH, 58. Greut Queen-Sf., London. W.C. SUGAR.-THE

P R A c r r c A r , SUGARPLANTER; a com-

plolo iiccount of tho Cilltivntion and Alnnufacti~rcof ihe Siignr Ci~ne,accorcling to tlie latcst antl niost approvccl processos, dcscriùing anil compnrir~gthe clifforrnt S ~ s t e m piirsued s in thc E:ist nnd Wost Indica nad the Strnits of Afalaccn, nnd tlic relativo cxpenses and adrnntngea nttcndnnt iipon encli, bcing the Rosult of Sixtcen Yenrri'Expericnce of L: Siignr Plitnter i11thosa coiiiitries. By Loonttril Wriiy, Esq. 712th ~ii~itzot~otis iltrtstvntioi?a, 8290 clolh, 6d. (pi1l~.18s.)

SUGAR GANE.-The

Nature and Properties of tlie

Sugar Cnnc, ~ v i t l Practicd i Uiroctionn for the Tmprovcmcnt of i t ~ Unitiire ancl tho i\Inn~iPnctureof its Products, mith n Clinpter on tlic I\Inniifnctiire of Sugar Bom 148.) Dout ltbot. Ry Cx. R. Portor, P.X.S. PIntcu, Suo, clofh. Gs. (p~il~.

DOMESTIC

ECON0MY.-JUDSON'S

"Tho procoss licing s o olean 11uùsimple tliorc nlipoarn

DYES.

110 rensou

\\4iy every lady slioiilrl uot ùo Iier owu dyer, i r s l i y tlyeirig-iliiy ~hoiilrldut, i i Qrery !~~r:II-rrgiiliit~rd fninilv 1)s ris oomrnon as niirl NIIOIImorr? ng~cenljletllfln \ ~ ~ ~ i l i l l g d f lAny y . yoilug Indy coiilcl begiu liè,' cul~criinoiitoii a rililmn o r fentùer i n o. basili of ivnter, nii11 11roccoù nrtoi.nnrtls io larger nri.icles of dross iu n 1irond.pan or foot Iinlli. 'Plio tliiug !voulrl lio \ror111 iiyiug Srou iuotivos of eoouorny."-Vido Cnsscll's EIo~cselioldG ~ ~ i dIInroli, e, 1870.

JUIDSON'S S'IMPLiE IDY-ES consist of 18 brllliflrit ooloilra, nlltl lnny b e uscd for dyeitig fiillc, \Voo1 Cotton, F'entliors, Bibrrr Lontùei, Hnii, lvory, Bone,\\'ooil, rind for i~iaiiyotller piirposrs. Sold ãg Ohoiiials aild B1alio1io.s i111oi~gÁoatihc TToi.lrl, pricc 011. j o bofllr,.

Proprietors, DANIEL JUDSON & SON, I LONDON.

JAS.1, 1876.

SRE 6UQ,112 L'rlSE.

CHURCHBRIDGE CANNOCK, STAFFORDSHIRE, The Dircctors of this C!omyany beg to USoriii i111 Siigais, (~oífcc,tiiicl Tobacco gronTcrs iii tlie West niicl E:~st Iiidics, thnt they havc novv in 8toi.e a lnrge pantity of tlieir uzirivallcd Unnaw M a ~ u n ~wliicli, s, iulcler lhe aclvice 01 the I I ~ U S~~liinclit ~ niithorities, h:lve liccu espccinlly prepnrecl foi, Slugar-Unnc, Coffec, ancl Tobncco soilr. Thcsc &Innures linr-c bccri, after severa1 grcnss' trial, highly appro~edancl rccon11nenc2ccl by iiinny Phmters iii ihe \Ve:it Ilicties, Java ancl 1\IIaiiritiiis,nricl froiil tlie fact of tlieir being mairiifac:tiirecl from nntiiral soiiibcesaiid coiitniiiing in :L concciltratecl foriii nll the ingreclieuts prcsent in ihe best; F1-ur1n-yasclIiItiiiilre, tlicy arc freqi~entlynlludecl to by writers on Agricdturtal Clioiilistry as silpcri~r 10 any others on soils thnt huvc beci-i soiiie\vlint exhs~ustcdby coniiiiiioiis nl~plicnliori03 strolig sti~~iulnutr;, such ns Ammonia, Nitre, Pcriz~
Messrs. ELWELL, HUTCHINSON & CO., Birrningham and Barbadoes, For Jamnica: WILLIAM BANCROFT ESPEUT, Esq., Spring Cin~dons,Buf Bay, Janinics. For the Maurifius :

THE '"REDIT

FONOIEB OF MAUBITIUS, Limited," 17, Change Alley, London. E.C. Agents for Jnvn : Messrs. JAMEX OQNNELL & GO., Illope Btreet, Glasgow, For Prices, dircobion~for I~IJG, c h . , alq~lyt o Zhc ~ e n c r aMunnger, l or to the nbovc Agciits.

THE SUGAR GANE.

JAY. 1, 1896.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, R$resenii?zg PZalzters, Mercha?zts, R e j ? z e ~ s , nfzd o f h e ? ~ a'?~kf,cstedzit the Sz~gaf-Trede. P~~bZishecE ilt ti7nafor colonial ~lzailsa t the bt.gzzni?zg oJ each month. P"JíG ls., OY 12s. per u m . i?z ndva?zce, j o s i f ~ e e . [TORM

TO To?@

.Editor

01.' AFPLIOATION.] o/ l 1 Tho Sitgair Ciat&e,"

Messra. GLUT6. Co., PubZz'sAcrs, UanaAcstcr. SZcnse entw 11ty N~meas n Sz~bscriber,

SCALE OF C'HARGES FOR ADVEKTISEMENTS,

QUARTER PA#H

,,

..

/

0 15 0

DI~COUNT.-For 3 insertions s , G

,J

,,I2

1,

&r advertis8menta Iielow this 1s. por

........

. . .... . . .... . a

lino,

10

I j 20

pcr ceilt. ,,

,,

Back Numbors nnd Bourid Volumes of '' Tho Biignr Cnno I' mny bo hnil on epl~licntionto the Piiblishors, BT~ssns.G ~ L&T C'o., I'~il~lislirrs,bInnchestcr. 1'EIE

(3STrlBLISBJi.D I A T .iS/,O.)

A Wookly Frencli Journtil, specinllv l~ul~lislied for pcrsoiis rosiiling ubrond who cnnnot roceiro a daily pnpor. T t h thc only French orgnn inutitutcd on tho p ~ a nof tlio Bnglish Wcolcly Joiirntilu and lioricnrs. Ib conipritics sistocii liwou of threo coluni~iscncli, in ali ledy-ciglit coliiiuns of test. A l tlio orid oB tlio ycnr,

the fifty-tmo nuiiibcrs form n Iinnclboina nnd uticful voliiiiic. lCncli nilirilior uf tlie Coirrricr (ZE 2' E~woye" conlnina n coiiiplotc rGsiiiii6 of nll tlio r i o ~ ~of~ IIie s wcolr, orieintil arlielos liy vritors of tliu í i i b t tnlont, a reriom of ttio Prriicli and foicigii ,,rcs;l, a Paris i n r ~ s c n q ~v;ith r ~ n roport ci' ull tlio i i i w l~iores~irodiic~oil ;IC tlici p;%=ii;innthentrcs, a qn%cttc!oi' corilicnlitics,n ii~ilicnIliii11i:iiii,n litor~iry,crilica;il, and biblicprnp~lcEL1articlc, n sc ii:~tific:irliclr, 11~tili~iriirntnry di>l)iitci.~, o[lic;nl ilori~iiients, It nlao piiblishos romniiccs by tho host 1~'reiicli;~iitllurr.

price 19s. pw annum, for the Antilles and Braeii, Bcgulntcd for other countries according to tlio respectivo poxtaçc t ~ ~ r i f f .

q p s - 4 2 , Tflviatoo7t Stwet, L'ovc+?tO'ar(Zoi~,Xoi~do)~Prosy,ci, Uiivvcl, Bditor. Agrnts vrnnteri in iocalitics in whicli tho Joiir~iiili~ not y r ~ rnpresanied. t

JAN.1, 1876.

TBE SUGAR CANE.

CAELRTSBURN FOUNDRY, UPPER INGL ESTON, GREENOCK,

ENGINEERS XI IRQNFOUNDERS, XAXRRR OP

STEAM IKJYGIJYES & BOI-LEIEZS. CRANEB, WINCHES AND HOISTS, mn ALL

KINDB OP

SUGAR-MAKING AND REFINING NIACHINERY, CANBon SUGARMILLS, C L A R ~ ~BATTCXY X ~ , PANS, Br,om-ni.s, BAWAND

C r r m c o . ~FILTERS, ~ VACUUXP.LNS,COOLERS,EZ~ITZRS, Casr IRON TANKB, CENTR~~UGALS, CIIAILCOALXILSS, ELETATORS AND U O G ~ S , V.~CCUN, %'ATEX, LIQUOR AiuD SYRUP PUJIPS.

PLANS and SPECiIFICBQEONS PREPARED for NEW REFINERIES and for REMODELLINCI- OLD ONES.

V A L L T S ROAD, H A U K N E P WICIC,

MANUFACTURERS OF CHEMIGALS

NQNOSULl?HITE AND BISULPHITE OF LIME, Brca fioiii 11x;1r l ~ n ~ ~ u f specinlly cne for 811gnz P l u l i l u ~ o n s . doscrii~tiou o l moilc of aliplicntion will nccoiripnily t h c iuvoice.

JAS. SHEARS & SONS, 3P.i~ur.\cTuI1i:ris

01-

GANE MILES, TACUUM PANX, AND PUNPS, XTEAM ENGINEB, BOILERB, GENTRIFUGAL !dIACHIhiES, DOUBLE-GEARED WETZEL PANS COPPEE STILLS, OLARIFIERB, TEACIIIES, &o. dT.SO,

ESPEUT'S PA PENT CEN TRIFUOAL IC!ACNIIVE8, TAS. 8IIErLRS rC- SC);SS are tlio dusignccu of tliis PLxtcntniid Sola &Tni~iiliicliii.cr~ mitliiii tlie Uiiitccl Iíiiigclum.

THE* SUGAR CANR

JAN. 1. 1815.

FIELDGATE STREET,

SUGAR MACHINERY FOl REPINERIES & ESTATES. T~inbsof :i11 lrinds, Cout,rifilgtil X:ichiiic.:, Liqiiors.

Iiiimps fui, Hot or Cold

BEAnX ENGSNES AND BOILER,S, &c.

TEE

BRITIXH TRADE JOURNAL: A M01THLY REYIEW O& BRITBSH TRADE, .Pirlillsficd

o1i.

thc 1 s t of mafi «zojilh, nt 42, Cnritzon Xtvcct, Lo~rrloil.

Invaluable t o a11 having bxisii~essrelations with Great Blaitain, aad a. Arst-class Machinery Indent-Guide for Planters, &c. S v n s c i ~ r r ~ ~ o1 sOs.: Psn AXNUX,post froo to i111 1)nrtri o l tlio Jlroi.ld.

GENERAL EXPORT MERCHANTS & COMMISSION AGENTS, blbert; Buildings, Oueen Pictorict ZCiree'c, LONDOR,E,C, Iorlents for Morclinn~liscof cvory rloflcrilitioi~oxcoiitctl irilli ciiro niirl ~iroinplitudont lowost iiilidg prii:cn. Coiriniission, oiily 3 lier aeiit, i l C:r
TFiE SUGAR GANE.

JAX.1, 167,

GALLOWAY'S WATER TU BES FOR STEAM BOI LER8

&cLlon of: 'LGnllo~v?y" Boile~,slio\viiig ùacli tium, fhe furnaoes,Deing~r;ame~ns two-flued boiler.

The

'' Gaiioway '' Patent

Bectioii "C Uornisli 13uilcr, sliowing nl)l)liceLioli of ' 6 Gdlowi~r" SII~OS.

Taper Tubos for Xtenm Boile's.

These tubes are nom beinm used almost iiniversnlly in Englnnd in tlie constriiction of titean~boilers hn\ing Zithar ono or two flues. Tkey grcally econorniso tlie fuel, improre the cii.cul:ition, increase the power of thc boilor, and strengtlion tlio flue. Thoy are specinllv adilptcd for introd~~ction into old boilers, nnd aro mndc 6 t h sucli an an~ounh 01taper as to nllow of this boing oasily dono. l'heso tapcr tiibes hnvo been in use upmards oE sixtcen yearu, ancl abovc 60,000 nye now a1 morlr, and the demand ia claily increasing. Tlioy can 'oe íixecl hy Rny boiloi*maker, hut can only be obtained from thc Fatentoes, vho vil1 fiirni~hfull parliciilnrs nnd liat o f firms using the tiibcs on npplicntion.

Mai~ufact~irers of tlie well-known

c

c

GB O I L E E ~& , " (As per sketch annexed),

Upwnrds of two tliousailcl of wlziel-i aro iiow czt work.

8TEANb ENGINES, of every description. GENERAL MILLWRIGHTING, HYDRAULIC MACHINERY, PUMPS ANO PRESSES, WROUGHT-IRON GISTERNS, PANS, &c, EALZY AXD OTEBR LTBTIXQJACKS, BOILZRRITETE,&C., SOREN~oI,'I'EI, STEELPUNCHINC) B~nnu.

W. & J. GALLOWAY & SONS, Knott Mil1 Iron Works, MANCHESTER.

~

THE

SUGAR GANE. Ro. 66.

JANUlmY 1, 1875.

VOL.YII.

tgg Thc wiitora nlouo are responsiùle for thoir stattcrnonts. For Tuble of Co11te~tl8,see opposiie thc Insl pnge o j ench ~Yiln~ùe,..

ON THE TNFLUENCE OF POBESTB ON RAINPALL. Tlie articlcs tliat Lave ctppearecl, from tim t o time, i n tliis iuagaxiuc, uyon this inlportant si~bjcathavo attractcd n consiclcrablo aiuount of attention, ancl have bcen copiccl into vni.iou6: publications, a t homc nucl nlsroaCL. W c hnvc rcceivccl commuuic t'lona froin con.espoilclents in viilely cliffercnt; localitics, nncl now gr0~11) togcther for seproduction somo of more esl~acialinteseht. Dsom a Wcst InClian lottcr t;hc following is tixtiactcd :-

'LI ma8 surl~riscdto iind in an old nlmanaclí, tho othor day, that tho Antigiin rainfall, in tlio yonra 1838-39, nniounted to GO and 60 ino1:lios rospoctivoly. This boing tho case, it is an intoresting quostion, whnt hns cniisod tho Mghtful Ia11'ing off ? Wns tlio islmd moro wooded thon? or i s tho climnto of tho Wcst Inclies gcneraliy boconiing dricr P << The riilo of ono csooec2iugly d ~ yonr y in overy nino orton, scoms to hnvo held good from thon iintil tho p~esonttinio ; thoy aro indicntcd by Lho crops of 1836-7, 1846-G, 1864-6, 1863-4, and 1872-3, so tlint tho poriod nl)pcars to bo ono of nino ycars. Biahop Wostefiy romni.lrcd, iho other dny, thnt mo soc~ioilto be 13aseing tlwougli n cyclc of clrouglit, tliat ho ùid not rornonibcr so long a timo boforo, whon tlie rainfnll rins bolom tlle avorngo continiio~~sly." L< 11 may p0~1inps intcrosii tlio niithor o! tlio vory intorcsting artido L On tho Influcnco of Porests on Rainfiill,' wliicli lias latotcly appcarod i11yoilr pi~blicntion,as mo11 nu soino ol yoiir nilnloroue rondors, lo ltnom tlint tlio nccessity for l~roliibitligtho ~vliolosnlodostruction o1 moods nnd TorosLs waa iully ~ocognizodin Lliis sinal1 islnnd nccirly 200 yeiirs ngo. I oncluso you t i i i oxtrnct froni n local Act datod 1702 :

2

THE SUGAR CANE.

JAS. 1, 1875.

"Year 1792. Thnt vhcu nny spring ariseth, brook or rivcr runneth in or thougll any porsou or persons' lancls tliey b1iai.i not cut d o m or clear any stancling .nroods, undoi.moods, coplis, or buslios, or ci~uscthe same to bc donp, or Gre ~ e to t it willingly to conwme thc Eamc vitliin twenty fcet of tho sanm of each side, if in cane or proviaiou ground, crcept they do immediatcly ~ l a n tao miich g~ounLZas ia bcforc cslire~scd,nud by thcm cleared fully mith planting kecs of cach sido of such spring,broolr or rireip,thnt thc eame mny bo shndocl or covorcd from thc siin, (tlielaying tlie sanic open ùeing oftcntimes thc cniiso of tlicir clrying iip,) and whcre any spring miscth, brook or rivcr runneth tluough paature, then the stanfing mood, iindeimood, col~ps, nnd liiialics shall bc lcft iinciit clown, as :aforosaicl, on each side of tùe snme for tho spaco of thirly fcef, and an-y oy all persons offenhg hcrcin shall forfeit ~ n losc d as a fine, to oiir Sovercign Lady the Queon, tho sum of iifty pounds curront monoy, for ewry fifty fcet of ground thoy shall clear oí lny opon na aroresaid nftcr tlio date of tliis pica& Act." Tlic ETon, Liic Letellicr, Xinistcy o i Agiiciilti~rc of thc D o d n i o n of Canndn, rcceiltly infoiuied thc mitos of t h c articles which hnve appearccl in Thc iSfzbgn?- Calas, tliat Iiis B o ~ c i u n i o nis t quito nlive t o tlic iii~portanceof tlic conserration of forests, both ne a pcrmanciit somcc of wcdtli nucl also in orclcr t o tlie msliutcnante of

a s~iitnbleclimato. Notwitlistanding t h c imiiiensity of

thc trncts of forcst nrhioli coiifcr wcalth upon .this mngnifieont coloiiy, it is (pito cyicleizt t o its Govcrnn~onttllnt if íts ii~csti
JAN. 1, 1875.

THE SUGAR

CANIL

3

thc oartli's surfaco, vliich is thiis bcing esliaustccl. Sour mighty forosts soem capnblo oE supplying a11 tlio tiinbcr that tho whole race of man could ncerl for ages ; yct a rery modcrato coinputation of tho rate nt mhich thoy aro bcing cut down, anil will l~rcsnninblycontinuo to bo, by n popiilt~tion incrcnsing rapiiuy in nuiiibcrs m d in tlie clostr~ictivo cnlx&ililics ~vhicli clinractcriec modorn civilizntion, n~ould bliow thnt ihis coiintry will be i nboiit the samc period which wo in England donuded of its forcst ~ c n l t l in havo calculatecl as probably limiting tho cffoctivo cliwntion of o u storos 01 conl." Tlic iuflilcnce o£ forcst on cliiiinte Iins cugaged tlic nttcntioii of t h c Britisli Associntioil, ancl a Comnfittcc lias b e c n nppoiut;ccl t o i n ~ c s t i g a t ctlie s1.1bjcct. Thc r e p o r t mil1 bo lookeil f o r wiC11 conN r . J. P. W i l k o y , oQ E s c t c r , mritcs :"Tlie collection of fnots and opinions gocs fnr to establisli tho thoory as n rulo. I aru inclined to think that tlie silcnt oollcction of olectricity by tho trees from the atmosplicro, nncl t h ~ i sconvoying it to thc groimd, lias nluch to . do with tho growth of vogctt~tion indol~ondontly of n i o i s t ~ ~ o Wo mny wntcr thc plnnts 4i our gardons, in very dry vcethor, ancl Ire011 thom alivc, but a Iiumid air mith n siiltry, cloctricnl stato of thc dmosphcro, ovon miklioiit rain, aooms to prodnoo moro fertilising offocts. I rcnion~bcrroacling i n m y penrs ngo of an oxliorimcnt mado, I thinlc by n Scotchrnnn, wliich illustrntcs this princil~lo. A parall~logram oi groiuid ~vnsboiindcd b y n f~irrom, plougliod imo or throe inchos in dcl~th,and in it n stoiit iron wiro v a s lnid. Tmo clry polos, fourtoon or fiftoon feet in Zieight, moro plnnted dong tha nxis of the pnrnllclogrnm, nud anothor iron mire mns r~trotcherlovor tlm tmo polos and its onds Tvoro lod domn to thc groiincl and seciircil rcspcclivoly t o the centros of tho vires occupying tlio furrows at tlie ends of tEio parnllolograni, Tho miro in tho i ~ i i ~ o m mns s sociirod by stoiit, vrooden crooks nncl covoroil by the soil. This mns triod in n fiold prcpi~redfor tlio gromth o i liaday, anil tho result was said to bc thnt tlio crop williin tlio onclosiiro ivns aboiit doiiblo the quantity oi tho rcst of tlio fiold. T can supl~osetlint this plt~nmay b~ic iml~rovadon by linving pointod miro forks at tlio tops of tho poles, and vires suspoudod on tho connocting viro. I havo frcquontly noticod tlint ~vlionsorno portions 05 tllo l>rush~vood, from olilq~ingsof hodgos, aro sufforod to 'onlain in tllo fiolcl, tlic grnss bononth thcso thorny branches apl~earsto grom !aster than tlint mliioh doos not conic nnder its iníiiionoo. Tliis is also porcopliblo iuiclor tho wiro icncoa, nom BO common in tlio clivision o1 pncldociks, &c., as thoiigli n oiwont oi cloctricity collccted by tlio ynilings lilayccl from ono s~il~port to nnotlior aiicl ~limiilntoil Lhe gromth of tho lierhngo,

THE SUGAR GANE.

J~LW.1, 1815.

