019. Polaris Burmese Library - Singapore - Collection - Volume 19

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vrf;jyMu,fjrefrmpmMunfYwdkuf ( pifumyl ) twGuftxl;xkwfa0onf 2007 ckESpf pifumyledKifiH POLARIS BURMESE LIBRARY ( SINGAPORE ) Index: Polaris Burmese Library, LPK Library, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Bo Than Shwe, Myanmar History, Myanmar Politics, Myanmar Junta, Myanmar People, Myanmar Students, Insein Prison, Prison in Myanmar, Political Prisoner in Myanmar, Torture in Myanmar, Myanmar Army, Myanmar Affairs.

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Naypyitaw Tha-byay Gone Shopping Strip

Naypyitaw City Hall

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Why did Burma's leaders build a new capital in Naypyidaw? On Naypyidaw

ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 79 The Road to Naypyidaw: Making Sense of the Myanmar Government's Decision to Move its Capital _________________________________________

Maung Aung Myoe

Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore [email protected] November 2006 ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

The ARI Working Paper Series is published electronically by the Asia Research Institute of the

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National University of Singapore. © Copyright is held by the author or authors of each Working Paper. ARI Working Papers cannot be republished, reprinted, or reproduced in any format without the permission of the paper’s author or authors. Note: The views expressed in each paper are those of the author or authors of the paper. They do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of the Asia Research Institute, its Editorial Committee or of the National University of Singapore. Citations of this electronic publication should be made in the following manner: Author, “Title,” ARI Working Paper, No. #, Date, www.nus.ari.edu.sg/pub/wps.htm. For instance, Smith, John, “Ethnic Relations in Singapore,” ARI Working Paper, No. 1, June 2003, www.ari.nus.edu.sg/pub/wps.htm. Asia Research Institute Editorial Committee Geoffrey Wade Stephen Teo Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore 469A Tower Block #10-01, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259770 Tel:

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Fax: (65) 6779 1428 Website: www.ari.nus.edu.sg Email: [email protected] The Asia Research Institute (ARI) was established as a university-level institute in July 2001 as one of the strategic initiatives of the National University of Singapore (NUS). The mission of the Institute is to provide a world-class focus and resource for research on the Asian region, located at one of its communications hubs. ARI engages the social sciences

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The Road to Naypyidaw: Making Sense of the Myanmar Government's Decision to Move its Capital Maung Aung Myoe Many people are curious about the rationale behind the Myanmar government's decision to move its capital from Yangon to a new location in central Myanmar, now known as Naypyidaw. It was first announced at a press conference held on 7 November 2005 by Brigadier General Kyaw San, the Minister for Information, that government departments would move to the new "administrative capital". In fact, the order to move had been issued to all government departments a day earlier. In the official explanation, the relocation of government departments to a new location near Pyinmana, about 240 miles north of Yangon, was "to ensure more effective administration of nation-building activities." The minister further explained: "With the expansion of the government's national development activities to border regions and remote villages, it was necessary to move the government's administration to a location which is more centrally located and placed strategically on major transportation networks."1 Initially, the government did not disclose the name of the new administrative capital and insisted that Yangon remained the national capital. Meanwhile, in accordance with one of 104 basic principles laid down at the on-going National Convention, Yangon would continue to be the capital of Myanmar. However, in less than a month, at another press conference held on 3 December 2005, Major General Khin Aung Myint, Director of Public Relations of the Tatmadaw [Armed Forces], confirmed that a new military regional command named "Naypyidaw Command" had been established at the new administrative capital.2 Only then did people realize that the new administrative capital was named "Naypyidaw". On the same occasion, the government press committee told the media that the capital of the nation would continue to be in accordance with the new Constitution. Three months later, on 27 February 2006, the Myanmar government issued Order No. (3/2006) that appointed Colonel Thein Nyunt, Minister for Progress of Border Areas and National Races and Development Affairs, 1 Myanmar Times (English), Vol. 15, No. 292 (14 November 2005) 2 Khit Myanmar, Vol. 3, No.12 (16 December 2005); Yangon Times, Vol. 1, No. 10 (8 December 2005)

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concurrently as the Mayor of Naypyidaw.3 Naypyidaw was territorially organized upon three townships under Pyinmana District: Pyinmana, Lewe, and Alar. Alar Airport, which had been out of service for decades, was renovated and upgraded to become Naypyidaw Airport. Then on 12 July 2006, for the first time, General Thura Shwe Mann stated that "Naypyidaw will become the nation's capital in accordance with the new Constitution to be adopted."4 Now it became clear that Naypyidaw would be the future capital of Myanmar; it was no longer merely the administrative capital. Why Naypyidaw? Since Naypyidaw was the term used in pre-colonial Myanmar to denote the royal capital or the palace site, it became clear that the government wanted its new capital to be the "Royal Capital". Map of Myanmar Showing the Location of Naypyidaw Naypyidaw g 3 Myanmar Gazette, No. 10, 10 March 2006, Vol. 59, p. 1 4 Myanma Alin (13 July 2006) ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

WHY DID THE MYANMAR GOVERNMENT DECIDE TO MOVE ITS CAPITAL? THERE ARE SIX POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS.

(1) Information Security The government, especially the Ministry of Defence, is aware of serious breaches of security and leaking of information from various government departments. The military is particularly concerned with the leak of military secrets or confidential information. That partly explains why the Tatmadaw renamed its intelligence apparatus “Military Affairs Security”. Being in Yangon, in the view of the Tatmadaw, the military establishment is practically under the surveillance of "unfriendly forces", who could be in collaboration with "foreign agents". The Tatmadaw even suspected that some diplomatic missions in Myanmar might be bugging its communication links. Since employees of the ministries, especially the Ministry of Defence, are living among the population in wards, they perceive a huge problem of leaking state secrets and confidential information. Relocating government staff to a remote and isolated location or into a cantonment could address this problem. Satellite communication also poses another problem for information security since all hand-phone conversations could be intercepted and eavesdropped upon. At the present, Myanmar is using the Thai Shin Satellite for its wireless communication; and this provides ample opportunity for the Thai intelligence

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expressed their disappointment with the Myanmar government's decision for not consulting with them; from the point of view of the present Myanmar leadership, it was a domestic affair and consultation with any other country was not necessary. Now, in Naypyidaw, the military leadership enjoys information security.

(2) Military-Strategic Factor The decision could be motivated by a worst case scenario generated by the siege mentality among the senior Tatmadaw leadership. The same rationale lay behind the Tatmadaw's decision in early 2002 to move the Western Command HQ from Sittwe, a city on the Rakhine coast, to Ann, an inward location. Yangon is too close to the coastline and is certainly vulnerable to amphibious warfare. Although the Tatmadaw leadership realizes that a U.S.-led invasion of Myanmar is rather remote in terms of likelihood, considering the fact that the U.S. is occupied with the Middle East problem and its armed forces are bogged down in both Afghanistan and Iraqi theatres, in addition to other more pressing situations such as North Korea and Iran, it never underestimates this possibility nor gambles on the fate of the nation. The military leadership has not forgotten that the U.S Navy [an aircraft carrier and four warships] violated Myanmar territorial waters in September 1988 during the political chaos in Myanmar. The military government is more concerned with a proxy war supported by the U.S.. Thus the military government would not take anything lightly that could compromise or endanger national security, which is always conflated with state security and regime security in Myanmar security perspectives. By looking at the articles in various publications by the Tatmadaw, one can glean that the

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ military leadership understands the modern war-fighting method of effect-based operations and airpower in parallel attacks or inside-out attacks; but what it wants is more time to prepare for resistance. In the age of asymmetric warfare, also known as 4th Generation War (4GW), for the military leadership, the fundamental principle is what Mao Zedong called "you fight your kind of war and I will fight mine [你 打你 的，我 打 我 的 -- ni da ni de, wo da wo de]." Senior military commanders are also familiar with the concept of "Unrestricted Warfare" put forward by the People's Liberation Army of China. By moving the seat of the government and military high command to about 240 miles north of the coast, the military could buy more time for its defence against both air and ground attacks; thus it could provide ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

a defense-in-depth. From the Tatmadaw's point of view, it is the trading of space for time. Being located in the vicinity of mountains and jungles in a spot that sits on major communication links between upper and lower Myanmar, the Tatmadaw could mount considerable resistance against an invasion force using a military strategy of protracted people's guerrilla warfare of attrition. The Tatmadaw's training regime continues to emphasize principles of guerrilla warfare, such as "if the enemy advances, we withdraw; if the enemy rests, we harass; if the enemy tires, we attack; and if the enemy withdraws, we pursue” [敵進我退，敵駐我擾，敵疲我打，敵退我追” -- Di jin wo tui; Di jiu wo rao; Di pi wo da; Di tui wo jui]. In this context, the surrounding areas of Naypyidaw could be considered as the heartland or base area where enemy should be "lured deep for annihilation". A major drawback of the new location of the military high command is that it has become a solely military target with almost no likelihood of collateral damage.

(3) Gaining a Sense of Control

The location of Naypyidaw is very close to the intersection of major highways linking India to Thailand and China to Bangladesh. Besides, it commands the major road links between Upper and Lower Myanmar, on both sides of the Bago mountain range, and it controls both the Ayerwaddy and Sitaung rivers; therefore, it is at the tip of the chokepoint. The centrality of the location also serves the purpose of radiating state authority into the periphery, particularly into the areas populated by non-Bamar ethnic nationalities. As the new capital is

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(4) Decolonization In 1989, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) government decided to change the English names of the country and capital from Burma to Myanmar and Rangoon to Yangon; restoring the original names or their pronunciation in the Myanmar language. Further, Bassein became Pathein and Tavoy became Dawei. Arakan State and Irrawaddy Division are now written as Rakhine State and Ayeyarwady Division while the Salween River has become known as the Thanlwin River. Maymyo [named after Colonel May] was renamed Pyin Oo Lwin. Moreover, names of streets, blocks, avenues and islands named after British colonial authorities, English names or the names of those considered as traitors who collaborated with the British were replaced by the names of prominent figures in Myanmar history or in the anti-colonial struggle. In this process, nearly 200 places were renamed. Thus, Windsor Road became Shin Saw Pu Road, Dufferin Road became Sandaku Road, Maung Htaw Lay Street became Bo Sun Pat Street and Maung Khine Street became Bo Ywe Street. In the same light, as Rangoon [Yangon] was made the capital of Colonial Burma by the British after the occupation of Mandalay and the deposition of the last Myanmar King, it could be considered a symbol of humiliation for the Myanmar people. Perhaps, in the view of the present leadership, the capital of Myanmar should not be a symbol of humiliation. Therefore, in the process of decolonization, a new capital should be established.

(5) Isolating Civil Servants From The Larger Population Centre In the 1988 uprising civil servants, including some troops, particularly from the navy and air force, were involved in anti-government demonstrations, and in the view of the present leadership this was mostly due to their residence in the wards, rather than the cantonment or in government quarters. This situation resulted in the government machinery being completely paralyzed during the 1988 uprising. Therefore, in this context, keeping key civil servants and military personnel away from population centres could create a better space for

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Map Showing the Locations of Ministries at Naypyidaw

(6) Traditional Myanmar World View Although some may be quizzical about this explanation, one cannot dismiss outright the role of fortune-tellers or soothsayers in the decision. Father Sangermano once unsympathetically described Myanmar as a nation so given to superstition that not only do people practise judicial astrology, and divination, and put faith in dreams, but also they have an infinity of foolish and superstitious customs. 8 After all, as Rudyard Kipling claimed: "This is Burma, and it will be quite unlike any land you know about." No one could deny the fact that the occult and superstition play a role in a traditional society like Myanmar. People in Myanmar have grown accustomed to the very notion that there is a parallel between the Macrocosm and the Microcosm, and between the universe and the world of men, and humanity is constantly influenced by forces emanating from the movements of stars and planets. 9 Besides, it is believed that other supernatural forces also influence human life. Therefore, consultation with prognosticators, such as astrologers, palm-readers, and even clairvoyants, is quite common in Myanmar society. 8 Father Sangermano, A Description of the Burmese Empire (New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1969), p. 141 9 Robert Heine-Geldern, Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia, p. 1. MINISTRIES RESIDENCE DEFENCE AIRPORT ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

In the traditional Myanmar pattern of authority, it is believed that a person can rise to prominence through the combination of three factors: Phon (glory), Hnalone (wisdom) and Letyone (physical prowess). The combination of these three elements will produce one with Azwa (influence) and Ahna (power or authority). Perhaps the most important concept in the traditional idea of power and authority is Phon, without which one cannot become a leader. In traditional Myanmar belief, Phon is conceptually linked to Kamma, which is a result of one's Kutho (merits) in the previous life and present existence. The accumulation of more merit can lead to more Phon; thus, patronizing religious order [Sangha] is important, with actions such as building pagodas and monasteries and performing good deeds for both monks

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ and laymen. In this context, "although Phon is intrinsic to the inner force of an individual, there are ways to tap external forces to sustain and reinforce one's Phon, and one way of enhancing one's Phon is by performing rituals such as coronations and acquiring objects of magical potency such as Buddha images, relics, white elephants, amulets, and other objects."10 Also because of the Phon of the king, these objects, such as a white elephant, could come into his possession. Therefore, the possession of white elephants was greatly desirable in the pre-colonial Myanmar polity as it indicated the possession of great Phon, by extension a symbol of a Cakkavattin [world conqueror]. When one relies heavily on Phon alone [because of weakness in Hnalone and Letyone], then the enhancing of Phon becomes more important. Although one's Phon cannot be easily contested, when Phon becomes weak one cannot escape from a downturn in life and that person will face a challenge from aspirants with superior Kamma. Thus, enhancing Phon is important, and it can be done through accumulating merit and performing rituals. Acquiring magical potency, through Letphwe [amulets], Gartar [incantations], Mantan [mantras], Piyasae [philters] and Inn [cabalistic diagrams], helps protect oneself or cushion, if not enhance, one's own Kamma. Besides, Myanmar people look for omens and prophetic sayings in order to avoid misfortune and to decide whether to take or not to take a particular action. Several different practices come under these two broad categories. 11 10 Myo Myint, Pattern of Authorities in Pre-Colonial Myanmar, unpublished paper, p. 14. 11 For detail, see Maung Than Swe (Dewai), "Myanmar Doei Lawki Pyinnya [Myanmar Occults]", Atwe Amyin, Issue 178, July 2006, pp. 162-167; Saw Lu, "Tabaung Shepye Laelarchet [Preliminary Survey of Prophetic Saying]", Ngwe Taryi Magazine, Issue 429, April 1996, pp. 26-35. ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

Where there is a bad omen or prophecy, in addition to the above-mentioned practices, one can avoid misfortune by performing a Yadaya. The noun “Yadaya” is defined in the Myanmar-English Dictionary as "something done in keeping with an astrologer's advice to avert impending misfortune or to realize what one wishes. 12 The verb form "Yadaya-che" means to follow an astrologer's advice on what one must do to avert an impending event or to achieve what one desires. 13 In the "Myanma Min Okchokpon Sadan" (Treatise on the Administration of the Myanmar King), U Maung Maung Tin described Yadaya in the following terms: "Treatises of Yadaya were based on the belief that whatever circumstances arose could be managed by performing a certain act or ritual so that one can either avert misfortunes or fulfil desires. Our renowned scholars used to claim that this practice began with Ari monks in the Bagan period."14 Nevertheless, Yadaya is very commonly practised in

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ present-day Myanmar. 15 In this context, there are some people who think the moving of the capital is performing a particular Yadaya; it is difficult to substantiate, but the possibility is there. The shape of the ministry buildings, which look just like scorpions, however, is interesting to note. According to some believers, it is a Yadaya in the form of Katkin [preventive measure to ward off any impending ill fate].16 12 Department of Myanmar Language Commission, Myanmar-English Dictionary, sixth printing (Yangon: DMLC, 2001), p. 382. 13 ibid. 14 U Maung Maung Tin, Myanma Min Okchokpon Sadan" [Royal Administration of Myanmar], Vol. 4 (Yangon: Baho Press, 1971), p. 197. 15 One recent example, according to some rumours or hearsay, is the building of a pagoda in a city with two Wednesday letters of the Myanmar alphabet as a Yadaya; thus, a pagoda was built in Lashio as both "La" and "Ya" in the name of the city are Wednesday letters. Consequently, a hillock in Lashio was named "VijayaBumi Maha-Aungmye Mingalar Kone-daw" (literally Victory-land, Great Victory-land, and Auspicious Hill) and the pagoda named "Yan-Taing-Aung" [Victory in Every Strife] was built. 16 There were scorpion statues at the Aungzeya Hillock in Maesai, Thailand, which is just across the Myanmar town of Tachilake. According to the oral history, these statues were built by the Myanmar King Alaungpaya, also known as U Aungzeya, during his Yodaya [Ayutthaya] campaign in the 1750s. The Thai called their capital "Ayutthaya" which meant "the city that could not be conquered by the fighting or war". But to reverse it, Myanmar called it "Yutthaya" so that "the city that could be conquered by the fighting or war", and it eventually became "Yodaya". In the same fashion, King Alaungpaya built scorpion statues and issued a curse that the Thai could never conquer Myanmar. [Naung (Correspondent), "Consequences of Turning the Scorpion in Thailand towards Myanmar", Natkhetta Yaungchi (No. 179, June 2001), pp. 9-12. ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

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In Southeast Asian history, rulers have often moved their capitals or seats of government to make symbolic statements at the start of new dynasties and to propitiate spirits. Myanmar history is full of examples of kings building new royal capitals, especially at the start of a new dynasty. How did Myanmar kings build their new royal capitals in pre-colonial days? Myanmar chronicles provide examples of the significance of Tabaung in building new royal capitals in Myanmar. Tabaung, which offers prophecies in the form of verses in rhyme, was one of the most common forms of prophecy in Myanmar.17 According to the Myanmar chronicles, King Thihathu (1309-1322) built his royal capital at Pinya because he heard a Tabaung that discouraged him building the capital at Myinsaing and recommended a move to the south without delay. Likewise, King Thado Minpya (1364-1368) built a new royal capital at Innwa after hearing Tabaungs that preferred Innwa over Sagaing.18 Similarly, King Mindon (18521878) also built Yadanabon (Mandalay) after hearing Tabaung.19 There is no clear evidence to support the theory that the recent moving of the capital to Naypyidaw was in accordance 17 Even in the early Second World War period, in 1941, Aung San named Colonel Suzuki, the leader of the Japanese Army's secret organization known as Minamikikan, as Bo Mogyo [Thunderbolt] in line with a Tabaung that was popular in late 1930s, which said that thunderbolt would strike the Htiyoe [umbrella stem], an implicit reference to the British in Myanmar. 18 U Kala, Mahayazawingyi, Vol. 1 (Yangon: Yarpyae Sarpay, 2006), pp, 259; 273-274 19 U Maung Maung Tin, Konebaungset Mahayazawin, Vol. 3 (Yangon: Yarpyae Sarpay, 2005), pp. 171-172 ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore with or because of Tabaung.20 Nevertheless, the moving of the capital indicates the beginning

of a new rule, if not a new dynasty. However, based on rumours that the Senior General Than Shwe and his family have been behaving like royalty, the Irrawaddy Magazine in Chiang Mai produced an image of the Senior General in the traditional dress of a Myanmar king with regalia. What would kings do after founding a new royal capital [Naypyidaw]? Having announced the arrival of a new dynasty, Myanmar kings usually built a palace and a pagoda in the new royal capital, since the capital stands for the whole country. These represent Cakkavattin Mandaing

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ [political Mandala] and Bodhi Mandaing [religious Mandala] respectively.21 By doing so, the king declares himself not only a Cakkavattin [world conqueror] but also a Bodhisatta [future Buddha], who resides on the continent of Jabudipa [paradise on earth]; therefore, in Tambiah’s terms, the king is the "World Conqueror and World Renouncer".22 In the Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru forms the centre of the universe and there lie four continents known 20 There was a Tabaung before the fall of the BSPP regime. It was: "Kalapaya-Htitawtin; Naymingyi-Laewin [When the finial is hoisted on the Indian Pagoda; the Sun will set]". The Indian Pagoda is the Mahavijiya Pagoda enshrined with the Buddhist relics brought from Nepal and the Sun referred to General Ne Win ["bright sun"]. Another Tabaung appeared in mid 1990s. It was: "Swaetaw-Hnitsu-Atutu; Pyithu-LaemweTatlaekwe [The two Tooth-relic pagodas are similar; people would be impoverish and the army would split]". This could well be politically motivated. Anyway, the fissure between the infantry and intelligence factions within the Army was serious in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but it was overcome by the elimination of the intelligence faction by the infantry faction by 2004. 21 Mandala is generally considered as sphere of influence. 22 Stanley J. Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977). ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

as Mahadipas, one in each of the cardinal directions. The continent south of Mount Meru is Jabudipa. This Jabudipa, considered the most auspicious continent, was the place where the Buddhas were born, future Buddha will attain enlightenment, and the Cakkavattin [world conqueror] will be born. At present, there is no evidence that the government is building palace-style buildings; but some could argue that there is a possibility of sanctifying some buildings as such, yet we will never know. However, recently, the Myanmar government announced that it had begun building a pagoda in Naypyidaw of almost the same size and shape as the Shwe Dagon Pagoda; and it is named "Uppatasanti" which means development and stability.23 The stake-driving ceremony for the pagoda was held on 12 November 2006. The invitation card for the ceremony opened with a phrase "Rajahtani Naypyidaw [the royal capital where the king resides]".

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT In pre-colonial Myanmar, kings moved their capitals occasionally; but they remained mostly in Central or Upper Myanmar. Bagan lasted for over three centuries, from the 11th to the 13th century. Myainsaing became the centre of Myanmar authority for about a decade. Thihathu built a new capital at Pinya in 1312, not far from the previous site, and it remained as capital until 1364. Sagaing was a rival capital between 1322 and 1364. Then, Innwa became the capital of ethnic Bamar in 1365 while Bago, also known as Hantharwaddy, was the capital of the Mon in the south that controlled Ramanyadesa. This situation was described as "One Basin, Two Poles" in Myanmar by Victor Lieberman.24 Innwa was attacked and destroyed by Shans in 1526; and the Innwa throne passed into the hands of Shan rulers. By then, Taungoo under Mingyinyo and Tabinshwehti rose to prominence and became the centre of Myanmar authority. Tabinshwehti decided to move his capital from Taungoo to Bago, further south. This was perhaps primarily to take control of commercial ports which had increasingly become major sources of maritime revenue. With the domination of the Shan in the north, especially after the fall of Innwa in 1526, the revenue from overland trade with China had become less 23 Weekly Eleven, Vol. 1, No. 44 (16 August 2006), p. 9. The pagoda is just less than one foot shorter than the Shwe Dagon Pagoda. Uppatasanti is the name of a sutra, not part of the Tripitaka, but prepared by a monk in the early 16th century. It is to be recited in time of crisis especially in the face of foreign invasion. 24 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800 - 1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 85- 211 ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

significant for the Myanmar polity in central or upper Myanmar. Moreover, it was a geopolitically significant decision as remaining in Taungoo or moving to Innwa would invite security challenges from either the Shan in the north or the Mon in the south. By taking firm control over the Mon, through residence at the Mon capital and adoption of Mon customs, Tabinshwehti could avoid a two-prong attack. Nevertheless, as indicated by Lieberman, it was the first and only time in the precolonial history of Myanmar that a capital with authority over most of the Ayerwaddy-Sitaung basin was located in the south, near the coast.25 Bayinnaung, despite his re-conquest of Innwa in 1555, called Bago his home and built a new palace and held his coronation there. Thus, Bago served as the capital of Myanmar in the period between 1539 and 1599. Bago was completely destroyed by Rakhine in 1599.

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ Meanwhile, in central Myanmar, Prince Nyaunagyan, governor of Yemathin and a son of Bayinnaung, tried to restore the empire of his father and established the Nyaungyan dynasty in 1597. He decided to move his power base from Yemathin to Innwa in 1598. Innwa remained the official capital of the Nyaungyan dynasty until it was destroyed by the Mon in 1752. However, from 1623, King Anaukphetlun and his successor, Thalun, made Bago a temporary residence and it was only in 1635 that Thalun decided to go back to his official residence and the royal capital at Innwa. King Thalun's decision to return and make Innwa his home has generated a scholarly debate among some historians on Myanmar. G. E. Harvey remarked that Thalun's decision to abandon Tabinshwehti's dream of Mon-Bamar national kingship resulted from the failure of the attempted coalescence with the Mon; thus, the Myanmar court relapsed into its tribal homeland in Upper Myanmar. The decision pushed Myanmar back into the past, according to Harvey, as its appropriate future lay on the seacoast; and it subsequently contributed to the isolation of Myanmar from international developments.26 D. G. E. Hall went even further and wrote that the move of the Myanmar capital from Bago to Innwa in 1635 was, without doubt, one of the cardinal events of Myanmar history and it signalled the triumph of the more intransigent elements in Myanmar character and government policy that contributed ultimately to the political ruin of the country.27 But Maung Htin Aung, known for his nationalist perspective, disputed the long25 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, p. 151 26 G. E. Harvey, History of Burma: from the earliest times to 10 March 1824 (London: Frank Cass & Co. Led, 1967), p. 193. 27 D. G. E. Hall, Early English Intercourse with Burma 1587-1743 (London: 1928) p. 11. ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

term significance of the move.28 In fact, Victor Lieberman has correctly pointed out that Bago was never the official palace site between 1613 and 1635, and Innwa remained the official capital of Myanmar.29 Both Anaukphetlun and Thalun treated Bago as a temporary residence and stayed in Thakama Tetaw [hut] or Yaye Nantaw [temporary palace] as indicated in the Myanmar chronicles. Bago, then, was like a command post for military or pacification campaigns in the south. Hence, as stated in the chronicles, King Thalun returned to Innwa the royal capital on 24 December 1634 and entered the Thetnge Nantaw [thatched palace] on 14 January 1635.30 Then the king built a new palace and consecrated it on 24 May 1635. With regard to the decision to move the capital from Lower to Upper Myanmar, Victor Lieberman explained: Although the north obviously lacked direct access to maritime trade, it profited from commerce with Yunnan, while a series of provincial reforms preserved direct control over the invaluable ports. In the event of rebellion, an interior

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ capital always made sense: one could go downriver up to seven times more quickly than one could ascend the Irrawaddy. Most critical, with refugees streaming up the Irrawaddy and with Upper Burma prospering from 80 years of more or less continuous peace, population in the north again rose markedly. Reinforced by deportations, in 1635 the dry zone contained over three times more people, hence potential soldiers, than Lower Burma. To control some 4,000 villages spread throughout this zone was a far more critical task, requiring on-site royal supervision, than to control a far smaller number of villages and two or three ports in the south. Unfavorable climate later in the 17th century may have hit Upper Burma harder than the coast, but of course, when the decision to change capitals was finalized in 1635, this problem lay well in the future. In any case, famines around the Bay of Bengal from 16301635 slammed Lower Burma no less savagely than the interior.31 28 Maung Htin Aung, A History of Burma (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), pp. 143-146 29 Victor Lieberman, "The Transfer of the Burmese Capital from Pegu to Ava", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1980; no.1), p. 64. 30 Ukala III, p. 192. 31 Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, p. 159. ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

When Alaungpaya established the Konbaung dynasty on 17 April 1752, he made Shwebo his capital. Perhaps, the Konbaung dynasty was the only dynasty in pre-colonial Myanmar to move its capital five times. Alungpaya gave Shwebo, his capital, the name "Yadana Theinga" on 21 June 1753. His son, Sinbyushin, the third king of Konbaung, moved the capital from Shwebo to Innwa on 20 March 1766. Then his brother, Bodawpaya, the 6th Konbaung king, moved the capital from Innwa to Amarapura on 9 January 1783. Bodawpaya's grandson, Bagyidaw, the 7th king of Konbaung, moved the capital back again to Innwa on 3 March 1824. Twenty seven years later, Amarapura was made capital again on 9 July 1841 during the reign of Thayarwaddy. Finally, on 16 July 1858 Mindon moved his capital from Amarapura to Mandalay. After the last king of Konbaung, Thibaw, was dethroned on 27 November 1885, Mandalay ceased to exist as the capital of Myanmar. Yangon then became the capital of both colonial and post-colonial Myanmar until late 2005. With regard to Mindon's decision to move his capital, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab from Thailand, during his journey in Myanmar in 1935, remarked: Judging from the history of the period, there were other factors in the construction of Mandalay, although the annals did not point them out. From the time that the Burmese lost their first war with the British, the Burmese

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ kings became somewhat deranged, and three of them in succession had to be removed from the throne. This situation must have been regarded as inauspicious for the former capital. The most important reason, however, must have been the arrival of European steam-powered trading ships. During the reign of King Min-don, steamers began to come up to Ava and Amarapura. Since both towns were on the bank of the Irrawaddy, it would have been possible for the Europeans to bring artillery pieces up-river aboard the trading ships and to shell the capital. The Burmese therefore thought the capital should be moved some distance from the river, beyond the range of enemy fire. Although this must have been the original reason, King Min-don was sensitive about being accused of fearing the Europeans. And so, pointing to his portentous dream and the prophesy of the Lord Buddha, he instructed his chief minister to discuss his view with the ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

Heir Apparent, senior princes, ministers, royal councillors, ecclesiastical chiefs and court Brahmins. Most of them accepted the king's idea.32 Nevertheless, the Myanmar kings' decision to move their capitals, especially during the Konbaung period, did indicate their desire to make a fresh start. This was apparently the case as they moved back and forth between Innwa and Amarapura. Mindon's decision would have been partly influenced by the military-strategic factors; yet it was certainly a symbolic gesture of a fresh start after losing two wars to the British in 1824 and 1852, from Innwa and Amarapura respectively; both cities could be considered as inauspicious. With regard to the Myanmar government's decision to move the capital in late 2005, Michael Aung-Thwin said that the recent move of capital to the dry zone of Upper Myanmar has nothing to do with soothsayers, but was based on historical, cultural and strategic considerations. "It is where the capital of the first classical state of Burma, Pagan, and where all subsequent capitals of its dynasties except one have been centred. It is the ancestral home of the Burmese people and is very much part of their psyche, unlike Rangoon which has been a reminder of the country's colonial experience." said Aung-Thwin. 33 Some people have argued that the recent decision to move the capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw might be somewhat influenced by the birthplaces of the top two leaders. They pointed out that Senior General Than Shwe and Vice Senior General Maung Aye were natives of Kyaukse and Kantbalu, respectively, in Upper Myanmar. [However, former prime minister General Khin Nyunt was from Kyauktan, near Yangon, while General Thura Shwe Mann is a native of Kanyuntkwin, between Bago and Taungoo.] This could not be the case. Many people are concerned with the economic impact [cost] of building a new capital which could take at least another four years. 34 It is reported that the Naypyidaw now has about 80,000 migrant workers and the labour costs alone total over four billion kyat a month.35

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jynfolvlxktaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkrS vGwfajrmufatmif ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t&ifOD;qHk;wdkufzsufjypf&rnf/ 32 H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, Journey Through Burma in 1936 (Bangkok: River Books, 1991), pp. 78-79. 33 Bangkok Post (26 November 2005). 34 Living Color (No. 137, December 2006), p. 62. 35 Ibid. ARI Working Paper No. 79 Asia Research Institute ● Singapore

CONCLUSION The Myanmar government's decision to move its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw does reveal certain aspects of its security and strategic perspectives and the leadership's worldview as well. It is now certain that the military government will make a change in the National Convention to endorse Naypyidaw as the national capital. However, whether Myanmar with its new capital, Naypyidaw [the royal capital], will ever represent the Jabudipa [Paradise on Earth] remains to be seen.

