10 Cwi Health Study Guide Final

Unit I - Mental Health

 Health 

is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

 Wellness 

is a state of mind as well as a physical state. 

Is the physical state of good health as well as the mental ability to enjoy and appreciate being healthy and fit.



Wellness is not just the state of being free of disease symptoms. A person can achieve a state of wellness and be riddled with disease if the symptoms are controlled and balance is maintained.



Wellness is a state of balance between health and fitness physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually.



Health Triangle



Lifestyle Factors 

personal behaviors and habits related to the way a person lives that determines his/her level of health 

7-8 hours of sleep



nutritious foods from every food group



no smoking/tobacco



eating breakfast



20-30 min of various activity



no alcohol



maintain recommended weight



Self-Esteem 

affirmations 







positive input that helps other fell supported and appreciated



decision making strategy allows you to address problems and make positive choices



signs of positive mental health 

accepting yourself and others



taking credit for both failure and success



independence

Symptoms of Low Self-Esteem 

Self Critical



Depression



Fear of adversity



Over analyze why they are the way they are



Opposition with authority figures



Tire easily



Trouble making and or/keeping friends



Refuse to take risks



Difficulty forming trust



May lack empathy and compassion for others

Improving Self Esteem 

Respect yourself & others



Maintain your health



Say supportive things to yourself



Take responsibility for own actions and choices



Develop clear goals



Appreciate good things



Develop reputation for being a reliable person.

Stress & Stressors 

Types of Stress 

Distress

• 

Eustress •



Hypothalamus

•



Anything that stimulates a stress response (people, objects, places, and/or events).

Body Response 



Positive stress; can help one achieve their goals.

Stressor •



Negative stress; not knowing how to deal with stress

Nerve center of the brain is excited by stress → Some nerves activate pituitary glands that secrete hormones that stimulate the adrenal glands → Adrenal glands then produce and secrete a hormone called adrenaline.

Physical Reactions: 

Heart rate speeds up



Breathing Quickens



Saliva and mucus dry up



Increased perspiration



Become more susceptible to illness and accidents



Muscle tension



Suspended digestion



Pupils dilate



Insomnia



Increase urination



Can’t think clearly

Defense Mechanisms

 Defense Mechanisms 

are how people react to others particularly in stressful situations •

Compensation

♦ •

Denial ♦

•

Emphasizing personal strengths in one area. Shifting focus from failure in another area.

Refusing to accept an obvious situation. Trying to avoid emotional pain.

Displacement ♦

Taking out one’s anger/frustration on a person/object that is not the cause of the offense.

•

Identification ♦

•

Intellectualization ♦

•

Replacing feelings that are socially unacceptable with emotions that are acceptable.

Regression ♦

•

Making logical excuses for illogical behavior.

Reaction Formation ♦

•

Casting feelings you have onto another person. Blaming another person for the feelings you have.

Rationalization ♦

•

Describing painful/emotional events in academic/philosophical terms

Projection ♦

•

Associating with people/groups that are of higher status in order to increase your own status

Reverting to child-like behavior to get the attention you got when you were younger; or to get your way.

Repression ♦

Unconsciously forgetting information that is too painful to recall.

Unit II – Human Body *Food Pyramid

*Eating Disorders (anorexia and bulimia) 

anorexia nervosa “without appetite” 



Characteristics 

low calorie intake



obsession w/ exercising



unnatural interest in food



misses three consecutive periods



distorted body image •

intense fear of gaining weight

•

denies the seriousness of low body weight

physical things 

symptoms 

weight loss



constipation



hormonal changes



lanugo (fine hair on the torso)



hair loss



numbness of hands and feet



heart and/or kidney failure



muscle cramps



leucopenia (decrease in white blood cells)



death

Bulimia Nervosa 





characteristics 

binging



purging



may follow a restrictive diet after purging



acting secretive



excessive exercising

Bulimia 

types 

purging type •





a self induced vomiting or use of laxatives

non-purging type •

fasting

•

excessive exercising

Physical 

symptoms 

metabolic acidosis (increase in acidity of the blood)



dehydration



kidney failure



irregular heart



tooth decay



damaged stomach, esophagus, and mouth



death



may abuse substances

 