66 pcrhaps sutficient attention has not beon paid to the vitrtlising cffccts of electricity in pl'ant culture and thah tho systomatic al~plicationof somo mode, on the principie I have alluded to, may bo found procluctive of ndvantage evcn mhere the rainfall is not supposcd to b0 adcquato to tho roqi&oments of the plant. Probably an affinity or coinciclonco of electricity and vapoiir oxists 80 that these conduotors of eleclricity, diothor in tho form of trcos or of iron wires, may be found to bilng f i e cno mith tho othcr. "Perhaps the establishment of n system o%wiro clcctric concliictors on a somemhat cxtencled sede mny be p'odiictive of moro [rapid nnd profitnble effects in Antigiia, than moulil bo tho waiting for Lho gromth of bclts o1 trecs. "1mould further add that I bclievo i t is ndmittcd tliat a11 bodios which evaporate become electrified, gcnornlly nogativoly, biit somc'cimos positivoly; and that the vapour is in tho f i s t cnso poaitively, and tho Iast negntivcly. The oporations of natiire apponr to talco tho form of onclloss circlos, and thus whilst cliiring the day thc hoat of Lho sim abstracts irom Chc pcrspiring lcaves of tho troes, tho positi~oly cloclriíiod viqioiirs; at nigllt thoy aro returned, yicltling to coml~nsnti~~cly ncgntivod ir008throiigh tlioir pointed or serrated leaves, that amoount cf mcistiiro anil olcotrioity mli4cli i# nccasanry to maintain the equilibrium of hcaltli. " I am somewhat puzzlcd respccting the Eucalypliis, tlio planting of mhich is stated to be ao valuable in coiintoraoting Lho offccts of malaria. I t is said to absorb ten times its woight of wator, so ns to dry :up tlio swamps in whioh i t may ba plnnted; ai tlio sumo timo, i t yiolds a strong cnmphor iiko porfumo thnt complotcly doatroys malwia. Shie socms to bo a most beneficia1 provision .Cor mnn, biit ono mould thinlc it suicicld to itsolf, as it does not appear liow its oxlinustcil ciupplios of ~vntcraro to bo rol~lonisliccl,if mhat is roportcd of it bo tho facl."

Anotlier vnluccl c o r r c ~ ~ ~ o n c lw o ni t c s :('Tho only remecly for thc injiirccl clininlo, t l i d Iins occu1'rod to mo, mould be that of m Imporia1 lonn, nt low intcyost, for plnnting nnd consorving mountain Iancls. I talco it that a ain:~llsiim ~voiildsiinico ; liut mhatovcr it bo, I tear i t woiild bccomo Lho 11~oyof Wcst Inclii~njobbory."

Queoilaltincl sugars hnvo bccn ~ o l i lnt niictiou to-clny nt priccs ranging from $24 10s. t o £32 2s. Dd. pcr toii. Hoilolulu augars fetched from £21 10s. t o $28 1%. Gd. p c r toli.-(Szcce?zsla?zdcr,

Septeut6cr ais$, 187'4.

Jm. 1, 1870.

THE 8UGAlt CANE.

5 -

-

BARK EXTRACT AND THE CDNCRETOR. The incrcnsing scnrcity o! oak bbai;lr iiscil for tanning puqoses Iins lecl to tlic cmploymcnt of othcr siibstnnces more or less rich in tlrnni~i. Wliea forcsts o i onk wcre more common in England and a more sparse population reqriirecl a smaller aupply of let~therthnn nt prcscnt, sucli. substnnccs as clivi-divi, gambior nncl catechii vere prnctically iinlcnomn. One 01thc varieties of thc bnlk of trecs most rich in tannin is tlint of tlie h e d o c k spruce, mliich abounds in tlie forcsts of Csuada. Tlie cost of trnnsport of so builky an nrticlc opposeil an obstncle to tlie export of thc barlc itscll, arid it bccnmo evidcnt tllat i£ its valunble propertics sl~oiildbo iitilizcd, soinc proccss of extraction mould nced to bc resortcd to. Accorclinçly, cntcrprising ruen mero not vaating to onibarls in this busincss. Tlicsc constructeil nppnratus for mncernting or for infi1si.g lhe bark, ancl d s o for ccnccntrating the liquor to a solid, or nearly solicl formo Tliey soem, Iiowever, to hnvc overlookcd the cU.cnmstnnco thnt tannic acid is uilable to -cvitlistand thc iiifluience oi prolonged or sevcro hcat, nncl thus thc varioiis clcvices foi conoentrntion, mliethcr by meails of stcnm coils or ùy tlic nalreil firo, provcd failures. Sho tnnnin wns con~crtcdinto gillic ancl pyrogallic ncids, nncl thc bullit procluct wns almost valricless iu thc tannery. Soon it; bccame nl~pal-ent tliat, nt lenst, as grent cnrc was ncccleil in tho concentratiori o! bark infusiori ns in solutions of sugar, mil nnother attempt mas made by n person who availod himsdf o f the cxperience nncl atlvice of ono of tlie most scientific and successfiil sugar rcfincrs of the New World. The cxperiuienf; prcved succcfisful, nncl thc rapid increase of the morks was ona oi tho outwnrd iriclications of its very lucrativa clinractcr. An English Compnny, fuirnislied with abunclant cnpitnl, subscqucn2;ly ciitcrcc2 into t11c business, nud by thc int~ocliictionof ~a1~iouls sliglit i r n ~ ~ r o v c ~ ~in~ cthc n t smode of rnaniifactiire tliey bid faii to estnblisli a rcputution for procliiciiig the best brancl of vaciiinn cxtract upoii tlic markct. A fuw otlicr Companics, b o t l ~ in Canada ancl tlie United Wtates, aro ongngccl i n tlie mamfactiirc of bark cxtract; moat of thcss conc111ct tlicir opcratioris upon n

6

THE SUGAR GANE.

JAN.

1, 18'75.

l i d t e d s c ~ c an(l , ]lere aud tliore iuiglit bc foiiilil n llcrson ongagod insolublo problem o£ concentrnCing vitlioat ilizo ccgar~ito upon t h e effectsof heilt ; bilt most, oi*nll tJJcso, l l n ~ obccn compollecl to coase operntions. ~h~ of prnctiscil in tho bcst w o ~ k sis somemhat ffollows:-Thc hcmlock, onc of tlic most innjostic oyeradorii tlic primcval forosts 0 l (Jniiacln, is clivos.tc(l ~f greenç ;ts buk duying n vcry f c v T C O ~ iii~ i110 ~pl'ing. ht tlint porioa of $he yea tlic bnrk cnil bc yon(lily strilipcil, nnil nb that timcit is suplloscd to contain tlic groatest nillouiit of tiiniiiii. Tlio bark is carcfully stackecl nonr its plnoc of gromtli, anil protcctcd fyoni rnin. I f tlie krecs nrc morth it tllcy nl'C prcparcil fiir tllo snm d, nn,j nncl timbcr are nlilcc irnii.il~ortcdnt somo coilvciiient time. &ter, ~~rlicil tllc groililll i~ 1ini.d witli host, niid t1io snom lies thiclily iipon it, hauliilg opcrntions arc most casily por. ffoymed b y means of tlle filcdgo. T h e neighboiii?hooil of n bnrk factory ]lresc~ltsn ii~iicpoapprnrante. Acres oS grouilcl nro covcroil witli btirli, nll cnrcfillly sLnckod, 80 thnt it can bc mcnsizrcil iii cords. A conl is oight foct in lcngtl1, four feet higli, nnd foiir foat mido, or 0110 hiiiiilrocl anil t.vvonty-oigllt cubic feet. The factory is l~lacccli n ilic ccritro 01n bai.1~district ; tlio ilonrcst supply ia f i s t cxllaiifitcil, anil tlicii Lho bai.lr roqiiiros to bc! lial~lo~l from a pnclunlly miilenii~gcirclc, aiirl iii thc conrso o1 n fow ycni.8 t h c cost of haiiliiig bccoiiios ~~~~~~~~r~blc wliori t l ~ ciul~cliiiicryiiiust bc sold off or transporlccl to scinc uiit.i~])po(lilistnct. The hark, usunlly iil kwgo blioobs, io onrtcil iilto tlic fnctory nt n- higll levcl, niicl is pnssccl tlirougli a " rossliig iiiill," n iuaclliilo for rapiclly p l n n h g off LE portioir o i tlio o n t c ~ILLJ'O~H 01' tllo r)arlc, ~ ~ l i i c 1 ~ are pooc iii tnnnin niiil ricli iii sili^ li^. T l ~ ~ n cito is crnclrod ~ p , nnd p ~ ~ f i i througli ng tllc ordiaary 11itrk niill~iiscil ~ ) tLiiluortJ, y it faus coC~l'~13ly gi*nil~l~ntcc~ Ul)Oii a trinrclliiig boll or (lylill(lric~Lil Hcrcm, ~ h i c hconvcys it to Llic mooilon vnta or l c n c l ~ i vcss~lg. i~~ ~l~~~~~ cylb(lcrs, mhicli aro nboiit toii foot iii (Iirilii(>tcr, rLliil iLll clolltll, caoll proviilccl vitli ti. pciaforittctl fill~o~ o [Lro fi]lcil ~ ~ groiind b a h . TIot ~vntcris s l ~ r i ~ l b lO~ i~[C t110 P snr~ltcoby

~

JAN.

1, 1815.

TEE SUGAR GANE. -

7

-mcanf; of a rotatirig t~ibc,filrUibllcd with pcrforntions, wliicli ncts 8s nn cmissivc engiiic or Btlrlrer's mill. T ~ ~c: c t c rCI~SSOSVCS til~ tannin anil first issilcs i'rom t l i ~lomcr pnrt oP ihc ycssol :~t spccific grnvity of tlboiit 1026, :ilid rcscmblcs port mino in colour. mhcn tlic liqiior bcc~mcstoo ~ c n to k wnrri~ntits concentration it is s~iffcrcclto iiow ovcr n hcsli " lcncll." It is cssontial tlint in!iision shall not oomc into contnct iron in niiy pnrl of tllc psoccsr;, for tlic union of tnniiin witli. that motal will proiliicc n blftcJ~clyc ; in fnct, it will mal~cvpriting iuk. Iron vnciiiim pnns, ab011t te11 fcet in c~amctcr,nnd lincd mitli t f i ~hcc.tcopycr, arc i1~1ldlycuploycd for thc concontrating of tho liqiioT. moro tlic indiibtry ns iiinLiired ns tlint ol sugas rcfinhg tlic bnrk cxtrnctors % r ~ i l l ( llisvc cliscoí-crcd tlic objections to tliis foriu of coiiatrizction, u ~ dlilrc , s1ig:cr rcfinrr~,w0111clI i n ~ eclisemiled it in favonr of paus iiiado 01 bdid coplicr or brasa. Tlic vacuuiu prcn is clinsgcd witli ~~cnllr @osli9acL, aiid, ns it is boiled nvay, frcsli siipplics arc clrnwil in iintil :~ftera proloiigcd trcntiucnt mil mucli ngitation, cxtcliiliilg ovcr.rnnny lionrs, tlic proccss of coiicciitrntion i6 coiuplctcù, nilcl tllc finishcd cstract, rcscmbling i~olasscsia conrjistency nncl clarct iii coloiii8,i 5 nllo.\vcilto Bow into a tnnk, wlicnco it is d r n m oír iilto tight bnrrcls cout:~ining nbout fonr hiindred and fifty pouncls oncli. I t s ilo~sityi8 a11~1itlint two oiinccs brought iip to n winc pint mitlli v:~Ccr,nt 60" P., slioiilil iiidicntc n hpecific grnvity 0.C 1023, OS 23" irlioil tlio f o m of nroonictcr, stylcd thc I ~ is far in nclvnncc bnrlconletcri" Tliis ~ ~ T O C C BoS[ V ~ C U I boiling of tlic olil inct~ioíls; biit n dclicnbc mlcl nnstnblo siibstaiicc, such as tamin, onnuot p:iss tlic loiig ho~irso1 fiory ordonl quito imscathecl. A onsunl g1,lnnoc at tlic inctlioil of mnkhp bark cxtr,i.netslloms thnk tlic proccss i~ in its iiift~ncy,anel mntcrial improvcmcnts rczlcliIy siiggcst t1;llomsolvcs. TIic Iiitlicrto liicrntivc clinractcr ol tlic bnsincss, anil tlic iiovclty oi tlic proccss, nccouut lor tho clcfccts ; but tlic gro-\ving cos~~i:riciiccof tlic mnilngcrs nnt1 tlic stiniiilus to oconomy niisiiig iroiiz Ircriler coml~ctitiori,will achiovc iniprovcmcnts i11 moro tllnii oiic d~~p:n,Liiiriit of tlic L~ihiucss. It occnrrccl to soiilc gcntlonicii iritcrcotcil in Cniinda tliat tlio Concrctor .wliicli lilid lxovcil ao miicli bcttor tlinn tlio vnciinm pnn p -

8

THE SUGAR CANE.

JAN.1, 1875.

for the concentration of cane juice, moiilcl offer similai, advantagcs in the inspissntion of bark cstract, anel accorclingly thcy ordcrcil a Concretos of tlie lmgcst typc. Tliis picce of appnratus was uniquc. Tlic t r q s mcrc a11 mnde of solicl brass o£ a specially tough quality ; tho cylinclcr anil its voliites T C ~ G madc of solid copper, ancl thc tnnk, purnps, ancl a11 connections, wcre madc of one or other of the nforcsaid mctals. Tliosc portions of tlie Concretor mhich were maílc of coppcr nnd brass mcighcd not less than t e ~ or t twolvs t o m ! TLic Concretor mas duly erectcd in Bielboiu.nc, n clistrict nbouncling in hcmlock, nboiit eoventy milcs east of Nontreal. Por reasons iinnecessary to csplain thc machine hail not yet been pot into operation, nncl thc ausiliary nppni*atusfor leacliing the bnrk was inadequatc. Tlic Concrctor lincl bocn nlterccl nnd ndnpted to thc vork it hncl to peiform, espocinlly iii thc rnctl~cclof reclucing "clie tenlpcratiire in ihe cylinclcr to tlic lowest point ; aucl, as tlie alterecl forin cl8ered in somc important respects froiii the Concretor as constructcil for sugar, it was cleciiled to protect tlie invention by Letters Patent. Mil1 T d c , Mclboiirne, is vcry wcll aclaptctl to mo& an sxtiaact fnctoiy in an cconomical maimcr. Abiincla~itly siipplied with water pomer, whicli clocs not fnil cvcn in wiritcr, tlle steniii cngine is dispenscd mitli, nncl thc bar]< is ground, thc watcr piimpccl, anil the Concretor cl~ivenby pomcr clel.rvccl Irorn n tiirbiiio. Dnring the recent visit of Mr. Fryer and Nr. Alliott to Cnnacla, it mas clecicled to gct tho Concrctor to vork, anil to tcst tlio qnnlity o£ its procluction ag.,ainst thc bcst cxainplos tliat coiilil bc obtnincd lrom the vaciiurn pm. Tho .Liia1 wns tho morc intcrcsti~g,inn~nziic2~ as it mas a contcst bctwecii riinniilg ccncorns niidcr tlic managcment of cxpcriencecl operators, nnd a siuglc cssay, with an iiniised planiit, bnclly siip1)liedwith tlie rocliiisito nppnrntus for prcpnring tho juice, aiicl worlrecl by pcrsons nlso wlló had no prcvicus cxpcricnce wliatevei8. Bafk was dnly pwchasccl, ro6sec1, grounil, ailrl lcaclicd, nníl on tlie 5th of Novcmbcr a gooclly asscriiltlago of pcrsons inct to mitiicss tlic first trial, it beiiig ilccidcil to m:tlra tlic cxpcrimcnt ns publio as possiblc. Aiuong otliers, Dr. Grnlinm, thc 1)rc~iilcnt of tho railmay ; lIIi7.Mnckcnzie, ol: tlic En~teiziTomniships Bank ;

JAN.1, 18'15.

THE SUGAR CANE.

9

Iúr. Hobbs, o.£Montreal ; anil the Hon. 3EIeni.y Aylmer, N.P., were prcscnt, md as the dny passcd on tlic conipany incrcascd in nuiubers until tlie building mas more than pleasnntly fillccl. Grcat nttention wns pnid to tllc process by tllc gcutlcmcn beforc mentioned, anil it niny be iloiibted if n single tomperatnrc were recordccl that Dr. Grnhixm did not c a r ~ f i ~ l lverify y liimself. Tlie wcak extract passocl ovcr thc trnys in a stnte of activo cbullition, ancl in abozbt as nznny XINUTES ti9ri.a as it zooul(Z rloqt~2j'o t o yoninin noms in. ths aaczczwi. pcin, it fiomccl on" t h trnys into tlic recciviug tank. Shc tcnil,crntiirc nt t l ~ i spoiiit mas 181°F. Whcn thc jiiice wns thiri, sny nrlicn it gaiigecl Icss than 40' on the brirkometcr hot, it TOUS passcd agnin ovcr thc lovcr nnd coolor portion of tlie tyags. Froin tlic tanlc, in ~vliicliit lost n fovy degecs of licat by evnposnting fsom tlic siirface, it prissed into tlic cyliuc~crat 2~ tempcratiira of 176'. IIerc it mct witli a blast of lientccl nii. raiseil in tcn~perntiircas Iiigli ris tllc ficrccst flrc tlint could be mado tvoiild afford. The following tcupcratnrcs wcre takcu at; iliffcrcnt Cimcs: 20-1°, 362') 30G0, 316'. Shiu simoon mas cbam ovcr the cxtcnclcil iiioi~tciicdsiirí'ttcc clisplaycd by tlie volutes mith whicli tlic cylindcr is fillcd. As thc licatcd nk toiiclieil the mct snrfnccs tlic tempcratii~cinstnntly fcll, anil thc nii. tlirit cntcrccl n t onc enil of tlic cyliiiclcr nt tlic teiiil~crntnrcsbcforo given, emcrged in lcss thnn n scconcl olt tinic t ~ tthc othcr encl, mhcrc tlio tlicriuomclcr inclicated tlicsc fignrcs : 145O, 102', 1 10°, 108". Tlic conccntratecl or fiLinislied cstrnct flovcd nmny in nn intcrmittent strcniu at little morc tlinu blood liont, tlic tlicruomctcr rcgistcring TVlicn tlie hniid was ~ili~ngcd in tlio EinishccZ .logo, 108', 105.'. esti.net it mas fio ncnr tlie toiiipcraturc: of tlic bloocl thnt i t iulpartccl scarccly auy seusntion of licat. Somo sliglit difficiiltics vcrc csl~crionccclby thc oporntors in tlicir f i r ~ lcssny iii iilnkiug bark cstinct, as tlicy dicl not knom precisely n t ~vliuttcmport~ttnrcsnncl ilcnoitics tlicy slzoiilil aiiu, b i ~ t tlic rcquisitc knowlcdgo was gaiiicil uí'tci* a littlc prncticc, ancl i t mas cviilciit iliat 1110 iiicthotl miis ~iriiplc,nud tllc appnratus was morlccd mitli casc ; nbiiiiil:~ilcr!of licliior nild n ficrcc Eirc bciug tlie waiu rcpisitcsi. ,Eicvcri~lilttrrcls of cxlrnct ncrc madc, nmply

10

THE SUGA3 CA.NE.

JAN. 1, 1875.

silfficient to comparc v i t h thnt of othcr m k c r s bùth in tlic tnmciy nnd laboratory. All prcscnt scciiiccl to coucur in tlic cpinion thnt tlic proccfis mas simplc, prncticnl, nnd cccnomicnl, bilt how thc procliiot monlcl bear comparison mitli thc stnuelnrds of othcr makcrs rcmninecl to be seen. Coloiuing mntter of a rich i3iibytint is nbi~nilantlystorcd in tlie centrnl layers of thc bn*, nncl it is this which iinparts tho eríquisitc tint mbioli characterises n samlilc cf unscorclicil extract. Coinp~ingthc Concrctor extrnot mith tlie staililard sm11ple~of lcacling malcers, it wns f~lllyas clcnr nnd bl.iglit as tliey. The siniplicity of tlio Coucrctcr factory whcii oomparecl with tho old process is strilring. I n thc latter, n long range of stcnm boilcrs is neccled to goncrntc stcam for thc vacuuiu pniis for ilriving tho steani engincs wliich mork thc air 1Iniul)s aurl condcnsing matcr pumps. A11 tlicse boilcrs aro dispcnsocl witli in tho Concrctor fnotory. Stcam cughes, air p~zmps,conclensi~lgvntcr puupfi, nncl vacuum ~ I ~ I I B W also C abolishcil, thc Concrctor nlonc beiug rcqlirecl in tlicir stcncl. Tlie q~iantityof f ~ i cnccdccl l is nlso vcry consiclcrably rcducccl, nn(l tho numbcr cf attcndmts is also cliininishccl. Onc systcm is rcmarknblc for its coiuplcxity, tho otlicr for its simplicity. Whcn nll tlic bark of n district lias becn lcncliccl anil Isurnt, and tllc timo nPrivcs to ii~igrntcto n frcsli cEstrict, the facility with which tlio Concrctor plant can bc taliou iip, trausportcil, and rc-ercctccl, contrasts most ii~voiirablymith thc rlifficiilty csperienccd, thc cxpenso incirrcd, nncl timc mnstccl in re-crecting thc cngiiios, boilcrs, pilrnp" mel p m witli tlicir nctwork of pipes nnd tlieir nuiltit~iclccf joints. ,Slioulcl the procliict of hotll ;liiictliocls provo cqiinlly good, tlio cconomy cf thc Concrctor prooess is probably suo11 us to lenvc n hnnclsomc profit, evcn slioiilil tlic 1iiai;l;et pricc of oxtrnct bccome fio lom as to cntnil nbsoltite loss i~pontlic olilcr vnc~i~liii pnn conccrns. Tbo Concrctor cxti.net wns siibi~iitted to lcadiilg tanncrs, mho statccl tllat it nppcarecl to bc of tlic finest qunlity. Snficieilt tima has 11ot yct elapsecl t o coliiparc leatber tnnncd by it with thab prcpnred by tlic ocdinary extrnct,

12

T H E SUGAR CANE.

Jm. 1, 1875.