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'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…KeuH oydwfuHaqmifyGJ tcef;}uD; (4) Edkifatmifzdr,fh etz e0wOuUÏ&JŒ Zmwfodrf;yGJ nausmif; (odk@r[kwf) nmausmif; pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm; tcef;}uD; (5) etz&JŒ National Defense Strategy vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; q&m'um/ ausmif;'um pDrHcsuf ighavSigxdk; aròrdŒa&mufa&muf/ ighjrif;igpdkif; =uyfajy;a&mufa&muf tcef;}uD;(6)/ tom;xJu‘‘avmuf’’ tpraumif;wJh }uHhzGH@eJ@ udk,fawG@ jzpfpOf tqdyfyifa&avmif; ociftm;& u|efyg;0 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh }uHhzGH@xdyfwdkufawG@qHkjcif; t=urf;zufr_usL;vGefvmwJh}uHhzGH@ rif;om;acgif;aqmif;ay;xm;wJh bDvl; ppftm%m&Sif&JŒvufudkifwkwf zsufjrif; etz&JŒ enf;y&d,m,f pifòydiftzGJ@i,frsm; jynfol@csOfzwf tjrpfjzwf tcef;}uD; (7) a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ESifh etz&JŒ AsL[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf&JŒ toHk;cscHb0 ed*;kH csKyf?

10

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

74 79 81 83 91 97 100

105 107 109 111 113 115 116 118 119 120 125 127

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ed'ge;f om;oHk;om;

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “awmfoHk;awmf” &Sdw,fqdkwJhta=umif; yxrqHk; xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfrSm wifjycJh+yD;wJhaemuf ,ckwzef jrefrmjynfrSm ppftm%m&SifawG a=umuf&GHŒwJh “om;oHk;om;” &Sdw,fqdkwm wifjyygr,f? tJ'D ppftm%m&Sifwpfpk a=umuf&ŒHG wJh om;oH;k om;qkw d muawmh bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ ausmif;om; rsm;eJ@ ppfom;rsm;bJ jzpf=uygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tm%m&Sifqef@usifr_ ta&;tcif;v_y&f mS ;r_trsm;pk[m tqkyd gom;oH;k om;wd@k yg0ifcjhJ cif;a=umihf ppftm%m&Siaf wG wkefv_yfacsmufcsm; jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'gwifruao;bJ om;oHk;om;[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ vufwGJ+yD;awmh tpkd;&tzGJ@ qufwdkuf ðzwfcsEdkifwJhtxd tpGrf;xufjrufvSygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1962 rwfv(2) &ufae@up+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;cJh&mrS 11

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

ppftm%m&Siaf cwftqufquf rqv/ e0w/ etzwk@d widk f om;oH;k om; OD;aqmifyg0if v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; ta&;tcif;}uD;awG qufwkduf ay:aygufcJhygw,f? txift&Sm; jzpfcJh&wJh ta&;tcif;awGudk wifjy&r,fqdk&if yxrOD;qHk; 1962 Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ “qJAif;*sLvdik ”f vd@k vo l rd sm;cJw h hJ wuUov kd o f r*~ taqmuf tOD; rkid ;f eJ@òzcd cJG &H +y;D ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; aoqH;k '%f&m& zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om; tHºk urG _ ta&;tcif;/ 1963ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ausmif;om;qENjyyG/J 1967 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f rSmjzpfymG ;cJw h hJ w±kw-f Arm ta&;tcif;/ 1969ckEpS f u|e;f qG,t f m;upm;yGaJ wmf t"du¶k%f;/ 1970 &efukefwuUodkvf a&$&wk v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1974ckESpf ZGefv (6)&ufae@ tvkyform; ta&;tcif;/ 1974ckESpf 'DZifbmv(5)&ufae@ OD;oef@psmye ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;/ 1976ckEpS f rwfv(23) &ufae@ r_id ;f &mjynht f a&;awmfy/kH 1976ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (20) &ufae@ Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rihef @J tzG@J tm%modr;f &ef }upH nfre_ @J Adv k cf sKy}f u;D wifO;D tm; odvsufESifh xdefcsefr_jzifh ta&;,lwJhjzpfpOf/ 1988ckESpf 'Drdkua&pD vlxktHkºuGr_ ta&; awmfyHk}uD;/ 1990 bk&m;om;oHCmawmfrsm;. ywWeduUKZ…e oydwfuHaqmifyGJ/ 1991eJ@ 1996 ckEpS af wGrmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ &efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;tHkºuGr_ta&;tcif;/ 1995 &efukef wuUokdvf pdef&wktxdrf;trSwf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1997ckESpf r[m jrwfrek b d &k m;}uD; Adu k af zmufc&H r_ ta&;tcif;/ 2003ckEpS f ausmufqnf oHCmawmfrsm; eJ@ ukvm;t"du±k%f;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifn¸ef@ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; udk zsuo f rd ;f EdyS u f yG rf j_ zpfpOf/ ,ae@ 2007 ckEpS f pufwifbmrSm jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ oHCmawmfawG OD;aqmifwJh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dta&;tcif;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifwJhtwGuf jzpfay:vm& wJh ta&;tcif;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dta&;tcif;awGrSm om;oHk;om;&JŒta&;}uD;wJh OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾awGukd awG@jrif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m om;oH;k om;udk b,fvkd&ifqkdifcJh&w,f/ xdwfvef@w=um; b,fvkdajz&Sif;EdSyfuGyfcJh&w,f qdkwm awGudk rsdK;qufopfawGod&Sdzdk@ tao;pdwfwifjyoGm;yghr,f? tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu jynfov l x l ak wGukd u,fwifcsiw f hJ “om;oH;k om;” &JŒawmfveS af &;jzpfpOfawGukd avhvm zwf±&_ if; jrefrmjynfov l x l t k m;vH;k 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &;owde@J twl om;oH;k om;eJ@ vufwGJum atmifyGJ&onftxd qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=u&rSmjzpfygw,f 12

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

tcef;}u;D (1) ausmif;om;

13

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

14

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@r[mausmif;om; ppf t m%m&S i f a wG [ m om;oH k ; om;xJ u ausmif ; om;awG u k d b ,f v k d tòid;}uD;}uD;eJ@ ESyd u f yG w f ,f/ ausmif;om;awGua&m a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif b,fvt dk pGr;f tpawG&w dS ,f qdw k mudk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyoGm;ygrh ,f?ausmif;om;qdw k m[m yGiv hf if;±d;k om;+y;D zdEydS rf /_ rw&m;r_ukd róuu d w f hJ obm0&Syd gw,f? acwfynmwwfjzpf+y;D EdkifiHwumeJ@,SOfum tjrifus,f tod^m%fºuG,f0olawGvnf; jzpf=uygw,f? e,fcsJ@ udkvdkeDvufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@ óud;pm;cJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk u,fwifcJhwJh “tmZmenf ol&aJ umif;” awG[m ausmif;om;awGu jzpfvmwmr[kwyf gvm;cifAsm;? ausmif;om;awG[m olwdk@&JŒ i,f&G,fEkysdKwJh b0awGudk paw;+yD; toufay;ae=uwm awG[m &mxl;tm%mudk vdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk vlwkdif;od=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh &mxl;tm%mudk rw&m;vkcd siw f hJ ppftyk pf [ k m ausmif;om;awGukd a=umuf&ŒHG +yD;t=urf; zuf ESyd u f yG cf w hJ mbJ jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m EdkifiHa&; ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; avmif;&dyfawGatmufu uif;vGwf+yD; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pk}uD;wpf&yftjzpf ay:xGufcJhygw,f?'ghtjyif jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,Hk=unf pdwcf sre_ @J tm;ud;k tm;xm;ðyr_ukd &&S+d yD; ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm;wJh pdw"f mwf eJ@ tepfemcHwJ@pdwf"mwfawG[mvnf; tHhrcef;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m jynfov l x l ek @J yl;aygi;f vufw+JG yD; }uD;rm;wJh trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;vrf; a=umif;ay:rSm &yfwnfcJh=uwm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f? acwf(5)acwfjzpfwJh udkvdkeDacwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_acwf/ ygvDref 'Drdk ua&pDacwf/ rqvppftm%m&Sifacwf/ e0wppftm%m&Sifacwf/ etzppftm%m&Sif acwfawGrmS ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;awG[m vGwv f yfa&;&&Srd j_ y\em/jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJa&; jy\em/ 'Drdkua&pDe@J vl@tcGifhta&;jy\em/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf a&; jy\em pwmawGudk t}udwfte,f ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f? udkvkdeDacwf vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm wjynfvHk;rSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm; r_awGudk pnf;±Hk;acgif;aqmifEdkifzdk@ (All Burma Student Union) A.B.S.U vdk@ac:wJh Arm Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ukd 1936ckEpS f arv(8)&ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;Edik cf hJ ygw,f? OuUÏ[m rpPwm&m&Spfjzpf+yD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;uawmh AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;bJ jzpfygw,f? 1938ckESpf ukefydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m OuUÏ jzpfvm cJhygw,f?vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdef ygvDrefacwfjzpfwJh 1951=o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm Arm 15

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~&ŒJ yxrt}urd f nDvmcH}u;D udk ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f? tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;rS A.B.S.U udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD; ( All Burma Federation of Student Union) vd@k ac:wJh A.B.F.S.U udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru kdf a&pDa&;eJ@ trsdK;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;wkd@udk csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f? 1953ckESpf rwfvrSm ausmif;wpfvydwfta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufcJh&m zqyvtpdk;&u oydwfukd ypfcwfòzdcGJcJh ygw,f// 1956 atmufwdkbmvrSm zqyvtpdk;&[m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udk tpkd;& txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm rzGJ@pnf;zdk@ trdef@xkwfjyefcJhygw,f// 'ghtjyif ausmif;wGif; pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk rðyvky&f efvnf; n¸e=f um;vm&m xdt k rde@f xw k jf yefcsut f ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u qef@usifuef@uGuf=u+yD; jrefrmwjynfvHk;oydwfwdkufyGJ ysH@ESH@qifE$JcJh =uygw,f// ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif(50)ausmf tzrf;cH&+yD; (200)ausmf ausmif;xkwcf cH hJ &ygw,f? zqyv tpkd;&[m txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tpm; ausmif;aumifprD sm;om zG@J pnf;zd@k n¸e=f um;cJyh gw,f? 1956ckEpS rf mS A.B.F.S.U ArmEdik if H vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ pwkwˆt}udrf uGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif;/ 1958 ckESpfrSm yOPrt}udrfuGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif; atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? 1958 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm ppftpd;k &[m tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf wufvmwJh tcg 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J ausmif;om;or*~rsm;[m wjynfv;kH udk pnf;±H;k v_@H aqmf+y;D Oya'abmiftwGi;f uef@uu G q f ENjycJ=h uygw,f?tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m wuUov kd af usmif;om; or*~acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ udck ifarmift;kH eJ@ zd;k omat;wd@k ukd udu k ;kd u|e;f od@k y@kd c&hJ mrS tpðy+y;D ausmif;om;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sif pwif xdyfwdkufawG@cJh=uygw,f? 1960 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrSm A.B.F.S.U &JŒqÏrt}udraf jrmuf uGe*f &uf udk qufvufusi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gt h jyif KMT w±kwjf zLrsm; jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f aemuf qHk;t}urd f usL;ausm0f ifa&mufc&hJ m “w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf e_ @J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;aumfrwD” udk zG@J pnf;um ausmif;om;or*~rsm;u OD;pD;+yD; tar&duefo±H ;kH rSm qENjyuef@uu G cf =hJ u ygw,f? ygvDrefacwfumvrSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xuf Oya'twGif; 'Drdk ua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m wkdufyGJ trsdK;tpm; (3) rsdK;&Sdygw,f? yxr trsdK;tpm;uawmh b0wdkufyGJvdk@ ac:wJh pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;r_ wkdufyGJjzpf+yD; tvkyform;/ pma&;/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ pm;0wfaea&; twGuf Oya'/ ausmif;pnf;urf;eJ@uek af ps;E_e;f / vpmwd;k jri‡ ahf &; pwmawGukd awmif;qdw k hJ 16

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

wku d yf GJ jzpfygw,f/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;uawmh 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@tcGit hf a&;wdu k yf JG jzpfygw,f? wwd, trsdK;tpm;uawmh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJvdk@ac:wJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m &Sifpepf qef@usifðywfusa&;wdkufyJG jzpfygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m jynfov l x l yk g0ifrt _ m;udk vH;k 0tm;ðy&wJh wdu k yf jJG zpfovdk ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J ausmif;om; or*~awG[m vlxw k u kd yf aJG wG&ŒJ a&S@ “vHo S mG ;xdy”f uae yg0ifcw hJ mawG@&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefup+yD; acwfopf jrefrmjynf&JŒ ordkif;ausm±dk;jzpfaeovdk jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJawG[mvnf; acwf&JŒawmif;qkdr_jzpfwJh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@ Adkvfae0if; tm%modrf;&mup+yD; pOfqufrjywfjzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f? qJAif;*sLvkdif ed'gef; 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f +yD;wJt h cg ppftm%m&Sif pepfukd yxrOD;qHk; qef@usifuef@uGufol[m ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uygw,f? tm%m odrf;+yD;+yD;csif; rwfv (3) &ufae@rSm ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Auo)/ &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo)eJ@ &efuek cf ±kid af usmif;om;rsm; or*~ (&uo) wd@k yl;wG+J y;D a=unmcsuw f pfapmifxw k jf yefum ppfwyfu tm%modr;f jcif;udk uef@uu G v f u dk =f uygw,f? zqyv/ yrnw pwJh Edik if aH &;ygw}D u;D awGu apmif=h unfzh @kd qHk; jzwfxm;wJt h csed rf mS ausmif;om;awGu jywfjywfom;om; uef@uu G cf =hJ uvd@k Adv k af e0if; [m ausmif;om;or*~awGtay:rSm “tmCmw” w&m;xm;cJhw,fvdk@ od&SdcJh&ygw,f? wuUokdvf&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pDrHcef@cJGa&;udk ynma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu wdkuf±dkuf udkifwG,fjcif;rðy&ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu arv(9)&ufae@rSm a=unmcsufxkwfjyef vkdufygw,f? wuUodkvftufOya'rSmygwJh vkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&; aumifpDu usifhoHk;oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd EdSyfuGyfcsKyfcs,fwJh ausmif; aqmifpnf;urf; (22) csuu f v kd nf; owfrw S v f u kd jf yefygw,f? tJ'aD emuf arv (10)&uf ae@rmS Adv k af e0if;[m wuUov kd af umifp0D ifawGukd '*H&k yd o f mrSm ac:,lawG@q+kH y;D wuUodkvf aumifpu D kd zsuo f rd ;f vdu k w f t hJ a=umif;ajym&m ausmif;om;xktwGi;f rSm rauseyfr_ ydrk kd rsm;jym;vmygw,f? arv(27)&ufae@rmS wuUov dk af umifpu D kd awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ a=unmcsuf trde@f (30) e@J xkwjf yefwt hJ cg wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;ryg0ifbJ ppftm%m&Sif t&m&Sd 17

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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19

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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&efukefwuUodkvf &efukefwuUodkvf[m ausmif;om;awGtwGuf &efusefwuUodkvfjzpfcJhyHkukd qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f? AdkvfpdefvGif[m wyfrª;awGudk ac:,l+yD; ypf&ef!ïef=um;yg awmhw,f/ tJ'Daemuf G3, G4 armif;jyef¶kdifz,fawGeJ@ wuUodkvf0if;twGif;rSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;awGudk (3)rdepfypf/ (2) rdepfem;pepfeJ@ pwifypfcwfygawmhw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ &ufpufpmG ypfcwfra_ =umifh '%f&m& aoqH;k ol (100) 0ef;usi&f cdS +hJ y;D wuUov kd ef ,fajrrSm ausmif;om;awGtwGuf O'gef;ra=up&m ‘‘aoG;aºuG;’’ wifcJh&ygw,f? tm%m&Sif ppfbv D ;l [m tm;r&ao;bJ 1962 Zlvikd v f 8 &uf eHeuf (4)em&D 0ef;usirf mS ppftif*sif eD,mwyfu Adkvfrª;xGef;&DOD;pD;+yD; wuUodkvfor*~ taqmuftOD;}uD;udk 'dkif;erdkufeJ@ azmufcGJ zsufqD;vdkufygw,f? (7) em&DrSm Adkvfae0if;[m jrefrmhtoHrS ‘‘"m;"m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif;’’ pdefac:wJhrdef@cGef;udk em;cg;p&m ajym=um;cJhygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfeJ@ pyfvsOf;+yD; Adkvfae0if;eJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@u ‘‘tdkau’’ qdkwJh pum;vHk;eJ@ olvkyfw,f/ igvkyfw,fvdk@ aemufydkif;rSm tjyeftvSef pGyfpGJajymqdk=uyg w,f? Adkvfae0if;[m A[kd uGyfuJr_OuUÏ Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfpdk;ukd or*~taqmuf

ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD 20

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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tOD;xJrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om; awGudkxGufvmbdk@/ toHcsJ@ pufe@J ajym=um;&ef/ rxGuv f m &if &DuKdG iv f uf vufeuf}uD;eJ@ ypfzrf;r,fvdk@ xnfhoGif;ajym =um;&ef/ naeydkif;rarSmifcif vkyf&efESifh vdktyf&if vuf euf } uD ; oH k ; zd k @ trd e f @ ay;cJ h w,fvdk@od&ygw,f? &DuGdKif vufvufeuf}uD;[m ayguf uGrJ _ jyif;xefveG ;f wJh pGr;f tm; ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD AkH;cGJcH&+yD;aemuf &Sd&m ‚if;vufeuf}uD;eJ@ypf wESpjf ynft h crf;tem; Adv k af tmifausm*f Al rd mefab;wGif v#if taqmuftOD;rcHEdkifbJ yGifhxGufum rdkif;azmufcGJjcif;ESifh pGrf;tm;twlwlbJjzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u qifa0S@ &efa&Smif&iS ;f &mrSm Adv k v f [ S efe@J twl OD;ae0if;xH or*~taqmuftOD; AH;k cGrJ ,fu h pd /P wm; qD;zdk@oGm;a&mufa=umif;ajymygw,f? jzpfpOftrSefu AHk;cGJ&ef uGyfuJr_tzGJ@u qHk;jzwf wmudk ‚if;u OD;ae0if;xH twnfðyay;&ef oGm;a&mufwifjyjcif;omjzpf+yD; ‚if;udpPtm; ‘‘tdkau’’ qufvkyfyg[k OD;ae0if; oabmwlcJh+yD; OD;atmif}uD;u uGyfuJr_tzGJ@odk@ !ïef =um;ajymqdkjcif;omjzpfygw,f? or*~ taqmuftOD;twGi;f rSm em;cdak e=uwJh 'g%&f m&ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om; awG[m taqmuftOD;}uD;eJ@twl aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJyh [ kH m &ifeifph &m aumif;vSygw,f? e,fcsJ@awGudk awmfvSefzdk@ zGJ@pnf;cJhwJhwyfrawmf[m ausmif;om;t¶G,f vli,fuav; awGudk okwfoifacsr_ef;aewmu ydk+yD; &ifeifhp&maumif;ygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG taeeJ@ wuUodkvfaumifpDwGif yg0if=u&mrSm ausmif;om;awG&JŒ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifheJ@ ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;awGukd em;vnf ud, k cf si;f pmempdwrf xm;bJ csKd ;ESrd u f ikd w f , G rf [ _ m rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckuawmh ausmif;om;awG pDwef; vSnf@vnf+yD;qHk;csdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk &JawGu ae@cif;a=umifawmif tcsdef ausmif;0if;twGif; twif;0ifa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;bJjzpfygw,f? uGyfuJr_vkyfaewJh ppft&m&Sd}uD;awGuvnf; tajctaeawGudk xdef;odrf;zdk@/ pDrHcef@cGJzdk@eJ@ EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f 21

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

aygif;pyfn‡dEd_if;a&; nHhzsif;+yD; ESdyfuGyfzdk@udkbJ wmplaea=umif;udkvnf; awG@&Sd&ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;xHu ypfrdef@pmr&cif ausmif;om;rsm; AdkvfpdefvGifESifhn‡dEd_if;pOf ygarmuQcsKyf OD;um/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@taeeJ@ tjrefvma&muf n‡dEd_if;xdef;odrf;oifh ygw,f? 1963 Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh qJAif;*sLvdkif (1) ESpfajrmuftcrf;tem;udk ðyvkyfcJh=u&m ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; rsuf&nfus 0rf;enf;*k%f,l}u+yD; usqHk;olrsm; twGuf vGr;f ol@yef;acGcsc=hJ uygw,f? rlvae&mrSm ,m,D ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf tOD;udk zGifhyGJðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ausmif;om;wdkif;&JŒ&ifxJ/ ESvHk;om;xJ rSm ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcdkifrmpGmeJ@ tjrpfwG,f udef;0yfvmcJhyg w,f? ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ EkysKd opfviG w f hJ &,farmoHawGe@J pnfum;cJw h hJ &efuek w f uUov kd f y&d0% k [ f m ,ae@q&kd if ajcmufaoG@ww d q f w d af ecJ+h yjD zpfygonf? wuUov kd af wGudk jyefrzGifh &Javmufatmif ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ owWu d kd a=umuf¶@G H wkev f y_ cf hJ &+yDjzpfygw,f? q,fpEk pS rf sm;cs+D yD; =umjrifch +hJ yDjzpfayr,fh 'D*sLvdik f (7) &ufae@ta&;tcif;udkrrSD vdu k w f hJ rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;vli,fwikd ;f [m vufqifu h rf; wul;wu ay;a0iSv@kd r[kwf bJ ESvHk;om;todavhvmr_a=umifh udk,fpD/ udk,fpD ppftm%m&Siftm; qef@usif&r,f qdkwJh cH,lcsuf tvdkvdk aygufzGm;vmcJh=uygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm Adkvfavmif; tywfpOf (29) wufa&mufcw hJ hJ xdyyf ikd ;f tqifu h ppft&m&S}d uD;wcsKd @[m *sLvdik f (7)&ufae@ ta&; tcif;udk rSDvdkuf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;aebufoil ,fcsi;f awG&ŒJ jzpfpOftay:rSm oem;*¶k%moufae=ua=umif; Adv k af e0if;u &dypf m;rdv@kd ta&;tcif;rDvu kd o f al wGukd owd eJ@ pDppf+yD; apmifh=unfhcdkif;cJha=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f? 1963 jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG}J uD; jzpfvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; ausmif;om; or*~0if ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGif;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDygwD toif;tzGJ@awGeJ@ yl;aygif; zG@J pnf;xm;wJh jynfo@l aumfrwDrmS wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv (10) &ufae@rmS vnf; &efuek òf rdŒawmfcef;ra&S@ (6)c¶dik +f idr;f csr;f a&; qENjyyGrJ mS ausmif;om; or*~rsm; acgi;f aqmif+yD; ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfv;kH aomif;csD yg0ifc=hJ u&m vlxt k iftm; oH;k aomif;ausmf yg0if wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS jynfwiG ;f +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;cJh+yD;aemuf ppftm%m&SifawG[m tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf 22

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if vlaygif; oHk;axmifcef@udk zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygw,f? tzrf; rcH csiw f hJ ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif udAk aqGav;/ udo k uf/ udw k ifxeG ;f / udpk ;kd / ud^k m%f0if;/ udkapm[ife&D ponfwdk@[m vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifoGm;cJhygawmhw,f? 1963 rwfvrSm trsdK;om;nDnGwfr_Oya'jyÏmef;um EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGudk ppftm%m&SifawGu zsufodrf;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk wqifh wd;k zdEydS cf &hJ mrS ausmif;om;or*~}uD; (3)cke@J vkyif ef;wm0efawG[mvnf; 1967 {+yDvrSm acwW &yfqikd ;f cJ&h ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m tcGio hf m&ifomovdk ppftm%m&Sif qef@usifa&; qufvufv_yf&Sm;cJh&m tvkyform;oydwf/ OD;oef@ESifh rd_if;&mjynfhta&; tcif;awGrSm ordkif;urŠnf; xdk;avmufatmif qufvufpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f? ESdyfuGyfr_=um;u qufwdkufv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ }uH@cdkifwJhpdwf"mwfESifh jrifhjrwfwJhtawG;tac:awGa=umifh ppftm%m&SifawG[m ausmif;om;awGudk ESdyfuGyfzdk@ tpDtrHawGudk pepfwus csrSwf aqmif¶u G v f mygw,f? ausmif;0ifciG ehf @J pmar;yGyJ pkH aH wGukd ajymif;vJypfovdk ausmif;pnf; urf;rsKd ;pHu k kd jyÏmef;jcif;/ oif¶;kd !ïe;f wrf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k tvdu k s r=umc% ðyjyifajymif;vJ jcif;/ t*Fvdyfbmomudk (5)wef;rS pwifoif=um;apjcif;/ (8)wef;ESifh (10) wef;udk ausmif;ppfrS tpdk;&ppfodk@ ajymif;vJjcif; ponfwdk@udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tm¶Hkajymif;&efvkyf aqmifcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ zdESdyfcJh=uygw,f? 1967 rSmawmh jrefrmhordik ;f rSm wpfcgrrS }uHKzl;wJh qef&mS ;yg;r_jy\em jzpfvm cJ&h m ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m w¶kw-f jrefrm ta&;tcif;tjzpf vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfvdkufjyefyg w,f? 'gayr,fh rEœav;wuUodkvfeJ@ rEœav; GTI wdk@u w¶kwfqef@usiaf &;tpm; ppf tm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &;acgi;f pOf ajymif;vdu k &f m ppftm%m&Siaf wGtidu k rf o d mG ;+y;D ausmif;om; awGudk rD;ukef/ ,rf;ukef zrf;qD;jyefygw,f? 1967 Zlvdkifv (8) &ufae@rSm rEœav; eef;wGi;f xJu axmifukd um;awGe@J ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w&pyfy@kd oiG ;f aew,fv@kd =um; odc&hJ ygw,f? 1967 =o*kwv f rSm &cdik jf ynfe,frmS qefvyk }JG uD;rm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJ&h m &cdkif ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppftm%m&SifawGu t=urf;zuf ESdrfeif;cJhjyefygw,f? wcg 1969 u|ef;qG,ftm;upm;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;zdEydS rf e_ @J ausmif;om;awGukd ESyd u f yG x f m;r_rsm;tm; tm&Strd ef ;D csi;f rsm;odatmif ausmif;om;awGu 23

