10 Cwi Health Study Guide Cecilia

Unit II – Human Body *Food Pyramid

*Eating Disorders (anorexia and bulimia)  anorexia nervosa “without appetite”  Characteristics 

low calorie intake



obsession w/ exercising



unnatural interest in food



misses three consecutive periods



distorted body image •

intense fear of gaining weight

•

denies the seriousness of low body weight

 physical things  symptoms



weight loss



constipation



hormonal changes



lanugo (fine hair on the torso)



hair loss



numbness of hands and feet



heart and/or kidney failure



muscle cramps



leucopenia (decrease in white blood cells)



death

 Bulimia Nervosa  characteristics 

binging



purging



may follow a restrictive diet after purging



acting secretive



excessive exercising

 Bulimia  types 

purging type •



a self induced vomiting or use of laxatives

non-purging type •

fasting

•

excessive exercising

 Physical

 symptoms 

metabolic acidosis (increase in acidity of the blood)



dehydration



kidney failure



irregular heart



tooth decay



damaged stomach, esophagus, and mouth



death



may abuse substances



depression and/or anxiety

 Binge eating disorder  consumes large amounts of calories at one sitting 

does not purge

 experiences guilt/shame 

may lead to more binging

 other disorders  depression  anxiety disorder  high stress level  personality disorders  Profile  good student  eager to please people  hardworking  avoids conflict

 seeks approval  may fell stressed and/or anxious when faced w/ new students  perfectionist  athlete  Treatment  psychological therapy 

medication to decrease anxiety



behavioral therapy

 medical assistance 

treat symptoms



nutritional counseling

 family and individual therapy *Viral and bacterial sexually diseases/infections  Bacterial Vaginosis  BV is not always due to sexual contact  symptoms 

irritation of the vagina



discharge



unpleasant odor

 spread 

vaginal intercourse

 diagnosis 

pelvic exam

 treatment 

antimicrobial cream

 protection 

condoms may reduce risks

 Chlamydia  symptoms 

discharge



painful urination



excessive vaginal bleeding



nausea



fever



pain

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



mother to child



rarely during oral sex

 diagnosis 

examinations of tissue samples/urine

 treatment 

antibiotics

 protection 

condoms may reduce the risks

 Cytomegalovirus (CVS)  symptoms 

fatigue



fever



irritations of the digestive tract



nausea



loss of vision

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



oral intercourse



anal intercourse



blood transfusion



childbirth



breast feeding

 diagnosis 

blood test

 treatment 

there is no cure symptoms may be managed w/ drugs

 protection 

condoms may reduce infection rate (intimate touching can spread virus)

 HPV (genital warts)  symptoms 

warts appear on the genitals, urethra, anus, or throat

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



childbirth (rarely)

 diagnosis 

examination of tissue or fluid

 treatment 

no cures (warts can be removed)

 protection 

condoms may reduce the risks (any contact may infect)

 Gonorrhea  common symptoms 



women •

frequent and painful urination

•

yellowish discharge

•

tenderness

•

arthritic pain

men •

a pus-like discharge

•

painful urination

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse

 diagnosis 

examination of infected areas

 treatment 

antibiotics

 protection



condoms may reduce the risks

 Hepatitis  common symptoms 

fatigue



headache



fever



hives



nausea



vomiting



yellowing of skin



unusual color urine and stool

 spread 

semen



saliva



blood



urine

 diagnosis 

blood test

 treatment 

medications

 protection 

condoms may reduce risks



vaccinations

 Herpes  common symptoms



rash on genital area



painful urination



fever



headache

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



touching



kissing

 diagnosis 

test of fluids

 treatment 

no cure but symptoms can be relieved

 protection 

condoms may reduce risks

 HIV  symptoms 

weight loss



fatigue



fever



mental disorders



purplish growths on the skin

 spread 

semen



blood



vaginal fluid



breast milk

 diagnosis 

blood test



urine test



saliva test

 treatment 

no cure no vaccine

 protection 

condoms may reduce the risks

 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)  symptoms 

long or painful periods



pain in the abdomen/back



fever



vomiting

 treatment 

antibiotics



bed rest



abstinence

 spread 

caused by other STD’s

 diagnosis 

pelvic exam

 protection 

condoms may reduce the ricks

 Pubic Lice (“crabs”)  symptoms 

intense itching



fever



fatigue



irritability



lice

 spread 

contact w/ infected bedding, clothing, furniture, and toilet seats



intimate contact

 diagnosis 

can be seen (they are pale grey but darken in color when swollen w/ blood)