A rery practical n(1~lvnritngcto bc ~lc~ivccl from tlic manufnctiirc estrnct vhich nt a. less npparciit consi~tciicyis actunlly, both of as jiiclgecl by itr; tnnning propcrtics nnd its clciisity (inclicated by thc recoguiscd stmdnrd), telb 2 ~ 0 ce~at. ' sho?zger than tlie bcst iil tlic m ~ l ~ eist tliat , of tlic cost of oiic barrel, anil thc freig"nt of it and of its conteiits nrc snvecl oiit of emry ten mnile. This gnin is iiiclcpcnclcnt of tlie lnrgcr onc arisiiig from tlic htrinsic vnlue of the êloncrctor cxtract b c h g ton per cciit. grenter than that cf one lcacling mnkcr, aild tmciity pcr cciit;. grcatcr thnn thnt o£ anothcr. If tliis c~trao~tliiinry diEeicnco iii value bc clue to tlic cntire absence ol iiijizry by thc ral~iclyroccss ancl l o v teiiipei.at11i.c of tlic Concictoi*,thc gnin in qudity vil1 be cven more conspioiioiis tlian tlic cconoiliy of n~nnu~actiirc. Thc experimont is coiisiclcrccl to be perfcctly aati~facto~y.Tlie Coiicrctor nt Nill Vnlc mil1 soou bc ia rcgi~lnrmorlc-tlic precursor, it i 0 hopcd, of many otliers iu êl~zilacln-anil it will reninin to bc seen i£ the vaciiiiu pau can continuc to hold its groiinil i n the fncc of its competitor.

NOTES UPON ANIMAL CIIARCOAL. THE PRESENCE O F FEIZROUB BULPEIIDE I N CHAR.

BY ~ o B I ~ RFRAZER T S~\IITII, ESQ., F.C.8. (Colttihued fro~jt pago 829.) From "'l'lio Olioinicnl NoT&"

-

Z ~ p t .4.-14 grms. or aiihyclrous cnlcic sulphnto, G griiis. of rediiced iron, niiú 3 of Innq~blaclr~ o r cintinintely mixcd togotlior, nnd esl)osed to a full rcd Iient i11 a criiciblc for m jioi~r. After cooling, tlio ninss wns piilverified in n inortnr, nnd aftcrvnrda hoilecl in a flnslr with stroilg ncctic ncid. Tlic niilonzil of H,B evolvecl was very trifling ; t l ~ cresiduo, however, was completcly docornposccl hy HC1. Thc renction wns noG stiidicil f~zrtlier,tliu object aiineil nt boing to prove tlint iron is quito cal~nblcof n~l)rol)rintingtlie fi~lpliur to itsolf iu l7rcsence of nu cqiiivsloxit aiuoiint of o:bloiuiil nncl a snilicicntly elevated tcinper&ti~rc.

Jm. 1, 1875.

T H E SUGAR CANE.

13

z ~ y t5.-Equivnlcnt . woights of cnlcium carbonato and ferrons aul~hidewere heated to the tcmpernture requisito for rovivifying ordina~yohnr, bat no portion of the sulphiir mas trnnsferrecl to the calcium. The evil cffcotri arising hom the prescuco of snlphic2es in cliar ai9e in many houses nevor felt, nn(1 to choinists oinployetl iii sticb tho subjcot mny possoss littlo iillerost. 0 n tlic otlier linnil, rnnny English nnd foreign rofinerios linvo siifferoil iniich, ospecinlly sirico tlio nnsparing use of sulph1ir clioxide hns ngnin bocomo fi~shionnble. Tho nmount of snlphnto in c21nr, though it may cxcoo~l1 por cont, con c10 no harm unlogs the temperntiire has boon oxcassivo iil tlio lrilu. If the tempernturo hns beon too high, onlciiiiil inono~ull~liiilo is produced ili the first instnnce. Tliis si~bslaucocnn elo no pcr)lztllze+zt injury, iinless iron is present to dx m d pexpotnato tlic sull>liiir, Tho sugar liquor dissolves tho onlciiiin snll~liido,ncquiring t11o moll-lrnown dissgreeable tinges probably drio to some siil~stnnco nlrin to Bo colouiing mntters of Croissant nnd Grctonniòro. Sho offcct nt tho time is sufficieul;ly ilistressing nnd disastrous, biit Lho charconl is ilob nnything tho morso if proper cnro bc a i onco oxercisoil, If, ~OTVOVOL*, iron be prosent iii quito suEcicnC qtiautity to tnlro zig nll tho rciluceil s u l ~ h u r ,nuil if this over-hcnting slioiild oooiir moro than oiico or twice, thon n disoase " hns bcon iii~ro~2iicocI wliioh is nlmost boyonil cure. Fermeutntiou, eithor 11ntrira1or nrtifioinl, iuiisl bo rosortod to, nnd this is a romody mhich is oftcn not iiinch battor ihnn tho broublc itself. Tho noids liroduc~cl01- tisod nltnclr niid ilestroy, iii ~ p i t cof varnishing, the iron cistcrn$ nnd tnlilrs, niid by iutrodiioirig i'rcsli q~inntitiosof iron iuto chnr, wliilo nt tho inomonl ronioving tlio sulphicles, siiil~lyaprcnil n uot for tlio gntlioring of n hosh siil~ply.

I felt iutcilostocl to imo^ ~Qh0tlloi.~OCO~TOIIS suXpliido woiild bo ~ C C O I U poscd by lactic ncid, tlio ~oprosoi~tati~~o ncicl of soiir siignr lirliior$. Xopf.6.-Syrupy Inclic nciil nnil nriliydrous fcrroiis siilpliiclo Tvoro lioatod togcthor. Tlio l d l e r was coiu~~lotolydocoii~posod mitli tlio nsiinl ovolutioii of gns. Bz21t. 7.-Soiir swoet malo~" wns l~oi~rotl upoii fiilcly-di~iiloil ferrous sulphide in n flasii. This Was corlsod willi a liicco of fl lond,

14

THE 6UGAR CILNZ.

JAN. 1, 18'75.

paper " inserted in the nock. Aftcr a fem liours, the pnper was tinge& ancl fie brown liquor, nfter filtrntion, when boilccl, md tho gas passed through lead ncetate, yielded a grey-coloiireil precipitate Xzpt. 8.-A portion of thc product froin E s l ~ t .I. WRS boiled mith saiu ram liquor. Tlio groaier poi'tion of the sulphur Tas evolved as B,8. Tho cxl~ulsioaof ferrous sull~liideby the organic acids of ~ u g n r liquor is slow anel ilifficult,as comliarecl with the calcium compound. -&pt. 9.-A snmple of chnr received from an English refinei.y, and containingCalcic sullihnto = 0,619 per cent. Ferroiis sulpliide = 0.407 ,, was plxed in a tiibe, anct ram sugnr-liquor of 23" B., contniniiig 1 per cent of Iactic acid vns slomly passed thongh ; the char being ~ n l l y thoroughly vnslied with ilistilled wnter at 170' F., chiecl, and briizicd in the usiinl way. After this tilentmcnt, theCalcic si~lphntemas founcl = 0.601 per cezit. Fe1.i.o~~ eiill~hide ,, = 0.350 ,, With clccidedly acicl s~veetwaters the sulphiíles are psrtly dccomposecl, though not to thc extont oftea imnginecl. V h e n rio acicWy is allowecl to clevelope, the sulphicles are sure to accumulate, especinlly ~vhcatho chemist in charge is too lazy, as lins happened nom and tlien, to mork out the causes of such nccumulation ancl to poinli out tlie only cure. Of course, in Greenock, such a stnto of affairqs could not possibly exist, as ou? refiners loolr well to their orvn interests, and employ chemi~tsin their lnborntories who aro " diligent in busines~." The mcthod used for estimating ncidity in raw dark-coloured sugar Iiquors by ineans of staadai*dacicl anel litmus-paper is quito unreliable, as the the nllraline salts of orgnnic acids are alkaline to test-paper. A better way is to weigh out 5 grms. of liowdered heshly-heated marble, and boi1 gently for n few minutes iu a flaslç d t h an invorted coadenser until gas censes to come off. Wash the marble by decaritntion, dry, ignite gently, nnd meigh. 40 pnrts of cnloium=89 of lactic ncid. Expt. 10.-Sainl~le of chni., coatainingMiill)liatos = 0.659 per cent, Ferrous sulphide = 0.360 ,,

JAN,1, 1875.

TIIE SUGAR CANE.

15

tvns boilod with wnter for fonr hours, collcctcd, anil wnshed -ivitli boiling-mnter. Driotl lierbctly, slioweclSnlphates = 0.503 lier cent. Fcrrous sulphido = 0.377 ,, The sulpliiclo is uiinltorecl, biit tho sulliliates npo preceptibly climinislicd. Expt.11.-Anotlici. sniriple of the same was wnsliccl witli boilingwnter nutil thc wasliings ccnsed to rcnct mith baric siill~hato,di~iod, anclSiilplintcs i O.GSO por ccnt. Forrous snlphido = 0,382 ,, Zvpt.12.-Tlic clinr from last cxpo~imentvns trontecl with its propor proportioii of i~ontrnlrnm liquor, thon wnshed witli. 1lot.mater. Sull~lintos =. 0*GG8 por ceilt. Forrons sull~hiclo= 0.407 ,, Tho motliocl still .fi.eqiiently usecl, of eslirnnting tlic siill~linrin chnr by monns of iiirniug nitric ncid, is noithor so nccurnte nor so olognnt n8 tho potassiriiii nitrnto procoss. 5 grms. of iiilely-liowdoro(1olinr aro mixod vvell ~vitli6 or 1 0 grms. of a niixtnro of eqiial pnrts of absoli~toly sulphur-froo l~otnssiirinuitrnto nnil carbonnto. Aftor licnting i11 tlio miiflo foi*linlF-nu-hour, llio somi-fusocl mnss is waslied into n bonlror wilh boiling-wntor, ELC1 ncldoil i a aligllt excoss, anil tllo soluliou vigorously boilod for soiilo timo. 11 is t1io1.1 filtorcd niid trontocl ~vitli bnric clilorido iu tlio iisunl mny. h iniiiiito arnount of siilliliur oxiste nlong mitli tlic onrbon in orgnnic coinI)iild,ioli; in nu old chnr, ono ostimdion gnvo 0.02 par conl. As tho iron is so closoly conmotod with tho sulphiir, n vory old chni. mns Ialcon, nnd clividoil into vnrious siacs, lo nscortniiil whcther in tliis onso, also, Clio i ~ o W n ~ uniformly H clist~ibutodth1*oi1glitho tulk. 1 2 to 1 G , Os9!2por cent forrio oxiclo. 1 6 ,, 24 , 0.99 ,, t7 2 1 , , 8 0 . , , . 08D1 ,, 9, 30 ,, 40 , , , , 0'08 ,, J9 1 0 ,, GO , , 1 , O G ,, I> 6 0 ,, 60 1-00 ,, 19 Iiilpalpnblo diist. , 1.92 ,, P9 Tlic avcrago amonnt of iron i11 t~vouiy-Evo~ininplouof morlriiig stoclce ftom nll linrl~iof llio Iringiloin wns 0.75 Fo203. (To Bo c0~1d~1~tod.I

.... . .

.. ...

16

THE SUGAR CANE. ANIMAL

Jm. 1, 1875.

CEARCOAL.

To makc this, boncs nrc first boilccl Llioroiighly to oxtract the fat, ancl arc aftcrwnrtrils calciilccl in closc retorts. Tlio prccniitions to be notecl mo-uot to cailry tlic boiling 01, stearuing of tlic boncs so far as to cxtract any considcrablo nriioiiut 01 gclntino, as t l ~ i s woiild cliruinish tlie perccntagc oi cnrboa ia thc clini,, anil it is to tlie c d o n tlinl; the char owcs its clccoloring power ; anil again to hcnt thc bones at a lom tcnll~cratiircfor a loag tiuic, ratllcr 1;llnii at n higli tcrnl?erntiu'c for n shortcr pcriurl. i\. higIi tciupcrntnro p i c k l y caiisos tlie poros of tllo chnYta coiibract, alid so cliiuiuiijlies its suifncc to thc prcjuclicc of its qiiick nctioii. J-rosli boaes mTo bcst adaptei1 Por tlie iiinnuhctiisc of cliar " for tllc rcfincr; tliosc cliig 111) .ti,oni old battle-5clrls, and tocliuionlly tcriiiecl cainp bancs, ase rcry inferior, bcing contniuinatecl ~ i t cnrtliy b mattcr niicl iron, and aro besicles gencraLly dcficicnt in gclniinc. Tlio hard portions of bone ngain yiclcl n bctter char tliail tlie softcr, siich nd tlic ball ancl sockct joints, for thcsc give n sliclly olinr cnsily friablo, and us siich being colistnritly rccliicccl to pomclcr iil courso of handling, nrc a l ~ tto cause trouble in mnking n qnantity of " first rnnnings " of si~iipiii.liqiior m11ich liavc to bc piit ovcr agniu, from bcing grcy ~vitlli tho suspendecl particlos oC cllnr cliist mliioh Iiavc como tliroiigl~, Ncm cliar slioiild bc mcll mnsliccl beforc bcirig iisccl, to oxtrnct tho soliiblc sdts whicli moiild otlicrmisc bc talrcn iip b y tlic s u g n ~ liqiior, ol vliicli it moald il1tci.f ci.o mitli Lho crystallisntion. Tlio size oi g a i n iiito wllicli t11o calcinctl. boiics slioidil bc brolrcn is a considcrntioii. Thc smaller tlio grniii, tlio quicltcr tlio nctioii o.£ thc char, anil thercforc tho lcss timo tlio sngnr fiyriip nccd bo lofh in colitnct witIi ih, {.c., tlic liquor nlny bc run tliroiigl~nt n grcntoi~ sl~ced. Thc sizcs in liso by tho English roíincr r a r y from coa~so snnnil to suznll pens. Altcr iiso 6110 cliar slioizld bo mo11 wadiccl, i! possible, vitli thc clistillccl 7vatci. from tlic morms of tlio vaciznrn pms. I f siigar bc loft in tlie clinr, L i clogs it, by clopobitiiig lts ctwboii iu i t wllcn thc clinr is kil~cclfor 6110 piirpofio o! rcvivi-

THE SUGA11 GANE. ficntion, and tliis carbon ciocs not nlqloar to ham niiy l~niticiilnr dccoloring pomcr, for i t is foiincl tliat clinr hnbitunlly bndly mashcd rnl~icUyclctcrior:~tcs. Bcforc bcing liilrieil, tho cl-iitr nmst bc vcry th~~oiiglily driccl ; for if i t bc t l i r o m into n rcd-liot kiln r h i l c wet, tlic cnrbon of tlic chnr rcacts iipoii tlic rratcr-boiiig bmnt off, g i ~ i n gin n littlc timc n cfinr of bluc-grey ooloiii., of but slight posvcr. Of coiirse nnytliing tenchg to the ilimhntion O£ tho caibon ~ r i l lgivc iisc to tlii? nppcmnncc nncl its consoquciices ; thus lcaky Elus nnd coolcrr; arc to be avoided, as mcll ns i110 c q o siwc of tlie char liot from tlic kiln to thc air. Thc tcmpcrnturc nt mhíeh the chnr slioiild bc " blunt" is n IOTV rcd, anil it shoiild bo kept iil the kiln only so lolig as is reqiiii.oc1 for tlie pcrfcct clecoinposition of thc organic mntter; for it is foiiilcl thnt every rc-biirning of tlic clim ca-iifics ti, coiirlensation of itfi porc,~,aud n consequent lcsseniilg of its pomcr ; ancl, therefore, i£ tlic chnr Iins becn biirnccl for tvicc the t i u o tlint mas ncccssnry, tlle Iiaim done to it wns oqi-ii~alciitto that conscqiieilt, to tmo biiiniizgs. 0 n tho otlier hnnd, it must be kept in minrl that a high igilitioii for ri, filiort perioil is rniicli more liarinful thnn a l o v ignitiou Ilor tlie nccessnry longes timc. Unilcr-bi~rnt" cliar is to be nlost carrfiilly avoidcrl, as l i p o r i x n owr tliis acpircs n yellom tint morc oi loss dcoy i n proportion -to tlie ninoiint of orgauic mattcr lcft iziiil~eoiiilioscC1. Undcr-biwniiig mny bc most casily anrl rliiickly (lctccted by tiikiiig aboiit 5 grm. oIl thc chnr iccliiccrl to pom-dcr, anil boiliiig i t mitli. aboiit 10 c.c, of cnustic socLa solntion O!?sp. g. 1.0: for a iam mhutes, nclclirig aboiit 40 c. c. of clcnn colcl vater, nnrl filtcrinç (though pnl~er,fiiucc tlic alkali is too cliliitc nftcr tho nddition of thc mater to att:xclr it). Thc filtrntc, if tlic chnr bo v c l l btirat, is perfectly coloudoss ; if iinclcrbiirut, it is morc or lcss ycllorv. Thc burning of t l c11:xr ~ sliould bc chcckccl by tliis tcst regiilarly a i l d frcqueiztly, for i t is sliccr mnstc of lnboiw to put siigni. l i v o r s over iindcrbiirnt chw. Iii conclnsioii, I lnny add thnt tlic clinr slionlil uot bc piit iuto tlio cistcrns iintil siiiEciciztly cool t o lio frecly hnncllcil; for if siigir liquors, tlic fiyrnps cspcci:~ll~, bc riiu on to it vllilc liotter, it destroys ( 1 coloiir " (i.o., caiiscs n coloring).

18

-

THE SlJctilR CANE.

JAN.1, 1875.

ARTIFICIAL SUGAIR-COLORATIONI N TRANCE. Attention hns nt varioiis timcs Iriccn cnlled to tlic prncticc OS caramelizition, or nrtificid colorntioli witli biii,nt siignr, by vl~ioli the Prench cvaclc thc payment of the cliity propcrly bclonging to the class ao colorod, nnd, by meana oE tlic extra-lcgnl yicltls, obtain tbnwbacks .to which thcy are not cniitlorl, anil rcap nn i m e n s c bcnofit nt thc cxpcusc OS tlic Froncli Trcrisiiry. Thosc practices hnvc bcen thoroiiglily ox11osctl in tlic Nntionnl-Afisciubly, on thc n~ithority of N. Poiiycr-Qricrticr nntl otlicrs, an(l wcrc dcsignateil by tho polite tcrm of " Ioga1 frr~iids." Aftor tliis pi~blic euposure, the PrencEi niitlioritics for tho first tiiuc tlioiiglit i t necessmy to ilrn-iv thc attcntion of tlicir rcvcnilc officirils to tlio practiccs in qiicstion, anil sincc tlicn thoy hnro n-ppnrcntly not bocn so openly cari+etl on, as ailrcrtiscnic~itsof cnrnmcl, to bc zisccl for cololing sugar for the l)iirl~osc01 iuislcnding tlio Cfo~cr~niuciit assessors, no longcr appenr in ilic Frcnch pnpcrs, aiil no cii~ciilrirsus to cararnolizntion similar to tliosc 7vc l1iilsli61icd somc timo si::cc hnrc renclicd tis. Birt tliat thcsc or similar prncticcs nrc slill going on, nncl to nn irnrncnsc cstcill, thcrc cnll bc littlc iloi~bt,:~iiclwc hnvc tliis wcelr oiu.sclues sccn a, snnq~loof n liiiil of snPr tliroiigli mhich it is stntetl tlic Prcucl~Govcrnmciit is n losci, to nn nlikilovn but probably vcry 1nz.g-c ostcnt. Tlic 7?~0~7ils o)ic)*a~~ili itr, TTC nitc told, ns folloms :-Sitgnr is iuaiIc procisoly :IA if thc Gnost wliitc crystnls wcrc nboizt to bc twnctl oiit. Wlicn tho hiiear is on tlio ~ o i n o£ t colii11letioii, n prolinrntioii, of ~vliichtlic bnsc is i111 (4aili?1c @e, i a ailclecl, ctnil rizstcaci of the sugar a 1 y o n ~ i n gof the ooZoza o] No. 20, as it ~ t a t ~ r ~ azuozrid, l l y i t asst~mcsthe rppc(wnlUoo oj' No. 1 0 of the fic?zoh stnn(1nrd. SIic rcsiilt is, thnt n rcfiiicr iii. bnyiiig tliis sngitr ~voi~lcl lia~rcit assesscd as No. 10, r1nt1 tlioiigl~tlio htrciiglli. of thc mgar is nctunl?~yOG per ccnt. (;.o. lic .,voiilld ostract OG kilogrniunics of lonf siignr oiit of cvcry 100 Iíilogramiiics ol: m~v),lio i 3 rclcnsccl Erom liis boncl to liny cliity on 100 kilogrmliiizcs of 7n.w on lircsontiiig 80 kilograiuuics of lotlf siignr rcndy for oxportatioii. Tlic iliKcrcncc of 1 6 kilogrnnimcs is mlint is callc~lt l ~ ccstrn-lcgnl yiold, nucl woulcl rcproseut, nt tlic duty of 73 £r,inco tlic 100 kilograiiiiucs,

Jm.1,

1875.

THE SUGAR C U E .