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

azmfxkwfjyEdkifcJhw,f? 1970 ckrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m &efukefwuUodkvf a¶$&wk txdr;f trSwf taeeJ@ v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u G &f if; aemifawmfausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ajc&mudk eif;Edik cf hJ ygw,f? 1974 arvrSm ordkif;csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf¶HkeJ@ qifrvdkufoabFmusif;rS tvkyo f rm;rsm; yg0ifaom tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ordik ;f csnrf #iEf iS hf txnfpuf¶Hk&JŒ oydwfpum;ajympOfjrifhay:rSm &efukef pufr_wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om; udw k ifat;=uLu w&m;a[mcJ&h m tvkyo f rm;xk ESv;kH om;udk ¶du k cf wfomG ;apcJyh gw,f? ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf OD;oef@[m urBmEh ikd if rH sm;u av;pm;=uwJyh *k Kd~ v}f u;D jzpfovdk jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf *k%, f pl &m ordik ;f wif&r,fh Edik if &H ŒJ om;aumif;&wemjzpfyg w,f? 'gayr,fh Adv k af e0if;[m OD;oef@ukd OD;Ek&ŒJ twGi;f 0efjzpfczhJ ;l vd@k r,H=k unf/ rav;pm;wJh tjyif OD;oef@&ŒJ atmifjrifausm=f um;r_/ xl;c|ex f ufjrufru _ v kd nf; remvdrk ¶_prd hf jzpfaeyg w,f? urBm@Eidk if aH wGe@J &ifabmifwef;Edik w f hJ OD;oef@ukd Edik if aH wmfpsmyetjzpf crf;crf;em;em; *k%ðf yvdw k hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ wu,fEh idk if cH sppf w d /f rsKd ;csppf w d af wGa=umifh OD;oef@ ta&; tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m OD;oef@psmyeudpPudk 0wfauswe;faus avmufom OD;oef@&JŒtpfudk OD;cef@tm; v$Jtyfwm0efay;cJhygw,f? 1974 'DZifbm (5) &uf ae@wGif &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;rSm xm;&SdwJh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf&Sd&mudk ausmif;om; rsm;eJ@ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGyl;aygif;+yD; a&muf&Sdvmum psmyeaumfrwD ta[mif;udk zsufodrf;I jynfol@psmyeaumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufygw,f? OD;oef@tavmif;ukdvnf; &efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;xJukd ,laqmifomG ;cJ&h m wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;wav#mufrmS vlvid_ ;f }u;D wvdyv f yd w f ufvmwmudk awG@c&hJ ygw,f? bG@J EiS ;f obif cef;ra&S@rSw&m;a[myGJpifrSm tpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;r_/ 'Dru kd a&pD qdwo f Ok ;f r_/ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wGukd ausmif;om; awGu ajymjy&if; Zlvdkifv(7)&uf emusnf;r_awG jyefvnfatmufarhzG,f jzpfcJh=u&yg w,f?wuotvH/ ouFef;tvHeJ@ ukvor*~tvH zHk;tkyfxm;wJh OD;oef@tavmif;[m atmifjrifre_ rd w d u f kd azmfjyaeovdk usuo f a&r*Fvmwpfyg; jzpfae&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif awG&JŒ ESdyfuGyfr_=um;xJu jynfolvlxk}uD;[m ausmif;om;awGudk &J&Jawmuf wuf a&muf tm;ay;ae=uyHk[m =uufoD;ar$;n‡if;rsm; xavmufatmif tm;&p&m aumif; vSygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m OD;oef@tkwf*ludk uefawmfrifyef;+cHrSmjzpfjzpf/ q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f tkw*f al b;rSmjzpfjzpf jr‡KyfEzHS @kd awmif;qd=k uygw,f? awmif;qdck suu f kd rvdkufavsm&if jrufcif;jyifrSmbJ *loGif;r,fvdk@ awmif;qdk=uygw,f? tcsdefrSD jyef=um; 24

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

csurf &&Sw d t hJ wGuf 1974ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov kd rf S ausmif; om;awGu yHpk 'H ZD ikd ;f a&;qG+J y;D or*~jrufcif;rSm OD;oef@±yk t f avmif;udk *loiG ;f vdu k =f uygw,f? rqv ppftm%m&SifawG[m &efukefwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–;udk tm%mukefv$JtyfI yk'fr (144)xkwfjyefapum ESdyfuGyf&efjyifqif+y;D tqdyk gta&;tcif;udv k nf; C.I.A &JŒ ya&m*vd@k tajctjrpfr&Sb d J pGypf cJG yhJ gw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[m 'DZifbmv(11)&ufae@ reufapmapm (3)em&Dcef@ tcsdefwGif xkd;ppfqif+yD; wdkufckdufvmygawmhw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk rsuf&nf,kdAHk; oH;k +y;D vlpck yJG gw,f?ausmif;om;awG tjrwfwEd;k vkyx f m;wJh OD;oef@*u l v kd nf; bl'Zkd m}u;D eJ@ wku d zf su+f y;D tavmif;udk u&de;f eJ@rcscD yhJ gw,f//ausmif;om;awG[m vufcsi;f csw d +f y;D awmh tkwf*ludkywf+yD; umuG,fydwfqdk@xm;wJh=um;u vk,loGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tkwf*ludk apmifh=uyfaewJ@ tm*owdW ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ppfbDvl;awG[m ±kef;&if;qefcwfeJ@ ausmif;0if;twGif;rSm i&JyGufaeygawmhw,f? rdk;vif;vmvdk@ &efukefòrdŒwGif;u ausmif; om;awG a&muf&SdvmwJhtcg tavmif;udk vk,ufoGm;wJhowif;=um;+yD; ausmif;om; rsm;tm;vH;k yl;aygi;f um tpd;k &taqmuftOD;rsm;/ rD;yGKd if/h ±ky&f iS ±f Hk pwmawGukd wku d cf u kd f cJh=uygw,f?ausmif;awGudk &uftuef@towfr&Sd ydwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemuf &efukef rSm ae@ausmif;om;eJ@ taqmifaeausmif;om;awGudk ppftm%m&SifawGu 'v=urf; zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f?ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;[m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifEaJ$ e wJh jynfcspyf gwu D kd 0ifa&mufomG ;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh OD;oef@*u l dk ocifu, kd af wmf r_id ;f *lab;rSm xm;&Sday;vdk@ ausmif;om;awG atmifjrifcJhw,fvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m AsL[majymif;+yD; ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmcifarmif0if;eJ@ usef;rma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmvS[efwdk@udk 1975 ckESpf ZGefv (5) &ufae@eJ@ (6) &ufae@ awGrmS wdarG;ukwuUov kd ef @J &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov kd af wGukd apv$w+f yD; ausmif;om;awG eJ@ aqG;aEG;cdkif;ygw,f?ausmif;om;awGu “jrefrmjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctae wd;k wuf zd@k q&dk mrSm pDru H ed ;f wpfck ratmifjrif&if/ t±_;H ay:&if oufqidk &f m0ef}u;D E_wfxGuf ay;zdk@eJ@ wjynfvHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk wkd;wufatmifrvkyfEdkif&if tpdk;&tzG@J E_wx f u G af y;zd@k ” awmif ; qd k = uygw,f ? tJ ' D t cgrS m Ad k v f a e0if ; [m ,rf ; yH k r D ; us a'gol y k e f x+yD ; ausmif;om;tiftm;pkawGudkòzdcGJzdk@ usef;rma&;0ef}uD;eJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD;udk pDrHcsuf wifapygawmhw,f?tJ'pD rD cH sut f & ausmif;om; awG[m (10) wef;atmif&ifwuUov kd f rwuf&bJ “a'oaumvdyf” qdk+yD;awmh (2) ESpf xyfrH wufapygw,f? (10)wef; 25

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

atmifrSwf&,f/ a'oaumvdyf(2)ESpfatmifrSwf&,f aygif;+yD;awmhrS aq;wuUodkvf/ pufrw _ uUov kd f pojzifh vkid ;f cGJ wufa&mufapygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m a'oaum vdyrf mS xyfróH ud;pm;&vd@k Edik if aH &;rSm tm;enf;apcJyh gw,f? tiftm;aumif;vSwhJ &efuek f 0dZ…meJ@ odyH`wuUodkvf&JŒ ausmif;om;tiftm;xkudk òzdcGJxm;ovdk a'oaumvdyfawGeJ@ xdrf;csKyfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if a'oaumvdyf(16)ck xm;&Sd+yD; ausmif; om;awGukd vlpck x JG m;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ od@k aomfvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m 1976 azazmf0g&D v ausmif;awG jyefzGifhwJhtcgrSm “q&m}uD;ocifudkf,fawmfr_dif;” &JŒ &mjynfhyGJudk vkyfzdk@ pdik ;f jyif;vmjyefygw,f?1976 rwfv (23) &ufae@rmS awmh q&m}uD;ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f tkw*f u l kd tav;ðyzd@k ausmif;om;awG csw D ufygawmhw,f? *lrmS tav;ðyaewJh ausmif;om; awGeJ@ 0dkif;xm;wJh ppfwyf[m rajyrvnfjzpf+yD; ausmif;om;awGu tm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;oydwfudk pwifvdkufjyefygw,f//rqvppftpdk;&[m ausmif;om;awGudk zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ ausmif;xkwfjcif;/ ausmif;rsm;udkydwfjcif; pojzifh qufwdkuf vkyfjyefygw,f?om;oHk;om;xJrSm ppftm%m&Sifta=umufqHk; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ thHrcef;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk qufvufzwf±_=uygcifAsm;? 1988 ta&;tcif;tp ausmif;om;u ppftm%m&SifacwftqufqufrSm ausmif;om;awG[m rw&m;EdSyfuGyf cH&ayr,fh “tmCmw” rxm;bJ trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yfukd ,ae@wikd f toufay; xrf;aqmifae=uygw,f? jrefrmjynfolvlxk&JŒ ESvHk;om;/ onf;yGwfyrm ausmif;om; vli,fawG[m vludkwkdufaewmr[kwfbJ/ rludkwdkufaewm jzpfwJhtjyif rqvtpdk;& ðywfusonftxd jynfov l x l ek @J vufw+JG yD;wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? bke;f armfta&;tcif; jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%m&Sipf epf ðywfusa&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if&ef a=unmvdkufyHkudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? 1978/ 1982ckESpfawGrSmvnf; rqv ppftpdk;&[m vlaygif;(800)cef@udk U.G vdk@ pGyfpGJ+yD; axmifcscJhygw,f? 1987 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (5)&ufae@rmS awmh rqvtm%m&Si[ f m aiGpuULawGukd w&m;r0if &yfpcJ hJ ygw,f? 'Dvyk &f yf[m tpd;k &&JŒodumQ r,fw h hJ vky&f yfjzpfv@dk ausmif;om;awG qlyrl j_ zpfymG ; cJyh gw,f? tpd;k &qef@usiw f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS xdyq f ;kH u t+rv J v kd kd yg0ifcw hJ hJ ausmif;om;awGukd a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; xHk;pHtwdkif; tpkd;&[m ausmif;awGudk ydwfvdkufjyefyg w,f? 1987 ckESpf/ 26

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

atmufwb dk mv (26) &ufae@rmS ausmif;awG jyef vnfziG v hf pS af y;vdu k w f meJ@ &cdik jf ynfe,f ppfawG a'oaumvdyu f ausmif;om;awG[m Ed0fk ifbmv(2)&uf ae@e@J (3)&ufae@awGrmS quf wdkufqENjycJh+yD; Edk0ifbmv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh a&Zif;pdkufysdK;a&; wuUodkvf/ wd&pd m> efarG;jrLa&;eJ@ aq;ukoa&; wuUodkvfawGu ausmif;om;awG[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ ±kyfyHkawGudk rD;&d_@um qENjycJh=uygw,f? 1962 ckEpS f Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f +y;D wJt h csed u f p+y;D jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tajctae[m wpxufwp qdk;0g;vmcJh+yD; cg;oD;wJh wpfygwDpepfqdk;&JŒ'%fudk jynfolvlxkawG vnf pif;+y;D cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? 1988 rwfv (12) &uf paeae@naerSm &efuek f pufrw _ uUov kd f ausmif;om; udk0if;jrifheJ@ ukdausmfpH0if; tygt0if ausmif;om;(4)OD;[m &efukefòrdŒ taemufóud@ukef;rSm&SdwJh pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifudk a&mufvmcJhygw,f? olwdk@[m vufzuf&nfqikd rf mS pdik ;f xD;qkid o f cD si;f zGiahf y;zd@k awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? qdik &f ŒJ twGi;f bufrmS xdkifaewJh &yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;jzpfol[m t&ufrl;ae+yD; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ oDcsif;awmif;qdkr_udk rausreyfjzpfum xkdifcHkudk aumufudkif&if; udk0if;jrifh&JŒacgif;udk ±dkufvkdufygw,f? acgif;uGJoGm;vdk@ ausmif;om;(3)OD;vnf; &Jpcef;ukd oGm;a&muf ta=umif;=um;&m aumifpOD uUÏ&JŒ om;udk zrf;qD;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh wpHw k &mrajym qdkbJ aemufwpfae@reufrSm ±dkufESufcJholudk jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?'ga=umihf pufr_ wuUov kd f ausmif;om;(20)cef@ jynfo@l aumifp±D ;kH od@k oGm;a&mufum uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f? aumifpOD uUÏu *±krpdu k /f em;raxmifvakd =umif; jiif;y,fvu dk I f ausmif;om;rsm; a'goyl ek x f um aumifpD±Hk;udk cJrsm;eJ@ypfayguf=uygw,f? &yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;tygt0if óudŒukef;taemufydkif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;om;awG xyfrH &efyGJjzpfyGm;+yD; ausmif;om;0if;jrifh "g;xdk;cH&jyefygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;udk jyefajy;+yD; vljyefp&k m tiftm; (300) cef@ txd &Sv d m+yD; &yfuu G x f o J @kd wzef csw D ufvmjyefygw,f? ausmif;om;tky}f uD;[m tJ't D cgrmS rD;owf ydkufudkifxm;wJh rD;owfawGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awGudk &ifqdkifvkduf&ygawmhw,f? ausmif;om;tky[ f m a'go,rf;td;k ayguu f +JG y;D vHx k ed ;f rsm;&S&d mudk cJrsm;jzifh ypfaygu=f u&m vHx k ed ;f rsm;uvnf; 'v=urf; ypfcwfygawmhw,f? tJ'yD pfcwfra_ =umifh touf (23) ESpf om &Sdao;wJh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; armifzkef;armfusqHk;+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&cJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m tcsuf(7)csufygwJh awmif;qdkcsufðyvkyfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f? 27

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

ynma&; 'kwd, 0ef}uD; a'gufwmarmif'D[m ausmif;om;awGudk csufcsif; oGm;a&muf n‡dE_dif;cJhayr,fh tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaeqJ jzpfygw,f? 1988 rwfv (25) &ufae@rSm vHkxdef; (500) cef@[m &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk 0ifa&mufpD; eif;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk eHygwfwkwfeJ@ 0if±dkufcJhvdk@ ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD; cH&'%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m pufrw _ uUov kd rf mS pm&Gupf mwrf;awG a0iSum tpdk;&qef@usifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ajcvSrf;pwifvkdufygawmhw,f? pufr_ wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;udpP[m tjcm;wuUodkvfawGudk awmrD;yrm ysH@ESH@oGm;+yD; tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh &efuek w f uUov kd yf ifru ausmif;om;axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m cGyaf 'gi;f atmifvHudk v$ifhxlum tpdk;& qef@usifa&;toGif ododomom ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f? 1988 rwfv (16) &ufae@rSm jynfvrf;twkdif; v_dif a'oaumvdyfudk csDwufvmwJh ausmif;om;wyfz@JG [m wHwm;jzLteD;udk a&muf&pdS Of vrf;ray:wGif oHq;l óud;acGawGe@J ydwx f m;wJh vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awG&@J xyfrHydwfqdk@xm;jcif;cH&+yD; trdef@ay;oHeJ@twl ausmif; om;awGudk vHkxdef;awGu 0if±dkufygawmhw,f? t±dk;tufuGJoH/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ nnf;wGm;oH/ i,foHygatmif atmf[pfoHawG yGufavm±dkufoGm;ygawmhw,f? wHwm; jzLrSm aoG;awGv$rf;+yD; ‘‘wHwm;eD’’vdk@ pmwif&avmufatmif vlrqefpGm EdyS u f yG jf cif; cHc&hJ ygw,f? rwfv (17) &ufae@rmS &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if; ywfywfvnfrmS uGefref'dk wyfom;awGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfom;awGu 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@xm;+yD; b&if;u,f&D,mrsm; wuU odv k 0f if; tjyifbufrmS toif&h yfapmifah e=uygw,f? rGe;f vGJ (2) em&DrmS vHx k ed ;f awG[m yifrwuUov kd ef ,fajrxJukd twif;0ifp;D +yD; &JcsKyfu, kd w f idk f }uD;=uyfum ausmif;om;awG ukd tcsKyu f m;twGi;f armif;oGi;f zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f? &JawGu ausmif;aqmiftxJxd 0if vm+yD; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;wpfaxmifcef@udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;ygw,f? tcsKyf um;awGrmS rwefwq ¹yGwo f yd x f nfv h @kd ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;rGe;f usy/f aoqH;k ukef wma=umihf jynfolvlxk[m ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm u±k%mykdrdkjzpfyGm;aeygawmh w,f? rwfv (18) &ufae@rmS wdu k yf t JG &Sed t f [kef jrifw h ufvm+y;D zdavºuaG vjzpfwhJ ausmif; om;tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m eD;pyf&mudk vufqifhurf;ajymqdkum &efukefòrdŒv,facgifodk@ tzGJ@aygif;rsm;pGmcGJI vdkif;um;pD;xGufvm=uygw,f? &efukefòrdŒv,f ql;avudk ausmif; om;tiftm; (300) cef@ a&muf&v dS m+y;D yxrOD;qH;k tiftm;jyvSnv hf nf qENjyyGJtaeeJ@ ql;avbk&m;udkywf+yD;csDwuf=u&m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tHh=ocsD;usL; vufckyfwD;tm;ay;oH rsm;[m txufb0*ftxd odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;ygawmhw,f? 28

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

ppftm%m&SifawG[m ,cif ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGvdk vufeuftm; ud;k eJ@ Edik x f ufp;D eif; ESyd u f yG &f if vG,v f , G ef @J &r,fv@kd xifxm;=uayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m tpdk;&ðywfusEdkifwJhtxd jynfolvlxkeJ@ aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f? rqvtpdk;& jyKwfuscJhwJhatmifjrifr_ zke;f armfta&;tcif;ukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if rqv ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ }u;D rm;wJh yxr trSm;wpfcu k &yfuu G af umifpD OuUÏudk bufvu dk u f muG,af y;r_e@J vHx k ed ;f wyfz@JG tiftm; tqrwefo;kH +yD; ausmif;om;awGukd rn‡mrwm ESyd u f yG rf y_ J jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d trSm;uawmh owif;pDppfwif;=uyfr_ ðyvkyo f nfomru owif;vdrv f nf a=unmjcif; yJjzpfygw,f? vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@udk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u tkyfcsKyf&w,f qdkayr,fh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trdef@ay;pepf[m a&maxG;ae+yD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm &SdcJhygw,f?/ &efukefwkdif;rSmvnf; a'oygwDOuUÏ/ wdkif; aumifpDOuUÏeJ@ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;qdk+yD; trdef@ay;EdkifwJh tm%mydkif (3) OD; &Sdaeygw,f? &efukefòrdŒ vHkòcHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wkd@udk qGJac:&mrSm wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf csufjcif;rodvdkufwmrsdK;&SdcJhovdk t"du¶k%f;ESdrfeif;&m rSmvnf; vHkxdef;awGeJ@ ppfwyfa&maxG;aewmudk wyfrª;awGu róuduf=ua=umif;vnf; od&ygw,f? ZGefv (8) &ufae@rSm OD;atmif}uD;u OD;ae0if;xHudk tdyfzGifhpmay;ydk@&m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tajctaetrSeu f kd od&+dS y;D / jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D OD;rif;acgief @J &JcsKyw f @kd ukd wHwm;eDe@J zkef;armf ta&;tcif;awGrSm wm0ef&SdolawGvdk@ pGyfpGJum ta&;,l xkwfypfvdkufayr,fh jynfolvlxku vufrcHyJ trSefwu,f wm0ef&SdolawG usef&Sdaeao;w,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf =uygw,f? arv (3) &ufae@ ausmif;awG zGiv hf pS w f t hJ cg tusO;f axmifu jyefvw G v f mwJh ausmif;om;awGu olwdk@&JŒtawG@t}uHKawGudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;=u&m ZGefv (15) &uf ae@rS (20) &ufae@txd &efuek w f uUov kd f tyef;ajz&dyo f mwGif qENjyyGrJ sm; qufwu kd f jzpfymG ;cJjh yefygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG/ tvkyo f rm;awG/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg rusef jynfolvlxk tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSmawmh ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; tpdk;&u a=unmayr,fh oydwfarSmufr_[m wjynfvHk; udk ysŒH ES@H omG ;ygw,f? &efuek òf rŒd xJrmS &Sw d hJ aq;wuUov kd f (1) udk ausmif;om;xk[m jynfvrf; 29

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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twdkif; qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;ta&muf vHx k ed ;f rsm;u wm;qD;=ujyefygw,f? rlvu ‘‘O'ge;f rausw’hJ ’ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ jyif;xefwhJ wke@f jyefre_ @J teD;em;rSm &yf=unfah ewJh jynfov l x l &k ŒJ tH=h ozG,&f m yl;aygi;f vdu k rf a_ =umifh vHkxdef;rsm; xGufajy;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'DwdkufyGJrSm jynfol (100) cef@eJ@ vHkxdef; (20) cef@ aoqHk;=uygw,f? ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒawmfwGif nrxGuf&trdef@udk &ufaygif; (60) xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSm jrefrmhtoHuae+yD; rwfvqlylr_ twGuf xde;f odr;f jcif;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;awGtm;vH;k udk jyefvw $ af y;r,fv@kd a=unm cJhygw,f?'gayr,fh ZGefv (23) &ufae@uwnf;u ausmif;om;awG[m vlpk vla0;rðy& qdkwJh trdef@udk qef@usif+yD; a¶$wd*HkapwDrSm oydwfpcef; zGifhvSpfcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? Zlvikd v f (9) &ufae@rmS awmh OD;ae0if;[m nrxGu&f trde@f ukd ac|;odyw f t hJ aeeJ@ ¶kyfodrf;ay;ygw,f? ausmif;xkwfcH&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;jyefwufEdkifayr,fh ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ &ifxu J a0'emawG[m aysmufomG ;zd@k rvG,u f al wmha=umif; OD;ae0if; &dyrf o d mG ;+yjD zpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;ae0if;u rqv twGi;f a&;rª;rsm;tzG@J tm; ygwn D v D mcH ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; udk Zlvikd v f (23) &ufae@rmS ac:,lusi;f y&ef !ïe=f um;vdu k yf gw,f? ygwDnDvmcH usif;ywJh tcgrSm OD;ae0if;u olEkwfxGufr,fvdk@ajym&m tm;vHk; tHh=oukef=uygw,f? tJ'D aemuf OD;pdefvGifudk orRw wifvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m ol@rSm tjypf&Sda=umif;odvdk@ aumif;aumif;rGefrGef xGufwmr[kwfbJ ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay: axmif+y;D ypfwmr[kwb f ;l / ypf&if rSeaf tmifypfw,fv@kd vlxek @J ausmif;om;awGukd pdeaf c:+y;D ordik ;f rSm trnf;puf }u;D jzpf atmif ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? Zlvikd v f (28) &ufae@rmS a¶$w*d b kH &k m; ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm; pk¶Hk;qENjy+yD; ra=umuf¶GH@a=umif; wkef@jyefvdkufygw,f? =o*kwv f (1) &ufae@rmS Armjynfv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~u &Spaf v;vH;k taxGaxGoydw}f uD;twGuf v_@H aqmfa&;pmapmifawG pwifjzef@a0ygawmhw,f? =o*kwf v (3) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefòrdŒrSm qENjyolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm pwif t&Sdef,lpðy+y;D rm&S,af vm ppfOya'xkwjf yefcsuu f kd zDqefvu kd yf gw,f? =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS awmh ordik ;f wGirf ,fh taxGaxGoydw}f u;D udk jynfov l x l k ode;f eJ@cs+D y;D qifEv J$ u kd =f uygawmhw,f? òrdŒawmfcef;rrS &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rª;[m vlpkcGJ=uzdk@eJ@ rcGJ&if ypfcwfr,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcJh ygw,f? vlx[ k m ra=umuf¶@G /H rwkev f y_ v f @kd n 11 em&DrmS pufaoewfoaH wG xGuv f m +yD; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vJusoGm;ygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm ajrmufOuUvmy/ 30

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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a¶$*HkwdkifeJ@ &efukefaq;¶Hk}uD;awGrSm qENjywJh jynfolvlxkawGudk ppfwyfuypfcwfvdk@ taxG;vdu k t f yHv k u kd f usq;kH cJ=h uygw,f? aemufrwGe@f yJ ra=umufr¶G@H qufvuf qENjy =u&m =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSm OD;pdefvGifðywfus+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmiftpdk;& wuf vmjyefygw,f? =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm ppfOya'udk ¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkuf+yD; wyfrsm; udkvnf; jyefvnf¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkufygw,f? =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm a':atmifqef; pk=unf[m a¶$wd*Hktaemufbufrck w f iG f yxrOD;qH;k rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;+y;D vlxk (5) ode;f ausmf tm;ay;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;u teD; uyfe@J tjyifpnf; vHòk cHa&;,lay;cJ=h uyg w,f? =o*kwv f (28) &ufae@rmS owW rt}urd af jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif; om;rsm;or*~udk &efukefòrdŒrSm w&m;0if jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh+yD; OuUÏtjzpf owW aA' wwd,ESpf ausmif;om; rif;udkEdkifudk wifajr‡mufcJh=uygw,f? tvm;wl jrefrm Ed k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;or*~ ‘‘ruo’’ tm; rif;aZ,smrS OD;aqmifcyhJ g w,f? pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@ &efukef aq;¶Hk}uD; taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDzGJ@ pnf;&mrSmvnf; AuorS ausmif;om; udkaZmfxGef;[m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; tjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~ om;rsm;or*~ (6) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf pf¶;kH csKyt f eD;&Sd ausmuf (8888) OuU Ï rif ; ud k E d k if wdik w f iG f vlxEk iS phf pfwyf xdyw f u kd f &ifqikd =f u &m OD;atmif}uD;eJ@ udkrif;udkEdkif 0ifa&mufjzefajzcJhr_a=umifh vlxk}uD;vnf; vlpkuJG oGm;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rmS ukeo f , G af &;0ef}u;D ¶H;k u vHòk caH &;wyfcu JG kd vl xku 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u kd &f ef jyifqifaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu &[ef;oHCmawmfawGe@J yl;aygif;+yD; wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒtoufudk u,fwifcJhygw,f? pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS tajctae ,dr;f ,dik af ewJh a'guw f marmifarmif tpdk;&vnf; ðywfus+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkufcsdefrSm 31