Binge eating disorder 

consumes large amounts of calories at one sitting 







does not purge

experiences guilt/shame 



depression and/or anxiety

may lead to more binging

other disorders 

depression



anxiety disorder



high stress level



personality disorders

Profile 

good student



eager to please people



hardworking



avoids conflict



seeks approval



may fell stressed and/or anxious when faced w/ new students



perfectionist



athlete

Treatment 





psychological therapy 

medication to decrease anxiety



behavioral therapy

medical assistance 

treat symptoms



nutritional counseling

family and individual therapy

*Viral and bacterial sexually diseases/infections 

Bacterial Vaginosis 

BV is not always due to sexual contact





symptoms 

irritation of the vagina



discharge



unpleasant odor

spread 



diagnosis 



antimicrobial cream

protection 



pelvic exam

treatment 



vaginal intercourse

condoms may reduce risks

Chlamydia 





symptoms 

discharge



painful urination



excessive vaginal bleeding



nausea



fever



pain

spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



mother to child



rarely during oral sex

diagnosis 



treatment 



examinations of tissue samples/urine

antibiotics

protection

 

Cytomegalovirus (CVS) 





symptoms 

fatigue



fever



irritations of the digestive tract



nausea



loss of vision

spread 

vaginal intercourse



oral intercourse



anal intercourse



blood transfusion



childbirth



breast feeding

diagnosis 





blood test

treatment 

there is no cure symptoms may be managed w/ drugs

protection 



condoms may reduce the risks

condoms may reduce infection rate (intimate touching can spread virus)

HPV (genital warts) 

symptoms 





warts appear on the genitals, urethra, anus, or throat

spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



childbirth (rarely)

diagnosis 

examination of tissue or fluid



treatment 



protection 



condoms may reduce the risks (any contact may infect)

Gonorrhea 

common symptoms 









•

frequent and painful urination

•

yellowish discharge

•

tenderness

•

arthritic pain

men •

a pus-like discharge

•

painful urination



vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse

diagnosis examination of infected areas

treatment 



women

spread



antibiotics

protection 



no cures (warts can be removed)

condoms may reduce the risks

Hepatitis 

common symptoms 

fatigue



headache



fever



hives



nausea







vomiting



yellowing of skin



unusual color urine and stool

spread 

semen



saliva



blood



urine

diagnosis 



treatment 





blood test

medications

protection 

condoms may reduce risks



vaccinations

Herpes 





common symptoms 

rash on genital area



painful urination



fever



headache

spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



touching



kissing

diagnosis 



test of fluids

treatment 

no cure but symptoms can be relieved



protection 



HIV 







symptoms 

weight loss



fatigue



fever



mental disorders



purplish growths on the skin

spread 

semen



blood



vaginal fluid



breast milk

diagnosis 

blood test



urine test



saliva test

treatment 



no cure no vaccine

protection 



condoms may reduce risks

condoms may reduce the risks

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 



symptoms 

long or painful periods



pain in the abdomen/back



fever



vomiting

treatment 

antibiotics



bed rest

 

spread 



condoms may reduce the ricks

Pubic Lice (“crabs”) 





symptoms 

intense itching



fever



fatigue



irritability



lice

spread 

contact w/ infected bedding, clothing, furniture, and toilet seats



intimate contact

diagnosis 





can be seen (they are pale grey but darken in color when swollen w/ blood)

treatment 



pelvic exam

protection 



caused by other STD’s

diagnosis 



abstinence

over the counter medications

protection 

limit intimate contact



limit contact with infected areas

Scabies 



symptoms 

intense itching



rash

spread 

close personal contact



bedding

 