 treatment 

over the counter medications

 protection 

limit intimate contact



limit contact with infected areas

 Scabies  symptoms 

intense itching



rash

 spread



close personal contact



bedding



clothing

 diagnosis 

examination

 treatment 

over the counter medication

 protection 

limiting intimate contact

 Syphilis  symptoms 

painful sores



ulcers



rashes



fever



fatigue



damage to the nervous system

 spread 

vaginal intercourse



anal intercourse



oral intercourse



kissing



pregnancy

 diagnosis 

examination of fluid form sores



spinal fluid



blood test

 treatment 

antibiotics (but damage done in the later phase cannot be undone)

 protection 

condoms may reduce the risks

 Trichomoniasis 

symptoms 

discharge



itching



swelling in the groin



urinating more often (men rarely show symptoms)

 spread 

intercourse



intimate touching

 diagnosis 

examination of discharge

 treatment 

medication

 protection 

condoms may reduce the risks

 Urinary tract infections  symptoms 

burning/frequent urination



abdominal pain



blood in urine



fever

 spread 

anything that brings particles of fecal material into contact w/ the vagina and urethra

 diagnosis 

consult doctor

 treatment 

antibiotics

 protection 

drink water



urinate before and after intercourse



proper hygiene



use condoms

*Birth Control/Contraception  Continuous Abstinence  no sex  no medical side effects 

effective (if used perfectly) 100%



effective (if used typically) 100%



cost $0

 Implant  thin flexible plastic implant, size of a matchstick  inserted under skin in upper arm  prevents ovulation

 thickens cervix mucus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99 %



cost varies

 IUD (hormonal/copper)  small 7 shaped device made of plastic  inserted through the cervix  thickens cervix mucus  copper-last for 12 years  normal- last for 5 years 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $175-500

 Vasectomy  considered permanent (can be reversed) 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $350-1000

 Shot  1 every 3 months  prevents ovulation  thickens cervix mucus  may alter the lining of the uterus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 97%



cost $30-75

 Pill  taken orally everyday (at the same time)  prevents ovaries from releasing eggs  thickens cervix mucus 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%



cost $15-30

 Patch  thin patch that adheres to the skin (releases hormones)  change patch once a week  don’t wear a patch on the 4th week of the month then a women will have their period 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%



cost $30-45

 Ring  small flexible plastic ring  inserted into the vagina once a week  left out for the 4th week (for menstruation) 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 92%

 Tubal Ligation (female sterilization)  permanent sterilization  close off the fallopian tubes



effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) 99%



cost $ 1500-6000

 Lactational Amenorrhea Method  continuous breast feeding that postpone ovulation  inhibits the release of a hormone that is necessary for ovulation 

effective (if used perfectly) 99%



effective (if used typically) unknown



cost $0

 Male Condom  thin, latex tube worn over the penis during sex  collects semen before, during, and after sex 

effective (if used perfectly) 98%



effective (if used typically) 85%



cost $.50-2.50

 Withdrawal  penis is pulled out of the vagina before ejaculating (no sperm contact)  extremely risky 

effective (if used perfectly) 96%



effective (if used typically) 73%



cost $0

 Female Condom  polyurethane pouch w/ flexible rings at each end  inserted into the vagina (closed in first open rings inserted over vagina entrance)



effective (if used perfectly) 95%



effective (if used typically) 79%



cost $2.50

 Diaphragm and Spermicide  shallow, dome shaped cup w/ flexible rim  fits in the vagina and covers the cervix 

effective (if used perfectly) 94%



effective (if used typically) 84%



cost $15-75

 Fertility Awareness  understand which days you are most likely to get pregnant  health textbook pg 444