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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awmh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;AsL[m wrsdK;wzHk ajymif; vJ oGm;&ygawmhw,f? pGef@v$wfpGef@pm; ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh e0wtpdk;& wufvm+yD; wJah emuf EdyS u f yG rf }_ uD;rm;vGe;f vd@k ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGi;f 'Dru kd a&pD v_y&f mS ; vkyfudkifaqmif¶GufEdkifwJh tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm ausmif;om; awG[m wdkufyGJenf;AsL[m (3)rsdK;eJ@ qef@usif wdkufcdkufoGm;=uygw,f? yxr enf;AsL [muawmh ajray:rSm w&m;0if &yfwnfvdk@&wJh rdk;oD;ZGefOD;aqmif+yD; vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD zGJ@pnf;um v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, enf;AsL[muawmh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qifE$Jzdk@ vGwfajrmufe,fajrrSm ‘‘jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;’’ (ABSDF)udk (1988) ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (1) &ufae@rSm zGJ@pnf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? wwd, enf;AsL[muawmh vuf&Sd zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJ@udk ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_ (UG) toGifrsdK;pHkeJ@ tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ ypfcwfr_udk rcHEikd af wmhwhJ tusKd ;r,fh pGe@f pm;r_rsKd ; rvkycf si=f uwJh ausmif;om; axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m xdik ;f Edik if eH ,fpyfe@J tdE, dN Edik if eH ,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc=hJ uygw,f? Adv k af pmarmifukd ðzwfcs+y;D wufvmwJh Adv k o f ef;a¶$[m ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvm=uzd@k e@J tdrfu pdwfqdk;+yD; xGuo f mG ;wJh om;orD;rsm;yrm zrf;qD;jcif;ðyrnf r[kwaf =umif; tcsKd oyf+y;D vufrw S x f ;kd ac:,lcyhJ gw,f? xdik ;f Edik if eH @J nEd‡ i_d ;f +y;D wmhccf ¶dik rf mS ausmif;om;óuq d akd &; vufcpH cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS f ay;cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sd=uawmhwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;tenf; i,fom jrefrmjynftwGif;udk jyef0ifoGm;=u+yD; jynfwGif;rSm tcGifhom&ifomovdk qufvuf v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? (1989) ck E S p f rwf v (22) &uf a e@rS m a&;òrd Œ ud k rG e f j ynf o pf y gwD e J @ ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&uf wpfwyfOD;wdk@ yl;aygif;+yD; 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhyg w,f? e0wppftpdk;&[m (1988) ckEpS t f ukerf mS &ef ukerf mS &Sw d hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J yxrOD;qH;k awG@ qHak qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? ausmif; om;awGu 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@ tcGit hf a&;/ ausmif;om;xk tcGit hf a&;/ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;tygt0if awmif;qdkcsuf (17) csuf awmif;qdkcJhyg w,f? e0wu ausmif;om; or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh ¶Hk;udk rEœav;aqmifrSm 32

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

owfrw S jf cif;tygt0if (2) csuu f o kd m vdu k af vsmcJ&h m aqG ; aEG ; yG J r atmif j rif b J ysufjym;cJhygw,f? 1989 rwf v (24) &uf a e@rS m ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif rif;udkEdkifudk e0wu zrf; qD;vdkuf+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif '%f c srS w f v d k u f y gw,f ? (1989) {+yDv (2) &ufae@ rSm vl@abmifopfygwD OuUÏ ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD OuUXa[mif; rdk;oD;ZGef rd;k oD;ZGe[ f m ppftm%m&Sif awG&JŒ zdESdyfzrf;qD;r_udkrcHEdkifvdk@ &efukefrS e,fpyfudkwdrf;a&SmifcJh+yD; (ABSDF) ausmif; om;wyfOD;eJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? (1991) ckESpf 'DZifbm (10) &ufeJ@ (11) &ufae@awGrSm &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f y if r wG i f &ef u k e f pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; (500) ausmf vma&mufy;l aygi;f +y;D 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ ppftpd;k &ðzwfcsa&;/ ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&;/ zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;jyefvw $ af y;a&; ponfw@kd ukd aºuG;a=umfqENjycJ=h uygw,f? &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfrsdK;!Gef@[m ukef;jrifhom¶Hk;rSxGufvmum um; ay:wGif qufoG,fa&;0dkif,mvufpufeJ@ wyfawGukd &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if;twGi;f 0dik ;f 0ef;=uzd@k uwkeu f &ife@J trde@f ay;cJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &[m qENjyyGu J kd òzdccJG +hJ yD; ausmif;om; udkaZmfrif;tygt0if (4) OD;udk axmiftESpf (20) csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? usef (50) OD;udk axmif (15) ESpef @J (4) OD;udk axmif (10) ESpf toD;oD; csrSwfESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd cg;qufjywfomG ;atmif acsre_ ;f cJyh gw,f? b,fvykd J ESyd u f yG af yr,fh ausmif;om; awG&JŒ pdwf"mwfeJ@cH,lcsufuawmh xm0pOf&SifoefaeqJjzpfygw,f? (1995) =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@rSm (88) rsdK;qufausmif;om; udkarmifarmif0rf;eJ@ wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@0if (28) OD;[m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf(54) aetdrrf mS vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ+h yD; (National Reconciliation) trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rS 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfqDodk@ qHk;jzwf 33

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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xm;cJw h rhJ u l kd qufvufaqmif¶u G cf jhJ yefygw,f? atmufwb kd m 10 &ufae@ a':atmifqef; pk=unfaetdrrf mS usi;f ywJt h crf;tem;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ óu;d yrf;r_a=umifh &Srf;ESifh rGef trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if {nfhy&dowf aygif; (1500) wufa&muf=uwJh ajray:'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf; nDnGwfr_&v'f udk wnfaqmufEikd cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm at'Dvrf;u OD;ae0if;tdru f akd usmif;om; (7) OD;oGm;a&muf+yD; vHòk cHa&;t&m&Srd w S qifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; jyefv$wfay;a&;/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; OD;ae0if; udk,fwdkifyg0if aqmif¶Gufay;&ef óud;yrf;urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? OD;ae0if;u pmjyef=um;&mrSm ,ckvdk vma&mufawG@qjkH cif;twGuf tH=h o0rf;omrqH;k jzpfryd ga=umif;/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;t}uD;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfwmudk vufcyH ga=umif;/ use;f rma&; twGuf ud, k w f ikd f xGurf awG@Eikd jf cif;udk em;vnfay;zd@k e@J ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf atmifjrifwhJ txd vkyfaqmifEdkifygapvdk@ qkrGefawmif;yga=umif; a&;om;cJhw,fvdk@od&ygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ pGrf;aqmifcsufESifh arwWma&mifjyef[yfr_a=umifh rsm;r=umrD 0ef}uD;rsm;¶Hk;rSm wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;rª;¶Hk;u ppfOD;pD;rª; (yxrwef;) Adkvfrª;}uD; oef;xGe;f OD;pD;wJt h zG@J e@J (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tenf;qH;k (2) }urd f awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? aqG;aEG;&mrSm (uuvSr;f ) taeeJ@ ausmif;om; rsm;udk ¶dk;om;pGmvkyfr,fqdk&if ajymp&mrvdkyga=umif;/ tpdk;&rqef@usihfbl;qdk&if ausmif;om;ta&;udk vdt k yfr,fq&kd if ausmif;om;or*~ukd zG@J pnf;cGiðhf yrSmjzpfyga=umif;/ tcsdefumvwcktxd vkyfaqmifr_udk apmifh=unfhrSmjzpfyga=umif; ajymqdkcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&mrSm tpd;k &u rSm;aew,fq&kd if qef@usirf mS jzpfyg a=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;rajyvnfbl;qdk&if ausmif;om;ta&;vnf; rajyvnfEdkifyga=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;[m cGJjcm;Ir&yga=umif;/ acgif;ESifh yef;yrm jy\em 'GefwGJvsuf &Sda=umif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfaqG;aEG;cJhw,fvdk@ od&Sd&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf (88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om;jzpfwhJ udak rmifarmif0rf;[m wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd +f ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGe@J qufoG,f!‡dEd_if;+yD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;aecsdefrSm zrf;qD;cHcJh &+yD; axmif'%f (10) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? (1996) 'DZifbm (2) &ufae@rS (9) &ufae@txd &efukefwuUodkvfteD; urm ¶Gwf vSnf;wef;vrf;qHkwGif ausmif;om;tiftm; (1500) cef@ qENjy=ujyefygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&; awmif;qd=k u&m ppftm%m&Siw f @kd ESyd u f yG rf a_ =umifh ausmif;om; 34

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

(250) ausmf zrf;qD;cH&+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om; udo k ufO;D udk &uf&ufpufpuf axmif'%f (52) ESpf csrSwfcJhygw,f? rsdK;qufopfausmif;om;awG[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;aumif;arGudk rnfol@wdkufwGef;r_rSrygbJ taumiftxnf azmfaqmif¶GufcJh=uygw,f? avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f a=umif;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ausmif;om;rsm;udik v f y_ cf jhJ cif;a=umifh tpdk;&rsm;ðywfuscJh&yHkudk oabmaygufwJh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m (4) vywf tpnf;ta0; wdkif;rSm ausmif;om;awGeJ@ xdyfwdkufrjzpfyGm;a&;eJ@‘‘rD;p’’ yGm;vm&ifvnf; tjrefqHk; +idrf;owfzdk@ rSm=um;cJhygw,f? (1995) ckESpf r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;rSm vHkòcHa&; wm0ef,l xm;wJh wyf&JŒ uif;orm;eJ@ vrf;av#mufjyefvmwJh aq;wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;tcsdK@ uif;a&S@rmS ao;aygurf &d mrS pum;rsm;+y;D uif;orm;u xGu+f y;D ¶du k cf yhJ gw,f? 'gukd rauseyf vdk@ ausmif;om;awG[m aemufjyef tiftm;pk trsm;tjym; ac:,l+yD; tJ'Dppfom;udk xkwaf y;zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? ppfa=umif;rª;vnf; tJ'pD pfom;udk acsmah rmh+yD; t¶du k cf &H ef xkwfay;vdkufygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu oabmxm;}uD;pGm qHk;r¶Hkom jyef¶dkuf+yD; auseyfpmG jyefomG ;wJh jzpfpOfvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;eJ@e;D wJh ta0;ajy;um;*dwf twGi;f u t𝔲l aewJv h el @J ausmif;om;rsm; pum;rsm;&efjzpfv@kd tm%mydik af wGu a=umuf¶@HG +y;D ta0;ajy;*dwt f wGi;f t&ufv;kH 0ra&mif;csa&; !ïe=f um;um óudwifumuG,rf _ ðyvkycf hJ =ujyefw,f? Adv k o f ef;a¶$[m (1993) ckEpS rf mS }u@H z@HG qw kd hJ tzG@J tpnf;wpfck wnfaxmifay;+y;D ausmif;om;xktwGi;f &Sd q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;tm; xd;k azmuf pnf;¶Hk;um ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;atmif r[mAsL[mcsrSwf pDrHcJhyg w,f? (1995) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm &efukefwuUodkvf (75) ESpfajrmuf pdef&wk tcrf; tem;udk 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%mydkifawG apmifh=unfhwm;qD;aewJh=um;xJu ‘‘e0w’’tzGJ@ wpfckwnf;om pdef&wktcrf;tem; ðyvkyEf ikd w f mr[kwb f J ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrw d @kd zmomvkyEf ikd af =umif;/ zdwpf mrsm; a0iSum tcrf;tem;wck vkyfEdkifcJhyHkudk wifjyygtHk;r,f? e0wu pdef&wkyGJðyvkyfr,fh pifjrifrh mS ausmif;om;rsm;[m vufO;D r_&,lusi;f y&ef pDpOf&mrS owif;aygu=f um;oGm;+yD; a':pk=unftdrfESifh reD;ra0; tif;vsm;uefapmif; "mwfqDqdkifteD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk 35

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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csw D ufz@kd ajymif;vJppD Ofa=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f / Adv k af usm0f if;wd@k [m ppfuikd ;f aqmifrmS aecJ=h uwmrd@k ausmif;om;a[mif;rdwq f pkH m;yGrJ sm; ðyvkyu f m ausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;¶Hk;&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f? ,ae@ etz tvdkus v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; YMBA wGif owif;pm &Si;f vif;yGv J yk cf w hJ hJ (88) rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;qdo k l udak t;vGi[ f m aiGa=u; tvGo J ;kH pm;r_ ESifh axmifusae+yD; ol@nDESpfOD;udk pma&;qufoG,fum e0w pdef&wk tcrf;tem; usif; yr,fh tpDtpOfudk e0wtóuduf jzef@a0cdkif;ygw,f? udkat;vGif[m ausmif;om;xk twGif;rSm trSefrodatmif/ ausmif;om;rsm; ea0wdrfawmifjzpfatmif vSnfhpm;cJhyg w,f? ausmif;om;awG[m bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm pka0;aepOf xyfrH owif; ayguf=um;+yD; ppfwyfe@J ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u um;awGa&muf&v dS mvd@k rlvtpDtpOf owfrw S x f m;wJh ae&mudk roGm;awmhbJ vuf&Sd bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmbJ ‘‘v#yfwjyuf’’ pdef&wk tcrf; tem; usi;f ya=umif; od&&dS ygonf? tcrf;tem;udk owif;axmufawG/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ oHwrefawG/ ta¶G;cs,fcHudk,fpm;vS,fawG ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ocif/ ocifr}uD;awGyg rusef pHknDpGm wufa&muf=uygw,f? tcrf;tem;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk &efukef wuUodkvf *k%fxl;aqmif ausmif;om;tjzpf *k%fðyjcif;eJ@ orD;jzpfolrS vufcH,l&ef tpDtpOfyg&Sdygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpPtwGuf NLD A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaeqJ tvkyrf sm;aewJ=h um;xJu 'Dtcrf; tem;tpDtpOfudk axmufcHwJho0%fv$mtm; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taeeJ@ vuf rSwaf &;xd;k ay;yd@k Eikd cf +hJ yD; zwf=um;Edik cf ahJ =umif; od&&dS ygw,f? tcrf;tem;wufa&mufolawGudk ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufzrf; qD;jcif;rðy&JawmhyJ pdef&wktcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? (1998) ckESpf pufwifbm (2) &ufae@rS (4) &uf a e@txd puf r _ w uU o d k v f a usmif ; 0if ; twG i f ; ausmif;om; (700)cef@/ =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm &efukef yifrwuUodkvfausmif;0if;twGif; ausmif;om; (200) ausmf cGyfa'gif;yHkacgif;pnf;+yD; rdepf (90) ausmf qENjycJh=uyg w,f? tJ'Dv_yf&mS ;r_awGukd &efuek cf ¶dik af usmif;om;or*~u tusOf ; axmif x J w G i f OD;aqmifc+hJ y;D ausmif;om;udkouf0if;atmif[m axmif'%f usqkH;cJhonfh (59) ESpfuscHcJh&+yD; r=umrDuyif usqHk;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? ud k o uf 0 if ; atmif

36

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

ausmif;om;awG&JŒ oHr%dv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;um ausmif;rsm;/ wuUov kd rf sm;udk &efuek òf rdŒwGi;f rS ta0;od@k cx JG w k yf pf&ef !ïe=f um;cJyh gw,f? tJ'DpDrHcsufa=umifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawGqHk;¶_H;cJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;xkudk ESdyf uGyfòzdcGJ&mrSm &efukef yifrwuUov kd u f kd ajrmuf'*Hek @J wm0od@k vnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&; wuUov kd ef @J oGm;bufqikd &f maq;wuUodkvfudk awmif'*Hkodk@vnf;aumif;/ &efukefpufr_ wuUodkvfudk vd_ifom,meJ@ jynfodk@vnf;aumif;/ *sDwDpDudk xyfrHcGJxkwf+yD; oefvsifeJ@ xef;wyifodk@vnf;aumif;/ aq;wuUodkvfudk rauG;òrdŒodk@vnf;aumif; ausmif;awGudk toD;oD; tvSrf;a0;atmifcsJxkwfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSm oD;jcm;pHkprf; axmufvSrf;zdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;tul (2) wyfzGJ@}uD;udkzGJ@pnf;um pDrHcsufcs+yD; &efukefeJ@ rEœav;tm;A[dkðyI xdk;azmufa&;pDrHcJhygw,f? (2005) ckESpfrSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;ESifh (88) rsdK;quf ausmif; om;acgi;f aqmifawG awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJah yr,fh armifO;D &JŒ ±ke@f &if;=urf;wrf;r_a=umifh tqif rajyjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m tjzLa&mif v_y&f mS ;r_e@J trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk qufwdkufawmif;qdkvsuf&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;awG [m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tpdwftydkif;u pGef@v$wfpeG @f pm;/ tepfemcHvkd pdwf jyif;jypGmyg0ifcahJ =umif; ordik ;f u oufaoxlaeygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG t+idK;}uD; }uD;eJ@ wpfav#mufv;kH zdEydS cf w hJ =hJ um;u ‘‘avScu G cf sn;f usef tvHrvSpJ wrf;’’ v_y&f mS ;cJh vd@k jynfov l x l &k ŒJ ,H=k unfav;pm;tm;ud;k r_ukd &&Scd yhJ gw,f? wcsed u f &ufpufpmG acsre_ ;f cJhwJh OD;ae0if;udkvnf; oifykef;acs+yD; &J0HhpGmurf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? ppfbuf t&m&Sd}uD;awG xuf oabmxm;}uD;+yD; ydrk &kd ifu h surf u _ kd oufaojycJyh gw,f? (1988) ta&;awmfy}kH uD; rSm ukefoG,fa&;¶Hk;u ppfonfawGudk &efolvdkoabmrxm;bJ u,fwifcJhwJh ausmif; om;awG&ŒJ aus;Zl;udak xmufxm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk vufcH oifha=umif; etzudk ajym=um;vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxk pm;0wfae a&;usyfwnf;r_/ rw&m;zdESdyfcH&r_/ EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; jzpfr_wdk@udk vSH.OD;zsm;rS "m; oGm;yrm a&S@wef;u rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfcJhvdk@ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;rSm }uD;rm;wJh tpOfvmaumif;}uD;wpf&yf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? pOfqufrjywf ZGJ/ vHk@veJ@ óud;pm; aqmif¶GufcJhyHkordkif;a=umif;[m jynfolvlxktwGuf rsuf&nfpdk@avmufygw,f? (88) rsdK;qufjzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ESpf&Snfvrsm;axmifus+yD; jyefxGufvmwJhtcgrSm vnf; rdrw d @kd &ŒJ cdik rf mwJ, h =kH unfcsuu f kd rpGe@f vw $ /f twdwrf S cHpm;cJ&h r_rsm;twGuf tmCm 37

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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wrxm;bJ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;vrf; a=umif;udkom rrSdwfrokef wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfudkifaevdk@ tHhrcef;csD;usL;xdkufygw,f? etz[m 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;ukd tqrwef wdk;jr‡ifhvkduf&m jynfolvlxkpm;0wfaea&; ydkrdkusyfwnf; 'kuQa&mufcJhygw,f? jynfol vlxka&S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf t+rJ&yfwnfcJhwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;ukEd ikd Of ;D pD;+yD; =o*kwv f (22) &ufae@rmS ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif; a&;twGuf OD;pGmvrf;av#mufqENjycJ=h uygw,f? 'ga=umihf =o*kwv f (25) &ufae@rmS rif;udEk ikd u f kd xyfrzH rf;qD;cJyh gw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ tpGrf;owWdudk a=umufvef@wkefv_yfae+yD; udkudk}uD;/ udkaX;ºuG,f/ udkrif;aZ,sm/ udkjr at;/ ud*k sirf pD wJh (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (13) OD;udk qufwu kd f zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifxm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh use&f w dS hJ rsKd ;qufopfausmif;om; vli,fawG[m ppftm%m&Siaf wGu zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG af ewJ=h um;xJrmS ausmif;om;or*~jyefvnf xlaxmifum vufvOJ$ ;D aqmif r_ðyvky+f y;D tm%m&Siu f kd &J0phH mG wke@f jyefaeygw,f? etz[m ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zuf tkypf ek @J qufo, G af ew,fv@kd pGypf aJG ejcif;[m tajctjrpf r&Sd pGyfpGJaejcif;jzpf+yD; etzuom ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zufaejcif;jzpfygw,f? etzuay;xm;wJh tawG@t}uKH awGa=umifh ausmif;om;awG[m wnf+ird &f ifh usurf &_ adS e+y;D rGejf rwfwhJ wkid ;f csp/f jynfcspf pdwf"mwfudk qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf csw D ufae=uygw,f? etz[m raphpyfa&;/ raqG;aEG;aea&; qkyfudkifxm; wJh wif;rmwJrh 0l g'udrk ajymif;vJ&if ppfwyftwGi;f rSmyif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vdkvm;wJhwyfrª;tcsdK@ &Sdaewma=umifh om; (2) om;jzpfwhJ ausmif; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~ O uU Ï om;rsm;or*~ ausmf u d k u d k 38

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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39

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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40

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

tcef;}u;D (2) ppfom;

41

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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ud, k yf ikd q f vGe;f um;rsKd ; 0,fay;vd@k toH;k ðy&ifvnf; wyfr;ª awGu olw@kd um;eJ@ ajc&mwdik ;f w,fvdk@ ,lq=uvdk@ ESdyfuGyfjyefygw,f? wyf&if;¶Hk;awGrSm owif;pmudkawmif tapmif ta&twGuf tenf;i,fom&vd@k renf;vkzwfae=u&ygw,f? 'gt h jyif ppfonft&m&Sd awG&ŒJ rdb/ aqGrsKd ;/ q&mawGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;vkyw f o hJ &l adS e&if olw@kd awGe@J qufo, G rf u _ dkapmifh =unfah ewwf+y;D ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ tJ'pD pfonft&m&Su d kd acsmifx;kd xm;vdu k yf gw,f? wyf&if;awGudk a&mufvmwJh pmawG/ ygq,fawGudk wdkuf¶dkufray;bJ wyfa&;Adv k }f u;D u zGiahf zmufppfaq;+y;D rSay;wmrsKd ;eJ@ vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifxm;ygw,f? wyf&if;awGrSm ‘‘'gbm’’ qdkwJh qENazmfxkwfyGJawG&Sdayr,fh tm%mydkif awG[m vpm/ &duQmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@jzpfjzpf/ wjcm;&ydkifcGifh/ epfemcGifh/ vdkvm;csufawGudk ppfonfawGu awmif;qdkwJhtcgrSmawmh ajz&Sif;ray;wJhtjyif qef@usifol ANTI qd+k yD; tòid;w&m;xm; pGyfpGJjyefygw,f? &yfuGuftwGuf/ XmetwGuf/ EdkifiHtwGuf/ aumif;&m aumif;a=umif; tm;enf;csuaf wG axmufjyjyef&ifvnf; 'Daumif iyG}uD; qd+k yD; ESyd u f yG jf yef ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO) u awmif;qdw k t hJ csut f vuf awGudk etztm%mydkifawGu vufrcHbJ acgif;rmaevdk@ =u,fig;yGifhvkyfief;rS OD;aqmif nïef=um;a&;rª; Adkvfrª;}uD;cifarmif=unf[m vdkufavsmoifhyga=umif;eJ@ EdkifiHtwGuf ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fwify@kd a&;awGrmS (ILO) rS =uyfrwfvmygu wdik ;f jynftwGuf epfemoGm;Edkifr,fh&v'fudk wifjycJhygw,f? etztm%mydkifawG[m vufrcHbJ tJ'Dvdk trSefw&m;udk wifjy&JwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ t&m&SdwcsdK@udk rn‡mrwm &mxl;rSðzwf/ xkwfcJhyg w,f? tJ'v D kd wifjycsu&f v'f rSeu f efa=umif;od&+dS yD; (ILO)&JŒ awmif;qdck suu f kd jyefvnf vdkufem&ayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk jyefvnfrcef@a=umif; =um;odcJh&ygw,f? tvm;wl Adkvfrª;csKyfaZmfxGef;[m (GDP) udpPrSm EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudef;*%ef; wGufcsufyHk rSm;,Gif;aevdk@ yGifhvif;pGmajymqdk&m etzrl0g'ESifh etzvl}uD;awGudk wdu k cf u kd w f ,fv@kd rw&m;pGypf +JG y;D &mxl;rS ðzwfypfvu kd yf gw,f? etz tm%mydik af wG[m vdrfnm+yD; rwdk;wufwmudk wdk;wufw,fvdk@ +zD;jzef;aewmudkrS auseyfyDwdjzpfae=uyg w,f? jynfytoHv$ifhXme tpDtpOfawGudk em;axmifwJhppfonfawGudkvnf; apmifh =unfhzdk@eJ@ vdktyf&if a&'D,dkodrf;&ef !ïef=um;wmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f? ppfonfawGudk jyifyeJ@ tquftoG,rf &atmif tem;,lciG /hf avhvmcGirhf ay;bJ waeukef vkyt f m;ay; cdik ;f xm;zd@k vnf; tm%mydik af wGu !ïe=f um;xm;ygw,f? wcgw&H nbuftyd cf sed rf mS awmif rtdy&f bJ vlppf/ wef;pD ppfaq;ygw,f? t&m&Sad wGuv kd nf; tpnf;ta0;awG qufwu kd f 44

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

ac:+yD; !ïe=f um;csuaf ygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmeJ@twl ‘‘aqmif¶u G +f yD;pD;r_’’ tajctaeawGukd wyfrª;rsm;xH r=umc% wifjycdkif;ygw,f? wcgw&H tdyfr&bJ eHeufrdk;vif;onftxd odrf;}uHK;vkyfae=u&ygw,f? ta&;}uD;owif;ESifh xl;jcm;jzpfpOfudk pDppfzdk@ tcsdef vHkavmufatmifray;bJ trdef@remcHr_/ wm0efysufuGufr_qdk+yD; ao'%feJ@ wpfouf wpfu|e;f jypf'%f[mvnf; tcsed rf a¶G; usa&mufEikd yf gw,f? xpfceJqkd tcsKyfe@J xyd w f ;kH ESpyf g;oGm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvkd usyw f nf;vSwhJ ppfwyftwGi;f rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vdv k m;wJh ppfom;awG&JŒ jzpfpOfawG&SdcJhygw,f? jynfol@wyfrawmfom;tppftrSefrsm; tm%m&SifawG&JŒ wif;usyfwJhtrdef@eJ@ pnf;urf;csufawGudkqef@usif+yD; jynf ol@buf rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfay;cJo h u l awmh Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmf jzpfygw,f? 1988 'Drdkua&pD vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHkrSm wyfr (22) u Adkvf}uD;pdkif;0if;ausmf[m jywf jywfom;om; jynfo@l &ifciG u f kd cdv k o _H mG ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m wyfrawmfom;awGtm;vH;k tH=h o cs;D usL;&avmufatmif ZeD;eJ@ om;orD;udak wmif riJu h u G b f J &mxl;taqmifta,mif/ pnf;pdrOf pPmpGe@f vw $ u f m jynfov l x l ek @J &J0phH mG yl;aygi;f cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modr;f r_ jzpfomG ;wJt h cgrmS vnf; e,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifjcif;r&Sb d J jynfwiG ;f rSm qufvuf ae&Jwo hJ wW[ d m ol&aJ umif;pdw"f mwfjzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH e0w&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;udck &H +yD; jynfo@l bufukd &yfwnfay;wJt h wGuf Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tòid;}uD;pGm ao'%fay;cJh ygw,f? ol@&ŒJ rdwaf qGwcsKd @u oem;*¶k%moufv@kd toem;cH0ifajymcJI h om wpfouf wpfu|e;f jypf'%fajymif;vJuscaH pcJyh gw,f? vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiehf @J axmifrS jyefvw G v f m &mrSm &yfwnfcsujf ywfom;+yD;awmh e0wudk qufvufqef@usicf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD; pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tar&duefEikd if H NGO tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk S 2007 ckEpS w f iG f ‘‘jynfo@l vw G f ajrmufa&;qk’’ udk *k%ðf y cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f? vli,fwyfr;ª awG[m wyfrawmfrS tm%m&Sif xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ vkyu f ikd yf rkH mS ;,Gi;f aewmudk wyfwiG ;f rSma0zefajym=um;wJh jzpf pOfwckudk wifjyygOD;r,f? rqvtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;wJhtcg OD;ae0if;u ol@&JŒ"mwfyHkudk ¶Hk;cef;awGxJrSm csdwfqGJjcif;rðyzdk@ owif;pmxJrSm xnfhoGif;ajym=um;vmygw,f? ,cif u ppfwyfawG/ ¶Hk;cef;xJawGrSm OD;ae0if;yHkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHkawGudk xm;&Sd=uyg w,f? tJ't D cgrmS OD;ae0if;"mwfyakH wG ðzwfwt hJ jyif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ "mwfyakH wGukd ygðzwfcJh=uvdk@ wyftwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG jzpfyGm;cJh=uygw,f? wyfrª;awGeJ@ t&m&Sd 45