19

a 1 ~ 0 f i or t boulity of 11 frmcs 68 ccntiuics tlie 100 ]rilog~1l1111~~, 5s. pcr cvt., mliich woiilil bc gninccl by tlic Frcilch rcfiner at t l ~ espcnsc of tlic Trcnsiiry. This, on n turnover o i 1,000 tons n mcck, mhicli is no iinconirnon qiiantity for one rcfincr, cithcr horc or abrond, to niclt, woiild rcpresent nn anniinl siibsicly to tho ~cfinoi* of £260,000, npnrt from tlic vast profit inclircctly gniuctl by tho foui montlis' creclit grnntcd by thc Govornincnt cn nll (liity pnyments. Wc are told Zhnt tllc aniliuc clye is not nclclccl i n its p ~ i r c stntc to tlic crystnls, bnt thnk s largo proportion of it is first &cd mitli somc fingnr, mllich tlicil xssiiiilcs n ncarly blnclr hiic, i£the samplc prepnrcd for tlic coloilring proccss vhicli was slicwn to xis bo n corroct onc ; it is aclílecl iil this statc, the very traiisparclit pretcst ninde iisc of to tllc rcveniio officcrmho is looking oii being thnt the mnkcr lias some spoilt sng:ti wliich lio dcsires to iuiu off. If wc nrc coi.i.cctly informcd, this l ~ o c c s sis carriccl on to n grcat extciit by thc mnniSacbiircrs by n~rrniigciilentv i t h the refincrs, anil siich n c;ii.cnmstantialstaLoment as thnt vhicli lias bcen madc to iis, col~oborntcrlnot only v i t h snml~lcs,b ~ ititli ~ t iiaiucs, cci~ttzinlycnlls for prompt invcstigdioii 011 tlic pnrt of thc Prcncli srigar prciss, vhicli v c liope i t will nt oncc rccci~c,citlicr for a complctc refiitation or for thc rcmoval of so griovons a scnuilal. It must bc clrarly iiildcrstood thnt tlic stittemcnts as to tlie nnilinc dyc wc not ours, bnt thnt wc siiill~ly rcpcnt tlicm as thcy hn~rcrcachccl 11s. If çucli things rcally go on, it is iiot to be vondcrcd nt thnt Frcnch refiilcs last yew a c r c on tlio nvcragc solcl to Englisli biiycrs at 2s. 10~1.por cmt. lcss thnn to Frcnch buiyers, nor tliat tlic Englisli rcfiiicrs linve v i t h fcw cxccptions bccn tlsivcn from tlic trailc, to thc grcnt iiijiiry o1 tlle itnm siigni. ma;lrcrs of Prance.-Prodlcco Mi~lzefsBcview OS

.

Refcrring t o tho above nrticlo, tho Jozvnal dos Pccbricnwls of tlie 19th Nov. says :-"Tho fiorluce .,Vi~Ists.Reviczo, in its Iast nurnbor, clenoiinces the practice of nrtificinl color,ztioil, niid ccliocs n reliort, nccortliiig to which, Frencli wliitc sugnrs nre ilyccl milli nniliiio, antl by tliis process degrnded into corumon sngnrs, mliicli by tlioir aypcnrnncc cscnl~cf'oui tlic clnss to mliicli tlicy ronllg bclong, niiil thiis

3.w. 1 , 1875.

TECE SUGAn CANB.

21

l , ~ ~ r "iilt0 the centrifugol rnncliine coutaiiiiiig tho white crystnlrr." I n niy quality of impzrtinl observor of those practicos, I c10 not think that any blnme cnu legnlly be attachecl to tlio ninuufacturers, whose business, after nll, is to prodiioe sugar which will febch the liighesti price." In point of fact,-in Qce of nil importailt proiluction, nnd whon, ns the result of tha present nckuowledgeil vicions fiscnl systaui, tho ~ r i c eof a11 sorts of sugar, made in good faiib, ~vhetlicrbrown 02 while, is nrtiiicially degratlctl, it is nlmost a question of lifo or dentli to produce sugar which ~vill6iatisfy the refiners, sud nt tho snmo timo secure a sntisfnctory result to the man~~fncturors."

PliENCIrI OFS-ICIAL SUGAR RETULtNB. (I"'.onl 2hc

<'Joio'iiut (20s Ta'n8,-icntzts"

of Dcccj~tlie~+ 17, 1914.)

Tlie o6cial tnl~loo£ tlio produclion nucl movomcnt of incligciious sugms (in France) up to tlie 30th Novcnibcr, whicli Iins jiist beon piiblished, acqunints us mith thc rcsult o1 tllo prescnt scnsou. Tlio procluction cstiiiiated by tlie p i s o 011. charyc is 332 niiiillion~of Idos., against 200 millions last year; biit tlGs silrpliis of 2G d o n s is sololy cliic to tho notivity 01tlic mnnnfncliii.o nnll tlio weight of roots thiis early clclivc?roclnt tlic factorios. The p a l i t i t y of jiiicc cstrnctcd ~ ~ ~ O aW AE II I ~ ~ ~011U R6,397,753 hectolitres orcr lnst yenr; but tliis jiiicc l i n ~tho Enrno ùoiisity, 3.9,aud clocs riot yield mora syri111-sny 1 litro 6, Ly lioctolitro ancl by dcgrec. The qiinlity of tlm bcot root is vnrii~l)lo,riFi .wo frepcutly henr. In the nggrognto it is ropo~tcílto n11l)ronclh closcly, but mil1 certainly iiot excoc~l,tlinl of 1:ls.t; mnsoii, xvl~ioh T a s biit midclling, ospccially i£ tho prolongntion of tlio x\rorlciilp; ancl tlie nlterntioii which nl-ivnys talrcs plncc nt tlio cuil of Llio pmiocl ir;tsken into ricoount. The incrcaçc uyon last yenr ia, wi t#llloiit iloiilit, soiiiomlird, considcrnblc, aucl miglit lcad ono to os]>nct n lLl~,go p~»
aud wlich, a t present, it is impossible to forecast. Everythhg inclueos us to believe that thcse excesses will l>c small, nncl that our cnlculations, wliich carry Lhe production towarcls 420 millicns, l~ill bo bnt Little surpassed. Oiir mannf'acturers aro much clissatisficd witli tlieir mork and the (lirniuiilion of tlie returns, wliich i s a conseqnence of tlie very gicat and prematcture alteratioli ia tllc roots. They also coqlrtiil of thc 10v price cf S11gnrfi, whicli, h o m e ~ c r , t l ~ o statitisticnl situlztion slioulcl impro~c. The cxl~ortatioriin Novciubcr reachcd the cnormous qiimtity of 41 iilillions of browu sugar, ancl on tltlie 30th of Noreniber thc total of our foreigi oiitgoiilgs cxcccclccl hy more t h m 56 ruillions thnt of 1:ist year. Tho resiilt is n, ilcficit of 10 millions a t tllc factolics and in cfztrepu"t, mhich is an important ameliorntion. Tlie general prccliictioil c£ Eiwope is estimntcil i n tons, as follows, by N. L i c l ~:t

. . . . .. . .. .... .. .. .. .. . . .. . .

1874-5.

1873-4.

1872-3.

1871-2.

288,972 396,578 169,250 150,000 '70,366

258,663 408,649 214,106 150,000 75,978

198,166 355,361 161,528 90,000 '73,236

1,035,000 1,110,166 1,142,396

873,291

Germany , , , 255,000 Franec ,, 415,000 Austro-Hungary . . 140,000 Russia antl Polnilcl 130,000 65,000 Belgium .. . .

Total.

.. ,..

-

HIILPIN & ALLIOTT'X XEW SUGAR NACIHINERY.

Tlic iml)rovcmciits d l i c l i havc bccn iuailc diirhg thc past fcm ycnrs in plant for thc ma~iuf:ict~~re of silgar linvc, ccnsidciing tlie iil-portance of tlie inilustry, hccii vcry f c ~ in v uíiiiihcr, and cspcciiilly li:ivc tliere becu fem efforts 111ndc to cffcct radiccil chnngcs in tlie constructivc detads, which liave becn long provcrl to bc dcfcctire. Unclcr tlicsc circunistauces TVC bclicve mau7 of our rcnclcrs will

JAN.1, 1876.

THE SUGAR CLUTE.

-

23

rogard n-itli intcrcst soiuc iiiiprovcmonts in siicli plant mhich 1i:n-o bccn latcly designccl ancl pntcnted by 11s. Drziitt Halpin, in conjunction nriB Mr. Jamcs B.Alliott (of the mell-knom fim of Nmlove, Alliott, anil Co., of Nottingllaili), and of somc of mliioli mo girc ei~grariilgs. The first of tllcsc ii~iyro~-cmcnts rcfers t o thc coiistrnction of TTTctzclpaus, anil it is illiistrntcd by tlle acoompanyhg cngravings. ils is v c l l lino.wn, tlic Wctzcl pnn, as ordinarily constriictetl, is a soiirce o! niucli troiiblc. It consists of n coul~lcof clinmbers, cacli forruod of n pnir of clisliccl plntos boltcil togethcr niouilcl t l i ~ circi~ùScrcncc, tlicsc chnu~bcrs bcing conncctcil by a '' rc@l" of ~ w a l l c pipcs. l Tho triiiiuioiis ou n-liicli tliis nrrangciiicnt rcvolvcs aro fised to tlzc outcr ilises of tlic two cliaili1,ers rcslicctively, nlirl ns tlic oiily connesioii b c t ~ r c tlic ~ ~ icliaiizùcrs is that mailc Isy tlic pil~cs,thc lnttcr nrc subjcctcd to scvcrc torsionnl nníl c~ossbcncling strni~ls,oToing to tlieir hnriiig t o trausruil tlic clri~lingmotiou as -\vcll as siqport tlio veiglit OS tlie appnrntiis. Thcsc strnins bccomo cspccinlly sevcre wlicn t11c sugar bccoincs stiff towarils tlic cncl CP tlic boiliug, as is cviilcncoci by tlio frcqiient slilq)ing nncl flying off of tlic i l r i ~ i n gbclt. In tlio iiqroved awnngcmcut mc illi~strtitc, a tliorouglily meclinnical moclc of construction is siibstitiited for tliat of mkiicli mo liaro jiist spokcn. Tlius rcfcriiug to tbc cug~~nvings it will bc sccn tlint tlic eiicl chnmbcrs nsc brass castings scrcmecl upon n siibstnntial cnst-iron tiibiilnr slinft, whicli. cxtcnds froiii end to cnd o£ tlio iiincliiuc, a1111 upon mliicli tllc bc:wings aro formocl. Tliis shnEf; forms n rigicl conncxion bctwecu tlie tmo clianibcrs, mliilst it nlso rccci~esa11 tlic clriving strains, ancl carries tlic wciglit of tlio rocl itself. Thc two clinrnlicrs being thns thorouglily siipportcd independeiitly of tlio pipcs, tlic lnttor can be clisposecl lielicnlly as shomn, this modc of nrranging tlicin iscilitating tlieii' ciitry iilto $110 siigar, ancl nlso provi(1iilg pcrfcctly for cspansion nntl contrnd,ion. Tlic pipes arc fiscci by cxpnncling tllcir cuclri into thc liolc~in tlio tubc plr~tcsof thc cliaiilbors, a pliig scrc\rcd iilto tho oiitcx- pltltc of cncli cliniubcr opposito tlic cnrl of oncli tubc giviiig ncccss for tliis piirlloso, nud nlso for clcnuing or iiispcction. Tlic ~111f48~ P iiinila C

21

THE SUGAR CANE.

JAN.1, 1875,

so thnt tlicy are rci~iovnblconly by n spccinl spauncr fittiiig thc rccess formcd in thoir ~IC:LC~S. Insteacl, n1.0, of provi$ing inilel)endcnt stt\iiclnrds for tlic stoiim and exhniist pipes, as iu thc olcl plan, thc ncm rnachiiic is mnùc entii.cly self-contnilled, ancl its fixing is thus rcndcrccl a ~ c i yoasy matter. As mil1 be scen frorii Figs. 1, 3 , anil 4, it is clrivon by n morm acting ilpcn a morm whccl caqt on tlic cciitrul tiibnlnr slinft. The arangomcnts for catching niid carryinç cB any mnter arising bom the coiidençation of tlio stcain ancl the otlicr clctnils vil1 bc rcadily unclcrstoorl from tlic engrnviiigq. Por thc 0111 typc of wetzel paus the prcssiire of htcaiii whicli it is possiblc to uso is vory lom-oiily nboiit 2 lbs. pcr squnrc iucli-:i? tlic constrnction is esseutially venk and liighci presrt~rcswould be iiiisafo. Witli tlie mncliines coustrrictocl on Xr. Hnlpin nnd 3Ir. Alliott's plnns, liomever, as liigh prcsswes may bc nsccl t ~ smay bc foiincl dosiz.ablo. This is of coiisidcrnblo iml)ortnnco iu ilenliiig,~vilhsccond nucl tliirrl boilings of siigni., the ~iroiliictscf ivhich nrc of n11 iiiicrior clinrnctcr. I n tlio case ol thcsc lom-class siignrs tlic coloiir is a sccoildary mntter, aud ay t l ~ e yliare iu Tact alrencly n bncl coliiur nrliicli cnniict ba miich injni~edby a higli tompcrntnro, i t is desirnblo t o tnlrc aclvautage of this fnct to boi1 tlicin OE q~Uclrlyby tlic oin1>Ioyment of stcam nt a higher prcssnre tlian cnn bo snfcly rcsortccl t o i n tho olcl tylio of Wctzol paus. Witli tlie ncm constrliction mc arc nom clescribiug these liighor pressurcs can bc cmployoil svitlioiit niiy risk, anil thiis it is possiblc iu thcso ncm TVctzcls to clcal proiiictlily wilh n lom class of siigars whicli prcviously could only bo mado into rnm. Tho other illushations of sugar plnnt rcfor to an n~rniigcmcntof bnttery o£ mhicli DIr. Drtiitt lInlpiil and Mr. J. 13. Alliott n ~ also c Lhe clesigners nncl patcntces. Tlic orcliiinry trai11 ol: cnst-iron paus usecl for ovnpornting p~irposcsnrc, ns i 3 wull kiicmn, ~ c i curnlsroils ~y aud bidky for shipnzcnt, anil inasrnucli as' miicli nagai*p1~ii1.t lins iiot only to be sliipped, biit t o Isc trniisl)ortcd hvcrlail~lcoiziidcriiblc clistanccs, nud oftcn over ycry iiidiflcrciit rcnds, tliir cnilibroi~siiosi; is veiy objoctionablc. Acccrclii1g to Nr. Halpiu nuud Illr. Alliott's plan, ou. the other hnnd, thc weigllt i e in tlic first plnco rcduccd ùy

THE SUGAR CANE, iiinking thc paus of wrought iron, nncl in the noxt plnco the severa1 pnns of the serics nre madc of siicli forms nud diruonsions tliat tlieg go onc inside the otlior ~vlicnlinclíccl for sllipnient. Thus in the scrics TPC illiistrntc the pnns vary iii sizc from 8 ft. by 7 ft. G in. by 3 ft. 11 in. tlecp, to 6 ft. by 5 ft. G iu. by 2 ft. 11 iil. clcep, tlie juice being of cowse fed into tlic lnrgcst pau, nnd tlicn gndunlly passccl on to-ruards thc smnllest as it becoiilcs more anil moro concentrated by evaporat ion. a As will be secn Si.oni our engrmings, cacli pnii of thc serios is iila(lc iip of scvcrnl plates, ilamcly, tmo cnd platcs, ancl one os more plntes, bent roliild to n scmicirclc, so as to f o r u tIie siclcs anil bottorn. Accorrling to tlic modo of constriiotion sliomn iu our engaviilgs, tlic bottoiu plate oxtcncls on eacli sirlo bcyoncl t l ~ ecnd plates, nncl is coniiectccl to cnch of tlle lattcr by an cxtcl.iial angle iron, tliis mglc i ~ o ninaking n Bincl of 0-frauic. In somo cases, however, Messrs. &Inlllovc,Alliott, and Co., iilstend of iising aiigle irons flangc tho eild platcs outvarcls to join thc sidc plntcs, thiis forrning n vcry nent job. h g l e iroiis nrc rivcMcd oxtcrnally along cnch of tlic top cdgcs oE tlic bcnt plntcs foriui~igtlrc siclcs aiiil bottom, nnd tliefic nilglc irons rcst, as s h o m in Fig. 1, on tlic 1iollo.i.u cnst-iron trnnsvcrsa girders, which nfford tlic ncoessary e sapport to tlie pnns. Thc cnst-iron oarrying gh.clcrs nrc>nns ~ v lia\-e sniil, hollom, nnd the air bciilg nllowccl to oirculntc tliroiigli them tlicy nro kcpt coo1 w d tliorc is no chaucc of t1ici.r bnrning, Along tlie sidos of tlio battcry nnd ncross onc cnrl riin cmt-iron g~itlurs, tlicse giittcrs lin~dnglips, nrllicli estend ovc.1, tho eilgcs o1 tllo pmls, as s1ioliomn.in tlie plaii Ii'ig. 3, nncl tlic scctio~isPigs. 4 to 7. Tlio vaiious figures clcarly hliow tlic arrnngcmciit OS sctting ncloptccl, nncl it vil1 bc sccn tlint tlic surfnccs tiro vory offcctivoly oxposocl to tlle liot gases. Vlicn tlic sidcs nnd bottoin OS ono of tliosc pnns is coml~oserlof more tliaii onn plnto, cncli l)lutc extcnils a11 ro~ziiiltlic seiuicircle, niid tlic R C T ' P ~ L Il)l:lt~8 ~ :\?C iuilo:l by orltsiilc covilr strips and rilrcts couiiter8iiilli iii~idc. Slic intltrior of crtch pan i:s tlius lcfh perfcoily iinbli, anil cnn bc tis oasily anil cffoctivcly sconreil out witli brickbnts na thc olrl cast-irou pans. As com~)nrccLmil11 tho latter, thc

THE SUQAR CBNE.

26

J.IN,1, 1875. "

pms mndc on 31cssrs. Hall~in anil Alliott's plnn ~IOASCSHmnny adrmtngcs, apart from tlie rcclncticn in weigllt. Thiis thc vroi~ght iron pms can bc cnsily rcpnircd, mhen ncccssnry, by rivctting c11 n pstch or inseiting now plates, wllilc tlic ropairing oll cad-iron pans is l~racticdlyiinlioasible. Bcsidcs this, tlic grcnt rc~liiction in thichcss fncilitatcs tl1c ~nnsniission of hcat, nncl mntcrinlly rcduces the cpantity of fuel rcq11ircil to do n gi~rciiainoiint of moi;lr, m u o a niore pcrfcck control is obtniilccl ovcr tlic bnttcry, particiilnrly alicn L'stsilwlg" (i.e. emptying) thc ~mallcfitpnn or 'Ltoaclic," as thc mcig1;lit of metal in thc pnn bcing ssmnll, its tcmpcrntiirc is soon lowercd mhcn tllc liro is dniupcil clown. On tlic otlier hnnd, the olcl cast-iron tcachcs" rciilaiu Iiot, nnd is not imfroqucntly split on rcfilliiig-n iilisliap vTPh11 is im130Bsiblc i11tllc arrnng~~011I; we h a ~ bcon c dcscribing. We havc drcady alluclccl to the snviilg in weight anil mcasure. mcnt for tlic plnnt effectccl by l;hc pln~iwwc l i & ~ jnst o clo~cribcd, nnd wc cnnuot pcshnps illiistrntc t l ~ i bcttcr s tllnn by subjoining, for piwposcs of ccm~)nyison,the ~ ~ - c i g l ~niicl t s iiionsurc~ucnts of nn orrbnry Jnuiaicn train, nncl ono of Mofisrs. Halpin anil Alliott's bnttcrios of thc snmc ciibic cnpacity. Tlieso rlatn aro ns fol1ome:&in~ica Traigz, 6 paus : ft. in. ft. iii. tons cvt. qi8.lb. 8 O in.cliamdor x 3 3 decli 1 3 010 8 0 ,, x ~ G , , 1 G O20 9 0 ,, X 3 9 , , 1 9 O 24 9 6 ,, X 4 0 , , 1 13 O 14 10 0 ,, X 4 3 ,, 1 17 O 22

--

,, 7

Totul

8

3 G

Toilnage by measureiuent 38 tons.

Hiclp2it and 811iott7aBattevy, 6 pnns : ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 5 G x G Ox2lldocp G G

0x6 G x 7

6 x 3 0 x 3 (3x3

2

5 7 0x7 8 7 G x 8 0 x 3 1 1

,, ,, ,, ,,

9

3 23

11 2 14 13 0 10 15 2 7 17 1 O

Total Mensnreinent for ~liil~ment G tons.

cwt. qr. lb.

.. -7-2 1 3

J ~ N .1, 1815.

THE SUGAR CANE,

27

Agricultura1 iu1plenicnts harc undergonc a rcvolution of lute years. Thc old, prccisc, slom, jog-trot, ancl stcrcotypc systcm of fnrming is giving place to a scicntific mctlroil, k t o wllich improvecl mcchanisin lai,gely cntcrs. Tho codrast is great bctwcen thc ailcient, clumsy, wooclcn plougli, slowly h a v n by t v o or t h c e horscs oi oxcii, anrl thc moilcrn light nucl clcgant iron l~lough~ v i t h four or fivc shnres, ilrivcn by stcam, ancl doing tlic work of severa1 meu. Tniat would thc fnrrners of thc past gencrution say if thcy coulcl vitncss thc manncr ia which tlle work is ~ O T P .c:lrricil ou ? Evcn in clistricts ~vliercstcarn ploiighs a1.c newly introcliiccd, no slight astonisliiizent is csprcssed by bcliolders who sce thcm for tha first tirue. It is iildeed n niar~olto observe hom, by mcuns of ficld-cnginos, tlic plougli is clriven ncross, iuuking a sc~ics of funows ; iind cffecting a grcat economy in timc anil labour. Tlie gelicral h r m of thc ploiigh is kno~vnto crcry onc, anil to tllc unobscr~antcyc it apl'cws to be a vcry siiiiplc untl cvcn n piimitivc too1 ; yct grcnt mcchnilical skill ancl iugciiuity havc been cxpcnded in pcrfcctly nilapting it to tlie 7voi.l; requirccl, Thcfolm o£ tliat portion of tlio ploiigh known ns thc moiild-boarcl, by mcnns of whicli tlie cnrtli wlicn ciit throiigli is raifiecl ~ i mcI p tiuncd orcr, is of tlie utmost importante, nnd lias rcceiveil the carcfiil attcntion of agrioulturnl iuacliiuists sincc thc timo nrhcii iiul~rorciucillsia tlic plough were first iutroduced. Its offico b c h g to raiso ancl turn tlio socl, it ifi neccssary that tlic siirfacc should slopc upm:rils m d oiitwards hom thc front, so as to apply n pressiirc in both ~lircctions; ancl, accorcliagly, thc siirface is so sliul~edtliat from tlie point of t l ~ cslia~c,vllero it ia hoilzontal, it .t;rndually c ~ i r v e ~ iipwnrcls, till, a t tlie cstrciuity, i t hclincs o v c ~nmay from tlic body OStllc ploiigli. Tlio iirst csscnti:il propcrty is tlint thc f ~ ~ r r o w slinll bc tliro-n-il clcaiily oE tlic ~noulil-l-io8i.d ; tlic acxt tlint it sliall bc lnid in thc positioii 37-hicli bcst cxposcs thc ~ o i to l tlic action of tlic nir. Hciice, cnrc m s t l>c talrcil tlint tlic moiild-boartl be iieither too long iior too sliort, as iu tlic fornicr caso it plastcrs tzp

28 -

TBE BUGAR CANE.