 

effective (if used perfectly) 91-99%



effective (if used typically) 75%



cost $0

 Cervical Cup  small plastic cup that fits over the cervix 

effective (if used perfectly) 91%



effective (if used typically) 84%



cost $15-75

 Sponge  made from said foam  contains spermicide (moisten in water before use)  inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix  removed after sex using small ribbon/string 





effective (if used perfectly) •

never pregnant 91%

•

has been 80%

effective (if used typically) •

never pregnant 84%

•

has been 68%

cost $3

 Spermicide  creams, jellies, foams that are inserted into the vagina before sex  chemicals immobilized the sperm 

effective (if used perfectly) 82%



effective (if used typically) 71%



cost $4-8 for 20 uses

 Emergency Contraception (Plan B)  may be used to supplement other forms of birth control  prevents fertilization (does not abort the baby) 

effective (if used perfectly) •

3 days after sex 89%

•

5 days after odds are way down



effective (if used typically) same as perfectly used



cost $10-45

 No protection  no description 

effective (if used perfectly) 15%



effective (if used typically) 15%



cost $0

Unit II – Substance Abuse *Addiction and short and long-term effects of substance abuse  psychoactive drug  any substance or a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions  administration and absorption 

smoking



injection



mucus membrane contact



ingestion



direct contact

 drug distribution 

drug as administered =>



blood stream =>



brain blood barrier to the CNS (brain)

 body response 

in addition to direct effects – your body will develop a:

•

tolerance

•

tissue dependence

•

withdrawal

 types of addiction 

chemical •

physical dependence upon the substance

•

withdrawal symptoms can be extreme ♦ may require medical attention

• 

anything that cause a “high” has altered the persons brain chemistry

psychological •

Substance has affected the person’s lifestyle mood behavior etc…

•

can be just as difficult to overcome as chemical addiction

 theories of addiction 

family influence •

heredity ♦ family history can indicate a genetic susceptibility to drug use/addiction

•

environment ♦ children mimic and accept the behaviors of those around them ♦ learn how to cope w/ stress, pressure, etc… from your family ♦ neighborhood, friends… can influence your decisions

•

drugs can activate a genetic/environment susceptibility to drug abuse ♦ some people are more prone to addiction

•

cause change in brain chemistry, structure, activity and function

♦ can cause depression or other mental illnesses (may last for a long time even after the drug stop)  non-drug addiction 

repeat behaviors that make them happy •

chemical reaction in the brain



some use these behaviors as a coping mechanism



behavior becomes compulsive •



common addictions •



take up alto of time, hurts relationship, negative consequences, think about it a lot

gambling, eating, video game playing, shopping, sex/pornography

withdrawal •

depression

•

cravings

•

physical

 Polydrug (multiple drug) abuse  replacement 

using another drug when the desired one is not present

 multiple drug use 

using several drugs for different situations

 cycling 

using certain drugs intensely for a period of them (then switching to another)

 stacking 

using two or more drugs at one time to enhance the effect

 sequentially



using one drug then switching to another addiction

 levels of use 

abstinence =>



experimentation =>



recreational =>



drug abuse =>



addiction

 signs 

spends a considerable amount of time using, getting or thinking about the drug



continues to use despite negative consequences



often deny there is a problem



drug relapse

 Treatment  effectiveness 

50%success rate •

saves $7-20 dollars for every $1 of treatment cost



about 20-25% of inmates have been convicted of drug crimes



approximately 1.5 million Americans seek additional treatment a year

 Principle goals 

variety of options •

different reasons why people abuse

•

must resolve why they are motivated to abuse the substance



use medications, individual and group therapy



treat other coexisting conditions



•

self-medicating

•

if not resolved (may relapse/switch addictions)

motivates addicts toward abstinence and reconstructing their lives •

reflect upon how his/her addictions has affected relationships

 beginning treatment 

break down denial



“hitting bottom” often gets the user into treatment



intervention may also get the user into treatment

 treatment continuum 

detoxification =>



initial abstinence =>



long-term abstinence =>



recovery

 obstacles 

developmental arrest •



person stopped developing emotionally when he/she began abusing

conflicting goals •

addict may not want to stop



poor follow-through



mental illness



lack of facilities



co-dependency •

other people in the addict’s life ♦ feel “wanted” when they help the addict ♦ buffer the addict from his/her actions



medical issues/complications •

withdrawal symptoms

•

long-term medical problems