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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wcsd K @[m Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif qef;udw k Ek i_d ;f vd@k rrDwhJ trsKd ; om; acgif;aqmif}uD;wpfOD; jzpfvdk@ OD;ae0if;"mwfyHkudk om ðzwf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;&JŒ "mwfyHkudkawmh *k%f ðy&rSmjzpfa=umif; jyif;xef pGma0zef=uygw,f? wdkif;rª; awGu txuftrdef@ rvGef qef&Jwmvm;/ e0wOuUÏ udk rdr&d mxl;wufatmif zm; wmvm;rod&bJ AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;&JŒ "mwfyHkudkyg AdkvfrSL;}uD; (a[mif;) pdefjr (jynfol@umuG,fa&;wyf) ðzwfcdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$ &JŒ "mwfyHkwpfyHkom csdwfcdkif;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 'Dowif;udk=um;wJh jynfolawG pdwfraumif;jzpf=u+yD; tm%m&SifawG&JŒ ,kwfnHhwJhaqmif¶Gufcsufa=umifh ,ae@xuf wdkif a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: wcJeuf axmufcHtm;ay;ae=uygw,f? jynfolvlxk u wcJeufaxmufc/H tm;ay;aew,fq&kd mrSm ‘‘etz’’u a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd aetdrt f us,fcsKyfu v$wfray;&Jwmudk=unfhjcif;jzifh od&SdEdkifygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD; pdefjr [m ppfwyfutm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemuf (1989) rSm touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhwmudkawmif *¶krxm;bJ rk'HkrS bk&m;oHk;qlodk@ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) &JŒ tultnDeJ@ awmwGif; vrf;twdik ;f csw D ufcyhJ gw,f? ol[m ppfonfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;tcsdK@yg0ifwJh jynfol@ umuG,af &;wyfO;D udzk @JG pnf;+yD; r[mrdwf KNU, NMSP wd@k EiS v hf ufwu JG m tm%m&Siw f @kd tm;awmfvSef&if; zsm;emr_'%fa=umifh toufay;cJh&ygw,f? tvm;wl 'kwd,Adkvfrª; }uD;at;jrif[ h m Eki,fjzLpifwhJ ausmif;om;awGtxdemrSmpd;k &dr+f yD; ‘‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ’’ rSm ppfynmudo k mG ;a&mufoif=um;ay;cJyh gw,f? touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhonftxd awmxJawmifxJrSm ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ausmif; om;awGeJ@ twlwuGqif;&J'kuQcH+yD; rdrdwwfu|rf;wJhppfynmudk avhusifh oif=um;ay;cJh wJh 'Dppfom;}u;D &JŒ arwWm/ apwem[m}u;D rm;vSygw,f? ‘‘ ausmif;om;eJ@ ppfom;’’ om; 46

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

(2) om; yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;=uwJh 'DjzpfpOfawG[m vSywJh yef;csDum;wpfcsyftoGif tHh=o csD;usL;xdkufygw,f? avwyfrS t+idr;f pm; Adv k rf ;ª wpfO;D jzpf+yD; ‘‘avol&w J pfO;D ’’ uavmifemrnfe@J pma&;&mrSm xif&mS ;wJh Adv k rf ;ª *|ev f 0S if;[mvnf; (1988) 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m tpPa&;Edik if rH mS oifwef;qif;vmwJh xl;c|eo f w l pfO;D jzpf+yD; jynfoleJ@ vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJhvdk@ axmif'%f (20) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? umuG,f a&; OD;pD;csKyf¶Hk; (av) rS wyf=uyf}uD; a':EkEkat;uawmh (1988) vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;rSm a&S@wef;u yg0ifqifEcJ$ +hJ yD;aemuf e0w wufvmwJt h cg t¶_;H ray;bJ e,fpyfukd xGuv f m +y;D ausmif;om;wyfrawmf ABSDF eJ@ vufwu JG m qufvufawmfveS cf yhJ gw,f? awmxJ/ awmifxJrSm a,musfm;&ifhr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &ifaygifwef;um yifyeff;qif;&Jr_'%f }uH@}uH@cHI wdkufyGJ0ifcJholjzpfygw,f? touft¶G,f }uD;&ifhvmaomfvnf; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l; a,mufòrdŒ ukvor*~¶Hk;a&S@rSm tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJ qifE$JcJhwJhtxd qENjyif;jycJhygw,f? 'gt h jyif c&D;&Sncf sw D ufqENjyyGu J v kd nf; pGr;f pGr;f wrH yg0ifaqmif¶u G cf w hJ hJ tm* trsKd ;orD; wpfO;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD;0if;bd[ k m 1990 jynfEh pS rf mS emrnfausmf e0wywWjrm;w&m; r0ifa&mif;cs&mrSm yg0ifywfoufre_ @J axmifuscyhJ gw,f? txuftm%mydik af wGu atmuf ajct&m&Sad wGukd ryg&ifvnf; tjypfz@JG &efòi;d / ygjyefv@kd wpfcck jk zpf&ifvnf; wm0efr,lbJ tjypfyHkcswwfwm obm0vdk/ xHk;pHvdk jzpfaeygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m 1997 rSm jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm+y;D aemuf rsu0f g;xifxif awG@jrifvmwJh axmifwiG ;f u EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGtwGuf &ifxkremjzpfcJh&ygw,f/ 2000 jynfhESpfrSm rEœav;òrdŒ r[m *E<m¶Hkausmif;/ a¶$usifq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;eJ@ oHCmtyg; (1000) vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm; wJph mudk q&mawmf}uD;&JŒ cGiðhf ycsuEf iS hf ,laqmifcyhJ gw,f? tJ'pD mrSm jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ vwf wavm EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfawG/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhvdk@ jynfoltm;vHk; pm;0wfaea&; usyf wnf;um qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkawG@}uHKae&wmawG wdkif;jynfaumif;usdK;a&S;¶_+yD; OD;ae0if;/ OD;oef;a¶$/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D tmCmwrxm;bJ aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f zd@k EiS hf tusOf;axmiftoD;oD;rSm 'kuQqif;&JcHpm;ae=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHxm;wJhpmjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m tJ'D pmay;r_eJ@ axmif'%f (21) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? axmiftwGif;rSm axmiftm%mydkifawG [m vl@tcGifhta&;udkcsdK;azmuf+yD; rw&m;tkyfcsKyfaewmudk Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m trSef w&m;bufuumuG,f&if; axmiftm%mydkifawG&JŒ &efòid;zGJ@rw&m;¶dkufESufr_a=umifh 47

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

axmifwGif;rSmbJ usqHk;cJh&ygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk aoqHk;cJhwJhae@udk jrefrmEdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;ae@tjzpf 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;u *k%fðyowfrSwfcJh=uygw,f? Adv k }f uD;0if;bd[ k m rw&m; tusO;f uscaH e&wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ 'kuu Q kd rsu0f g; xifxifjrifawG@cJh&mrSm ,l}uHK;r&cHpm;&+yD; wwfpGrf;or#aqmif¶Guf&if; toufay;cJh& wJh wu,fh jynfol@wyfrawmfom;wpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;}uD;rSm wuf ºupG mG yg0ifcw hJ hJ (=unf;/a&/av) u t&m&Sd t&mcH t=uyfwyfom;awG trsm;tjym;&Sday r,ft h csKd @[m jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sad evd@k / ‚if;wd@k tm; xdcu kd rf mS pd;k &drv f @kd vHòk cHa&;twGut f enf; i,fom azmfjyay;vdu k &f ygw,f? 'Dvkd ppfom;awG ud, k w f ikd f tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usif +yD; jynfov l x l b k uf &yfwnfcv hJ @kd ppfwyf[m tylwjyif; tm%modr;f cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f? qufvuf+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm aumif;&m aumif; a=umif; óu;d pm;vkyaf qmifcahJ omfvnf; uHw&m;a=umifh vGrJ mS ;c|waf csmcf &hJ if tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f acgif;aqmifawG[m vHk;0cGifhrv$wfbJ ESdyfuGyfwJhjzpfpOfawGudk tvsOf;oifhvdk@wifjyygOD; r,f? wyfrrª;wpfOD;[m (4) vywftpnf;ta0; wufa&mufaepOf vufatmufcH AsL[mrª;wpfOD;u autifef,l wyfr[m (7) u emrnf}uD; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDtaejzifh qufoG,fvmwJhta=umif; a&S@wef;rS wifjyvmygw,f? tJ'Dwyfrrª;vnf; olemrnf &zdk@ta&; tcGifhtcgaumif;rdk@ tpnf;ta0;Y cGifhawmif;um a&S@wef;odk@ csufcsif; vdkuf oGm;ygawmhw,f? wifjycJhwJh AsL[mrª;[m autifef,lAsL[mrª; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDeJ@ qufoG,fr_&cJhayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDu pdwfajymif;oGm;wmvm;/ vSnfhpm;+yD; ppfa&; AsL[mcif;wmvm; rod&bJ awG@qHkzdk@ tpDtpOf ysufoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm wyfrrª; vnf; t&Sufa'gojzpf+yD; tJ'DAsL[mrª;ESifhtzGJ@udk axmif'%f (22) ESpfcsrSwfum ESdyfuGyf vdkufygw,f? Adkvfrª;wpfOD;[mvnf; wyf&if;&efyHkaiGtwGuf wyfydkifppfum;ESifh c&D; onfawG wifaqmifvm&mrSm rawmfwqum;arSmufoGm;vdk@ um;ay:ygvltcsdK@ ao a=u'%f&m&=uygw,f? tJ'DAdkvfrª;udk,fwdkif um;armif;wmr[kwfbJ '¶dkifbmab; u xkdifvdkufcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; um;arSmuf&mrSm Adkvfrª;jzpfol[m toufraobJ b0aooGm; cJhygw,f? ol@udk jyif;xefpGm ta&;,l+yD; &mxl;vHk;0wufcGifhray;wJhtjyif raumif;wJh ae&mrSm acsmifxdk;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk wyf&if;twGuf aumif;&maumif;a=umif; vkyfayr,fh rw&m;ESdyfuGyfwmudk cHvdkuf&wJhjzpfpOfawG tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif txufv}l u;D awG[m vufatmufi,fom;awGtay:rSm rw&m;cdik ;f ap+y;D wpHkwpfck jzpfvm&if vHk;0 wm0efr,lbJ tjypfyHkcswJh om"uawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? 48

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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a¹rGa¹rGcsif;ajcjrif wyfrawmftwGif;rSm ppftm%m&SifawG tºuGif;r,fh vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfvdk@& atmif zG@J pnf;xm;wJh wyf&ŒJ zG@J pnf;yHEk iS hf =oZm&Sw d w hJ yfu t&m&Sw d csKd @ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; óud;pm;cJyh akH wGukd qufvuf wifjyoGm;ygr,f? wyftcsi;f csi;f apmif=h unfw h t hJ zG@J uawmh MI vdk@ac:wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@jzpf+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ a'gufwdkifawG jzpfcJhyg w,f? ppfonfawGeJ@ t&m&SdawG&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_udk t+rJrjywfapmifh=unfh+yD; jyifyyk*~vdu ukefonfawGeJ@ yvl;yvJaevdk@ remvdkr¶_pdrfh jzpfvm&ifjzpfap ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tòydifvkyfvm&ifjzpfap axmufvSrf;a&; Report tpD&ifcHpmjzifh ESdyfuGyfyg awmhw,f? 'ghtjyif ppfom;/ t&m&SdwpfOD;udk aemufa=umif;&mZ0ifvdkufcdkif;wJhtcgrSm axmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ vkyfydkifcGifhqdk+yD; tcGifh}uHK&if ESdyfuGyfwwfygw,f? &JabmfwpfOD; oifwef;twGuf p&dwfr&Sdvdk@ arSmifcdk Carry vkyfrd&ifawmif csrf;omcGifhray;wJhtjyif 0ef}uD;awG Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGe@J twGi;f a&;rª;(3) udk ðzwfcswhJ jzpfpOfawGtxd axmufvrS ;f a&;&JŒ ya&m*ruif;wm awG@&ygw,f? omrefppfwyf&JŒ txufatmufoGm;wJh qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;[m qufo, G af &;twd0k u S ef @J qufo, G &f +yD; vsijf ref vHòk cHwhJ qufo, G af &; tqifjh rifph ufawG oH;k wJt h wGuf ppftm%m&Sirf sm; tvG,w f ul csucf si;f od&Sdjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif omrefoHk; qufoG,fa&;pufrsm;udk =um;jzwfzrf;pufeJ@ vnf;aumif;/ zkef;=um;jzwfem;axmifpufeJ@vnf;aumif; xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; wpfckck r¶dk; rom; }uHpnfra_ wGukd csucf si;f od&EdS ikd yf gw,f? wyftcsi;f csi;f qufo, G &f mrSm cGiðhf ycsuf &SdrSom qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;xJodk@ 0ifcGifh&+yD; ta=umif;udpPr&Sdygu r0if&vdk@ tjcm;wyfrmS bmjzpfaew,fqw kd mawmif wyftcsi;f csi;f odz@kd cufygw,f? txuftzG@J tpnf;awGrmS vnf; t&m&St d csi;f csi;f awmif rodbJ trsKd ;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J e@J wefjyef axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J qd+k y;D toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ; azsmufxm;wJt h zG@J awG &Syd gw,f? wpfzGJ@udk ta&; }uD;wJhudpP cdkif;xm;+yD;&if r,Hk=unfvdk@ apmifh=unfhcdkif;wJhtzGJ@vnf; &Sdygao;w,f? ppfwyf&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trsm;pkrSm General Staff vdk@ac:wJh (G) ppfOD;pD;ydkif; qdkif&mXme/ Adjutant vdk@ac:wJh (A) ppfa&;Xme/ Quarter Master vdk@ac:wJh (Q) ppfaxmufXme qd+k y;D a'guw f ikd f (3) ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'D G, A, Q vd@k ac:wJh OD;/ a&;/ axmuf Xme}uD; (3)ckpvH;k qufpyfaqmif¶u G x f m;&Sad yr,fh twGi;f a&;udpeP @J yHrk eS v f yk if ef; tao; pdwfudpPawGudkawmh Xmetcsif;csif;awmif rodatmif pnf;jcm;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm awmif tm%mt&Sq d ;kH u G qdw k hJ ppfO;D pD;ydik ;f qdik &f mXmejzpf+yD; ppfqifa&;/ axmufvrS ;f 49

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

a&;/ wm0efeJ@ avhusifha&;/ qufqHa&;/ jynfol@ppf qdkwJh XmecGJ (5)ckrS (6) ck txdxyfrH xm;&Sdygw,f? A qdkwJh ppfa&;Xmeuawmh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhcGifh/ vpm/ cGifhESifh yifpifudpP/ cHk¶Hk;zGJ@wJhudpP pwJh udpPawGudk aqmif¶Guf&+yD; XmecGJ (4) ckyg&Sdygw,f? ‚if;tjyif ppfOya' Xmewpfckudk oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ppfa&;XmeESifh qufpyfaqmif¶Gufygw,f? Q qdw k hJ ppfaxmufXmeuawmh wyf&JŒ xrif;tdk;}uD;jzpf+yD; &duQm/ pufoHk;qD/ y&dabm*/ armfawmf,mOf/ vdkif;cef;/ ppf0wf ypPnf;/ cJ,rf;/ ponfjzifh udkifwG,f&+yD; XmecGJ (6)ck yg&S d y gw,f ? wyf a wG t rsm;pk & J Œ qH k ; jzwf c G i f h t jrif h q H k ; &S d o l [ m wd k i f ; rª ; jzpf a yr,f h axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@uawmh tkyfcsKyfr_ (a&;/ axmuf) udpPom wdkif;&JŒ vufatmufcH onfrS vGJ+yD; ppfOD;pD;ydkif;qdkif&mudpPawGrSmawmh oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifawG[m omrefppfwyfawGe@J pm&if taESmiftzG@J uif;um vGwf vyfpGm t&yf0wfESifh ¶Hk;wufvdk@&wJh tao;tzGJudpPutp tjcm;wyfawGvdk pm&if;ppf ppfaq;cH&wJhudpPawGudkvnf; uif;vGwfcGifh tcGifhta&;&wJh ppfom;wpfrsdK; jzpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfawG[m xdyyf ikd ;f ppftm%m&Siaf wGukd t"duvHòk caH &; wm0ef,&l vd@k (twGi;f pnf;/ tjyifpnf;/ ta0;pnf;) qdw k hJ pnf;oH;k pnf;eJ@ ¶H;k awG/ tdraf wmf}uD;awG &JŒ 0ifvrf;/ xGufvrf;/ "avhp¶dkuf txmawGudkvnf; od&Sdu|rf;0if+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf jynft h 0&xm;wJh aemuf&mxl;wpfcu k awmh ud, k af &;t&m&S(d P.A) rsm;bJ jzpf=uygw,f? OD;/ a&; / axmuf Xme}uD; (3)ck&JŒ zdkifwGJrSefor#udk pkpnf;wifjy &mrSmvnf;aumif;/ xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifawGudk udk,fwkdifawG@qHkwifjyvdkv#ifvnf; aumif;/ P.A xHrS wqihf0if&vdk@ wyftm;vHk;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ udpP&yfawGudk olwdk@[m *C%e od&Sdaeygw,f?'ghtjyif wcsdK@udpP&yfawGrSm xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifeJ@ wkdif;r–;wdk@ ajymqdn k Ed‡ id_ ;f &mrSm vufatmufudk P.A rSwqifo h m ajymcdik ;f wma=umifh ‘tb’ cdik ;f vd@k qd+k yD; P.AawG&ŒJ v#mapmif;xufaeyH[ k m }uD;rm; vSygw,f? 'gawGukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if txuftm%m&SifawG&JŒ rSm;,Gif;r_udk teD;uyfod&Sd+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk zefw;D cGi&hf o dS al wG[m vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf rsm;qH;k &&Sx d m;wJh ud, k af &;t&m&Sad wGe@J axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfzGJ@awGom jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk udkifv_yfcJholawGtjzpf ay:xGufcJhygw,f? yxrOD;qH;k uawmh wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ol&ausmx f if&ŒJ uk, d af &;t&m&Sd Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh jzpfygw,f?ol[m D.S.A ausmif;qif; taumif;qH;k Adkvfavmif;qk &&Sdoljzpf+yD; aysmfbG,feJ@ &rnf;oif;t=um; ,if;awmf&Gm Zmwdjzpfum 50

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

i,fpOfuyif xl;c|efxufjrufoltjzpf ausmf=um;ygw,f?ppf±Hk;rSm rdef@cGef;awG a&;om; wmutp vl}uD;rsm;u Adv k }f uD;tH;k ausmjf rifh a&;om;w,fq&kd if jyifqifrr_ &Sb d J twnf ðyay;wJt h xd xufjrufvyS gw,f?ol[m xdik ;f Edik if u H kd oGm;a&mufcphJ Of wd;k wufp ðyaewJh xdkif;EdkifiH&JŒ tajctae/ pdrf;vef;pkdajyaewJh pyg;cif;awGudk =unhf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;usqif;aer_eJ@ wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh qdk&S,fvpfpepf&,f/ ppftm%m&Sif awG&,fudk oabmusESpf+cdKufr_r&Sda=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f? olav;pm;wJh yk*~dKvfawGxJ u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ol&wifO;D ðzwfcsc&H r_e@J ywfoufv@kd w&m;r#wr_r&Sw d mudv k nf; oH;k oyf vmygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wifjy&r,fqdk&if ol[m ppfonfawGudk tqihftwef; rcGJjcm;bJ jcif;cwf&mrSm twlwl xrif;vufqHkpm; cJhol vnf; jzpfygw,f// ppfonfawG &duQmravmufvdk@ wifjyvmcsuftay: a&S@wef;xGuf ppfonfawGukd wdu k cf u kd af &;&dumQ xkwef @J &dumQ ESpq f pDpOfay;cJ+h yD; ppfonfawG&ŒJ av;pm; cspcf ifru _ kd &&Scd o hJ jl zpfygw,f? 'Dowif;awGukd axmufvrS ;f a&;r–;csKyf Adv k rf –;csKyf rsurf eS f wifO;D u tkypf zk @JG av[ef OD;ae0if;xH wifjycJ&h m OD;ae0if;u pwif oHo,0ifcJhygw,f? wzef Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D &JŒZeD;[m ynmwwfq&m0efrjzpfwhJ tm;avsmpf mG Adv k cf sKyf}uD; pef;,k&JŒ ZeD;eJ@ roifhrwifh jy\emawG&SdaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;u wyf&JŒ oufomacsmifcsda&;acgif;pOfe@J OD;pm;ay;vkyfaewma=umifh EdkifiH&JŒb¾maiG ydkrdk ukefus aer_ jzpfaew,fv@kd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;pef;,k[m OD;ae0if;xH b0ifrusa=umif; aoG;xd;k ajymqdk cJyh gw,f?xdpk Of Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D &JŒom; Edik if jH cm;rSm aq;oGm;ukwu hJ pd eP @J tdrf aqmufvyk f zd@k vdt k yfwhJ aqmufvyk af &;ypPn;f awG Edik if jH cm;u wifoiG ;f wJu h pd u P kd ta-umif;&Sm_yD; Adv k cf sKyf }u;D wifO;D tm; ta&;,ljzKwyf pfvu kd yf gw,f? 'gawGukd od&edS m;vnfwhJ Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh [m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udk acgif;aqmifjyefwifum wyfrawmftwGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; tm%modrf;zdk@ }uHpnfyHkeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@J acgif;axmifvmyHk awGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? tm%m&Sifudk jzKwfcszdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJh ppfwyft&m&Sd Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tJ'Dvdk olwpfyg;EdkifiH wdk;wufaewmudk =unfh+yD; rqvpepfe@J tm%m&Sif ppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd tm%modr;f zd@k pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xme pcef;r–; Adv k rf –;pdejf rifeh @J vnf;aumif;/ Adv k }f u;D ode;f 0if;eJ@ ud, k af &; 51

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

t&m&SdtcsdK@udk vnf;aumif;/ cv& (16) u Adkvfr–;armifvwfukdvnf;aumif;/ ajrmufydkif;wkdif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–; Adkvfr–;}uD;vSazudkvnf;aumif;/ avwyfOD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfapmjzLeJ@ AH;k }uJav,mOf awmif;cHrv _ yk x f ;kH vkyef nf;udv k nf;aumif;/ oHcsyu f meJ@ wifu h m;wyfr–;udv k nf;aumif; toD;oD; wD;acguaf qG;aEG;ar;jref;+yD; qufwu kd v f y_ &f mS ; cJhygw,f? Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m wpfcgwpf&H um;ay:rSmaqG;aEG;jcif;/ rxifrSwfwJh ae&mrSm csdef;qdkjcif;wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhygw,f?tm%modrf;&ef }uHpnfr_tpDtpOfudk wcsdK@ aqG;aEG;aewJh t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk rajymbJ vdrRmyg;eyfpGm v#dK@0Sufxm;+yD; ol@q&m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu ar;cdkif;ovkd yHkpHrsdK;awGudkvnf; aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unf pdwfcs&r,fxifwJh t&m&SdawGudkawmh t&dyft¹rGuf ajymcJh+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;xH oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhygw,f?‚if;&JŒ r[mAsL[mtpDtpOfrSm avqdyfeJ@toHv$ifhXmeudk xde;f csKyfxm;+yD; npmpm;yGrJ mS jzpfap/ ygwn D v D mcHrmS jzpfap 0ifa&mufp;D eif;zd@k pepfwus tpDtpOf a&;qGJxm;ygw,f?'ghtjyif Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m ‚if;&JŒq&m umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf&JŒ t&Sdeft0ga=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;udk,fwdkif xl;c|efxufjrufwma=umifh vnf;aumif;/ (uu=unf;) ±H;k wHqyd af =umifv h nf;aumif;/ vufatmufcH =unf;wyfrsm; a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; tvG,fwulvdkufemv_yf&Sm;=uzdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhxm;cJhygw,f// 'gay r,fh avwyfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfapmjzL[m oHo,0ifc+hJ yD; wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ar;jref;vm&m rS toHAvH tpte xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emuf npmpm;yGw J pfcrk mS Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh &JŒ oumFruif;zG,f&m v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@Ju ajc&mcHvdkufrdaeygw,f? 'gt h jyif =unf;wyfwyfr–;wpfcsKd @jzpfwhJ Adv k rf –;armifvwfe@J oHcsyu f mwyfr–;wd@k [m tpD tpOf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm a&Smif&mS ;a=umuf&ŒHG vd@k [efcsuv f o JG mG ;cJyh gw,f? yd+k yD; qdk;oGm;wmu Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m Adkvfr–;}uD;oef;wifudk oGm;a&mufwdkifyifcJh&m trSm;}uD;rSm;cJyh gw,f? Adv k rf LS ;}uD;oef;wifu rvkyo f ifah -umif;ajym&m ‚if;u vufrcHI wkdif-um;Edkifonfudk &dyfrdod&Sd_yD; Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tar&duefoH&Hk;rSm 1977 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (2) &uf naerSm Edik if aH &;cdv k cH_ iG hf awmif;cHcyhJ gw,f// oH±;kH taeeJ@ Oya't& vkyaf y;vd@k r&wmudk ta=umif;jyefwma=umifh oH±;kH u jyefxu G v f mpOfrmS bJ axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG &ŒJ zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHvu dk &f ygw,f? 1977 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufae@rmS Adv k }f uD; (11) OD;/ Adv k rf –; (3) OD;eJ@ wdik ;f r–; (1) wpfO;D tygt0if Adv k cf sKyf}u;D wifO;D wd@k ukd cH±k ;kH wifum Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifhtm; ao'%ftrdef@ay;cJhygw,f? 52

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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cef@tyfvu dk yf gw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f [m oGuv f ufcsucf smvd@k OD;ae 0if;uoabmus+yD; ol[m tm;enf;aewJh axmufvrS ;f a&;wyf zGJ@udk ,cifuvkd tiftm;}uD;atmif vkyfydkifcGifh&&Sdzdk@óud;pm;cJhol jzpfygw,f// 1988 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkr_ vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD; jyif;xefaecsdef =o*kwfv (23) &ufae@rSm at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;ae0if; tdrw f iG f ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usi;f ycJyh gw,f? a'guw f m armif tm%mjyKwf u s armiftpdk;&udk rm&S,favmppfOya'±kyfodrf;apzdk@/ jynfwGif;tHk oGm;avolAdkvfcifnGef@ ºuGr_rSm wyfrawmfryg0ifapa&; =uyfrwfomG ;zd@k e@J ppfonfawGyg vm&if ppfwyfu tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOfukd r[mAsL[mcsrw S cf yhJ gw,f? pufwifbmv qef;rSm a&wyfwyfxdef;/ yifrcJ,rf;rD; ausmufwyf/ pufr_vufr_wyf/ (501) (502) avwyfðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&; avwyfpcef;rS ppfonftcsdK@/ cv& (16) rS ppfonf (16)OD;/ wyfr (22) rS Adkvf}uD;pkdif;0if;ausmfwdk@ jynfol@&ifcGifckdv_Hvm&m cr& (6) rS wyfcGJr–;eJ@ ppfonfrsm;. vufeufcJ,rf;/ qHk;±_H;oGm;onfrSp+yD; tajctae wif;rmvmcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh pufwifbm (18) &uf reufyikd ;f at'Dvrf; OD;ae0if;tdrrf mS Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifukd ac:,lum tm%modrf;zdk@eJ@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk twGif;a&;r–; (1) cef@tyfzdk@twlwGJ+yD; vkyf aqmifzdk@ pDpOfa=umif;od&Sd&ygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpP awGudk wpdkufrwfrwfóud;pm;vkyfaqmifcJhayr,fh tiftm;aumif;+yD; rlysufvmwJh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@udkrxdef;EdkifbJ owdxm; apmifh=unfhaewJ@ ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;r_udk cHvdkuf&jyefygw,f? trsdK;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;eJ@ Adkvfcif!$ef@ Adv k cf ifneG @f [m wyfrr–;/ wdik ;f r–;rjzpfcb hJ J ppf wyf&JŒxdyfqHk;eD;yg;tqifhudk tcsdefwdkwdkrSm a&mufcJholjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwumacgif;aqmif awGeJ@ xdawG@qufqHr_/ EdkifiHa&; y&d,m,fºuG,f 0r_/ tvkyv f yk &f mrSm u|r;f usijf refqefr&_ o dS l jzpf 8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; jynfol@zufodk@ cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm; 54