JAN. 1, 1875.

the surfacc of the fiirrom, alid in the lntfer caso its forrn is destroyccl. Tbc plougli is oiie of tlic most aiicient iiilplements, Iron shmcs are inciclentally noticed at n pcriod of nt least seven conturies beforc the Cliristian crn. 'fhc nnciciit Egyptinu plougli :lias mholly o£ wood ; nnd iu fact thc earliest implements mere little more than the pointecl stioks ~ ' S G I formnrcl, V ~ nncl forced into tlio gouncl. The E,qtinus gxidually iiilprovccl tlio shape till it becnuic like n hollom wcdge, formcd by the two hnaclles joinccl n t the bottom, ancl witli tlie bcnni fastenccl botwcon tlie hanclles, 3, little nbovc thc point of junction. Thc sharc wns siritply tho point of tlic wedge, mcl the hancilcs moro almost npriglit. This roscmbles tlie instriiiucnt still used in Xyrin. Thc Itomniif;,witli tlieii. practicd nud ntilitnriaii viem, adcled tha coi~ltcrancl ruouldbonrcl. I n iuoclern times, Englnncl toolr the loacl iii iiul~rovemeids by rcnclcllilg thc form of tlie plougli luore ncut and cffcctive, aiicl by nttacliing wlieels to aicl in ~ilaiiiiitniilingnn npright positrion. 80 long age as 1G18, Davicl Rnmsoy ailcl Tliomas 'CVilrlgoose look out lettcrs-linteiit for cngines mcl iimclYnory to ploiigh tho groiiilil nithoiit thc nicl of oxen or horees ; bnt mliat wns to bo tho motivo pomcr does not nppcar. Mr. Wooclcroft, of thc Pateiil; Officc, wlio coiiipileil tlie " Abridgruents of tlic í3pocificntions Relating to St~nm-ciilti~rc,~~ conclndecl thnt stoarn wns thon intcn(lec1 to bo ciuployed; biit tliis mns forty yenrs before tlic Nnrq~iisof Worccster ilescribed tlio stcnm-ciigiiio iu his Coiitizry oE Inventions." Iii 1769, after tlio stenii.i-eilgiiic hncl bccu nppliccl to othor piirposes, tliero wcre lodgccl iri tlia Patcnt Officc, by Prnncis Moore, spccificntions for n nem macliiuc or cngiiic, to l)loagli, hawom, niicl c10 cvcry othor branch of hiisbaricLry; biit tlio project failcd, as dicl s u b ~ c q ~ ~ csclicmes, nt owing to iiiechnnical clifficiiltics. Tn 1854 Btr. Pomlcr cxliibited Iiis pntont stcam-clrnining nppnratus nt tIic I~i~icoln rnceting of t l ~ oRoyiil Agriciiltiirttl Society, ancl frorn tliis iiiiic iiiny bc clatc?cl tlio prnctic:il liiolory of ciiltivntioii of tlic laiicl liy stcnm, for t t h l~riilciplcwas sooii npplicd t o othcr fielcl oliorations, incl~iclingploiigliing. S~ibscquentin~reil-

JAN.1, 1875.

THE SUGAR GANE.

29

tions c m o t be enumcratcd, but spcaking gencrally they includa plans for engilics tiavelling over the surfacc of the groiulcl, drawing liloughs or othcr cnltivnting implcineiils k t l i them; engines worlíhg on tramwnys, aud ckaming impleuents after them ; engiiics movirig along opposite Iiea(llauds, aucl wo~kingimplcments betweeiz them b y means of 7vii.e ropcs; mcl stationuy eng-iucr; cbawing iqlemolits algo by means of wirc ropcs. The first two ~~iethocls h m e bcen abancloneil, ancl thc last two me populaiily knomn ns Powler's and IIow:w.clls respcctively, althoiigli thero aro otlzcrs before thc piiblic, vasyilig somcmhat in clctnil. Tlzc prhcipal elcmcuts in Pomlcs's original systeiu mere nii engko, nn anchos, a. wirc-ropc, aml a bdaucc ploiig11. I n tliis system thc enginc is plncecl at the end of o~ieof tho hcadlands of tlie fielcl to be ploiighcil, ancl oppositc to it tho tanchor is fixed. This ia a massivc firimcmoi;lr of woocl, moiintecl ou sharp clisc mheels of nbout t v o feet iii cliamcter, which cut clccp into t h e gromcl, mcl eveu tnko siicli liolcl on thc siightcst soil as to rcsist the piill of tlic wUic ropc. This is pussed rorincl s fihcave or clriim, placecl bcncath tlie engiue, and by it thc ploii& is di~iven;the rope being bornc off tlie groi~ndby a miuber of pullcys, or " ropepoi.tem," moiinted on framcs. Tho ploiigh is n fi.amcwol-k of iron, balmcccl iipon two large wheels, aucl having four or f i ~ o ploiigh-boclics ancl coiilters attacliccl nt encli cnd, so tlzat so many furroms can be cut a t oncc. TVhen Lho IloacU~nclis reacliecl ou mhich tlie aucl1or is fixccl, thc cnd of the bcam tlint was out of the groiuicl is cleprcssed, tlio other eu11 being raisccl by tlic balancewheels, aucl tlic first set of ploughs come into opcration for the retiwn. By altering thc position of tlle plough-bociics riloiig t l ~ e fi.aiuemoi.lr, a broad or nnrrow fiui*owcan be cut at plensurc. This first aystcm lias uow bccn siipcrscilcd by tlic doublo engiiic plm. Tlic tacklo consists of two sclf-moviug eugines v i t h miutling ~ u m s 600 , yaicls of I-omler's bost liarcl stecl ropo, aucl teu rope porters. Two wincling ongkcs aro morkcd ou opposite heailXands, and cacli dtcrnatcly drnws Lhe hp1emcil.l towarcls itself, tlio enghic not in woilr paying out tllc ropc whilo moviilg forwarcl into position for tllc retuiu joiimcy. Aiiy kind oP impleiucnt mny be used, Oilc of thc pxincil~nln[lvnntages of this sysicin is thc

30

THE S U G U CAITE.

Jm. 1, 1875.

facility with which thc macliiae is sct to work and takcn iip. Thc eilgines are rendy to start irito a ficsh ficlcl tlic momcrit they have stopped mok, anil rcmovc tlicmscl~osnnd thc whole of tho apparntus Tvithont nny ndditional manual or animal lnbolu.. wherc fiel& ~ u . 0 smdl or vely irregular, or vhere, as fi.ccpcntly -hforcip coiintiies, the steaui ploiigh cannot clepend on nny p r o q t assistance f o ~ rcrnovals ; or mhere the ilistnncc betvcen thc ficlds wliicli. hnve to bc moi.Lerl is oonsir2ernble, this haniluicss for movriig aboiit i s eviclcntly of iml)oi.tancc. A fiuther arlvnntagc of this systcm is the possibility of using im~lemcntsof lnrge size mhicl~ coul(2 not be mo-vccl bom fielrl to field by any apl~aratiisnot sclfnioving. For the culti~ntion of light lancl, which, in a n economicd point of .iicm, is o d y prncticnble by cinploying implemcnts of thc grentcst possible brcadth, this systom is invaluablo. The fact thnt it n211 i10 from thirty to fifty ncrcs rcgulm work por d q , on thc lightcr class of soils, at oncc estnblishcs its sul)cii<~~ity ovcr nny othor class of machinery for thnt piuposc. The engnes of this s~steruarc made of 12, 14, 16, 20, and 30 horsc pomoi., ancl pro"dcd cither nitli onc or two cylinclcrs. Thc boiler i a pro-&lcd v i t h a clome, anil thc cylinilew arc couplctcly stcarnjncketcd. Tha road vheels arc mronglit iron, fron 18 to 24 inches wicle, m d nt a siuall cost this micltli oan bc incrensccl so ne to nClilirt of the engine bcing tnlrcn on vcry soft lancl. Thc ronùgcar, composed cxclusi~ely of spur whccls, givcs to tlie e n n ~ i o tmo cliFFerent t r a v c h g speeils, the enginc beiilg tlilis nvai1:iblo al; a moment's notice as n corunion trnction cngkc or nu orrliniwy porta)lo, nnd, as sucli, spccidy nda1)ted for thoshing, pl~mping, giinding, and any otlier operdion oP thc Irinil. Thc pomcr is convcyeil to thc Tvindlnss by an upright shaft Yrom thc crank-shaft;. Thc ~ n r l i n gapparatus consists of a horizontal (h~ini,wliich, by means of tlic patent coiling p a r , winds and iinwinds tlie miro ropc d o r n i I y mithoui; any akterition from thc man iu chargc. This is donc by a sclf-acthg levei., vhich cauies tmo vcrrtical. guicle 11uUeys, moVing ~Iowly11p and down, nncl frecly s m h ~ n g roimd tlie chuni into any position at vhich t l ~ eropc hns to m o ~ ~ k . Tliiis a11 iuiduc stra-h on thc rope, as mel1 as on t11c npparntus, is coxq~letelyavoidçcl,

JAN.1, 1875.

T H E SUGAR CAhTE.

81

ANTIGUA. At last it woulcl secm tliat thc clrcams o£ comnercid nicn and others nrc nboiit to bc roalizecl, mcl that the citixcns of St. John's are going to cnjoy rcgiilnr stcam comm~zu.icntionbctwcen this port nncl tho Uiiited Xingclom. Thc siil~cimtcndcntof the R. M. S.P. Company, mho lias bcen for some time iri commiinication nrith oiir cncrgctic tovnsinnn, N r . Thomas Thibon, on ihc siibjcct, has ~ n i t t e nto this gcntlcmnn dcfhitcly to say that until tlic lighthousc is built he hns aclvisccl thc company to piit iip mith t e q o r a y accommodation, to consist of n sufficicnt liglzt at Snscly Islancl ancl a biioy in St. John'a roacls h tmenty fcet water, the mcrchnnts nncl othors agrecing to scnd off Eghtcrs for thcir freigllt, Tvhicfi mnst bo dolivcrcil alongsiclc thc ships at consigneo's risk. Por tlic prcsent, tho supcrintcndent hns rccommeudccl that tlie stcamcr wliich lenves Bmbnclos ou tlic 1st of cach inonth, and tllat from Bt. Thomas on tbc 27th of thc snmc, shoi~lclcal1 at St. John's a t oncc, bcginning U1 J ~ ~ I I B ncxt, P Y mlicri tho n e v contrect coiurnences; tlie othcr diips to cal1 as at prcsent at Englisli Harbour iiutil tllo light-hotise is ercctccl, ~ l i e nit is probable that tlle ontirc scrvico vil1 bc coucli~ctciltliroiigh St. Jolin's rogulnrly. l'he morchnnts, o11 a rcqiiisition by Nr. Thibou, havc signccl nn agiecrnent promising to comply mith &c terma, anil to givo the company thc prcí'crcncc of froigl~tsshoiild thc chargcs o i tlic compnny bc inoderntc. Wo mny look, thcrcforo, for tlie pioriocr steamer early in Jnniia1,ti.y.-Aati'zcw Ohseruer, Nov. 21, 1874. Thc wcnthor continues to gladclen tllc henrts oQ rcgriciiltzirists, anil to bring liopos 01 bcttcr timcs to tlio cutirc community. Sincc oiir last rcport a forlniglit ago, scvc~alfine sliowcru hnvc fixllen, nnd in a1,liuo~tcvcry district tlio l~rospcctsof au abunclant crop aro niost cliccriilg. Conflclcnt cnlciilation~aro nom bcing piit Eorwaxd of thc total yielil, vhicli arc a11 in cscess of scvcral pns.1 yonrs, mil it is certain tliat e t l i fow cscc~itioils, nuilor alrnout aiiy circiimstnnccs, such cnlc~ilt~tioi~s vil1 bo rctxli~cd. I n Popcslict~d thcrc is still a cansidcrablc brcaclth ol: low cnncs, :~uiltliis mny

32

THE SUGAR GANE.

JAN.

1, 1815.

be snicl of ccrtain localitics to winc~wnril; but n continiiancc of the rniily secisoil til1 thc cnd o! tlio ycar will bri11g tlic *ronrising cultivation evcn in tlieso backwnrd districts iip to thc mwk. There can harclly bo an nbsolzito iniliirc of tt pnyiug cl-op a n ~ h e r ;e and cvcn iiox~t l x lnboiirers, so loiig anfforing, aro beGnning to fincl sonic rcgiilar ciiiploymcnt. It caiinot bo cspected, homcver, thnt truile vil1 matcrially cs1)cricncc tlio grad~ial changc in tho circuliistmccs 01 tlio I I C O ~ ~ Ctil1 tlic commencement of tho crop, nlioizt thc miilillc of Jniiunry or tlic comencement of the folloming moutli. Nc~tivo pi.o~risionriaro coming to nimket,-Atbtigum 06server, NOT. 21, 1874. Comencing with the Ncm Ycu, tlio In17go Trnzisntlnntic steamers of the Xoynl Mnil Stcniu Pt~clrot Coliipniiy leaving Xoutliampton on thc 2nd of thc month wi11 oall at Port;-aii-Pili~ec to land mails, pnssengcrs, anil cargo, mcl thoso lcrivii~gon tlio 17tb will caU at Nnrtinicpe. It hns t11so boen ni*rnilpod tlittt, I I the ~ steamers Icnving Soiitlianlptori on tlio 10th of oncli ~~iontli, goocls will bo convcyccl for tlic Idmcls oi Mt. Liicin, Mt. Viilcen.t;, Grennda, Nmtiilipe, Antigiin, nnd St. Kitts, nu arrniigoniont, it is statcil, which has givcn miich sntisfnctiou to tliosc iiltcrcstcrl in the tradc ~ 4 t thoso h islmc1s.-Xo~edols Ti7~zusJDcc. 1G, 1874.

-

~ w a c r m z nOP ~ u G A R1873, . - I ~tlie @ormlmE~iipiroposscescd 334 Lugar boilcries, distribiitccl iii -tlic followiiig iimnncr :-l'riissin 254, Anhdt 35, Brunsmick 28, Wiirtoniborg 6, Tliwingin 6 ,

Bavuia 2, Luxcmbo~irg2, Baclon anil IiIccldonb~zrg, cncli onc. The Prnssinn sngnr tr.i.nde is osliccitllly flo~zrisliingi n Chc Provinco of Saxoiiy, in mhich 149 boilcrics worc in oporntioil ; bcsiilcs tliis, tliere are 49 iil Siborin, 19 in Braiiilcnboiirg, 16 in ITnnovcr, and 8 in tlie Eheilish provirioos. 31orc tlian 20,000,000 nict;i.ic qiiinbals (1,968,000 tons) of boct-root havo Iiecii \vorlrcd np ; o! wliioli qumiltily tho shnrc oi Prnssin vn8 16,000,000 cpii~.iiitclls(1,470,000 tons). T h r e nlqo nov in opcrntioii 11 iiioro boilorios tlinn thcro mero ia 1872, aiicl. tlic qiiniltity o! bcot-root worlrotl np Iiris iiicreased by 512,500 cpiuhils (50,430 boiis).-,Totw??al of fhs Xooiotu of Artx, Nov. 6,IBYS.

JAN.1, 1875.

THE SUGAE GANE.

33

Sax Pnx~crscoBuciaa R c m ~ a n sAND r m A~rnn1c.i~ S~sr~nr.I T clcnrn Sroiii iiii Amcrionn papcr thnt tlic Brtn Frniicisco sugnr rcfiiicrs, by tlrir iilvciitions niicl ciitcrprir;o in rafiiiing tlio crndc anil rnTv prodacta froili tlm pladations of tlic Pncific Islanils nnd tliosc of Wacrnmciito an(l Smltn Cruz, by iitilising tlic csoellont bcct-pi90du~ing soil of tlio Mtntc in fu~ilisliiilgrofiiiccl siignr, liavo rcndcrccl tlic inhnbit:~utsof tlio Paoific Btatcs uot oiily iiiclopoiidcnt of Ciiba for crnde sngni-, bzit of tlie Atl:~iiticStntcs Por tlic rcfincrl nrticlo in a11 its vnzictics. Biicli.is tho rcsiilt of tlic vicioiis syatcrii of protcction. Iuil~ortccl angnr in.thc Unitccl Stntcs is hc:~\ilytt~xcd,biit tlic c~tncsiignr of Loiiisinna niicl tlic bcct o! Cidifonin cscqcs tlic cliity, aiid ia protcctcrl to tliat ostcnt. V c r c tliis protcctiou withclrnwn not a cunu plant monlcl $0 pi1C ilito tlic groniiil i11tlic Cirill: Statc, 110s 3 becL woiilil bo ci~ltivntodfor yiolcling sugtir i n tlic Pnoific ~ ~ L L L;~ yct c tllcsc incli~strics aro nrtiíicinlly cnllccl into cxistoiico, bciizg subsidisccl by tlio contribiitors to tlio piiblic rcveiliio, only to bo cnst asido (to the ruiu of tlioso oiigngocl iii tliciiz) wliciz tllc I ~ L ~ B of ocoiioiuio sciciicc slliill bc battor iiilclcrstooil or bettcr obeycd by tho citiecns of thc ginnt republic.

To rrrn Bn~ronOB

((

TIIB XUUAT\. G,wB."

W IR, I linvo i*ccciitly Soiinil it iiocoss~wyto Ciwi niy ttttcutioii for prnctic:~lp~mposcsto tlio of~cctsof tc~iiparntiirc111)on tlio TO~IIIYLOR ancl gravitics of mgnr oolitioiis i ~ iliflcreilt t deilsitic~,aili1 it ziiny bo of iiitc~cstto yonr rcnilors t o lriiov tlic rcsl~lt. Tlio c f i c t s OS triii1)cr:~triro iil~oii tllc g~avity o£ R O ~ U ~ ~ O I 011 ZR siignr niicl w:tCer nt ililfcront do~lsitic~ Ilttvc bc011 tli0 slzbjcct of most cr~i,ulliilos~~oi~imoiitrj by Gterlaoli, wlio liils ~)iiljliulicdtllo rosiilts of liis cxpcriiiioiitti iii I)ii~glcr'~ llPolytocli~ii~cl~c?~ Jcnriinl." The moclo d cx],orii~ic,iztn(lol)tod liy Uri.1acll .\irtisi w Soilomn :ZIaviiig 1113(1o L: ~oliiZio~ioJ: LIII iii~.t~~bi~rcil h l ) c c i l i ~g i ' i ~ ~ i lill~il ~y

JAN.1, 1875.

THE SUGAR GANE.

34

tciupcrat~ire, hc iisccl an areorneter, of a h o m meight, constriictcd in siich a malrncr that lie coulrl, by adcliug or reiuoving mcights to or hom it, keep it immcrsccl in thc soliition to tlio saiue point nt ali tomperntmes. Hc mas t h s enablcd to ascertnin tlio spccific g~avity of the soliition operated on at cliffercnl; teiiiperntures. The folloming tnble givos his rcsdts for a soliztioii. containing 60 per ceiit. of sugar to vl~icliI havc addocl cqiiivaloil~ cleilsities Beniimc and temporatures Fnhhr. For soliitions of otlicr r'ensitics I must refer your reaclers to Gerlach's Iiapcrs "IRii clcr Coustruction vou Sacchnsometer," in Diuglcr's Polytcchisclics Jonrnal," vol. 172. Oont.

..,.

Por cent. of Solution.

Dogreo Falir.

3.1 37.58 ,, , 63.50 17.5 87.26 30.7 , 42-4 108.32 52.9 .,,. 127.22 62.9 ,. 145.22 72.5 ,.. 162.50 81.5 .,,, 178.70 , 194.18 90.1 209.12 98.4

.

. .. .,.. . . .

.. .

. ...

.,

..

61 , , , 60 59 ,. 58 , , 57 , 56 ., 55 54 53 , , , 52

..

.. .. . . .... .. . .

Specific Gravity.

..., .. . .

1.295890 1.289952 ,. 1.284054 1.278197 1.272379 , 1.266600 1*260861 1'255161 , 1.249500 , , , 1,243877

..

.,..

.

.. . .,. . .,..

... .

Dograo Baumé.

.... ., ,, . , .. .. .. , . . ,. ..,. .... ., .. . . .. ,

33 32.5 32 31.5 31 30.5 30 29.5 29 28.5

Tos the cxpansion anel slwinkagc of sugar soli~tiom1have foiind no complctc tnbles. 343. Casamajor, of BrooMyn, hns maclc somo esl)ei~imcnts,biit tlicy mcre only h soliitions of lom clensities r~ilc,iict nt temperat~ircsfrom 4" to 40" Cent. I give n table for il soliitioii at 30" Baiiiué ternpcrat~irc 66" Fr~h.,wliich, thoiigh it c:tniloti claim to be scieritifically nccnratc vil1 be foiuicl siifficicntly so for l~racticalpiwposes :1000 Cubic Centg. at 40" Pnht. cup~~nil to 1010 1020 1030

,, ,, ,,

92" 132" 164"

,, ,, ,,

,>

11 7~

I rcmniu, Sir, íG, LeclclenhnZZ Sl~cet, 33rd Decenldo; IS'Y/í.

Poilr obcdiciit Servant, N. LUBBCCIC.

JAN. 1, 1875.

TECE SUGAR GANE.

3

T H E EXTRAUTION O F SUGAR FROM MEGBSS. To

TIIE

EDITOR ov

THEISUGARCANP."