diagnosis 



limiting intimate contact

Syphilis 







symptoms 

painful sores



ulcers



rashes



fever



fatigue



damage to the nervous system

spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



kissing



pregnancy

diagnosis 

examination of fluid form sores



spinal fluid



blood test

treatment 



antibiotics (but damage done in the later phase cannot be undone)

protection 



over the counter medication

protection 



examination

treatment 



clothing

condoms may reduce the risks

Trichomoniasis 

symptoms







discharge



itching



swelling in the groin



urinating more often (men rarely show symptoms)

spread 

intercourse



intimate touching

diagnosis 



treatment 



medication

protection 



examination of discharge

condoms may reduce the risks

Urinary tract infections 



symptoms 

burning/frequent urination



abdominal pain



blood in urine



fever

spread 



diagnosis 



consult doctor

treatment 



anything that brings particles of fecal material into contact w/ the vagina and urethra

antibiotics

protection 

drink water



urinate before and after intercourse



proper hygiene



use condoms

*Birth Control/Contraception



Continuous Abstinence 

no sex



no medical side effects 

effective (if used perfectly) 100%



effective (if used typically) 100%

 





Implant 

thin flexible plastic implant, size of a matchstick



inserted under skin in upper arm



prevents ovulation



thickens cervix mucus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99 %



cost varies

IUD (hormonal/copper) 

small 7 shaped device made of plastic



inserted through the cervix



thickens cervix mucus



copper-last for 12 years



normal- last for 5 years 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $175-500

Vasectomy 



cost $0

considered permanent (can be reversed) 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $350-1000

Shot 

1 every 3 months



prevents ovulation







thickens cervix mucus



may alter the lining of the uterus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 97%



cost $30-75

Pill 

taken orally everyday (at the same time)



prevents ovaries from releasing eggs



thickens cervix mucus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%



cost $15-30

Patch 

thin patch that adheres to the skin (releases hormones)



change patch once a week

 don’t wear a patch on the 4th week of the month then a women will have their period





effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%



cost $30-45

Ring 

small flexible plastic ring



inserted into the vagina once a week

 left out for the 4th week (for menstruation)





effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%

Tubal Ligation (female sterilization) 

permanent sterilization



close off the fallopian tubes 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $ 1500-6000













Lactational Amenorrhea Method 

continuous breast feeding that postpone ovulation



inhibits the release of a hormone that is necessary for ovulation 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) unknown



cost $0

Male Condom 

thin, latex tube worn over the penis during sex



collects semen before, during, and after sex 

effective (if used perfectly) 98%



effective (if used typically) 85%



cost $.50-2.50

Withdrawal 

penis is pulled out of the vagina before ejaculating (no sperm contact)



extremely risky 

effective (if used perfectly) 96%



effective (if used typically) 73%



cost $0

Female Condom 

polyurethane pouch w/ flexible rings at each end



inserted into the vagina (closed in first open rings inserted over vagina entrance) 

effective (if used perfectly) 95%



effective (if used typically) 79%



cost $2.50

Diaphragm and Spermicide 

shallow, dome shaped cup w/ flexible rim



fits in the vagina and covers the cervix 

effective (if used perfectly) 94%



effective (if used typically) 84%



cost $15-75

Fertility Awareness



understand which days you are most likely to get pregnant



health textbook pg 444





effective (if used perfectly) 91-99%



effective (if used typically) 75%



cost $0

Cervical Cup 





small plastic cup that fits over the cervix 

effective (if used perfectly) 91%



effective (if used typically) 84%



cost $15-75

Sponge 

made from said foam



contains spermicide (moisten in water before use)



inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix



removed after sex using small ribbon/string 



 