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t&atmifjrifzdk@eJ@ &mZyv†ifrSm+rJapzdk@ trsdK;rsdK;pGrf;aqmifEdkifvdk@ ppf tm%m&SifawGu ol@udka=umuf&GHŒcJhjcif;/ acsr_ef;cJhjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? ol[m jynf wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olrwlatmifprG ;f aqmifc+hJ y;D wdik ;f &if;om; (17) zG@J e@J tiftm; aumif;vSwhJ emrnf}u;D bde;f bk&ifcGefqm&JŒ vG,farmftzGJ@udk +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif/ vuf eufcsatmif pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif autef,t l zG@J e@J n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG; r_vnf; atmifjrifvek ;D yg;&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ol@&ŒJ óud;yrf;r_a=umifh 2000 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mrS 2001 ckESpf ZGefvtxd trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ w&m;0if (5) }udrfwdkifwdkif aqG; aEG;yGJusif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;a&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyef vnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf uuvSr;f rS Adv k rf –;csKyfoef;xGe;f eJ@tzG@J ukd wm0efay;apcdik ;f cJ&h m txdkuftavsmufatmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ wpf } ud r f / Ad k v f a rmif a t; tygt0if o H k ; OD ; eJ @ wpf } ud r f a wG @ qH k a p&ef ó ud ; yrf ; cJ h + yD ; xrif;vufqHkpm;=uwJhtxd atmifjrifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf 'DyJ,if;rSm t=urf;zufcH&wJhtcgrSmawmh Adkvfoef;a&$[m EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;ydwfrd+yD; tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufzdk@&Sdvkd@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ay; umwGe;f v$wcf yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f [m Edik if w H umzdtm;ay;r_a=umifh a&&Snrf mS rdrEd ikd if H epfemrSmudkodjrif+yD; ‘ROAD MAP’ (7) csufa=unmum xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif AkdvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;nDvmcHrSm twkduftcHygwD NLD yg0ifrS obm0 usr,fvdk@odjrif+yD; etzOuUÏudk azsmif;zspnf;±Hk;um NLD ygwDudk zdwf=um;EdkifwJhtxd aqmif&GufcJholjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m axmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJ@tiftm;udk wdk;csJ@&mrSm r[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xmeudk wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&SdcsKyfvufatmufudk oGwfoGif;ap+yD; tqdyk gXmerS axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k ukd jyefvnfac:,lI wpfpw k pfa0;wnf; wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;yHkoD;oef@jyifqifcJhygw,f? ,if;udpP tm; Adv k af rmifat;u uef@uu G af ewJ=h um;xJwiG f Adv k cf ifneG @f [m taumiftxnf azmfEdkif cJh+yD; atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f?tJ'Daemuf axmufvSrf;a&;Adkvfr–;csKyf (10) OD;eJ@ Xme}uD; (10) ckjzpfvm+yD; vufeufawG wdk;csJ@wyfqifvmwmudk xdyfydkif; ppftm%m&SifawG taeeJ@ b0ifrus jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ ajr;awG[m &JcsKyfudk 0ifa&mufpnf;±Hk;+yD; Oya'tumuG,f&,lI &efukefòrdŒwGif xifwdkif;}uJaejcif;/ 2001 ckESpfwGif qD'dk;em;[kdw,fwGif OD;ae0if;arG;ae@ usif;ycJhjcif;wdk@udk ppftm%m&SifawG[m 55

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

b0ifrusbJ owd}u;D pGm apmif=h unfah ecJ=h uygw,f? qufvuf+y;D OD;ae0if;twGuf vHòk caH &; ,lxm;wJh oeu (4) wyfc&GJ ŒJ vufeufawG at'Dvrf;tdru f kd a&muf&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dowif;awG [m awmfveS af &;ae@twGuf &efuek òf rŒd rSm vHòk caH &;,lxm;wJh wyfr(77)wyfrr–; Adv k rf –; csKyfoef;aX;udk OD;ae0if;ajr;awG oGm;a&mufpnf;±H;k cJ&h mrS tJ'w D yfrr–; owif;yd@k vdu k v f @dk od&Sd&jcif; jzpfygw,f?tJ'Dowif;udk axmufvSrf;a&;u ay;ydk@Edkifjcif;r&Sdvdk@ AdkvfcifnGef@ tay: xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifESpfOD;[m oHo,pwif0ifcJhygw,f? 2004 ckEpS rf mS Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;0if;atmif[m ‘r=umcif xl;jcm;odomwJh ajymif;vJr_awG jzpfay:vmawmhrSmyg’ vdk@ teufcGpum;vHk;udk EdkifiHjcm; tpnf;ta0; wpfckrSm ajymrdvdkufwJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifESpfOD;u pdwfqdk;cJh=uygw,f? OD;0if;atmif [m Adv k cf ifneG @f &ŒJ wynfjh zpf+y;D Ekid if jH cm;rSmwif ol@ukd wef;ðzwfc&hJ mrS tajctae wif;rmr_ }uD;xGm;chjJ yefygw,f? trSew f u,fawmh ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m tm%mudk vdrv f nf+yD; rw&m; &,lxm;wma=umifh wdik ;f jynftaeeJ@ tzufzufu ,d, k iG ;f ysuq f ;D aevd@k Edik if w H um tv,frmS &Suzf , G v f v d d jzpfaecJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh ta&S@ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf {&d,mtwGif;u wyfawG&JŒ oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf e,fpyfu +*dKvfwk pavmif;awG wifoiG ;f vmwmudk Oya'abmiftwGi;f rudu k n f b D ;l qd+k y;D axmufvrS ;f a&;u ydwq f @kd rj_ zpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? atmufajcwyfrawmftwGi;f rSm =unf;wyfe@J axmufvrS ;f a&; wyfz@JG awGt=um; tpmra=ur_awG rsm;pGm&Sad ecJyh gw,f? =unf;wyfu AsL[mr–;tqifh Adv k rf –;}u;D wpfO;D [m axmufvrS ;f a&;u wyfq, G rf –;tqifh wyf=uyf}u;D wpfO;D udk awG@ciG hf awmif;ae&wJh jzpfpOfrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@awG&@J azmufjyefr_udk wdkif=um;pm wapmif[m &rcwdik ;f r–;xHukd rdwLW taeeJ@ ay;yd@k a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ,cifuqd&k if ,ckvkd rdwLW ay;vmygu wdik ;f r–;rsm;[m axmufvrS ;f a&;eJ@ r+ipd eG ;f vdb k J a&Smif&mS ;=uayr,fh &rcwdik ;f rSL; taeeJ@ ,cktcg (uu=unf;) xH wifjyum ta&;,laqmif&u G v f mygw,f? (105) rdik pf cef; axmufvSrf;a&;wyf {&d,m0if;twGif; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf;ydkufwJhtcg w&m;r0if ypPnf;wefzdk;[m cef@rSef;vdk@r&atmifrsm;jym;wma=umihf rEdkifreif;jzpf+yD; &efukefu 0ef }uD; OD;pdk;om/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfvGef;armif/ wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfwdk@ yg0if wJh tzGJ@}uD;zGJ@um oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJh&ygw,f? tajctaeraumif;a=umif;od&wJh twGuf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;u Adkvfr–;csKyfjrifhaZmf[m tJ'DtzGJ@}uD;xHudk tajy; tv$m; av,mOfay:rSm ud, k w f idk o f mG ;a&muf awmif;yefcahJ yr,fh aemufusomG ;cJ_h yDjzpfyg 56

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

w,f? 'ghtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvfcif!$ef@udk ESpfem&D-umac:,lawG@qHk_yD; owday; qlyl cJhygw,f? rEdkifreif;jzpfaewJh uuvSrf;&@Jwm0efudk 'kwd,n¸efr–; AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;udk v$Jay;zkd@eJ@ vufatmufcHwm0ef&SdolawGudk xda&mufpGm ta&;,lz@kd ajym=um;cJw h ,fv@dk od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? tJ't D csed u f mvtxd Adv k cf ifneG @f taeeJ@ wpfckckudkqHk;jzwfzdk@ tcsdefusae+yD jzpfayr,fh ppftm%m&SifawGu vufOD;r_,l ESdyfuGyfoGm;cJhyHkukd qufvuf wifjyoGm;yg r,f? rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;rsm;&J@ ordkif;ay;wm0ef AdkvfcifnGef@taeeJ@ vrf;cGJudk a&mufae+yDjzpfvdk@ wpfckckudk qHk;jzwf&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm;[m cdik rf mawmifw h if;aeayr,fh tm%modr;f r,fq&kd if tpmra=ujzpfaewJ@ wkid ;f r–;trsm;pk&adS evd@k wdik ;f jynfrmS aoG;xGuo f , H dk jynf wGif;ppfrvGJraoGjzpfr,fvkd@ ,Hk=unfcsdefqae[ef&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;ae&ifvnf; EdkifiH a&;rSm atmifjrifr_&SdaewJh rdrdtay: rauseyfwJh xdyfydkif;ppftm%m&SifawG&@J ESdyfuGyfr_ udk cH&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfaepOf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk; tpnf; ta0;rSm AdkvfcifnGef@u vufatmufi,fom;awGudk rif;wdk@tcsif;csif;rnD!Gwfvdk@ jzpf wmvd@k ajymrdwphJ um;tay: aumufcsucf s+yD; etz tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmif[m Adkvfcifn¸ef@udk trdef@remcHr_/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ pGJcsufwifum rE Wav;utjyef 2004 ckESpf atmufwkdbm (18) &ufae@wGif zrf;qD;+yD; qdik ;f iHah xmif'%f (44) ESpf csrw S t f a&;,lvu kd yf g w,f? &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;udk ppfum;tpD; (100) ausmf um;wef;&Snf}uD;eJ@ ppfwyftvHk; t&if;0ifa&mufvmuwnf;u ppftm%m&Sif awG[m aoG;xGufoH,dkxdar#mfrSef;+yD; a=umuf vef@w=um;jzpfae=uygw,f? (8) rdkif vrf;qHkrSm &Sw d hJ axmufvrS ;f a&;XmecsKyf ±H;k csKyfukd wyfr (11) rS 0ifa&muf pD;eif;cJhygw,f? ta=umif;odaewJh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@&JŒ &eftE W&m,fa=umifh 8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; xd y f y d k i f ; tm%myd k i f E S p f O D ; &J Œ rd o m;pk a wG u k d jynfol@zufodk@ cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm; 57

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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59

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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60

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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bk&m;om;eJ@ jA[Rpdk&fw&m; jrwfpmG bk&m;&JŒom;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ 'kuq Q if;&J usyw f nf;&r_e@J Edik x hf ufp;D eif;vkycf &H r_awGukd vufyu kd =f unfrh aeEdik b f J Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ awGrSm rv$Jra&Smifom yg0ifvm&ygw,f? 1965 ckESpf arSmfbD oHCmtpnf;ta0;+yD; uwnf;u rqvygwD ppftm%m&Sief @J &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m tap;ruyfb/J b0if rus tqifrajyr_awG &Sad ecJyh gw,f? 1974 ckEpS f ZGev f (6) &ufae@ tvkyo f rm;oydwt f a&; tcif; jzpf+yD;aemufrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG&JŒ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_[m tm;,lpðyae+yD jzpf ygw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@rmS ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;csKyf OD;oef@ &JŒ psmyeudpeP @J ywfouf+yD; wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;u rauseyfv@dk OD;oef@ ±kyu f vmyf udk usKd uq U u H iG ;f rS wuUov kd 0f if;od@k ,laqmifomG ;&mrSm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;}u;D ay:ayguv f m ygw,f?wuUodkvf0if;twGif; ae@pOf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;w&m;yGJrsm; usif;y+yD; jynfol vlxk wufa&mufem;axmifaepOf vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; jynfolvlxku vufckyf=obmwD;um ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpf ukef=uygw,f?xkdtcsdefrSp+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG[m tiftm; oH;k ode;f ausm&f w dS hJ bk&m; om;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk av#mw h u G v f @dk r&rSe;f oabmayguv f mygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1985ckEpS f pmtrSwf (330§1§85) eJ@ Ekid if aH wmfr[m oHCem,u tzGJ@ (r[e) udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; omoemawmf oef@&Sif;a&;acgif;pOfwyfum =uyfrwfvmyg w,f? 'Dxufyq kd ;kd wmu oHCmawmfawGudk omoem0ifrw S w f rf; vky&f r,f vdk@ n¸ef=um; vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? ‘r[e’ [m rqv ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ tvdkustrdef@tm%mawG udk xkwfjyefay;&jcif;/ ok"rRm/ a&$usif pwJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; csKyfudkifjcif;/ ‚if;wd@k vdv k m;wJh oHCmawmfawGukd tcGix hf ;l cH ajr‡mufpm;jcif;/ ‚if;wd@k ukd uef@uu G rf nfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk "rRpuf/ tm%mpufw@kd oH;k um ta&;,ljcif;/ omoem0if rSww f rf; t& oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;csKyfjcif; ponfwdk@ ðyvkyfvm=u&&m oHCm xkt=um;rSm auseyfr_r&Sdjcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;aeygw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ yg;pyfzsm;rSm ‘r[e’ tzGJ@qkdwm ‘r[eJ@’ vdk@ ajymqdk=u+yD; ygwmudkomzwf&wJh ‘yg&mzwf’ jzpfae+yDvdk@vnf; nnf;wGm;ae=uygw,f?bkef;}uD;ta&;udk bkef;}uD;u ajz&Sif;r&wm [m ppftm%m&Sif&JŒ bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ðyw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk tm;enf;apyg w,f? 'gawGudk odjrifem;vnfwJh &[ef;oHCmtrsm;pk[m tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;enf;wl 63

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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oHCm (9) yg;eJ@ ausmif;om; (12) OD; oGm;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? vk,ufoal wG[m &[ef; oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;+y;D ppfrx _ rf;a[mif;&dyo f mudk ac:aqmifomG ;cJyh gw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm vlxktiftm; }uD;rm;pGm axmifcsD+yD; vdkufvH0dkif;0ef; wdkufcdkufcJh=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ wom;wnf;jzpfae+yD; }uD;pGmaom OD;aqmifr_udk ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawG pkaygif;+yD; &[ef;ysdKor*~ zGJ@pnf;a&; óu;d yrf;=u&m 1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (31) &ufae@rmS a&$w*d akH pwDawmf csr;f om}u;D wefaqmif; "rRm&HkwGif wwd,t}udrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yEdkifcJh+yD; wqufwnf;rSm ‘&efukefòrdŒvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysdKor*~’ udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dor*~&JŒ OuUÏ[m tif;pdeòf rdŒopfausmif;u OD;paENmbmo jzpf+yD; 'kOuUÏ[m =unfjh rifwikd o f m"kausmif;u OD;ynmoD[ jzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;uawmh tif;pdeaf v;u|e;f p}umF ausmif; u OD;*E
Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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qlyltHkºuGr_a=umifh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m; &yfqdkif;vkeD;yg; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m &yfuGufaus;&GmawGrSm jynfolvlxk&JŒ vHkòcHa&;/ uif;wm0ef csrSwfaqmif&Gufa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya' xdef;odrf;a&;/ pnf;urf;&Sda&;/ 'kp±dkufr_rsm;rjzpfyGm;a&;/ &duQm &&Sda&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyfa&;/ qENjya&;/ w&m;a[majymyGJrsm; pDpOfusif;ya&; ponf wdk@udk pepfwus vrf;n¸efpDrH aqmif&Gufjcif;/ armifawmf ,mOfeJ@ vrf;pnf;urf; =uyfrwfaqmif&Gufay;jcif; ponf wdk@udk trsdK;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yftoGif wufºuGpGm aqmif&GufawmfrlcJh=uygw,f? 1988ckESpfta&;tcif;rSm &efukefòrdŒawmf twGif; t"du v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh ausmif;wkdufawGuawmh o&ufawmausmif;wdkuf/ &efuif;ar'DeD/ awmifOuUvm yg&rD aiG=um,Hausmif;wkduf/ odrfawmf}uD;/ tif;pdef&Gmrausmif;wdkufeJ@ a&$bkef;yGifhausmif; wkdufrsm;jzpf=uygw,f? 1988 pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@u &efukeftaxGaxGaq;&H}k u;D rSm ‘taxGaxGoydwaf umfrwD’ udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD umfrwD}u;D [m &[ef;oHCm awmfawGukdudk,fpm;ðywJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ a&S@aersm; / wuUodkvfq&mrsm;pwJh or*~aygif;pHkudk tajccH+y;D zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D taxGaxGoydwaf umfrwD&ŒJ OuUÏ[m &[ef;ysKd or*~u ‘OD;yndE’N jzpf+yD; taxGaxG twGi;f a&;r–;rSm ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS udak ZmfxeG ;f jzpfygw,f? tv$m toD;oD;rS tzG@J 0ifaygi;f (119) OD;eJ@ yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;ygw,f? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;=uyfa&;/ e,frsm;eJ@ qufpyfaqmif&Gufa&;/ vkyfief;cGif oydwfarSmufa&;eJ@ vrf;ray:xGuf+yD; qENjya&;pwJh OD;wnfcsufawGudk taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDu taumiftxnf azmfcyhJ gw,f? vlx&k ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pDtºkH urG t _ &Sed t f [ke[ f m jriho f xufjrifhvmum rqv ppftm%m&SifawGudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhygw,f? a'gufwm armifarmif &JŒ ±kyfao;tpdk;&[m vnf; tusyftwnf;eJ@ &ifqkdif}uHKawG@ae&ygw,f? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rmS ukeo f , G af &;0ef}u;D Xme±H;k wGif vHòk caH &; &,lxm;wJh ppfonfwpfOD;[m vlxkxJu vufvkyfvufpm;wpfOD;&JŒ avSmifajymifr_udk pdwfrxdef;EdkifbJ aoewfeJ@ pwifypfcwfcJh&m tkwfeH&Hudk xdrSef+yD; uav;wpfOD;ukd ydwf rSecf yhJ gw,f? toGio f ¾mef/ p±ku d /f obm0 rwln=D uwJh om;oH;k om;[m 1988 ta&; tcif;umv}uD;&JŒ ta&;ygwhJ tvSnht f ajymif;wpfcrk mS twlwuG ,SOw f JG qif;vmyHu k kd ukefoG,fa&;ta&;tcif;rSm awG@jrif-u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 66

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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ta0;ukrd wfv (23) &ufae@ udk xyfrcH sed ;f qdzk @kd n‡Ed i_d ;f cJ=h uygw,f? xdpk Of vlEpS Of ;D 0ifvm+y;D ukvm;rsm;u taºu;G awmif;r&vd@k jrefrmrde;f uav;udk tEdik u f si&hf ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ udk&if wpfyg;udkvnf; ¶dkufESufzrf;qD;aea=umif; oHo,jzpfzG,f aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfcJhygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[m ukvm; - jrefrm t"du¶k%f;udkzefwD;+yD; tm¶Hkajymif;cJjh cif;jzpfyg w,f? od@k aomfvnf; bk&m;}u;D Adu k af zmufc&H r_e@J pyfvsO;f +y;D ausmif;wdu k t f oD;oD;u tkef; armif;acgufum qENjycJh=uonftxd qdk;¶Gm;cJhygw,f? (1997) ck azazmf0g&Dv (22) &ufae@rSm rEœav;wdkif; (r[e) tzGJ@ESifh omoema&;0ef}uD; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD; ausmif; wdu k w f pfcrk jS yefxu G v f m&m 0ef}uD;um;udk cJaygucf &H um tke;f armif;acgu=f uonftxd qENjycJh=uygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ‘‘Edik if aH &;raqG;aEG;&’’ pmwef;udk twif;t=uyf csdwfqGJcdkif;jcif;/ (1990) ck e0w trdef@trSwf (6§7§20) rsm;udk xkwjf yef+y;D trde@f r&bJ &Siðf y/ &[ef;cH rðyvky&f efwm;jrpfjcif;/ r,Ho k uFmv#if zrf;qD;jcif; wdk@udk jyif;jyif;xefxef vkyfvmygw,f? 1998 ck Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rSmawmh tdraf wmf&mrSm usi;f yðyvkyw f hJ jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhtpnf;ta0;udk rEœav; rpd;k &drf OD;pD;em,u q&mawmf}uD; ‘‘bENEœ aum0d'gb0d o H ’’ ud, k af wmfwidk f OD;pD;+yD; q&mawmf }uD;ig;yg; ºuGa&mufawmfru l m tzrf;qD;cH oHCmawmfrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ oHCmawmf rsm; nDnGwfa&;/ (r[e) twGif; 0ifa&muf yl;aygif;jcif;/ a¶G;cs,fcHjcif;rðya&;/ e0w&JŒ bGJ@wHqdyfawmfrsm; vufcHjcif;rðya&; pwmawGudk aqG;aEG;awmfrlcJh=uygw,f? tJ'D tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk tHh=obG,faumif;avmufatmif e0w[m aESmifh,Sufjcif;/ 0ifa&muf[ef@wm;jcif; rðy&Javmufatmif bk&m;om;awmfawG atmifjrifr_ &&SdcJh=uyg w,f? 'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…e oydwfuHaqmifyGJ ,ae@ (2007) ckESpf pufwifbmvrSmawmh wurBmvHk;u tHh=ocsD;rGrf;rqHk; jzpf&avmufatmif bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvSnfh tajymif;twGuf óud;yrf;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f jrifw h ufra_ =umifh jynfov l x l k pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_ukd rcHr&yf EdkifawmhbJ wnf+idrfat;csrf;pGm arwWmokwf ¶Gwfzwf o&ZÇm,f+yD; vrf;rawGay:rSm a¶$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$JcJhyHk[m jrif& =um;&olawGtwGuf rsuf&nfòzdifòzdif 74

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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uscJh&ygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;eJ@ rwlwmuawmh rD'D,macwfrSm tifwmeuf +*dK[fwk qufoG,fa&;awGuwqifh bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD; [m wurBmvHk;udk csufjcif; ysH@ESH@cJh+yDjzpfygw,f? (2007) ckESpf pufwifbmv (5) &ufae@u yxrOD;qHk; yckuULòrdŒrSm arwWmokwf ¶Gwzf wfo&ZÇm,f+y;D vrf;rwav#muf ºucG sv D mwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGukd etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@awGu óud;uGif;eJ@ypfzrf;/ "mwfwdkifrSm csnfwkwfwJhtxd t=urf;zuf aESmifh,SufòzdcGif;cJh=uygw,f? yckuULòrdŒe,f }uHhzGH@ twGi;f a&;rª;[m bk&m;om;awmfawG&ŒJ t&Sed t f 0gukd a=umufvef@wt hJ wGuf }uzhH @HG wm0efcH AdkvfcsKyf wpfO;D &JŒ t&Sed t f 0guo kd ;kH um yckuLU ta&;tcif;udak jz&Si;f zd@k wyfr (101) udk oGm;a&muf tultnD awmif;cHc&hJ w,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f? qENjyr_ukd }uHzh @HG u acsre_ ;f csed rf mS ppfwyfu aoewfaxmifazmufay;zdk@eJ@ taemufu &Hay;zdk@ cdkif;apcJhwJhtwGuf oHCmawmfawGeJ@ vlxk[m vlpkuGJoGm;cJhayr,fh ppfwyf[m toHk;cscHb0udk a&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f? yckuUL udpPudk wcsdK@ (uu=unf;) xdyfydkif;u rodvdkuf&vdk@ }uHhzGH@udk }u;D =uyfwhJ ppfwyfu Adv k cf sKyef @J ppf¶;kH u Adv k cf sKyaf wG pum;rsm;cJ=h uw,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f?

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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tJ'DyckuULjzpfpOfeJ@pyfvsOf;+yD; &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu awmif;qdkcsuf (4) csufudk pufwifbmv(12)&ufae@rSm etzxH ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? yckuULjzpfpOfeJ@ ywfouf +yD; etzu 0efcsawmif;yef&ef avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f udk jyefvnfav#mch s&ef/ awG@qakH qG;aEG; a&;ukd aqmif¶u G &f efe@J a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk v$waf y;&efw@kd jzpf=uygw,f? etzu vdu k af vsmjcif;rðywma=umifh &[ef;oHCmawmf awG[m pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rSm 'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oydwf arSmufygawmhw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;rSm &[ef; oHCmawmfawGOD;aqmif+yD; jynfov l x l k ajrmufjrm;pGm yl;aygi;f I +idr;f csr;f pGm csw D ufvrf;av#muf qENjycJ=h uygw,f? pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@rSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;udk pwifqifE$Jvkdufyg w,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bk&m;om;awmfe@J jynfoal wGukd t=urf;zuf ESrd ef if;cJyh gw,f? vlxkudk vlxkeJ@ xdef;uGyfwJhenf;eJ@ a&S;OD;pGm }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifawGudk toHk;ðy ESdrfeif;cJh ayr,fh atmifjrifr_r&&SdbJ aemufqHk;rSm vufeuftm;udk; ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? ausmif;om;i,fawG/ jynfolawG/ &[ef;oHCmawG usqHk;cJh&wJhtjyif *syefEdkifiHu owif;axmufwpfO;D vnf; usq;kH cJ&h m etz[m urBmt h v,frmS vlowfaumiftjzpf bGm;bGm;}uD; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; txGÉftxdyf a&mufaewJh etz[m EdkifiHwumzdtm;ay;r_eJ@ jynfolvlxktHkºuGr_udk vrf;a=umif;ajymif;zdk@ óud;pm; jyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh qufqHa&;0ef}uD;qdk+yD;xm;&Sdum a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ [efjyaqG;aEG;oa,mif aqmif¶Gufjcif;bJjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[m olwdk@ a=umuf¶@HG whJ ausmif;om;awGe@J bk&m;om;awGukd w&=urf; zrf;qD;axmifcsum bke;f }uD; ausmif;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf 0ifa&mufòzdcGif; ESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? ppfqifa&;ozG,f nOfheufoef;acgiftcsdefrSm bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;ukd wdwfwqdwf0ifa&muf+yD; bk&m;om; awmfrsm;ukd ±kdufESufzrf;qD;ac:aqmifcJhygw,f? oHCmhOao#miftzGJ@udk tar&duef EdkifiH 0g&iS w f efòrdŒwGif zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? OuUXtjzpf puFmylEikd if rH S OD;ynm0Hojzpf+yD; 'kw, d OuUX tjzpf tar&duefEdkifiHrS rpdk;&drfq&mawmf}uD; b'NE Waum0d'gbd0Hojzpfum &[ef;ysKd or*~ OuUX q&mawmf OD;acrmpm& tygt0if twGi;f a&;rª; (2)yg;jzifh yg0ifz@JG pnf; cJyh gonf? a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif q&mawmf OD;*rBD&OD;pD;+yD; oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf; um v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? etz&JŒ Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &; r[mAsL[mawGukd qufvufzwf¶_ avhvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owdeJ@ jrefrmjynfolvlxktm;vHk; jynfwGif;/ jynfy [efcsuf nDnD vufwGJum atmifyGJodk@ csDwuf=uyg&ef qENðyvdkufygw,f? 76

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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e0wOuUÏ&J@Zmwfodrf;yGJ 1988 ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf e0w/ etz zGJ@pnf;um wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJh&mrSm aomuAsmyg'rsm; jrifhrdk&fawmif}uD;ozG,f pdk;&drf xdwfvef@pGmeJ@ rEdkifreif;/ uaomif;ueif; jzpfcJhyHkawGudk udk,fawG@jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhwuG wifjyoGm;ygr,f? tJ'Dvdkwifjy&mrSm jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdkvm;wJh wyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wcsdK@/ vlyk*~dKvf/ òrdŒ/ ¶Gm/ tpdk;&Xme/ wyfrsm;&JŒ *k%foduQm vHkòcHa&; udk iJhuGuf+yD; trnf csefvSyfazmfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ukodkvfvnf;&/ rGefjrwfjzLpif oef@&Sif;wJh *k%foduQm rlvuwnf;u&SdcJhwJh =uufajceDeJ@ t&efrD;owfwyfzGJ@ vdkrsdK; tzG@J tpnf;awG[m etz&JŒ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufr/_ Edik if aH &;rSm 0ifa&muf v_y&f mS ;cdik ;f ap&ef zdtm;ay;csKyfudkifr_awGa=umifh toHk;cscH&wJh ta&mifqdk;cH&wJh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tvm;wl pwifzGJ@pnf;cgpu vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;vdk@ pwif aºuG;a=umfwmxGufvmcJhwJh }uHhzGH@[mvnf; ,cktcg etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf jzpfvmyHkawGudk wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f? 1988 pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSp+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;[m e0w qdk+yD; ea0wdraf wmif b0eJ@ pwifwmxGucf v hJ m&mrSm Adv k cf sKyfrsm;[m tenf;qH;k 0ef}uD;Xme (2)ckrS (4) ck txdawmif wGJ+yD; udkif&wJh jzpfpOfawGa=umifh EdkifiHawmf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;r_ t"dujzpfwhJ 0ef}u;D XmeawG&ŒJ rl0g'/ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;/ pDru H ed ;f / pDrcH suf pwmawGukd yDjyifpmG taumiftxnfazmfr_ tm;enf;cJhygw,f? tJ'D 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfawG[m qHk;jzwfcsuf rSm;,Gif;r_/ twGif;a&;rª; (1) ESifh (2) wdk@ESifh o[Zmwrjzpfr_/ tm%mvGefpGJtm;òydifr_/ ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm; tvGet f rif;&SmazG=ur_ pwmawGa=umifh 0ef}u;D Xmersm;&JŒ bwf*suu f o hJ @kd &oif&h xdu k w f hJ tcGit hf a&;rsm; qH;k ¶_;H cJyh gw,f? ae@pOf ae@wikd ;f e0wOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmif&ŒJ =o0g'rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;awGukd +iD;aiG@pmG em;axmifae&wma=umifh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;&JŒ tvkyf vkycf sed f r&Sw d mrd@k tdru f kd jyefrtdyEf ikd af wmhbJ nbufrmS 0ef}uD;awG[m¶H;k cef;rsm;twGi;f zdkifwGJwpfxyf}uD;=um;xJrSm epfjrKyfae&ygw,f? zdkifwGJpmrsm;udk *Ce% r=unfhEdkifbJ udk,fa&;t&m&Sd PA rsm;udk zwfcdkif;+yD; ra&&m/ raocsm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk E_wfu jzpfovdk ajymcdkif;&wJhtxd y&rf;ywmjzpfaeygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif[m (1988) ta&;tcif;a=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpf+yD; cyf=urf;=urf; tm%modrf;&wJh jzpfpOfawGeJ@ bk&m;om;awmfrsm;&JŒ oydwfuHa=umifh tcsdefwdkif; vdyfjymvef@jzef@ae&ygw,f? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpfckrSm (1988) ckESpf vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; 79