SIR, Benc1er.a of your mngnzine will perusc ~vithconsiclerable intercst the article wliich nppenrccl in your Dcceiuboy iinmbo~relntiug to BIS. Russell's method of reiuoviiig from lilognss n coilsiclcrnblo portion of tlio juice which even tho best inills nro iinnble to espress, ailcl nny efliorts by intclligoiit cilgiuccrs or plnntcrs to accoinl~lish this end are wo~tliytho vcry carof~il oxnmiiintiori o f those intersstcd in tlie sugar onno industsy. Tlio clifficulties nttcndaut upon malriilg on a HngnP astnte nu osperimeiit involviug tlio exact dctcrmii1ation of ~voiglits mtd darisities nre so gront tlint no siii9prise will bo occnsionocl to til080 ftmiliar witli tropical suga], c~zltizro if cveu sorioiis orrors oroep ia. I n the rccord of tho crperiilicilts you hnvo pr~blisliocl, Lho quantity of detail fiznlisliccl is ali evicloncc of tlio dcsiro to givo public the meanu of checlriiig tlio orilculntious, niiil iiidcod, tlioso who knov Mr. Bassell, oven by repzztation, ivill bc ~atisfioililinl~ his nuthenticntion is n gunrnntco for good frlitli. J-ii+ro~s OSinothoil or recoscí mny noverbhcless esist, autl I proposc to cxniili~io ligures coiitaino~li n tho report, nna slinll bo glnd if this ~;lioiilil elicit a relily from Mi*. Riisscll. Tho rol~ortdesoribcs oiio of lho mnuy trials mnilo oii n l n ~ g o soda." This is tliorofore n scloctod ospcrimoiit, nud LU LI^ b0 considered a ~iatisfactory oua aud cousistuiit mitli Lho 0 t h uma^ous oxl~erimcnte. We aro told tlint 7813 lbri. of caiics yiolilcil 5189 llis. oE jitico a t 9.5"B, or GG-41 1 ) e ~ccut. Thorefore, tlio mcgnss iniist llnvo \voigliod 2621 lbu., 01, linvo Boen 33.50 por cciit. of Ilio ~voiglilOScniiotj. Wc nrc told thnt 1110 cnilos opcrdoil 011 coiiLiiilicil 1õ077 lior cent. of woocly Gbrc. Tlicrafore, the iiricxprcsscil jizico i i i u ~ 1linvo Looii (iJU.59- 15.77) 17182lJer cont, of tlic acigllL oE thc caiios.

36

TEE SUGAR CLuUE.

Jm. 1: 1875.

The meight of thc unexpressed juice was 1390 Ibs. for as 38.59 : 17.62 : : 2G24 : 1390 We are Ulformod that 200 gallons of ;mater are aclded to the wet megnss ; therefora, to 1390 lbs. of cano jnice at 9*5OB, 2000 lbs. of matos at 0"B more ndilcd. The 1390 lbs. of juice mero r e t ~ i n e r l by 1234 lbs. of woocly fibre. If tho mater were intirnntely a n d perfectly blendecl mith the megnss so thnt the contents of eveiy cell mere pnrtinlly displaced and t h e remaining portion was inised its clne proportion of wntcs (a, conclition of t h g s mliich, ~vithoiit much niechnnical agitation or the prolongatioli of tlie trentment over nn adequate timo is clenrly imliossible) the ruixture woiilcl indicate a clensity of about 3.7"B, for as 3390 : 1390 : : 9.5 : 3.7. Thus 3.7"B is the inaximum (and incleed the practically impossible) donsity of the seconct slueezingç. Bnt me h w e been tola thnt the seconcl squeezings gaugecl GOB,zohich is ii1y~ossiáZe. The second squeezing removed 207 gallons or 2159 lbs. of dili;tecl juice. The meight of the original megass mas 2624 lbs. m d this mas increased by thc adclition of 2000 lbs. of water t o 4624 Ibs. The remova1 by second gressure of 2159 lbs. of meak jiiice sho~ildhnvo lefl fiiiishocl megess weighing 2465 lbs. But 2024 lbs. only mere found, ancl n loss of 441 lbs. had tnkon place. The gentleirien wlio madc the exl~erimentconsider thnt the '' loss is accouritecl for by the grent ovaporation w z c h takes plnce diiring tho differciit handlings." Let 11s proceed to examine Tvliether, if this theory mere cowect, tho increnscd deusity of the juice couId rnise the scconcl sqneezings to tlie GoB, ou. which nll tho calculntions of 11rofit are based. If Lhc loss of megnss had been that of water coizverted into V ~ I O U P , t h e ~ cvoulcl liave been practicnlly only 2000-441=1550 lbs. of water nssociatecl ívith the juice left in the mcgass. Ta tlzis caso, 1 3 9 0 lbs. of juice moiild liavo been mixetl witli 1559 lbs. of mnter ; As 2949 : 1 3 9 0 : : 0.5 : 4.3. Thus tho maximum donsity would Iinvo been 4.3"B, and this incrortscd dcnsity of sis-teiihl~s of a dogree does not help us mnterinlly.

JAN.1, 1875.

TEE SUGAR CANE.

37

Let us consider if it be possiblc tllat 441 1bç. of water could pBçs amay in vapour. Evcn if tlie clilutecl jiiice stood nt the boiling point of wster, tlie removnl of 441 lbs. of mater moulil ahsti.act 426,447 units of heat, or sz~ficz'tizt to ~educc tAe tentpernfzrre of 2,369 168. of boiling wnter t o fieezlizg pozizt !! Thcrefore ovalloration does iiot account for the reduceil meight of thc mcgass. It is thus sem that vory much more sugar must of necessity be left; in the megass than the 2-68 por cent. of sugar refei~cdto in tlie report, but whetber the amouiit be greatcr or less, it is incoriect to say that it may a11 lie Laken out liy a slight atlclition of matnr sncl steam in passing from one mil1 to the other.," &c. Let us, accepting for the mornent a11 the other calculations given, nnd assumc that Blie sugar from ninceration vil1 be morth ns mucli as sugar from first squeezings ; nlso, that 28,000 gallons of rum c ~ n be made ~&lioiit extra plaut and without fuel, mages, ancl other oxpenses. Still it mill be eviclent from thc foregoing Ggurcs, nnii from the cliaracter of tlic process, tliat the squeezings could not gauge mucli, if nnytliiiig, more than BoB. T h s the produco mill be reduced ... 08,090 dols. i n qunntity by oile half, aiid bc worth Expenses 28,362

............ Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnsteacl of . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,728dols.

47,818 dols. Thore is nothing netv in wetting uisgess mith stenm antl mater, and passing it ngnin tlwough a cnnc mill, ancl accountu of euperimeuts of ihis modo of ti,catment are mel1 known to a11 those who are familiar with Lhe litcrnturo of tllo sugar indnstry, biit with such a process ths gnu10 is not vortli tlio c~,ildle. Tho amount of water aclcled must bc Inrge, nrid tho mount of sugar ultimntcly left in the megass must also Lo large. Tlie extrnct must be mede, imolving great cost for evaporation. It nitial ~iot,liomcver, bo fo~gotten,tlint cveu with the best mills tllo amount of jiiioe loft i11 the nognss is largc, rtncl its nltimnte cxtractiou is ono of the most effective mcapoiis left stiil in tha

THE SUGFNt CANE.

38

h.1, 1875.

armowy of the cane planter, and will need to be eml~loyeclin the contest mith the formidable enemy, that though 6eet, is yct fnr fiou being 7jentsn. My omn expeiiments iii the tropics have tnu@t me (what miglit have been exl~ected) that the residual jiiice is difficult to obtain, ancl notliiilg short of repentcd treatments can remove it. A process analogous to a repeatetl wnshing and mringing is indispensable for any moilcrately rapid removal. TLUs method cari be so appjied that the motion of the megass from a meak to a still mealrer solution NilI peimit the extraction of the greater yortiou of thc jnice, and the piocluction of a lipicl not 80 light as lo bc too costly to boi]. The nfisor must, liowever, be tnken iu colinection with a bottci~ means of either buriiing or byirig thc mcgass. When iilegass is storcd, the sngar present in it cffects tlic dryiiig by a proooss of slom combustion. If affused mcgass be ao stnckc(1 it vil1 not diy, it vil1 siml~lybecorne rotten. Mr. Riissell does not refar to t h i ~ importa11t part of the subject. Y oilrs triily, ALPRZDFnmn. Elm Eirst, TPllnsZou; 96th D~cc»~ber, 1874.

To

THE~EDITOROB

( ( T m SUG~AR Cm1.1."

SE, True to tlie instuzcts of loynlty in thc cuusc whicli yoii cspoiise, mc fincl in the vnliinblo pngcs of Tho Sz6gar Cdrgze, hom tiinc to tirnc, mhntevcs is of irnportance to thc intercsts of thc plantcr, tliorc to bo vcntillttcd irom the stnml-poiiit of rcndcrs of vniied prncticnl nucl scicntific attaininents, iintil tlic trilo vnliic is a ~ c ~ r taincd nnd dctcrmincd. I al~prehcndit wns in tliis r;pirit yoil fnvoi~rcdus with rui extrnct froiii 2 i i o Colo?zz'st, ~ ~ r h i cish nn intclligcut, wcll concliicted, relinblc ncwspnpcr, piiblisliccl iu Ijc~ncxwn. Thc aticlc to whicli I refei) is ciititlcd L'3Tr. Xusscll's Prttcnt for Iiilprovcment in Extrnctiiig C~iiic-Jizico." lJnde2 thc imprcssion tliat ovcn siich nn cliiborato statcmcnt

JAN.1, 1875.

THE BUGAE CANE.

39

of filcts is incompletc; aa iucompletcnes.;, whicli. may iuilitnlo ngniilst thc ~xtcnsivcnpplication of tlic " c~iscovcry,"i t may bo dcsii.ablc to invito soinc accoiznt of thc szya)*prvci~~ct, as Xr. Iti~icn is liore to szipcrinteilil tho msllring of tlic nccessary machincry. ( ( Tliat emincnt practical cnginccr haviilg moi;liccl with Mr. Eussell " i n this anel 0 t h iml~~ovciucnt~," &C. We Iiwe the aniount of siigar i11 tlio jnicc, no cloiibt, corrcctly statecl, as indicatcd by tlie -polmisc~pc; but 1 1'0~pcctfully aubmit, tlmt tAe weiglbt of tho szyar-prodzbct is not c p a l l y clcas, bcyoncl thc fillccl hogshencl, mllicli loaves a vm-y importaut '( romaincler " to be acconntoil for, bo it profit or loss. Stipposc wc cxtract f ~ o l ntlic p1.offc8?orccl facts nncl figures, snffioiant to aul~laintliis viow of tlic case, ex. gya. ;3 1,252 lbs. of si~gar-~alio yiclclcd 1938 gallous of jiiicc. Thcsc contained 1.68 1b. of sizpar por gallon, couseqiiciltly there vas 3,266 lbs. of sugar derivod from tllut $rst cwsibi?tg of tllose 31,252 lbs. oc siigar-callos. Tlicio 7vas also n saoo?bd ortcsIbM~g,wliich, aiter macerating the iucgass of thc first criisliiiig i11 800 gnlloiis of vatcr, gwc 828 gnlloris of liq~ior,vllicli contaiuocl 1.14 lhs. of siigm, in cach ga1Ioii ; or 828 >< 1.14i943.92 lbs. Nom if mo eliniinatc tho ncldccl zuc4tor, wo havc 28 gallons of jzbios, got by maccrating anil passing tlloso canos n scconcl iimo tlirozi& tlio mill. A qucstion migll1; grov izp horo, coulcl tlle~o28 gallone of juice havo containecl tl1c iiowly gotion 944 lbs. of sugar ? Tliarc occzirs, liomcvcr, a cori~ootioiifor upoiitmcoizs cvnporatioii, say 176 gallons of vater, mhicli, if.ailílccl to t l ~ c28 grilloiis of juicc, givc (17G 28) = 204 galloiis ol: jizico, or a1)oiit 4.02 lbs. ol siigas pcr gallon of scconcl jziicc ; i C 80, i t 1 u s t liavc bcon ostocrnccl a vsry ricli jiiicc. Or, mas 2;lio lutorit SII~UL' in tlio cmcs, in thc fitatc of crystals, aili1 ilissolvcil out by tlic adilocl vator? Or,-biit bo tliat as it may, I will prcsiiino oii no criticism hcrc, But siinply accept thosc i' pl'~flc)r~J fllcts anil íigu~*cs,)'~vitllbccoiuing P O S ~ C Cfor ~ thcir I I I L ~ WD C C iilny ~ , hiid tlio vnliic of "tlio rccogniEiotlA O U ~ C O . witli grcttto~? oasc, wltlioiit ~iioli iiiciimbranccs. Pciiiaiiiclcy [t Tvill bo ~ufIiciaiit for 0111~11roh~Iltpui*poso,to accopt tliosc

+

40

THE SUGAR CBNE.

Jm. 1, 1875-

figures in their intepity, mhich teu iis that t h e resiilt of t h o 5rst crus1iing of tbose 31,2521bs. of canes afforded3256 lbs. of sugar ht h e juice. Ancl their second crushing 944 11 J1 Together 4200 I f from these me take 1900

-

11

,,

,,

)J

to fill n hogsheacl,

as a i'remainc10r'7 t o be accoimtecl for. If I hnve appromhed t h i ~"reiuclinder " by a legitimate path, me may find i t to be a si&ficnlit remninclcr also, in the abuencc of more complcto iuformat'lon. Wc mnst not oniit, howevcr, to notice thc fact, that a portiou of thcse 2300 lbs. of sugar, namely 850 lbs. appeai., ns procluoing 50 gnllous of rum ; altliongh it migbt be clifficiilt t o g;et a n excisemm bere to cnclorse that fact. Be that au it may, there is t h a t other fact, that khose 850 1bs. of sugar more cli.agged out oof clegadation bg fernientation. Obscurity mas cortainly n o t $ h e i . natural position ; thcy more degradecl into molafises when t h e juice was boiled together with impurities, anil this degrndation mas perfectecl by a caustic alksili, when lime mas added. I n a ~vorcl thcse 850 lbs. of sugar moillcl not h a ~ been e ferolenteci into r u m by any natural law of probability, if they hnd been a~ailabloas sugm; yet they are claimccl here as sugar, to disl3ose anil explain as much of the ccrumahclcr" as they may. For this puspose only, the clegracled 850 lbs. of sugar become so far importmt, as to ncquire a practical valiic eqzzal t o tlie best sugar, 0f conrse it niust vataz'~thab oalzq even whilst in tliat dcgacled state of niolrisses. It follows, if we c r e s t the sagéir account vitli these 8501bs., w c m i i ~ t a160 debit thc rum nccoiuit v i t h the snnze vnízq vhenevci. this siig= (or rather molnsscs) is pnsaecl into ' L The Xtill Hoilsc," nnd incliicls it hthc cument exlmse of the supposed profitnblc inmufacture o f rinu. Or, is the fementntion of tliis siigar, aud the clistillation of the runi-procluct rcdly crZZ profit ? 1s ruiu i~~dcccl i~mcleof notlling more t h m wliat is otlierifise l i morthless "? n morcl which ~IJPCU" to convoy some ,i(Ze~of tbe current vnliie of sacli clegraclecl

V e nrc lcft mith 2300

THE SUGAR CANE. punei sugar, on niany plantations, the better to enable the manufacture of rum to appenr pprofitablc. I f we acccpt tbis latter raliio, then the remaincler" 2300 lbs. continiies to be the inclcs of the loss of siigar, when gcttiug 1900 lbs. of sugar h t o n hogshaacl; ancl must remain so, until we get the complete explanation, wliich is respectfully solicited. Disinteresterl people tell us, that, on an aresage, the loss of sugar, by tlie u s u d ciude process of manufactwc, i 8 as gv3&t as thc mcight sold, anrl it must be profitable to reclucc such a 108s. I n Thc Culu?ziat for Oct. 211, we are tolcl that f'2.15 pcr cant. oi sugar was clei-ived hom &h.R~zsscll'sprocess," as indicntcd, not by any mcighing iliacliiuc, but by tlic polniiscopc. Unfortiinately the two inclicatione havc been vide t~pmt. Thoy nro obtaincd at dz~ore~ztstugcs oP tho process, vhcrc eacli is most npproprinte, becaiise accurate. Tho loss of sugar, it is wcll lrnom, occiirs betwcen thcsc two-tlic primary 2nd iiltimate-epochs, The polariscope can agToe mith tlie soalcs, only whcre tlio process of clnrifying thc cme-juicc is perfcct. The amount of thoir clisagcement, cxl)oscs the loss O! sugar which is siiffered in the process of manixhcture, and thnt immeilse loss me all know is occasioilecl by iquritics. It cnn be but fair to aclmit, that this loss is common to every proceos o! mannfactiii.ing siigar, that is not bassed on coxoct piirification of thc cmc-juice. Here wo soe tliat it mas incfispiitnlsly provcd, by tlic polni.iacol~c,that out of 4200 lbs. of sugar, only 1900 lbs. moro sent to the scdcs, as siignr, vliilst 850 Ibs., bcing cli?gruclc~liiito molasscs, mcrc sent to tlie " Still Houso" to incur siiucliy expenscs there before appearing in tlie market as 50 g d o n s of rum. With tlic mcrits of this qtbc~si econorny we cnn havo nothing to c10 nt prescnt. If wo siipposc those 850 lbs. of sugar isverc profitubly cxchmgcd for thosc 50 galloiis of rum, thcrc still prelnains 1450 1bs. of siigm to bc accountecl for ; os, t A ~ ynva bst, which is liigldy probnble. It qlill bo socii tlint I ~ilcsignedlya,~oiclnoticing thosc scicntiiic clctnils wliich aro offcrcd, to accoiiiie for " tho reinniiiclcr;" ilot tlint I attach n loss valnc to scientific nnlilysis and explanations than t11ey morit, but bcing a, commcicial pestion, we finrl that

42

THE SUGAR CANE.

Jm. 1, 1875.

comercial men fail to apprcciate scientific cxplanations, and even refuse to acoept them here in lieu of sugar. It may bc tlieir dogged obstinacy, but thcy do not Iiesitate to te11 us tlmt some explanatious come ill-thecl, ancl aTe estecmed as misplnced apologies for tho absence of a profitable resiilt. Intangibility, they say, is positively offcnsive, ~ h c noffcrcd vhere x ílefinitc, tnngible, commcrcial fact is clcrumded, and conficlently expectecl. 8 0 also, it cannot be desirable, iu thc intcrcst of science, to imagine it possible for a scicntkRc m m to be a responsiblo actor, mherc xiinous loss clistinguishes an impesfoct inmiifnctiii2ng process; aEi, v h e n only 1900 lbs. of msirketnble sugas rcach tha scnle, out of 4200 lbs. uniler control. Ln a mord, commercisil moii positively rcfuse to take out " " the romainder," mIiicli slioidd be a rcspectablc, profitablc balance, Ui vcrbnl apologics, or scieutific explanntions, be they never fio cruclite. Thcse gentlemon te11 us they cmnot nfford such a foriuidable loss, ancl they tenaciously cnli it a ruiilous loss, i4 the prcscnce of beot-sugar mhicli commmc1s the prcsent lom prices. Piirity in tho cane-juice, mo a11 know, can chive the bcet-sugar out of the market, by transfoxming this intangible " remaincler," into a tanglblc, a piofitablc sugniq. Therefo~e, a nearer approach to piuity, tban at present obtltins, mnst commnncl a better profit for cme-sugsv, mithout punislhg the ccnsurnes.

'' The proper impulse has baen givon, Wait a littlc 10ngor.'~

Y o u s obediently, W. E.zreronw G ~ L ,

P.S.-Lctters c o m y a desire tliat I shoiilcl nfford some stati~tics,such as I u a y have. The folloming hns bccn sent to WQ fsom Dcmcsa~a: Tlle pnlity of t h e j u i c ~ma~kecl8"B nt Plnntntion Hagnc nil(1 also at tlle ndjoining estate Cornelia. Ida. Thc foilmcr boils t l i ~ cmc-juice in the olil fnshionorl open paus " col~por.~all,"t o finisl~ tlie sugar by violoat obtfilZition, chniliilg tllo sugaF, &c, ; tlic lnttar

Jm. 1, 1875.

T H E SUGAR GANE.

43 -

-

finishcs tho siigar h the modern vaciium-pan, consequently, at a mucli lovcr tcmpcr,ztiirc. The sugar remains in thc coolers nt Ylnntation Hague iintil iransferrcd to the hogshcnds. At Cornclin Icla thc s i i p r is vcry properly passccl into the centiiif~igalsancl thc niolasscs cffcctiidly got rid o.! Thercforc, me cnn cnsily anticipate a prettier sauil~lcat Cornclin Ida than int Plautation Hague. Wc nom come to quailtity. It is common to both these estdcs, ns to otliers, to use 3,000 gallons of siich jiiicc for n hogsliead of ~ugar. By my proccss of purification, 2181 gallons only wcrc iisccl, as tlio avcrage of a fortnight's mo&. She p a l i t y of tZic jiiicc reiuaining. Tlic wcekly procliicc of siigni, at Plantntion Hagiie mas 30 hogslieacls Conscpcnily, thcy rcquhccl (3,000 x 50 =) 00,000 With tAc savae p n a t i t y of gallons of canc-jiiice wcckly. canc-jz~ico,therc cnn bc iuncle, mlicii. pi~ifieclby my proccssDO A 000, 41 hogshcarls, or 11 hogsheacls of sugar more, cnch week ; 2181

say an incrcnso of 36 per ccilt. 01 coi~sc,Lho quality of the siigar-procliict m s t bo bettcr with bcttcy trcatment. iúost nssiii.cclly, thc siigar is not Illrcly to bc chmrccl in a vacuum-pnn. For this I am maitiug, ancl cxpocting ihe resiilts par izext mail.