effective (if used perfectly) •

never pregnant 91%

•

has been 80%

effective (if used typically) •

never pregnant 84%

•

has been 68%

cost $3

Spermicide





creams, jellies, foams that are inserted into the vagina before sex



chemicals immobilized the sperm 

effective (if used perfectly) 82%



effective (if used typically) 71%



cost $4-8 for 20 uses

Emergency Contraception (Plan B) 

may be used to supplement other forms of birth control



prevents fertilization (does not abort the baby) 



effective (if used perfectly) •

3 days after sex 89%

•

5 days after odds are way down



effective (if used typically) same as perfectly used



cost $10-45

No protection 

no description 

effective (if used perfectly) 15%



effective (if used typically) 15%



cost $0

Unit II – Substance Abuse *Addiction and short and long-term effects of substance abuse 

psychoactive drug 

any substance or a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions



administration and absorption





smoking



injection



mucus membrane contact



ingestion



direct contact

drug distribution 

drug as administered =>



blood stream =>

 

body response 



brain blood barrier to the CNS (brain)

in addition to direct effects – your body will develop a: •

tolerance

•

tissue dependence

•

withdrawal

types of addiction 

chemical •

physical dependence upon the substance

•

withdrawal symptoms can be extreme ♦

• 



anything that cause a “high” has altered the persons brain chemistry

psychological •

Substance has affected the person’s lifestyle mood behavior etc…

•

can be just as difficult to overcome as chemical addiction

theories of addiction 

family influence •

heredity ♦

•

•

•

family history can indicate a genetic susceptibility to drug use/addiction

environment ♦

children mimic and accept the behaviors of those around them

♦

learn how to cope w/ stress, pressure, etc… from your family

♦

neighborhood, friends… can influence your decisions

drugs can activate a genetic/environment susceptibility to drug abuse ♦

some people are more prone to addiction

cause change in brain chemistry, structure, activity and function ♦



may require medical attention

can cause depression or other mental illnesses (may last for a long time even after the drug stop)

non-drug addiction 

repeat behaviors that make them happy •



chemical reaction in the brain

some use these behaviors as a coping mechanism



behavior becomes compulsive •



common addictions •





gambling, eating, video game playing, shopping, sex/pornography

withdrawal •

depression

•

cravings

•

physical

Polydrug (multiple drug) abuse 

replacement 







using two or more drugs at one time to enhance the effect

sequentially 



using certain drugs intensely for a period of them (then switching to another)

stacking 



using several drugs for different situations

cycling 



using another drug when the desired one is not present

multiple drug use 



take up alto of time, hurts relationship, negative consequences, think about it a lot

using one drug then switching to another addiction

levels of use 

abstinence =>



experimentation =>



recreational =>



drug abuse =>



addiction

signs 

spends a considerable amount of time using, getting or thinking about the drug



continues to use despite negative consequences



often deny there is a problem



drug relapse

Treatment



effectiveness 

50%success rate •





about 20-25% of inmates have been convicted of drug crimes



approximately 1.5 million Americans seek additional treatment a year

Principle goals 

variety of options •

different reasons why people abuse

•

must resolve why they are motivated to abuse the substance



use medications, individual and group therapy



treat other coexisting conditions



•

self-medicating

•

if not resolved (may relapse/switch addictions)

motivates addicts toward abstinence and reconstructing their lives •







saves $7-20 dollars for every $1 of treatment cost

reflect upon how his/her addictions has affected relationships

beginning treatment 

break down denial



“hitting bottom” often gets the user into treatment



intervention may also get the user into treatment

treatment continuum 

detoxification =>



initial abstinence =>



long-term abstinence =>



recovery

obstacles 

developmental arrest •



person stopped developing emotionally when he/she began abusing

conflicting goals •

addict may not want to stop



poor follow-through



mental illness



lack of facilities



co-dependency •



other people in the addict’s life ♦

feel “wanted” when they help the addict

♦

buffer the addict from his/her actions

medical issues/complications •

withdrawal symptoms

•

long-term medical problems