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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ay;vdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifu (1991) ckESpf awmfvSefa&;ae@ tcrf;tem; rdef@cGef; ajym=um;&mrSm a&;om;twnfðyxm;cJhwJh rdef@cGef; ajymqdk+yD;±kHeJ@ tm;r&vdk@ pdwfxJu cHpm;csufawG rGef;=uyfr_a=umifh aygufuGJxGufvmwJh pum;awGudk EdkifiHwumu apmifh=unfhaer_udk owdrxm;EdkifawmhbJ (2)em&Dru ajymqdkcJhygw,f? aeylxJrSm &yfae=uwJh ppfa&;jyppfonfrsm; yifyef;r_'%f rcHEdkifawmhwmrdk@ uGif;xJawGrSm ypfvJ ukef=uygw,f? aemuf jzpfpOfwpfckuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ oli,fcsif; jzpfcJhwJh tdE, dN 0ef}uD;csKyf &m*sp*f E<[ D m jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; axmufct H m;ay;cJyh gw,f? 'gudk vufwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ tdENd,rS cGJxGufzdk@ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkae=uwJh em* vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk &efuek o f @kd zw d =f um;um Adv k cf sKyfapmarmifu ‘‘ukvm;awGukd owf j zwf = u/vuf e uf c J , rf ; tuk e f a xmuf y H h a y;r,f +yD ; awmh yk w D ; pd y f z d k @ vnf ; rarh=ueJ@’’ vdk@ *a,mifajcmufjcm; ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DoydwfuH&JŒ qdk;usdK;'%f oufa&mufr_ 0ifvm+yDjzpfygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu jrefrmhtoHtzGJ@ 0efxrf;rsm;udk xyfrH awG@qckH sed rf mS ‘‘rif;wd@k ykw;D aqmifxm;=u’’vd@k ajymwJt h wGuf pdwaf zmufjyefaea=umif; ay:vGio f mG ;ygw,f? 'gah =umifh w&m;r0if wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f tm%modr;f cH&+y;D aoqH;k onfh tcgwGifvnf; odrfodrfi,fi,fjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? nausmif; (odk@r[kwf) nmausmif; Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m ea0wdraf wmif e0wrS Edik af tmifzrd ,fh etzod@k jyefvnf zGJ@pnf;apcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jyifqifcJhygw,f? tcrf;tem;rsm;eJ@ tpnf;a0;wdkif;rSm udk,fwdkifrdef@cGef;toHjzifh ajym=um;jcif; rðyvkyf awmhbJ =um;cHwpfa,mufukd zwf=um;cdik ;f ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfapmarmif&cdS phJ Ofu udo k ef;a¶$ pmzwftm;enf;w,f vk@d a0zefccH &hJ zl;wma=umifh etz OuUÏjzpfvmvd@k ezl;awG@';l awG@ jzpfvmcsed rf mS awmh t}uHuek f *VKefpm;csuf OD;a%Smuf azmufpm;zd@k ppf¶;kH rSm nausmif;udk zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? ae@cif;rSm Adv k cf sKyfawGukd ¶H;k tvkyv f yk af p+yD; nydik ;f rSmawmh etzOuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$xH tcpm;0ifapum jynfwGif; NLD v_yf&Sm;r_/ jynfy twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udpP/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpP/ ausmif;om;eJ@ bk&m;om;udpP/ EdkifiHwum zdtm;ay;r_ oHcif;wrefcif;/ jynfytoHv$ifhXmersm;ESifh rD'D,mowif;pmrsm;&JŒ xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; pwmawGudk b,fvdk taumiftxnf 81

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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azmfEikd w f ,fqw kd m Adv k cf sKyfawGxrH S enf;vrf;wifjycdik ;f +yD;rS qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? wcgw&H Adv k cf sKyaf wG[m nOf@eufoef;acgiaf usmw f hJ txdaqG;aEG;&+y;D eHeufvif;tm;}u;D bkef;}uD;tkef;armif;acgufcsdef/ t¶k%fqGrf;pm;csdefa&mufrS jyefvm&wJhtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@ wpfOD; Good Morning vdk@ pdwfnpfnL;pGm aemufajymifE_wfqufcJh&a=umif; od&Sd &ygw,f? tJ'v D kd t}uH^m%fnp‡ x f w k cf &H vd@k ppfwyftwGi;f rSm nausmif;vd@k ac: jcif;jzpf ygw,f? wu,fwrf;rSmawmh nmae=uwJh ausmif;omjzpfygw,f? nausmif;rS t"du xdyfwdkufawG@&wJholrsm;uawmh &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@ (uu-vSrf;) wdk@jzpf=u+yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm; uvnf; ol@xufig NLD ESifh twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;owif;udk vufOD;r_,l+yD; wifjyEdik w f t hJ ay:rSm wpfO;D eJ@ wpfO;D }uHzef*% k , f l trSw, f l azmfxw k af e=uwmudv k nf; awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m tcsdefrSef Golf upm;+yD; w¶kwfodkif;um;rsm;udk vrf;rawmf w¶kwfwef;rS rvGwfwef; iSm;&rf;=unfhjcif;jzifh xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f? 'Dy, J if;ta&;tcif;a=umifh zdtm;ay;cH&r_ rGr;f =uyfaecsed v f rkd sKd ;wGif òrŒd awmf0ef OD;udak v;&JŒ ig;uefrsm;&SdwJh r*Fvm'HkO,smOf&Sd&modk@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m aomuawmifwef; ae=u,frsm;oef;um oGm;a&muf pdwaf jzcJ&h a=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m r[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;ap+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;rS Adkvfrª;}uD;rsm;udk Xme}uD;rª; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;um EdkifiHwumtajctae txl;ojzifh taemuf EdkifiHrsm;. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: wkef@jyefr_tvm;tvm/ w&m;0ifoabmxm;/ w&m;r0ifoabmxm;/ CIA uJo h @kd tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_/ Edik if w H um tD&wfuo hJ @kd ta&;tcif;rsm; pwmawGudk avhvmoHk;oyfap+yD; pmwrf;wifapcJhygw,f? tJ'D axmufvSrf;a&;u AdkvfcsKyfawG[m pmtkyfyHk}uD;awG=um;rSm ae@pOfeJ@rjywf pmawGzwf ae&vdk@ ‘‘tm’’ajcmufaewmrdk@ (uuvSrf;) u *sLeD,mt&m&Sdrsm;&JŒ bD,mwjrjreJ@ pdkajyaxmaewmudk=unfh+yD; tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; olwdk@&JŒq&m AdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@xH (uuvSrf;) odk@ jyefvnfoGwfoGif;a&; em;ylem;qmvkyfaewm =um;od&ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m uujynf G-1 ppfO;D pD;rª; (yxrwef;) wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; ¶k&mS ;Edik if rH mS pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; oif,cl w hJ t hJ wGuf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;eJ@ 0g'jzef@csad &; xda&mufr_udk od&Sdem;vnf+yD; wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfEdkifcJhygw,f? (uujynf) udk jynfol@ qufqHa&;ESifh pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; !ïef=um;a&;rª;¶Hk;[k ac:wGifap+yD; jr0wDwyfrawmf toHvi$ Xhf mewpfck zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? eHeufpmpm;csed rf mS RFA, BBC, VOA uJo h @kd Eikd if jH cm; 82

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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toHv$ifhXmersm;u xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;udk ol@xHwifjycdkif;+yD; tcsdK@udk owdxm; apmif=h unf&h ef/ wcsKd @ukd wefjyefpw d "f mwfppfqifx;kd ESu&f ef/ wcsKd @ukd tvH&LS ;jzifyh ,fzsu&f ef owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif rD'D,mvufeufa=umifh rqv tpdk;& ðywfus&jcif;jzpfa=umif; vufatmufcH 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf Adv k cf sKyfrsm;udk rSm=um;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k udv k nf; Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$u rdru d o hJ @kd owdxm;ðyvkyf aqmif¶u G &f ef ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? 'gha=umifh 0ef}uD;awG[m ae@pOf EdkifiHjcm;toHv$ifhXmersm;u b,ftcsdef rdrd0ef}uD;Xme twGuf vmEdik rf ,fqw kd mudk aomuawmifwef; &ifwrrjzifh em;pGiahf e&+yD; 0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ raumif;owif; yg&SdcJhygu nausmif;rSm rsufESmatmufcs+yD; &Sif;vif;jyae&wm awG@&ygw,f? owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J kd cgwikd ;f vdk qufwu kd f rvkycf ikd ;f awmhbJ rdrd vkyu f u G f ydkifrS/ taxmuftxm; cdkifrmrS &Sif;vif;cdkif;ygw,f? vkyfuGufydkifw,fqdk&mrSm rl;,pfaq;0g; rD;¶d_@jyyGJawGvdkrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrwf xkwfvdk@&wJh jyuGufvdkrsdK;rS owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfcdkif;ygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufawGudk rac:,lcdkif;awmhbJ jrefrm owif;axmufrsm;udkom wufcdkif;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif etzu pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;eJ@ 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;AsL[mrsm;udk t&Sdeft[kef jr‡ifhwifwJhtaeeJ@ rD'D,mudk rD'D,mjzifh jyefwu kd &f mrSm owif;pH&k &Sad &;twGuf tzG@J (4)zG@J ukd zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? (p&z) vd@k ac:wJh axmufvSrf;a&; toGifajymif;tzGJ@/ SB vdk@ac:wJh &Jtxl;owif;wyfzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyf ausmfqef; OD;pD;wJh EdkifiHwum&Sd jrefrmoH¶Hk;rsm;txd jyef=um;a&;XmerS pDppfa¶G;cs,f wm0efay;wJh owif;&&Sda&;eJ@ wefjyefa&;tzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyfodef;aZmf OD;pD;wJh }uHhzGH@u owif;pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wyfzGJ@ qdk+yD; tzGJ@ (4)zGJ@ jzpfygw,f? pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm; etztaeeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mt& 0g' jzef@csdr_ eJ@ vH@_ aqmfru _ kd [efcsun f v D yk cf yhJ gw,f? jynfov l x l &k ŒJ jy\emrsm;udk tajccHI a=umuf¶@HG pd;k &drpf w d "f mwf/ rke;f wD;¶G&H mS pdw"f mwf/ ar#mv f ift h m;xm;pdw"f mwf trsKd ;tpm; tay:rlwnfI vH _ @ aqmf r _ e nf ; vrf ; (8)rsd K ;oH k ; um jynf o l v l x k y pf r S w f p d w f " mwf t m; qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg (8) rsdK; uawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f u? rdk;cg;a&aomufenf; c?oufao!ïef;enf; 83

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Ê ? tjcm;olrsm;/ rdrdetzudk vdkvm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒ vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd óudwifod&Sdatmif tm;ay;ulnDaqmif&GufI 0g'jzef@jcif;? etz[m pepfwus qufqHa&; (3) rsdK; ðyvkyfoGm;ygw,f? ‚if;wdk@rSm tpdk;& Xmersm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k ajccH vlwef;pm; rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHaqmif&GufoGm;ygw,f?‚if;tjyif etz&JŒ owif;ay; rdrd trmcHvlrsm;ukd tpdk;&tm; qef@usifwJhtodkif;t0ef;Y xm;&Sdjcif;/ vlxk vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ESifhpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;Y xm;&Sdjcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Gufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvdk aqmif&Guf&mrSm tpdk;&tm; vHk;0qef@usifolrsm;/ qef@usifEdkifzG,f&Sdolrsm;/ =um;aeol rsm;ESihf pm;0wfaea&; ±kef;ueftm&Hkpkdufaeolrsm;/ tpdk;&tm; ESpfoufulnDaeolrsm;/ &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGeo f rl sm;/ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;rsm; qd+k yD; vlwef;pm; (5)rsKd ; cJjG cm;r_tm; owif;ay;rsm;ukd avhusifhoif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg enf;AsL[mrsm;udk usifhoHk;&m wGif 0ef}uD;Xmersm;rSm&Sw d hJ 0efxrf;rsm;udk wyfypkH H ±du k o f iG ;f um Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsu(f 12) &yf/ wdk@wm0efta&; (3)yg; pwJh wyfrawmfaqmifyk'fpmwef;rsm; uyfap+y;D reufwikd ;f opPmqdck idk ;f um wef;pD+y;D Edik if aH &;0ifa&mufa&maxG;r_ r&Sad pa&;twGuf xdef;csKyfcJhygw,f? 1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcahJ om0efxrf;rsm;udk ar;cGe;f rsm; ajz=um;ap+y;D cH,cl su/f ,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ EdkifiHa&; a&maxG;aeygu ta&;,lcJhygw,f? vlxkqGJaqmifr_tm; taumif;qHk;jzpfwJh ±kyf&Sif/ AGD'D,dk/ AGDpD'D/ 'DAGD'D um;csyfwdkif;rSm tpdk;&&JŒ ay:vpD/ rl0g'eJ@ OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;apygw,f?pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif rxnfhrae& xnfhcdkif;+yD; tpdk;&udk tm;ay;wJh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk rxnhfrae& xnfhcdkif;ygw,f// twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;awGtay: r[kwfrrSef vkyfZmwf yk*v d~ af &;xdcu kd rf r_ sm;udk xyfcg wvJvJ ajymqkcd ikd ;f jcif;jzifh vlxo k bm0t& rSeo f a,mifa,mif xifa,mifxifrmS ; jzpfapwJh enf;AsL[mjzpfygw,f? 'Dvekd nf;AsL[mawG usio hf ;kH ayr,fh jynfov l x l t k ay: pnf;±H;k Edik f r_ratmifjrifwmawG@&ygw,f?AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$u rdrdwdk@&JŒ 0g'jzef@csDcsuf/ tpdk;&rl0g' awGukd vlxk wDAaGD y:rSm=unf+h yD; b,fvw kd ek @f jyef=uovJv@kd Adv k cf sKyfawGukd ar;=unfch yhJ g w,f? wynfh&if;rsm;u vlxktaeeJ@ r=unfhcsif=uvdk@ ausmf=unhfoGm;jcif;/wDADGydwf vkdufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfwmawG@&w,fvdk@ jyefajym=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh enf;AsL[m wpfrsdK; ajymif;+yD; vlxktóuduf udk;&D;,m;um;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHwumowif;rsm;rSm 0g'jzef@csDa&; 86

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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87

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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tcef;}u;D (5) etz . National Defense Strategy

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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90

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;r[mAsK[mrSm ppftajccHoabmw&m;OD;pGmvm+yD; or±d k ; us ppf r [mAsL[m tajccH o abmw&m;rsm;ES i f h ppf q if r _ A sL[m tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[monfvnf;aumif;/ tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef trSDo[Jðyqufpyfaeygw,f? yxrykdif;jzpfwJh ppftajccH oabmw&m; rsm;rSm tcef;}uD;(8) cef;yg&Sdygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh u? tcef;}uD;(1)-EkdifiHawmf&JŒtajccHrlðy&aom tcsuf}uD;rsm; c? tcef;}uD;(2)-wyfrawmf&JŒtajccHoabmw&m;rsm; *? tcef;}uD;(3)-ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm; C? tcef;}uD;(4)-EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;tajccHoabmrsm; i? tcef;}uD;(5)-=unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m p? tcef;}uD;(6)-a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m q? tcef;}uD;(7)-ava=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m Z? tcef;}uD;(8)-tEkjrLppfr[mAsL[m wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? tqkyd g tcef;}u;D rsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;rsm;rSm us,jf yef@eufev J I S jynfwiG ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omtcef;rsm;udo k m aumufEw _ I f atmufygtwkid ;f xyfrH tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;jyygr,f(1) tcef;}uD; (3) ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm; atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f (uu) EdkifiHtcsif;csif;jy\em ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;/ (cc) wkdufzsufjcif;enf;vrf; (2)rsKd;/ (**) ppfwkd@&JŒobm0 ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/ (CC) vufeufu&d,ma=umifh ppfqifr_ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/ (ii) 0g'opf pwJh tcef;i,fawGyg&Sdygw,f? (2) tcef;}uD; (4) EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;qkdif&mtajccHoabmrsm; atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f (uu) ppfr[mAsK[m&nfrSef;csufrsm;/ (cc) ppfO;D aqmifjcif;tqifh cJjG cm;csurf sm;/ 91

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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(**) pnf;±Hk;jcif;tcef;qdk+yD; tcef;i,f (3) cef; yg&Sdygw,f? tqkdyg tcef;i,frsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;i,frsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; xyfrHpdwfjzmxm;ygw,f? (11) ppfr[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,f ppfyJGtwGufcsrSwftyfwJh &nf&G,fcsuf &efoltm; rdrdwkd@u pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;xm;jcif; tcsuftcsmusaomae&mrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;/ &efol@ppftiftm; tvHk;t&if;ukd acsr_ef;jcif;/ tcsut f csmjzpfaom ppfypPn;f ESihf ukeaf csm/ uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ydu k jf cif;/ qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wdk@tm; v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm; yg&Sdygw,f? (22) pnf;±kH;jcif; atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,fppftiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/ acgif;aqmifr_ pnf;±Hk;jcif;/ vlxktiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/ OpPmypPnf;tiftm; pnf;±kH;jcif;/ wyftvHk;t&if; pkpnf;jcif;/ wyfwdk@Y vdktyfaomvltiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/ aumif;rGefaomppft*gFpOfESifh avhusifhr_/ wyfwkd@tm; uGyfuJr_ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f? (3) tcef;}u;D (5) =unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[m atmufygtwkid ;f tcef;rsm; yg&Sdygw,f(uu) ppfatmif&maomta=umif;}uD;rsm;(14)csuf/ (cc) =unf;wyf ppfr[mAsL[mtajccHrsm;/ (**) ppfr[mAsK[m.tpdwftydkif;rsm;/ (CC) ppfr[mAsK[mppfqifenf;rsm;/ 92

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

(ii) (pp) (qq) (ZZ)

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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(5) bufpHkppfyGJtoGifusifhoHk;r_/ (6) r[mAsL[meJ@ t*~r[mAsL[mtajccHoabmrsm;/ t,ltqrsm; pwJh acgif;pOfi,fawG yg&Sdygw,f? (c) tcef;}uD; (2) ta&;}uD;aomppfr[mAsK[mqdkif&moabmw&m;rsm; atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(1) A[dk[efcsuf (Centre of Gravite)/ (2) tqHk;pGeftrSwfrsm;(Culminating Points)/ (3) av'ifyuf. ppfr[mAsK[mESifhppfenf;AsL[mwkd@. tESpfom&rsm;/ (4) vkyfaqmif&eftcsufrsm;/ (5) a&Smif&ef tcsufrsm;/ (6) av}uD;wdkufyGJoabmw&m; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f? (*) tcef;}uD; (3) wkdufyGJpOfeJ@ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/ pDrHcsufa&;qJGjcif;qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm; atmufygtwkdif; yg0ifygw,f(1) ppfe,f0ef;a&G;cs,fjcif;/ (2) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&; / (3) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/pDrHcsufrsm;/ (4) &nfrSef;csufrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/ (5) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_ (6) vkyfief;pOfrsm; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f? (uu) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&; atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(11) owif;&,la&;/ (22) yx0Dtaetxm;/

94

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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(33) +idrf;csrf;csdefumv owif;axmufvSrf;a&;/ (44) ppftwGif;axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? (cc) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHcsufrsm; atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(11) pDrHudef;tus,f/ (22) twdtus pDrHcsufi,frsm;/ (33) wyfr–;}uD;. pDru H ed ;f rsm;/ (44) a0zefppfaq;&ef vdktyfaomta=umif;t&mrsm;/ (55) pDrHudef;rsm;wGif jznfhoGif;&wJh tpdwftydkif;rsm;/ (66) ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,fjzpfr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f? (**) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fjcif; atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(11) ppfa&;wm0efpDrHcef@cGJjcif;/ (22) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;/ (33) y%mrppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf =um;cH&nfrSef;csufrsm; xm;&Sda&G;cs,fjcif; wdk@ yg0if=uygw,f? (CC) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_ atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(11) wm0eftqifhqifhrsm;/ (22) tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;/ (33) &Sif;vif;vG,fulr_/ (44) vHkavmufjynfhpHkr_/ (55) vG,fulpGmajymif;vJjyifqifEkdifr_/ (66) tvkyfpGrf;tm;aumif;r_/

95

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

(77) qDavsmfr_/ (88) taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh (99) jzef@a0jcif; ponfhtcef;i,frsm; yg0ifygw,f? (ii) vkyfief;pOf atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f(11) xdk;ppf/ cHppfvrf;pOfrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/ (22) ppfr[mAsL[m xkd;ppf (okd@r[kwf) cHppfqifjcif; xda&mufr_/ (33) qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk v$r;f rd;k Edik w f hJ tjcm;ta=umif;t&m tcsut f vufrsm; yg0ifygw,f? (C)tcef;}uD; (4) ppfr[mAsL[mt& pk±Hk;jcif; atmufygtwkdif;tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f(1) pk±Hk;&mrSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; qifjcif&r,fh tcsuftvufrsm;/ (2) pk±Hk;&efpDrHjcif;/ (3) pk±Hk;r_udktumtuG,fay;jcif;/ (4) pk±Hk;uGyfuJjcif;/ (5) pk±Hk;r_ae&modk@a&$@ajymif;jcif;ESifh a&muf&Sdjcif;/ (6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; ponfwdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? (i) tcef;}uD; (5) wyf}uD;rsm;toHk;ðyyHkoabmw&m;rsm; atmufyg twkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f(1) ppfe,f0ef;=unf;wyftiftm;pk/ (2) wyfawmfpk/ (3) ppfajrjyifwyfawmfrsm;/ (4) wyfr}uD;rsm;/ (5) wyf}uD;rsm;&JŒ uif;axmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ (6) txl;wyfrsm; yg&Sdygw,f? 96

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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(p) tcef;}uD;(6) ppfe,f0ef;ppfqifjcif; atmufygtwkdif; yg&Sdygw,f(1) wyfpk±Hk;jcif;/ (2) csDppf/ (3) xdk;ppf/ (4) cHppf/ (5) cGmppfu¾}uD;rsm;tvdkuf ppfqifjcif;rsm;/ (6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifygw,f? 15? jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mwGif tcef;}uD; (5)cef;yg&Sdygw,f tJ'gawGuawmh(u) tcef;(1)-jynfol@ppftajccHtcsufrsm; (c) tcef;(2)-jynfo@l ppfqifEpJ$ Of vdu k ef mvkyaf qmif&ef vdt k yfwt hJ csut f vufrsm; (*) tcef;(3)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& cHppfumvwGif qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm; (C) tcef;(4)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppftóudumvwGif qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm; (i) tcef;(5)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppf}uD;umvwGif qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f? q&m'um/ ausmif;'um pDrHcsuf etzOuUX AkdvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m 1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;umv rqv tpkd;&rsm; ðywfus&jcif; ta=umif;&if;ukd oifcef;pm,l az:xkwfum aemifvlxktkHºuGr_ xyfrH jzpfvmygu ppfwyfrokH;awmhbJ vlxktkHºuGr_ukd vlxku xdef;uGyfa&; EkdifiHawmf umuG,af &; r[mAsL[m csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? etzOuUÏ[m &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKy/f ppfO;D pD;rSL; yxrwef; G-1 'kAv kd rf –;}u;D odu k x f eG ;f u wifjycJw h hJ ‘q&m'umpDrcH suEf iS hf ausmif;'um’ pDrHcsufawGukd avhvmokH;oyf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?q&m'umpDrHcsufrSm ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifwwfwJh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd xdef;uGyf&efeJ@ ausmif;q&m/q&mrrsm;tm; }uH@z@HG o@kd oGwo f iG ;f a&; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;'umpDrcH surf mS 97

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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102

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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104

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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tqdyyf ifa&avmif; etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf}uHhzGH@udk 1993 ck pufwifbmv 15 &ufae@rSm pwif zG@J pnf;xlaxmifc+hJ y;D jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D XmerSm rSwyf w kH ifcyhJ gw,f? jrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f pOfukd jyef=unf&h if 1958-60 rSm Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tdraf pmift h pd;k & vufxufu ppfwyf&ŒJ trmcH a=um¶dk;tjzpf &SdaecJhwJh ‘‘EdkifiHawmf}uHhcdkifa&;toif;’’ udk rSDjirf;+yD; wnfaxmifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtoif;}uD;udk jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if OuUÏ[m jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;cifarmifjzL/ 'kw, d OuUÏu 'kw, d umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;) Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;/ twGi;f a&;rª;[m Adv k rf ;ª }u;D armifarmifw@kd jzpfaewm awG@&ygw,f? tck }uzhH @HG toif;}u;D udk jyef=unf&h ifvnf; A[dek m,ueJ@ tzG@J 0ifawGtm;vH;k [m wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy/f 'kw, d wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/ n‡Ed i_d ;f uGyu f aJ &;rª; (=unf;/ a&/ av)/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/ twGif;a&;rª;(1)/ upxrª;rsm;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf a& eJ@ av/ wdkif;rª; rsm;tm;vH;k [m zG@J pnf;yHrk mS ygaewJt h jyif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;/ twGi;f a&;rª;rsm;tzG@J / A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J awGrmS yg0ifaeolawG tm;vH;k [mvnf; tpd;k &tzG@J 0if 0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm; yg0ifaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? yxrOD;qHk; taxGaxG twGif; a&;rª;jzpfwhJ ,cif ynma&;0ef}uD; OD;oef;atmif[m t&yfom; jzpfayr,fh ‚if;ðywfomG ; +yD;wJhaemuf v,f qnf 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD; wm0ef,lcJh+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu tay:u =uyfrwfum aqmif¶GufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? etz tzGJ@0ifrsm;eJ@ wkdif;rª;rsm;[m }uHhzGH@&JŒ em,u tzGJ@0ifrsm; tjzpf&Sdae+yD; t"duzGJ@pnf;yHkt& taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ twGif;a&;rª;rsm;tzGJ@udkvnf; tqifhqifh zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? twGif;a&;rª; (5) OD;xm;&Sd+yD; A[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwD0if (19) OD;udk ,leDazmif; azsmufxm;wJh0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm;/ &efukefòrdŒawmf0ef/ 'kwd, òrdŒawmf0efrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf; xm;ygw,f? ‚if;wdk@eJ@ twGif;a&;rª;rsm;xJrS wcsdK@udk wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,ftvdkuf wm0efcH rsm;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfxm;ygw,f? }uzhH @HG ¶;kH vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; pOfqufrjywf vkyEf ikd &f ef toif;}uD;&JŒ XmecsKyfrª;/ 'kwd,XmecsKyfrª;/ oifwef;wm0efcHrsm; xm;&Sdum pepfwus zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? OuUÏ &mxl;tjzpfrxm;bJ òrdŒe,f/ c¶dkif/ wdkif;eJ@jynfe,ftvkduf twGif;a&;rª; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;&mxl;rsm;/ tvkyftr_aqmifrsm;jzifh wm0efay;tyf zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? }uHhzGH@XmecsKyf&JŒ ¶Hk;opf}uD;udk A[ef;òrdŒe,f wuUodkvf&dyfom vrf;opfrSm acwfrD Auto Power Windoor rSef}uD;rsm;tygt0if aiGodef;aygif; aomif;eJ@csD+yD; tukeftuscHum wnfaqmufcJhygw,f? }uHhzGH@oifwef;ausmif;udk ,cif 107