MONTSEBJUT,WESTINDIES, Ocron~n 1arrr, 1814. To r a x E~ITOR OF "TIIE SUGAR CARP." DE,~RSm, Witli rcforcncc to Dr. Phipsoii's couimiinict~tion,in the Aiig-ist niiiubcr of yoiir lml~licntion,I aliciild be glacl to bom vc.hetlicr tlic acres spokcn of liy 1Us comcspondcnt, Sutherlnncl, ai.0 Eiiglit4i statntc ncrcs, or some ctltller inonwre of lancl of geatcr arca tllaii tliat coiiiinoiily h o w n as an acre, as I nru qiiite a t a loss to lrnom Iioj~,cvcn mitli 5 cwts. of Ui,bnn Cktilc Mniiiire iliily al~plicd~1711~11 tlio cniics w c ~ cf i ~ moiitlis e old, hc has obtniucil wch ~ 1 1 ~lstollisliiilgw ~ i g l l tof canos. 111 lookiug OVCT 1x17recoril 0.E moigl~to! cauos fiom oacli ficld, cliily mcig.licc1 to qiiasters o£ a

THE SUGAR GANE.

44

JAX.1, 1815.

cwt., Ifiild thak m y best fielcl this yens averagecl only 22 tons por RCL'C; bnt tlien, thanks to n goocl mill mcl a Wycr's Patont Concietor, I obtainecl ~ c i y ncni-ly h o nncl n half tons of concreto fiam my (cornl)matively) poor $old o£ canes. I instnnce this fiold, not only bocause it mas m y best, biit bccaiise it had 6 cwts. of Georgcs Ville's mauurc rtl~plieclto it por acre, zmd mas also alido planted fielcl, so thd it ia a f a b fielcl for compnrison ~ 6 t ha. Sui;lierlmc17s. Prom hisyielil of canes (86 tons i 1 cmts. 2 qrs. 81bs.) 7: shoulcl h m o obtitinecl 12,000 gallons of jiiice from my m a , or 62+ per cent. (wliic'li is tlio amrage b y weight of canes ancl juico for the crop), mliilst he has only obtainecl 4,165 gt~llons,or aboiit 23& per cent. ; for 4,185 X 1,087 ap. g. x 10=20 tons G cmts., whioh is about 2 3 3 per cent. of 66 tons 11 owts. Still, i£ 31i.. Sutherlancl vill f i c U y iilform iis, tlvough your coluiuns, of t h e modc of preparntion b y ~vhich,mith tlie adclition of 5 cwts. per acrc of Urban Cnne Manure, h e obtnins 86 tons of Ganes per acre, lic mill confer n great favotir on other plmtcrs, as mell aa, y0iu.s trllly, J. B~~ENOER Homas. Urban Cano llanuro is This letter has becn do1nyod in transrniesion. nttracting conaiderable attontion. We shall ba glad to inscit tho rosiilts of further experimenta,-E&

.kyrovelselzts lRercilz. John

i22

thc i~f~izllf~lctro~c of ~~rc122c14cs, ntzd i ? ~thc fl)~pn>'atzbscriiploycd

IIonry Johson, Lincolri's inn Ficlda, Middlcscx. (A communiccttion from Henri Antoino Prospor Lissngnrnp, clicmisl, Pantin, France.) Narch 11, 1874.-No. 680. This irwonticii rdntes to tho prodtiction of nmnuro by tlie precipitation, in a solid and iml)utrosciblo forxn, mùilst rotaining its propertp of assimilation of tho nitrogouoiis niaticr containcrl in solution in hlood; ,ma to tho apparatus cml~loyedfor tliat p~il-pose,d i c h apparatris is rtlso alil,llcríl,le to tlic nianiifactiwc cf othor rimnurcs. I n cnrq-ing oiit this invcntion i€ i n proposcd to offcct i110 prccipitation hy mana of mineral acids, such, for oszmplo, as sulpl~uric~ c i a or cliioi,hydric acid ; OP of compoi~d~, siioh, for exarnple, as siilpùnto of

Jm. 1, 18'75.

THE

SUGAR GANE.

41:

5

alumina or sulphate of iron, or the two combined, wliich are &ed mith thc 1iq"d blood, into which &ere hns becn previously introduood n, solublo salt or compound, siich, for examplc, as nn illlialinc sr~lphiteor bisulphite, or nlLaLine earth; or in licu thoreof, chioricle of l h o or other hypochlorite; the liberation of one of tho constituent clcruontq say, for example, siilljhu1'ous aoicl or chlorinc, by nicans of tho acid or body having tvn acid reaction subsequontly introcliioed into tho liquid, sffccting, liy n rcnction produced from molecule to moleculo throaghont the whole mass, the coml~lote coagiilation of the solid mattor in the bloocl, and at the snine time rendering such coagulatod inattor imputresoiblo. Thc prccil>itated inatter is collectecl in any suitablo Gltcilng appnratus, and oitherpressetl into tlie fo1.m 01 cakes or h i c d in any suitablo manner. Tho al~l~nratus consists of two series of vcssds, t h u g h mhicli. the bloocl and acid are resl~ectivelyconclucted to a common vessel bolow, in wliich thoir uilmixtwo is offected. Tlioso vossels are provided with suitablo bnll nnd othci coclrs for thc puiyoso of olitnining a continuona and proportional clischarge of the liquida, and of intercel~iiig, them as required. Ii~qrovcmc?&ts i%tho Jfa~zufizctzbro qf Szignv, a?zdiga pzcrvyi~zgSncc7~a~~i~ao floSokJohn Stenhoiiso, malytical chemist, Rodney Stroct, Pontonvillo, Kddlcsox. Pobruary 20, 1874.-No. 653. Tlio ossentia1 Ponturos oi this invontion consists in effecting thc reinovd of lime, existing oitlier as saccharato of limo 01, othor~viso,From solutions of sugar or otlier saoohrmino solutions, by moans of oxnlic acicl, or by moans oi tlie oxnliltos oi nmmonin, potnsh, or soda, or mixbures of tho samo. tzofas.

SUGAB STATISTICB-G,BXAT

. .. Livciyool ., Biistol . . . .

STOOICS. 1874. 1873.

Loudon ,

Clyclc ,,,.,,

75 46

3 27

.. 80

.. 6 2 ..

5

52 - ..--

T o t a l . , 151

--

189 h -

Decrcaso , .38.

BRITAIN.

IMPORTS. 1874. 18'73.

. . . -- -657 000 --259 . 243 1 6 1 , 17.1: 76 , 76 162 , 1 9 7

.

Dccronsc, ,38.

sa~.i, 1875.

THE SUGAR CAITE.

46

Sroorts o i S U ~ AM R TEE C n m ~NA~ILFTS OF TEE WORLDON lsx N o w m ~ Foa , T ~ P YBAIIS, P m T H O U S ~ Sop

TI-

TONSj T O TEB NZAREBT TEOUSSND.

h.2 Grcat Frnnce. EToilrtnd Britnin.

--------829

257

POR TIíP ENSIJING

28

.G

2 s -

;1111_ Grent ~~d Britnin.

a -8

8

.

8g

O&

806

116

PRETIOUS Xi07lt18

18'74-76. Tons. Pyance . , 415,000 Germany (Zollvercin) 255,000 Austso-Hungasy 140,000 Eiissia annd Poland , 130,000 65,000 Belgium , .

,

320

O '& 4%

SEISON,C O D A R B D (39'011%

-

6

h3

TOTALTOTALTOTAL 1874. 1873. 1872.

361

301

TOT& TOTAL TOT~G 1873. 1874. 1878.

1536

1464

1256

TITH T3AT OF THE TEUEE

SEASONS.

XonthZy C{?*czcZnt-.j 1873-74. 1872-73. Tons. Tona. 396,578 , 408,649 288,972 , 258,663 169,250 214,107 150,000 150,000 70,366 75,978

1871-72. Tons. 335,351 189,166 161,527 90,000 12,236

.... ... . . . .... .. .... .. . . .... .... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . ... . Hollanci ancl othei. C o n r , , . , , 30,000 , . 35,000 . . 35,000 . . 25,000 -Total. . , , , .1,035,000 1,110,lGG 1,142,307 - 8'73,280 -

Jm. 1, 1875.

THE SUGAR CA.NE.

4

THE S U W NARKET DURING 18'74. The year mXch hsis jnst closecl lias been renclerecl mernorable to the sugar morld by thc removal of the English siigai. &tios. This event has bccn approacheil for sevcrd yeus past by the pmsing O£resolutions for the recliiction of thc cl~zty, It 6 1 1 be well reinemberecl that in 1870, wlien the highest rate mas ttvelvc shillings per cmt., Mr. Lowc eaforned thc grntittidc of the siigasconsuming public by reclilcing it t o six, a ineasure wliicli he followed up in 1873 by agah halving the enthc cluty scale. Thia year thc finishing .t;oiich has been aclded t o the policy by thc Tory Chancollor of the Excheq~io~. We havc nom, tlici,cfore, n periocl p i ~ to t tho long controversy of clifferentisil vsrsua unifo~mclnty, as far as England is conccinccl, and accept tho position as bchg thc real nnd only perfectly satisfnctory soliition cf a Erec trade policy appliecl t o siigctl., as fnr as it is tlio pomcr of oiir Government to cnsurc it;. I£ only all the countrics pm-tics to tíic Comention of 1864 coiilil ficc tllcir way to nbolition, t h mi~ch ~ vcxed mcl coinplicatccl sugar qi~estioiou mcilkl bc nt nn cncl, mcl eacli branch of the tracle moillcl stmd upon a pci.rectly souncl ancl salisfactcry basis-nainoly,

natural.

nclnptatioiou by cliinatc, position, ancl rcsouces, If hopea of such a settlcruent miglit; at any timo hnvo bccu rcnscnably cntertaiuocl, thcy Iisi-vc unfortiinatcly bccn rcnclcrccl utopim by tho dosolrcting Frn~~co-Goriuanmar. Wc mc aow thercfoforc lcd to al~prccisitctho p e a t iml~ortanceiipon tlie fixtmc 01 oiir trnclc of tho coiirso which msiy Iic tnkcn at tlio expiz.sitiou OS tlic Convcwtion in 1875, nncl it is with tlic vicw of iinpiossiiig tliis irnportnncc iipoii oiir rondcrs thnt wo mnlcc tlioso rcnznrka.

TEE SUGAR CAXZ

48

JLN.1, 1875.

Thc effect of the ~bolit.iono£ the sngnr (11ztics has of course becn cheap sngar-cheapei, than i t lias cvei bcon h o m n beforc; at present thc piice of conimon rcfinccl 111mp s u g a is about 30s. pcr cwt., mhilst i n 1870 it voas morth 45s. The stock of sugar in tlic co~mtryhns aIso clilriiig tho past Seai. n t t h e d to propostions higher thau Tas ever bcforc expeiiencecl, tlic climax being h Jiily nt 242,000 tons.

Diwing the lattcr pni.1;

of thc year, however, it hns dcchecl consic1eiabIy bclow tlic stock of 1873, being nom 150,000 tons, agahst 188,000 tons.

Up to December 12th the aiuount Tas 698,000 tons, agninst 669,000 for thc vhole 03 The coiisnmption lias been sntisfnctory.

1873, anil 615,000 for 1873. Probably, mhcn tlie ret~zinsaro completo, they

d show a coilstzn1ption of aomething like

715,000 tons. As regarcls the gcnernl nctirity o£ the sngw tTaclc clwing thc past year, this has bcen subject to consiclerablc fl~~ctiintion.I n the enrly pai't, the belief thnt thc prochction of thc Bnclget woiilcl witness tho repcal of the cliity iuipo~tedan elcment of u i i c c r t h t y

md want of confidente-an effect izpon our heedom from mliicli me liave nom much reason to congatiilate ousselves.

Tlio

sottlement of tlris question mas then succecclecl by f i ~ eos six months of tolerably brisk tracle ; but clwing tho last two or threo months tlle mnrkets lime, upon the whole, becn ~1~111 nncl clepressccl,

It has, h o w c ~ c i ~gcneially , been fouild that the closc of thc yoar is n slack time in the siigclr tsnclo, nncl the stdistics woidcl secm to encoiirngc the hopc that the beginning of thc year mny soo rencmeil prosperity.

INDEX TO VOL, VI.

- ..

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..

Adnltoratcd Syrii11s , , , , , 68 Animal Chnrconl i n Sugar ~I;Iniiiifnctiiro , ,, , 107 Analyaie of Aniinnl Cllnl'conl (Bono BlncIc) i3y Ci'*. 0, XTEWART, F.C.S. 298 A Viait to tlio Birst Contynl 6ugnr li'nctoi-y ostnblislicd in Porto Bico. Dy Itrorrniin E. D U R T ~389 N Acco~iutof an Esl~orimontwiLh tlio Uiqbnn Cano 3Tnnui.o iii Antigun, Ily Dr. T. L. PIIIPAON, F.U.S., &C. 417 e

e .

. . .

Ciirioiis Sop~rnliono£ Gilicn iroin Sugnr Solutions. , , , , , , , 13y 8. DANATIausfi, 8tnto AMsnyor o f R1nss:~cliasott~122 Coir.csponclonco-On Bill'a Now Frocoss for Piirirying Cimo Juico , , 149 $9 Sugnr Stntistics , , , l l y C' D. S ~ u n r l n204, 697, G60 iilotllods of I'iirifyii~gCnno Jiiico. Uy W. E. GILL 206 9) >j On tho Annlysis o1 TSibnn Crino llnriiira , , ,, Ily T. L, I'rrrrsox, PIi.D., J?,CI.S. 317 Porfoct Uns-Ilcilting by complolo CombiiaLion , 317 ), >I Sugt~i,iiIncliinory. , , ,, , , ,, 3Jylioilcn~(XILAI~AT,~, o! Porico, Parto Rico 36i >9 I?lnniirig in Porto Riao , Dy RICIIAR~ D, DUXTON366 Tllo Xoviviflodiori. of Anirrinl Ulinrooi~l , , J7

.

..

. .. . . .

.

. ..

. .

.. . .

.. . . .. ..

IICnnuro Esporirnonl~in Antig~~tb , , G~ll Acliori oP k%nniirooii Dool t d Unrio , , , :By T. L,~'IIII'HON, rll.D., s.u.8. 6.18 Cnno Rust nnd othor Rlntlors , , , + , , , , , , 23'6 Cnno Euat , ., , , , ,, , , , Ily 3'. 1'. 8. PINWILI,. 2.1 O 1 3 ~~L Z X A N ~ ~l~r~hl!~, I $ ~ L 211 CrLnC! EuH~; , , Ghci~11Winos, froln Ilio l'liyniciiiri'~ lloinL O! Vi«w , , , , , , , 361 9,

9,

.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..

PAGE

Nrgotintions relnlive to tlio Intoiantion:~lSugíarCon~lcntionon Dramlincl-R Notes tilion Animd Charcoal-Tho Prcscnco of Fcrroii~Sulphido in Char By R. FIIASER S~~ITII, F.O.S. Xem Pi.occss of Sugar blanufncturo Note on tho Annlysis of Sugar By J. 11.MILNC,Ph.D.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O G01 . ............ 627

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 ...... 010

On tlio Bcst BIcnns of Incrcnsing tho Yicld of Siignr on our West Inclin Soils By S. L. PIIIP~ON, Pli.D., F.C.S. 49 On Sugnr Bínniifacturc By TV. EATIIORNC GILL. 214 0 n L110 Ile~pirationOIXeot root, nnd tlic Aii. oncloscd in it. Ey A. IIEINTZ242 On tlio Silcsian Root By Dr. C. A. Canrciios 241 On Cano Soils. (From n morlr on Siignr Agric~i1111~o.) By Dr. T. L. PIIIP~ON 260 On tbc Proscncc of Arabic Acids in Sognr Bcot, and oÇ Arnùin Srignr, By D1'.C. SCIICI~LER 366 On tho S~vcctncssof Sugar. (Froin i'Foods, Iiy Dr. Edn~mclSmitIi.") 201 On Sugar ItoGning By F n c n ~ a ~ cV. r c G ~ L I ~1'h.D. ~ I N 266 , On tlin Influcnco of Forcsts on Rainft~lls , l3y Ar,rncu PRYEX433 By P. OABAIIAJOR 466 On tho Espxnsion of Siignr Soliitions bg Dont , On tho Trcntment of Uncrystnlliznblc S ~ ~ u poi:s Bcot Sugar ~vith Phoalilioric Aoid By PBIYAILD L. CULL.49G Oiiglit mo, 01-oiiglit wo nol, to rornovo Dry Cnno Lcn~cshoin tho Sugar C1in0? n y R, E.B U ~ T O662 N,

........

.......... ............

........

......

. .. . .......... ................

Perfccl Gas-llcnting by coml)loto Combiistion, nnd uudor contitant volumo o[ tlio Biunt Cfa~cs , Dy Paur, C I ~ A R P ~ N T 129,184 I~R. Uy Dr. O. SOIIET~LEIL. 3113 Pliosl~lioricAcid in Siignr Roíinirig. l'roioction to Birds nnd Troos. (From tlio Qrtce~rsltl~~rlcv.) 631 Procluation oi Uncrystallisnl~loSugar during Bugni*Iioíining , ,. G4G

. ......

...... .. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 .................... .. ... . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ..,. 648

Rocl Bank-Qiioon~land Roooil>PforPoisoniag.Rat8 Rofining in Uond in Frnnoo , ,, , ,, ,, , ,, 17 Qiiccnolniid Riissoli'a Pntcnt for Inil~rovonicntiii Extrncting Urino Juico , , ,

.

.

609

., 683 633

. . . . . . . .. ..,. .,,. 1826 .. ,, ,, I24

Siignr llacliiilory. (Continiicrl from p. G30, Yol. V.) , , , Siignr 1fachinory. (Coritiu~ioil fi'oin 11, 40.) Sirgnr iliticliiiiorp (Conlii~ucdironi p. 83,) ,, ,,

vii.

INDES.

PAQE

. . ..

TTtxluntion of the Procl~~ce imd Lose in tlio liIanidacturo of Siignr Dy Jf. En~vnnnRIPPA~D229, 310 Violcnt Storms in Cuba ,, , , , , 647

.. .. . .

.. .. . .. . .

Will Cano-gronring Pny in tho Soiithern Diutricts ? Picld of Juico niid Sugnr. (I-roi11 tho Qiree)zsZnrtdo,)

.

., . , 2.13, 426, 4G8 ., . . , . . , 2.26

THE SUGAIZ UANE.

,J,ix. 1, 1875.

GONTENTB OF NO.66,--Vol. VII. 1 PdG13

. . . .

ON T ~ ~E ~ ~ ' I ~ L U X oã N CF E O~SO TN SXAINF.~LL.. . . . . 1 QUEENSLAIID S r u ~ l i s. . . . . . . . . . , . . . 4 BARKE s r n ~ c rAKD T 5 C CONCILETO~~ . . . 5 NOTES UPON ANIUAL CIIAIICOAL TIIB YRBSENCEOB FXRR~US SULPE~DB IN C'L~LR. BY Rourin~Px~zxn,XIIITII, F,C.S. . . 12 ANIXAL CHARCOAL.BY <TITI,EB ' GREBN." . . . . 16 A n , . t r ~ ~ SUG~R-COLO~~ATION cr~~ IN FR,~XCE. . . . 18 FRENCH OPWCIALSUOIIL RETURNS. . . . . . . 21 HALFIN & ALLIOTT'BNnm Suc;aa NACIIINEILY. . . . . . 22 STEAX-PLOUGIIH. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ANTIGUA . . . . . . . . 31 ~ A N U P ~ ~ T U 01" R E Suci.in. . . . . . . 32 8 a Pn,i~c~sco ~ Suaau R x s r ~ x n sAxD T m AXBI~IOAN SYBTBJI. . 33 Conit~s~ox~sn.cir-N. Lunnocrí. . . . . . . . . 33 ,I Trrn EXT~ACTION OB S U G Lmoar ~ h f ~ a u. ~ . . 36 >I E 1 i ~ ~ o r r nGILL x . . . . . . 38 ,r 6. SPI~NCER HOLLLLTNGB. . . . 43 PATBNTB. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 SUCiAIZ ~TA'PISTICS, 46 STOCKS. . . . . . . . TIlX SUGARNAXJ~ET DURING 18'74 , . . . . . 47

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Suhscsiptions to "The Sugar Oane," du? in advanoe on the 1st of Augiist, mny bo reiuittecl to Ms.DATIS BENSON, caro of Messrs, Galt & Go,, l)ublisliers, Mancliester.

MANLOVE, ALLIOTT & Co,, Nottingham, England ; Anil ROUEES, Francle; IIAXBRS OB TRX CONURETOR.

USE OF THE CONCRETOR FOR MAKING SUGAR, TEE boliof np1icni.s to bo prcvrtloiil; tlint tlia Clonci8ctoria only applicablo to tho mns.zifnctiii.o oi '( con~roto" sugnr. Tliis i8 not tlic casc, ns ii, mny wi!,li cqlinl nilvniringc lic iisoil i n coiljunction wiih tlic ooiitrifiighl ninohino for tlic yrodriotion oí' ycllow to fiuo coiinl;or aiigms, oil iii coa.

THE

suaan

GANE.

JAN. I , 1876.

ncction ~vitlitlie ~aciiiiuipau for iualring the fiiiest class of vaciinui pan sugni's. A f c r ~vorilsin refcrcnce to cach of thcse mct,llocls of iising Bic Concrotor. concrctc " ~ ~ i g a r IST ~ ~ R T ~ O I I . - ~ S oi C tlic Concretor aloao to iiinlcc Whcn tlus is tlie object to bc nttninecl, tlic mnniifnotiircr proceccls as folloms :Tlic cnne ia crushecl aucl tlio juice clnrisifiod or clefconted in thc usual may. Aiter tlie dofccntioii tlie jiiiec pnsscs on to tlic '(trny" of tlie Qonc~etor. Herc it is concantrnted up to aboiit 30 to 33" BaiiuiB nt vhich dcusity it passes into thc (crcvolrriug cylinclor," nlso forining n portiou of tha apl~nmtns. Tlx interior of tliis oyliiicleii is full of spiml blaclcs of iroii. h s &o cyliiiilcr rcrolvca tlicsc spiral ~ l n d c tr~lcc s 1111 tlio coilccaitrntccl jiUco or syriip, niicl cspose n vcry lnrge fiiii.ft~ceof it to tlio actioii o f ;I cui.i.fnt; of Iiot nir ilr~zwiltliinoiigli tlic cylindcr by n fiui, vliicli forms pnrt »f tllo maeliiilc. Tlic cval>oi3atioii in this cyliuiler is courhctcd entircly by iuennns of hot nir, thc ooiiseqiioiicc bciug tliiit tlioiigli tlic cvnl3orntioiiprocccils rapiilly, tlic tcmpcrnturo of tlic juico os syrilp is lrclit low ; inilecd, ou critcriug tlic cylhiclcr tlias teiupcrntiirc o€ t l ~ csyiiip xt oncc f ~ ~ ltlos abont tlic tempci.nturc nt \\rIiicli i t monlcl bc boileil i11 a vacuuni pan. I n tlus cyliiiclcr tllc s y r ~ i is l ~ coiicclitrntcil to siicli ri point tlint 0x1 bohg dischngcd fi-oni i t anil nllomcd to 0001, it Isecoiiios quite lirii.il, niiil is cct opzce rcncll- for salc OP shiplncut t o aiiy Sliçtnncc. 111 morking tlic Coilcrctor iii this \lrq tio ?~eol(lssos zul'rrrtaac~*is iiin(lo, but for rvory giilloii of jiiicc nt 10:" Baiwú siipl>lictl to tlic nppnrntus, it yiclds two poim~lsof rnnr sugar (or " coiicrotc,") oP n cliinlity vnryiiig nocorcliiig to t1le qiicllily o£ ilio criilc-jiiico from wliicli it wns miiilc. Tlic ailvantngcs o£ tliis iiicthocl of iisiug tlie Concr~to~, lwc :1.-Tlic snull~tassqf Ac outZr6y repirecl for tlic maii~ifnctiirc of n given cpnu tity of cmc. 2.-Eco1zony irt llr8oza.. 3.-La~gcly .ifin.cr~scd pztaatity qf S14g(l? Dom n gi~riri.qiiniitity oí' jiiictt. 4.-~bolition of (listillcry, eli:11'~0;11filtcrs, cc~itriii~gal 111:1cllii10, iiiolnsses, tnnks, &c. Xts clisadvaiilngo is, tlint tlioiigli rrcry iiiilcli 1noi.c aiignr is obltiiiird by tliis liroces? from :I, g i ~ ~ cq~inntity ii oC canc jiiicc tlinn by niix otlicilfirsl,ctiioC niaiiiií'ncturo \r.liatcvcr, yct tlYs siignr doos not rcnli~eso I~ighn prieo por toii ar vac uuni p&n ,nugari..

It is for tho plantor to clecidc, miiltiplying tlic qiinntitg of siiçar proclncocl b y tlio prico Iie onn obtain for it: ancl trtlriilg into nccoiint reclucecl iiiecrcst on cnpitnl, in conscrpcnce of tlic comparativo c1ical)ness of thc niacliinery neeclcd for ninlring coilcrcte " sugar, ancl also recliiced costs of maiiiifactiiro, tlwoiigli C C O I Z O ~i n~ lnbour anrl fucl, ~ v h c t h c rit niigllt not 1,a-f hiin bcttcr to iunko the lnrgcr qunntity of l o ~ vprioed siignr, rnther tlinn tlic smnller qiinntity of higli pricerl sugar. Tiic iiir~cntoranil the iiinni$~ctiircrs of tlio Concrotor bcliove, tIint unloss thorc bc a demnncl for coiuter or 7-ac~iuw.pan sizgnr for local consum~)tionor otlicr cxcoptionnl circiimstnncc~,it n i l l pny l;he plantar bcttcr to malcc tlio largo q~iantityof concrctc " sugar, ratlicr thnn tlic smallcr rpnntity of higlior pi:icccl sugar. ~ N ~ D ~ r i l o n . - U s o df tiic Concrctor in coiijiinotion mith tlio ccnti~ifugal ninohino, to inrtlrc oountcr sugnrs. Tlic psoccss oE concciitrrttion is contl~ictcilmnch in tho sa111e Ivay na i n No. 1 mctliocl, csccpt tlint tlic syi'i~pns it Icnrcs tlie Concrotor " trnys," o i ~ g l ~cithcr t t o bo filtcroil thougli bng íiltors, or a l l o ~ c c lto su1)siclc for 34 hoiirs boforc it pnsses to thc c,ylindor. Tlic object of tliis fi1k~::itiionis to rcniovc auy niocliaiiical iiupui'itics loft i n i;Lc J~iico, wliicu if not rcniovod nr01i1CI bc lilrcly to impnrt ali ohjcctiorinblc grny tingo to tlio sugar. Charcoal filters niigllt bo ciiiployecl nt tliis stago of ihc pi~occsi.i,8 tlie .irhitciicss of t l ~ osiigar wcrc tlioiiglit to bo mo1.o iiiiportniit tliaii tho oost of its proiliiction. Iii tlic rcvol-ring oylinder tlic sg-rilp is iiofi coilcontrntoil .lo quite fio liigli a point as if uconcrctcJ' sugar rn0i.c to bc mnclc. Froni tlic cylindor tlio syriip irito coolcrs ~vliorcit itl allowcd to sl;ii;iiil foi* 24 lioiirs - - is pnssccl to csystallizo ; nft,cr thiu it is ili~niricdiii tlic cclitrifiigul nindliiio. Tlic niolas~esolitniiicil fioru tho " first siigar " niny ùc lioilcil ilown a scooiid tiiiic iii tlie rcvolving cyliiidcr to product? soc011(1 fil~gnv." S h c tlisnchaiitngcs oi' Chis systc~iiins comparcil ~ v i t No. l ~ 1 riiolliocl of \vofiiiig, aiqc1.-luc~cnsccl oiitlag- foy iiincliiiicry, siuco cciztrifiigci;l iiincliiiics, iiltors nrid iiiolnçses k~nlwaro nccdcd. 2.-~iicycrisctl cost oí' procl~ictioii,h r ns tlicro nro iiiorB 1)rocchsrs to bo goiio tliroiigli, ho iiioro laboiir aiid rnorc íiicl tixc i.c~l~ii~~oil tlitui \~rlici*c'i c~lli~'1~0to '' R I I ~ L I i~ I * proillic~\i[. ;$.-l>ii~iiiii~il~(~~l 111i1ii~tity oí' sl~gctrol~htiiic~~l. 7:1i(* r~tlr:iiiiii~i! (II tliv prorcsr is Ilicit it ~)roiliiccsti. iiicii loolciiig HiigniSl 1~11i-(~, tiii(1 01' goi111(*O~OILI-, ~vliicli~ v i l biall l 11t IL liiglicr p 1 3 i v o ])(listoli tl~itil ~;0111~l'(~t~~ hl1;;lIl'~ : ~ I L I NIYI'LLU~).--UYI~ ) of Llic Cloiicrclor as 1\11 noxiliivy to jrncii-iiui 1'l"L.

THE SUGAR GANE.

Jas. 1, 1875.

Whcre the Concrctor is thus enil~loyedit occupies tlic place iisuauy fiucil by thc '[triplc cffct" ~vhercthat systeiii is usecl in coiicentrating tlle juice for ihc vncuuni pau. The Concretor pt?i.forms this ~ v o s kof prcparatory conceutration for tlie vacuum pau niore rapirlly 2nd more economicnlly thnn thc " triple effet." It iieeds no large boilers, nor costly air and wntcr pzimps to aid i t ; it r e ~ i ~ no e sskilled wodcrncn to take chargc of it ; it docs ilot rcaclily gct oilt of order mcl if oiit of osde? is veiy casily liut right agaiii. mhen usecl in conneotion mith thc vacnuni pm, the juicc is o d y concentrated t o about 20' Baiiilié ou t l ~ c" trays ;" it tlion passes to the rerol-oing cyliuclcr mherc its density is raisecl t o 30' or 32' Baimé. Mtcr learving tlic cylincler thc comentratioii of thc syrup is completecl b;y thc ~aciiiunpan in the usual wtiy. The adrantages and clisad~antagosof this metliod of morlring azvcsiniilar to thosc of No. 2 method but niorc 11inr.kec1, sincc No. 3 systeru nccds still more niacliiuery anil nioro lnbou aiicl fucl, thoiigh at t h e sanm timo it yields a morc .beautifiil aiid highor piicccl sligardxct No. 2 method. The time occupicrl by thc jilicc in t~aversingtlic <'trays" is only aboiit 10 minlztes, cl~~iiiig mliicli time thc jnicc is conccnti.atecl from say 10" IIF to 30" or 32' Bauiiié. I n thc rcvolving cylinclcr it rcmains for about 20 minutcs, cliiring mhíeh time the cvuporatioii is completcd. Thc siigar l c a ~ c stho cylhcler i n siicli n state that as it cools it bccomes a solid mass not liable to clraiiiage. Th11s the jiiice is cnly exposecl to hcut for níiout hnlf nn Rozw. O n the < L trays" mhere the juice is thimcst nnd thercfore bcst aSle to bear licat ~ i t h o i i tinjiuy, &c temperatiuac is aboiit 21 4' to 2 16' Paht. A themometer pliingccl into tlie jiiicc on khe trays nt n12y q:oi~tr u e l y or iiever rcgistcrs more, ancl ovcn this tcmporntiu.e lasts for only about ten minutcs. When thc jiiice posses from the ([trays" into tlle revolving oyliuiler its tempeiaturc nt onoe falls to aboiit 160" or 170° Faht. The tempciature graclually &s as the syrnp approaches the ontlot iintil it becomes 190' or 200' Faht. at the pobt vrhere the sugar - issues from thc cylinder. Let tliesc tcm1~eratiu.c~ ancl the length o£ tiiuc clliring ~ l z i c hthe jiiico is exposecl to them bc compwcd v i t h the tcinperatiircs of t h e tril~lo effct ancl vacuiim pm ancl thc lcngth of timc cliiriug mllicli tlie juice is esl)osecl to thom, aucl it -rPill at onoe appear that k s s liarm is clone to tlie colour anrl chemicnl constituency of thc jiiice by thc Conc~etortlian by the triple effct and vacunm pau. If then thc plantcr mishes to make the classes of sugar l~rocluccd by pithes af the f i s t tmo methocls of working the Conorctor, be mil1 nssin-eclly ~ll.od~ice them far morc ad~antageouslyt o himself by usinlg thc Concret;or than by employing any other methocl of mailiifttcture ~ d m t o v c ~ . If ou. thc other hand, he desires to malm tho finrst vaciium pan sugar i t TPiU C O S ~less t o make this mith the Concretor nncl vaci~izmpali combincd t h m mitli thc triple effet anel vacnluu pau conibinecl, wllile I,he sizgar thizs oolitninecl mill bc at Zcast as good as wheie the triplo effet is enlliloyecl, i f not bettcr. Of the maiiy Concrctors solcl, some aro bciug nsod ir1 thc inanner first describccl, othcrs arc bchg cruplogccl in conjiziiction with tho cent,rirugnl to procliice coiinter sizgars, m d otlicrs tiro bciug mol.liccl in tlie tllircl - g q uciitioncd iil comcction ~ i t the h vaciit~iilp".

JAN.1, 1876.

TIIB SUGAR CAEE.

BETTS STREET, ST. GEORGE'S E A S T LoIxDOm, mn

M A S S O N W O R K S , DERBY', UAEERS OB ALL IfINDS OB

Bmthinqrg flui[ Sugzy

Original Introducer~to ihe jVe,gt Indios and moat

Multi tubular Boiler. Anlongst thc Artieles ~Ianufacturcdmo mny onumemtoCnttlo Piimps, Multitubiilnr ancl othcr Steam J30ilei.s~ Vaci~~im Paus h coppc< :oi. cnst iron, Condensing and S i g h Picss~u.e Stenili Eugiiles, Bag Filters, Donkey Zngiues, Chnrconl F i l t c ~ s , Distille~yE~igincs, Blom-1111 Pnns aud Siibsiders, Aii Pi1111p Engines for Vaciriim scl,,, proases, Pans, Ccntiifilgal Siigar Nachines, W~oiiglitlron Wntcr Wheels, A11 lri~iilsoE App~isatiisfor no~ ~ ~ i nnd ~ ~ycrtical , , t sugar ~ b"r"u8 ~ ~Charco:~l1 ~ i ~ l ~ i l ofl ~evcry (lcsclilltion, witll Col~pcrR11111Slilla for stcnni or firo, suitsíblc Gcaring, LighC ltailvnys ~vitliWhoels nnd 8tcnm Juice Trays for clitto, Axles, foi Nountiug Ncguss Cano Jiiico Pnmps, Wnggoas, Tubular Stoam Claiifiers, Dippers nud Crancs, Wroiiglit Iron Jackettcd ditto, Stenm Syrul) Chargors, (Slcolrel's) Siignr Pans, Coolem, &c., of cnst ImprovodFcedIiijccto~~s~Fletohorsj iron, mrougllt iron, oi coppcr, WL'OU&~ I~'0l.lXll€W' and M e ~ a s ~ John Pletcher's patenf; Rcvolving Houues, G~~nniilator, IronB r i d ~ c s l Ct~ni~ulating Paris of ovary dosCnue I'uiits, cription, Drniilizzg Maoliincry, ~ v i l l lScoop Open Pans, milh Multituliular Steam Discs, Whcols or Goiititiigal P~iiinps, Wctzcl Paus, Slrelrol's paLeilt Stcnin Fiirnnco Cast nnd Wr011g1it Pron Tnnks, Feeclox (Iron Pircinail). ---~n~~n",-",,\n~,,w,-*n"-"

Abo, nll othor hhds of Jliiohinery tcsed iqz flugnr IJZa?atatio?ualztl

2Zo$7~iltc~ica,

sztcl~as

WHEEL8, PXNIONS, aRANE#, URABS, TOOLB, &c.

~

l

TUIE SUGAR (TANE.

1\TO1rT1N G H A M ,

SAN.1, 1815.

ENGLAND,

AND

ROUEN,

FRANCE.

"

MAKER8 OP

XILLS

A

AS]? ALIA ICINUS Or

SVaA3zb X A G E I X E B Y . 'L1ixii O~LI(;INA~, T ~ m o » u c u n sANn

nrosr nxrrEwsr.croIEAiiEaS

OP

CFN'SIIRIFUGAL MACX-IINES (TURBINES). TJKI: l F

~ lh lI n ~ ~~r r r ' n c r u i t ~OF a~

S"ilP3EdMBED OB 8ELP-BALANCING BEN'FPZIFU&ALS. 8018 Makors i11 Eiiropo of ISEPWORl'E'S PATENT SUSPENDED CENTBIFUCSBLS. Ar.so l I . ~ ~ u r a u l u a ~ ais iis

Srl'l
STEAM BOILERS. DU RIEUX & R O E T T G E R 9 S PATENT FILTER PWESS. BAG FILTERS, CHARCOAL FILTERS, TVATER WHEELS, 89XAFTLNG AND GEARINC;;. DOUBLE AND TRIP'L'I EPFWJT APPARATUS AND ACCESSORIES,

SULPHUNOUS AND CARBONIC ACID GAS A PPA RA TUS, complete.

VACUUNT PANS. AXR PUMPEI, AND WATEIR PUMPS, WITIZ FIETIB'S I?A'PENT VALVEB, I III)JEOPTEI) I1bTENT WETZEL ir; BOUB PtLNS. PATZNF AND OnDINARY 33ATTERY BANB (JAMAICA, TRAINS),

FRVERJÇ PATENT CONCltETOR. Tlio Bogtlrdus Xill, 8ugw Crizsliors, Talik~,Coolers, Steam Glwiflers, Steam Granoa, fliionii~Winoliarr, &o, ; Tboiiilison's Patonti Eoad Ste~mers,with bcüa-R~iliùorTy~es, Engiiiaorsl Tooln, nran Buildings, Woighbridgos, and :11 othw requisite8 for S ~ i g ~Plantntioiis. r BLL HNDB 01' U.EARINO. MOULDED BY PATENT 1KACHIUERT, n u SPEOIAI, ~ P P O X N T I ~ E N T~, U E N T H FOR

FAPRBAWK'B CELEBRATED AMERICAN WEIGHINC) PACHINES.

Jax. 1, 1875,

TIIE SUGAR CldNE.

TO BLANTEWS & REFINEWS. -

Tlic stearly progrcss of tho Bcotsoot Inrliistry, v~híchtliroatcns t o n~onopolimtlic sugai, prodrictioii of the voi~lcl,is iluc t o PRrLCTIGAL SCIENTlFIC INVESTIBATION. Cane Orovircrs ~ n c l31nniir11ctnrers cnn no longer overlook tlle neccssitg o f aclolitingJhc saiilc culightened prineililes.

MOTTERSHEAD & CO., EXCHANGE XTREET, MANCHESTER.

GENERAL LABORATORY FURNISHERS AND

Importers of Apparatus. - ---

SPEEIALITIES in Bacoherine and Agrioulturd Analysia, POLARISCOPES, H P D R O N E T X R S (Daurnó's nnd oBiors), TEST PAPERS, & XTEIIY BEQUISITE POR CIIEMICAL RES'lilAROU,

X.B.-Coml rel="nofollow">lcto appnrntiis for ~Lctorininiii~ tllc Crystsillianlile Sugn~ anil thc Ciliicose i11 Cnnc-jnice aiid RRWSiigelss, by BnrrcsmiU's Col>pcr Test, with full iils'crnctioris for lise (as goilernlly prac'cieorl. in tho Engliuli, Pronch, nucl Gernxau Labordorios) serit to a11 parta oPthe ~vod(1:hi.tiolos linble to brealcage suppli~liis cliipliontc. Price, packed reacly for sliliilnient, $3 l a ~ Gd. ,

Jas. 1, 1876.

THE SUGAR GANE.

WORRS,

NEPTUNE STREET, LIVERPOOL

A f t ~ niore r thau 20 years' praclicnl esperienco as nilt~iirifr~ctnrers of Pertilizcrs, ancl Chcmists, in acldition to tlic advnilkagc of our Prior's l;ersoiinl stiiily of the Ctino cnltiiro in tlic .Vcst Indies, antl thc long ooiitinucd siipgly of more than 200 cstntcs 1.11 ~ e i n c ~ u r atfirouglioiit , tlie Britisll, Spanisli and Danisli Wcsi India Islnnds, as wcu as in Nauritins, Java, Pcnang, Pranoe, Spain, Loiiisimn, &C.,wc rcdorumcncl witli cori6clcnco o.tir

WPEClAL FERTIILIZERS.

Por ton.

Ammonio Phospho, Patent Gane Nanuro ...... £9 108. Sulphate Ammonia ........................ .. £17 10s. Dissolved Pliospho Peruvian Guano ............. £10. Dissolved Baw Bone Superphosphates ........ S 7 ,

Which we cnn dcspatcli froni Lonc1oii, Liveipool, or tlio Clyilc. AU. thesc are spccinlly propnrcd by 6'l'l)jl)~OSIS, ~ C Z Z M Z I'CSZCIEB, iirid lotty axpo~icnce,as best ndalitcd to tlie wnnts of tlic plitnt, ris prurccl by t l ~ o Rcports of nilmerous practicnl Plantcrs. Repented liiglily sntisfactory annlysis liavo bccii mndo by Dra. Yoolckoi, Anderson, Illuspratt, nnd nll ilio otlior ciiiinoiit Clloiiiistli Iicro rii~cl i11 Pranee, 13clgium, &c. A11 oiir prickagcs bcnr oiir braiiil. Wo also l)ropme

SPSCIAL NANURES, for Coffee, Cotton, S Q ~ ~ C Sea, CO Rice, , &c,, And owing to tho siiporior nrirl coiicmltrntctl forrn iii which our P(1rtilixors are shil~pecl,therc is miicli cconomg in Srright, Iril)oiir, n i ~ dr~pplicntioi~ to the lancl, and nll clctails mil1 bc fountl botll n8 to i110 ciiltiiro, soils, &c., in our pnniphlcts, ruld lisviiig oui. O W Chemist ~ froiii Ilio C«llcgo of Dr. Prcscnius, of Wiesbsdrn, wu givo cvorythiiig 0111, up~cilil cinrl personal calqc,niid will bc glntl to aif?or(la11y prncticril siiggcii;t,ioiisto o ~ t r ~ i u omnsrs anil pllinters. Wo :i180 Bliip Goncentrated Manures.

C_/"

38a, King William-Gt., London, 6a Mersey Chambers, Liverpool, AiemBcrs of tlie h'oyal Agriotcltu~ni 8ocioly of Xt~gland, XGhl(cnd aqdd ~ ' y ? ' i o z ~ I t t ~ t ' ~ I Soce'ety of rSoolZanrE, I;i,~~cryood C!be»rioaZ a& Gcdo~icnirYoaiedies.

1

ALFRED FRYER'S

FOR THE MBNU4e"AGTURE

QF XUGAR,

Tbe Goncretors already sold are capable of supplying more than one-tenth of a11 the Bugai. used in the United Kingdom, Tlic C o ~ c n ~ may ~ o nbo used i11 eitXiei of thrce ways;1.-Alolic, foi* iizdcing Coiicrote Uugtnr. Rco Xz6gar Gane, pagc 591, Octobos, 1870; anil pago 440, Aiig~zat,1873. 2.-712 conjii~ictioizwith t11e Ce~~trifixgal,for malciiig fine &9iiscovnc20.

Sac Xzcgrn~Cnae, pago 404, JuZy, 1870 ; líiigo 83, PeTsrurti9y, 1871 ; pagc 553, ( )ctobcr, 1871 ; pago 412, h u g u ~ t 1872; , aiid pago 380, Suly, 1873. 3.-For l ) r e ~ ? a ~ . +~ iJ~T ~U gP for t l ~ "Vacuum e Paii; foi

this p u ~ l p s "it is superior to Lhe Triplo X f e t anel imcli wnperior to the Co1~~~ersWWdl. Soe Sugar Cam, paga 123, Soptcmbcr, 1869; pagc 549, Octobcr, L872 ; nnd pago 32'7, Junc, 1873, * -

Por F111*thorparliicidns~apply to

MANLOVE, ALLIOTT & CO., BLOONSC$I10VE WO%KS, MOTTIR@EBN, ENGLAND, AND

RUE D'ELBEUF, BOUZTEn, FBAROE.