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arSmb f AD v kd o f ifwef;ausmif;wGizf iG v hf pS cf +hJ yD; aemufyikd ;f rSm anmifEpS yf if trsKd ;om;nDvmcH usif;ywJh taqmuftOD;rsm;udk nDvmcH+yD;ygu }uHhzGH@u jyefvnfv$Jajymif;oHk;pGJ &,lrSm jzpfygw,f? anmifESpfyifnDvmcHrSm aqmufvkyfxm;wJh taqmuftOD;awG[m }uHhzGH@ twGufjzpfvdk@ aiGa=u;tajrmuftjrm; ukefuscHoHk;pGJcJhayr,fh ,cif }uHhzGH@ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª; OD;oef;atmifeJ@ twGif;a&;rª; OD;atmifaomif;wdk@&JŒ taygif;tyg ukr`%D rsm;&JŒ rw&m; ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;&Sm}uHra_ =umifh nDvmcHpwifcgprSm taqmuftOD;awG[m rd;k ,djk cif;/ jyefvnfðyjyif&jcif;eJ@ nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,af wG pdwt f aESmift h ,Sujf zpfc&hJ a=umif; od&&dS ygw,f? }uzhH @HG pwifz@JG pnf;cgpu vlra_ &;toif;}u;D vd@k pwifc+hJ y;D &efyakH iGbwf*suu f kd Edik if aH wmfrS yHyh ;kd r_r&Sb d J rdrad jcaxmuf rdr&d yfwnfa&;toGif aqmif¶u G cf yhJ gw,f? wdik ;f eJ@ jynfe,f wm0efcHrsm;jzpf=uwJh 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k0ef}uD;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@ }uHhzGH@toif; rsufESm &a&; twGuf tòydiftqdkif yHhydk;cJh=uvdk@ }uHhzGH@wpfzGJ@eJ@ wzGJ@ òydifqdkifr_rsm;/ tqifhtwef; uGm[r_rsm; }uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;cJh=uvdk@ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; rufvHk;awGruf+yD; toif;0ifa&muf=uolawG/ tcGifhta&; ar#mfudk;vdkolawGeJ@ jynfhESufaeygw,f? }uHhzGH@pwifzGJ@pnf;pOf ‚if;wdk@&JŒ &nf¶G,fcsufrSm ygwD/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh uif;pifa&;/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf t"Ge@f &n S =f umpGm wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/ Edik if aH wmf tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajrwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;/ acwfrDEdkfifiHawmf}uD; jzpfay:vmap&ef umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; pwJh &nf¶G,fcsufrsm;jzpfa=umif; etzu trsdK;om;a&; toif;}u;D tjzpf 0g'jzef@um wmxGucf yhJ gw,f? trSew f u,f }uzhH @HG z@JG pnf;&wJh aemufu, G f &nf¶G,fcsuf[m EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; r[mAsL[mt& ‘‘wwd,t&ef tiftm;pk’’ zGJ@pnf;ay:xGufa&;omjzpfygw,f? e0w acwfO;D ESihf rqv acwfrsm;u oifcef;pmudk &,l+yD; vlxt k ºkH uGrj_ zpfvm cJh&if vlxkudk vlxku jyefvnf xdef;uGyfwJhr[mAsL[m Strategy udk etzu csrw S cf jhJ cif;jzpfygw,f? t"du ppftm%m&Siu f kd +cdr;f ajcmufaewJh ausmif;om;tiftm;pk/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;eJ@ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;zdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; }uHhzGH@udk zGJ@pnf;cJha=umif; awG@&Sd&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@pwifzGJ@pnf;csdefrSm tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/ aumvdy/f wuUov kd af wGu ausmif;q&m/ q&mrawGukd trde@f t& r0ifrae& 0ifcikd ;f +yD; ausmif;om;xktwGi;f udk pwifx;kd azmufpnf;¶H;k ygawmhw,f? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm; tm;vH;k udkvnf; twif; oGwfoGif;xm;ygw,f? 108

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ociftm;& u|efyg;0 }uHhzGH@ pwifzGJ@pnf;pOf wm0efay;tyfcH&wJh 0ef}uD;tcsdK@eJ@ 'k0ef}uD;wcsdK@[m rdrdwdk@ tzGJ@udk aiGa=u;tiftm; yHhydk;ay;¶HkeJ@ vHkavmuf+yDvdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh arSmfbD Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh }uHhzGH@oifwef;rSm etz OuUÏ udk,fwdkif ntdyf+yD; teD;uyf =uyfrwfavhusifhoif=um;ay;wJhtcg 0ef}uD;rsm;[m ajcrudkifrd/ vufrudik rf jd zpf+y;D rdcif 0ef}u;D XmeawGukd ypfy,fI ntdyf avhusiahf y;=u&ygawmhw,f? }uHhzGH@awGudk tzGJ@i,ftvdkuf/ tpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yapum pmwef;zwfyGJrsm;/ NLD eJ@ twdu k t f cH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsu/f a0zefcsuf pwmawGukd avhusihf oif=um;ay;ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ody`H/ ppfa&;ynmeJ@ owif;pma&;om;enf;/ pHkprf; axmufvSrf;enf; pwJh axmufvSrf;a&; ynm&yfawG/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlra_ &;u¾aygi;f pHk oif=um;ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gah =umifh }uHzh @HG ukd wwd, t&eftiftm;pk ygwDwpf&yftoGif zGJ@pnf;zdk@qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f? etz&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk NLD rSudk,fpm;vS,f (86) OD;[m ygwD&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ rwufa&mufawmhbJ xGufcGmoGm;cJhwJhtwGuf 1996 ck rwfv (31) &ufae@rmS nDvmcHukd &yfem;cJ&h ygw,f? 'DtwGuf vufnKd‡ ;axmif acgi;f ndwrf vkyf wJh NLD udk etzu rausreyf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD [m cGJjcm;vdk@r&a=umif; etzu od&Sd+yD;aemufydkif; NLD udkESdyfuGyfzdk@ }uHhzGH@udk t"du¶k%f; ESdrfeif;a&;oifwef;rsm; ay;vmygw,f? }uHhzGH@udk yxrqHk;t}udrf tm;prf;r_tjzpf 1996 ck arv (14) &ufae@u 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;Ek&ŒJ (1) ESpjf ynfh qGr;f oGyt f vSLyGu J kd wufa&muf vmwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J tzG@J ukd c&rf;csOo f ;D awGe@J ypfaygucf ikd ;f cJw h t hJ jyif Ed0k ifbmv (9) &ufae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k ygvmwJh armfawmf,mOfwef;udk cJe@J aygucf ikd ;f ap wJhtxd ðyrlvmygw,f? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf um;ay:rSm teD;uyfvHkòcHa&;eJ@ owif;axmufvSrf;zdk@vdkufygvmwJh trSwf (12) axmufvSrf;a&;wyfu Adkvfrª;aepdk; udk,fwdkif aESmuf,Suf wdkufcdkufr_owif;udk r&&Sdvdkufvdk@ tdkifuGefpum;ajympufeJ@ ysmysmovJ owif;yd@k aew,fv@kd od&ygw,f? uuvSr;f u =um;jzwfta&;ay: tpDtpOft& vl}uD;u vkyfcdkif;vdkufvdk@ jzpfa=umif;eJ@ tomarS;aecdkif;a=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f? 1996 ckESpfrSm wjynfvHk;taeeJ@ }uHhzGH@tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; Show of ForcesawG ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 1998 ckESpf arv (27) &ufae@u NLD tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ a¶G;aumufyGJ (8) ESpfajrmuf atmifyGJae@rSm (3)vtwGif; v$wfawmfac:,lay;zdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 109

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etzudk awmif;qdkvdkufcsdefrS pwifum xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_ }uD;rm;vmygw,f? pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rSm v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 250 OD;&JŒ óudwif oabm wlnDcsufeJ@ tzGJ@0if (10) OD;yg0ifaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? etz[m rcHr&yfEdkif wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;+yD; tzGJ@csKyfv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ pnf;aumfrwDawG/ ygwD0ifawGudk }uHhzGH@&JŒ yg0gtm;ukd &,lum pufwifbmv (25) &ufae@rSm ygwD0ifaygif; (912) OD;tm; odrf;usHK;zrf;qD; ESpf&Snf axmif'%f csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? wcsKd @uv kd nf; twif;t=uyf E_wx f u G cf ikd ;f ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm }uHzh @HG &ŒJ yg0gtm;udk ,lwyhJ pkH u H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f rd af wGukd }uHzh @HG tm; apv$w+f yD; pnf;¶H;k +cdr;f ajcmufcikd ;f wJh enf;vrf;rsm;/ e,fajrcHvx l u k kd jr‡LqG,pf nf;¶H;k I acgi;f rmaewJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,u f kd t,Ht k =unfr&Sad =umif;/ uef@uu G q f ENjyapr_rsm;/ zdtm;ay; uef@uGufa=umif; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;apr_rsm; pwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHk usifhoHk;cJhygw,f? tzGJ@csKyf¶Hk;rsm;udk ydwfcdkif;cJhovdk tzGJ@csKyfudk axmufcHtm;ay;aewJh jynfolawGeJ@ ukefonfpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifawGudk ta=umif;&Smzrf;qD;zdk@ rSwfwrf;wif pm&if;ðypkzdk@ }uHhzGH@udk wm0efay;tyfygw,f? NLD eJ@ qufEG,faewJh 0efxrf;rsm;udkawmif tvGwf ray;bJ apmifh=unfhESdyfuGyfygw,f? 'ghtjyif }uHhzGH@udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@toGif yHo k ¾mefrsKd ; oGwo f iG ;f vm+yD jzpfygw,f? a'oqdik &f m tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;[mvnf; }uHhzGH@udk av#mhrwGuf&JbJ wdkif;rª;eJ@ txufvl}uD;awG e,fajra'o qif;vm&ifawmif óudqdk&mrSm }uHhzGH@udkzdwf=um;&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cgprSm ausmif;om;vli,f trsm;pkyg0if+yD; (49) &mcdkifE_ef;/ tvkyform; (13) &mcdkifE_ef;/ awmifolv,form; (22) &mcdkifE_ef;/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif (16) &mcdkifE_ef;eJ@ tiftm; (5)oef;&Sda=umif; etzu a=unmcJhygw,f? t&nftwGufazmif;yGr_ xkxnf }uD;rm;aer_udk jycsifwJhoabm/ r0ifrae& twif;oGwfoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tcsdK@ uvnf; [rf;zkef;ygrpfrsm;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhta&;rsm; ar#mfudk;+yD; toif;0ifolrsm; jzpfae&m vlaygif;pHk tusifhaygif;pHk }uHhzGH@}uD;[m ociftm;& u|efyg;0r,fh toif;}uD; jzpfa=umif; awG@jrifae&ygw,f?

110

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;. wifjycsuf

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh }uHhzGH@ xdyfwdkufawG@qHkjcif; 1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbm (11) &ufae@ }uHhzGH@toif;tr_aqmifrsm; pDrHcef@cGJa&; oifwef; trSwpf Of (7) zGiyhf JG tcrf;tem;rSm Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a¶$u }uHzh @HG awG&ŒJ t"du wm0ef[m jynfwGif;/ jynfy tzsuform;rsm;udk bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwf+yD; jywfjywf om;om; acsre_ ;f oGm;zd@k jzpfw,fqw kd hJ rSm=um;csuef @J a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ,mOfwef; t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufcH&wm oufaojyaeygw,f? 2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufae@ yk*aH jr &mpkEpS o f pf tóud vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J u;D yk*EH ;DS aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ycJ&h mrSm }uzhH @HG tiftm;udk t"duxm; usif;ycJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpf arv (6) &ufae@ a':atmifqef; pk=unfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfu jyefv$wfcJh+yD;wJhaemuf etz[m EdkifiHa&;ordkif;u¾ wpf&yf zGifhvSpfvdkufyg+yDvdk@ a=unmvdkufovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ ygwDpnf;¶Hk;a&; c&D;pOfudkvnf; óudqdka=umif; {+yDv (15) &ufae@u tðyoabm wkef@jyefcJhygw,f? rauG;wHwm; avhvma&;c&D;pOfvdk ae&mrsdK;rSm etz[m VIP óudqdkwJhyHkpHrsdK;eJ@ óudqdk ay;cJhygw,f? trSefrSmawmh xdk;awmhr,fhqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfjcif;om jzpfygw,f? }uHhzGH@trsm;pk&JŒ tawG;pdwfxJrSm etz&JŒ y&d,m,fudk rodbJ rlvtoif;0if uwnf;u tcGit hf a&;&zdk w h pfcw k nf; udo k m ar#mv f ifx h m;wmrd@k a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ e,fajrpnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;pOfukd remvdrk ¶–pdrhf jzpfc=hJ uygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vlx&k ŒJ axmuf c H t m;ay;r_ }uD ; rm;vmr_ t ay: }uH h z G H @ awG [ m pd k ; &d r f a omu 0if v m+yD ; pOfqufrjywf tzsufoabmaqmifwJh owif;rsm;udk ae@pOf etzOuUÏxH wifay;ae =uygw,f? Oyrm a':atmifqef;pk=unf,mOfwef; um;vrf;ray:rSm &ifaygifwef;+yD; pnf;urf;r,fh oGm;vmaea=umif;eJ@ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJawG pnf;urf;r,fhvkyfaea=umif;/ ¶H;k cef; zGiv hf pS &f mrSm vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;eJ@ rnDa=umif;pojzifh wpfpw d u f kd wpftw d v f yk u f m txiftjrifvGJrSm;atmif vkyf}uHajymqdk=uygw,f? }uHhzGH@wm0efcH 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k0ef}uD; rsm;uvnf; omomxk;d xd;k / rsuEf mS vdrk suEf mS & etzOuUÏudk yH}k u;D cs@J +y;D rrSeo f wif;awG wifjyay;ygw,f? vlxak xmufcrH &_ aewJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd 0ef}u;D tcsKd @e@J 'k0ef}u;D tcsdK@[m }uHhzGH@eJ@ vlxktiftm;jy òydifqdkifvdk+yD; pwef@xGif wifjycJh=uygw,f? 'gha=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf ppfudkif;wdkif;/ csif;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f a&mufvmuwnf;u }uHzh @HG rsm;[m pwifvy_ &f mS ;r_ ðycJyh gw,f? 'kw, d 0ef}u;D (4) OD;[m óuw d ifomG ;a&mufum }uHhzGH@tzGJ@awGudk aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfajr‡mufyifhr_awG pwif vkyfaqmifvmygawmhw,f? arv (9) &ufae@ aumvif;òrdŒudk a&mufvmwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@tzGJ@udk }uHhzGH@ 111

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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tjynfht0 vufwGJyl;aygif;aqmif¶GufoGm;rnf jzpfa=umif; NLD eJ@ (88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ &yfwnfcsuu f kd qef@usio f mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? 'gha=umifh etz&JŒ jynfwGif;rD'D,mawGudk toHk;cscGifhðy+yD; tqdkygtzGJ@&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_udk 0g'jzef@csday;aewm awG@&ygw,f? 2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (9) &ufae@rSm &efuif;òrdŒ ausmufukef;/ ausmif;}uD;bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmðyvkyfwJh jynfaxmifpkae@tóud trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ yxrt}udrf awG@qHkyGJ ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 'DawG@qHkyGJrSm trsKd ;om; jyefvnfpnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; okawoeESihf wd;k cs@J xw k v f yk af &; ausmif;awmfom;pk qdw k hJ OD;vSjrift h zG@J / acwfopfEikd if aH &;abm*aA' ausmif;awmfom;pk qdw k hJ OD;vSoed ;f tzG@J / EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'avhvma&; rsdK;qufopfausmif;awmfom;pk qdkwJh OD;tkef;vGiftzGJ@/ NLD rSxkwfy,fxm;aom OD;&JudkeJ@ nDvmcHwufa&mufaewJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f rsm;jzpfwJh OD;=unf0if;eJ@ OD;wifxGef;armif/ OD;wif0if;/ 0HomEk NLD a'gufwm pdk;vif;wdk@ tzGJ@/ udkat;vGifwdk@ OD;aqmifaom (88) rsdK;qufausmif;om;tzGJ@wkd@ wufa&mufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm xl;jcm;wm &efuif;ausmif;}uD;bkef;}uD;ausmif;[m pufr_(1) 0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif;[m bHkuxdef0gqdkouFef; t+rJqnf;uyf udk;uG,fvSL'gef;aewJh ausmif;jzpfovdk }uHhzGH@twGif;a&;rª; jzpfwmeJ@tnD ‚if;&JŒ pDrHr_jzpfwm aocsmoavmuf &Syd gw,f? }uzhH @HG trmcHxm;&Sw d hJ jynfo@l prG ;f tm;&Sit f zG@J uv kd nf; zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; rD;owf/ pnfyif/ =uufajceDrsm;yg0if=uum vlxktoGifzefwD;a&;eJ@ twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u bk&m;&ifjyif 0wfðyqkawmif;yGJ at;csrf;pGmvkyfvmcJh&ifawmif jynfou l vufrcHwhJ toGirf sKd ; zefw;D um jynfou l kd jynfou l xde;f uGyw f yhJ pkH rH sKd ; taumiftxnf azmfvmwm awG@&ygw,f? aemufuG,frSm }uHhzGH@òrdŒe,ftr_aqmifrsm;eJ@ òrdŒe,f&w J yfz@JG r;ª wd@k u óu;d udik f vlpx k m;ay;+yD; uifr&mrsm;/ wkw/f 0g;&if;wkwf tygt0if qdik u f ,f/ 'dkifemum;rsm; tpHt k vif pDpOfxm;um omvGet f iftm;jzifh t=urf;zufacsre_ ;f Edik af &; pDpOfay;cJyh gw,f? jynfol@csOfzwf tjrpfjzwf }uHhzGH@trmcHawGudk owif;axmufvSrf;a&;enf;awG v#dK@0Sufoif=um;ay;+yD; rdrdòrdŒe,f twGif;rSm&SdwJh r,u/ &JwyfzGJ@eJ@ ppfwyftygt0if Xmeqdkif&m 0efxrf;awG tm;vH;k udk apmif=h unfch ikd ;f +yD; tm%mtvGo J ;kH pm;ðyr_/ t*wd vku d pf m;r_/ tusihf pm&dwW ysufjym;r_/ qef@usifbuf EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@awGrSm yg0ifywfoufr_&Sdr&Sd pwJh Report 120

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

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127

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

Akv d x f ufrif;

128

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

1

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

2

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

3

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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N Neettw woorrkk ffoorr DDeem mooccrraaccyy aanndd DDeevveellooppm meenntt D Dooccu um meen nttaattiioon n aan ndd R Reesseeaarrcch hD Deeppaarrttm meen ntt P.O Box 179, Mae Sod, Tak, 63110, Thailand. Tel: 66 (0) 81 7241 281, [email protected], [email protected]

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

4

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

5

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

6

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

7

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(2)” rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxufu “'dk@vlawG &dSao;vm;” qdk+yD; r=umc%ar; avh&dSygw,f? “'dk@vlawG”qdkwmu olwyf&if;rSL;vkyfcJhwJh trSwf(4) Armhaoeyfudkifwyf&if;rSm oleJ@twlwm0efxrf; cJh=uwJh ol@wynf@&if; t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk &nf!$ef;wmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; umuG,fa&; OD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1949 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvup+yD; oleJ@oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqkdifwJh Armhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif; wyfrSL;}uD;awG (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm tygt0if) udk wOD;csif;jzpfap/ tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufjzpfap wajz;ajz; z,f&Sm;ypf cJh+yD; “'dk@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? tck etzppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ vufxufrSmvnf; ol umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpf {+yDvup+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm “ol@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;Edkifzdk@ pwif}udK;yrf;vmcJh wm awG@&dS&ygw,f? tckvuf&dS ol@ab;rSm 0ef;&Hxm;oltrsm;pk[m ol wyf&if;rSL;/ AsL[mrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ pwJhwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu ol@wynf@&if;jzpfcJhbl;olawG/ oludk,fwdkif ,Hk=unf pdwfcs tm;udk;&olawG jzpfaewmudkawG@Edkifygw,f? OTS tywfpOf(9) oifwef;qif; t&m&dSwOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m cv&(1)/ cr&(101)/ wyfr (88)/ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf(ewc) pwJh wdkufcdkufa&;wyfawGrSm wm0eftqifhqifhudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;ayrJh wdkufcdkufa&;bufrSm xl;c|efatmifjrifwJh wyfrSL;wOD;awmh rjzpfcJhygbl;? 1980 ckESpfavmufu wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;b0 eJ@ usdKif;wHka'orSm ppfqifa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifaepOf wyfr(88)udk Auy (815)ppfa'o (,QK OD;pdkif;vif;. rdkif;vm; typf&yftxl;a'o) vufatmufcHwyfawGu jyif;jyif;xefxef ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhwJhtwGuf wyfr (88)vufatmufcH trSwf(3)ucsifaoeyfudkifwyf&if; XmecsKyfygusqk;H cJh&+yD; ppfonfawGeJ@ rdom;pktrsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJh&bl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m tJ'Dtcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh ppfacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfaewJh twGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqvygwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumf rwD0iftjzpfawmif csD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1983 ckESpfrSm ewcwdkif;rSL;eJ@ {&m0wDwdkif;&J@ a'oygwD aumfrwDOuUX &mxl;awGudkyg csD;jrSifhcHcJh&+yD; 1985 ckESpfrSmawmh 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu touf(52)ESpf t&G,fom&dSao;wJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m &mxl; tqifh(2)qifhudk ckefysHausmfwuf+yD; 'kwd, umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmwJhtay: rqvwyfrawmf xdyfydkif;wyfrSL;awGtwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG trsm;tjym; &dScJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if; a&S@rSmawmh tm;vHk; a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m ppfrwdkufwwfayrJh “vBufawmh aumif;aumif;xkwfwwfw,f” qdkwJh vlpm;xJrSm ygyHk&ygw,f? olu t&m&dSaygufpb0eJ@ uu§jynf/ ryc eJ@ wyfr[m(1)wdk@rSm e,fvSnf@ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;rSL; wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJhtjyif A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvfrSmvnf; enf;jywm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJh tawG@t}uHKawGa=umifh vlawG&J@ pdwf"mwfoabmobm0eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tvm;tvmwcsdK@udk }udKwifwGufcsuf cef@rSef; Edkif+yD; vl}uD;awG ESpfoufoabmusatmif aexdkifjywwfwJht&nftcsif;&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvrSmawmh ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL; pENm0if;wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$udk acgufxm;+yD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk a&S@wef;wif yGJ xkwv f mwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$&J@ pdwfxJrSm OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@tay: t+idK;taw;awG pwif jzpfay:cJhw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwbFmvtwGif; ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apm armifeJ@ AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udk ol@&J@tdrfawmfrSm ac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;zdk@/ ppftm%modrf;aumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu OuUXvkyf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifOD; wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) vkyfcdkif;zdk@ !$ef=um;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifuvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk tm%m =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

8

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

odrf;ppfaumifpDrSm omreftzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfeJ@om xnf@oGif;cJh+yD; ta&;ygwJh ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ay:v pDawGudk udkifwG,fcdkif;jcif;r&dSyJ vrf;azguf/ wHwm;aqmuf pwJhvkyfief;wcsdK@udkom }uD;=uyfapcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyf }uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifeJ@ OD;ae0if;wdk@tay: t+idK;taw;xm;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ rauseyfr_awGudk &dyfrdvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u e0wtwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&S@&_+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk e0wppfaumifp&D J@ 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk t}udrf}udrf em;cspnf;&Hk;cJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifu 1990jynf@ESpf tapmydkif;a&mufrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef; a&$udk e0w 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh t+idK;taw;}uD;wJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ ajcvSrf;trSm;udk apmifhqdkif;&if; qif}uH }uHaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m ae&mwum ol@ vufol@ajc jzpfaewJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udkvnf; odyf=unf@r&ayrJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;awGudk vsdK@0Sufvkyfudkif+yD; ppftmodrf;zdk@ tajctaeawG ay:aygufvmatmif zefwD;vkyfaqmifay;cJhol jzpfaewma=umifh wcsdefcsdefrSm ol@twGufvnf; toHk;0ifvmEdkifw,f qdkwJhtawG;eJ@ tcsdKowfqufqHxm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhyHk&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m 1990 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSm wpnygwD tEdkif&r,fxif+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ +yD;&if wyfrawmfu ppfwyfv#m;udkjyefr,fvdk@ tmacsmifrdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh pDpOfxm;ovdkjzpfrvmbJ NLD ygwDu tjywftowf tEdik f&&dSoGm;wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh oabmxm;wif;rmol e0wAdkvfcsKyfawGu v$wfawmfac:ay;zdk@udpPeJ@ NLD ygwDudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@udpPawGtay: tjyif;txef qef@usifuef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? NLD ygwDu olwdk@tm%m&cJh&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; jyKvkyfzdk@/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;eJ@txuf wyfrawmf t&m&dS}uD;awGudk z,f&Sm;oef@pifypfzdk@ pDpOfaea=umif; wpdwfudkwtdyfvkyf+yD; wyfrawmftwGif;rSm aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfr_ awGudkvnf; jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? ab;uswfeHuswf tajctaeawGeJ@ &ifqdkifvm&wJh tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m pdwfxGufayguf&SmwJhtaeeJ@ t&ufudk ae@a&mnyg aomufvmcJh&mu aemufqHk;rSm pdwfa0'emyg pGJuyfvm+yD; rdef@cGef;ac|&mrSm trSm;t,Gif;awG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? tuGufaumif;udkacsmif;aewJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ rdef@cGef;awGudk wvHk;rS jyifqifwnf;jzwfjcif;rjyKbJ a&'D,dkeJ@ &kyfjrifoH=um;uae xkwfv$ifhcdkif; cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk jynfolvlxkeJ@ wyfrawmfom;awGt=um;rSm ynmom;ygygeJ@ oduQmcszdk@ }udK;pm;cJhyg w,f? aemufqHk;rSm wyfrawmfaq;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf0if; (aemif t*FvefEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf }uD;) OD;aqmifwJh orm;awmf}uD;awGudk ppfaq;cdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ usrRma&;tajctae raumif;awmh a=umif; aq;axmufcHpm a&;cdkif;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m e0w ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ ppftpdk;&tzGJ@0if awGudk 'Daq;pmjy+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk tem;ay;zdk@ pnf;&Hk;cJhwJhtjyif ppfwdkif;rSL;wOD;csif;pD&J@ oabmxm; udkvnf; ac:,lar;jref;wmawG jyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tppt&m&m tuGufaphatmif zefwD;EkdifcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m oludk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;wJh e0w a=ujimcsuftrSwf 8§92 udk 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(23)&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyefcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif udk wm0eft&yf&yfu tem;ay;a=umif; a=ujimcJhygw,f? “EdkifiHawmf. jrm;ajrmif}uD;av;vSaom tvkyfwm0efrsm;. '%fa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif. usef;rma&;onf tem;r,lv#if rjzpfawmhonf@tajctaetxd csdK@,Gif;vm ojzifh wm0efrsm;jyefvnfxrf;aqmifEdkifaom usef;rma&;tajctaeodk@ a&muf&dSonftxd tem;,lae&ef u|rf;usif aom q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u t}uHjyK axmufcHwifjyvmygonf? Txufyg q&m0ef}uD;rsm;. t}uHjyKaxmufcHcsufudk EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;wGifwifjy+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmiftm; tem;,lap&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufa=umif; a=ujimtyfygonf?” qdk+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif udk ynmom;ygyg z,f&Sm;ypf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhygw,f? e0w twGif;a&;rSL;(1) AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@uvnf; tJ'Dae@&ufpGJeJ@ e0wa=ujim csuftrSwf 9§92 udk xkwfjyefcJh+yD; e0wOuUXae&mudk ,QKtcsdefup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u qufvuf wm0ef,l oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; a=ujimcJhygw,f? (wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m {+yDv(22)&ufae@ uwnf;u umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf wm0efudk pwifxrf;aqmifae+yD jzpfygw,f?) =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

9

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

10

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(3)” 1988 ckESpf pufwbFm ppftm%modrf;yGJ[m rqvppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyf }uD;apmarmif OD;aqmifwJhppftkyfpku rsufvSnfhjy+yD; tm%mudk v$Jajymif;,lvkdufjcif;om jzpfygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwbFm(17)&ufae@rSm wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ wyfrawmf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@ wdk@[m &efukef+rdK@ AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; wjynfvHk;rSm jzpfay:aewJh vlxktHkºuGr_tajctaeawGeJ@ wyfrawmf&J@ vuf&dStaetxm;awGudk OD;ae0if;xH &Sif;vif;wifjycJh&ygw,f? aemufwpfae@ pufwbFm(18)&ufae@ reuf(9)em&DrSm OD;ae0if;u rqvygwD acgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh OD;pef;,k/ OD;pdefvGif/ OD;at;udk/ a'gufwmarmifarmif/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxifeJ@ OD;xGef;wif wdk@udk ol@tdrfrSmac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udkvnf; wufa&mufcdkif;cJh+yD; vuf&dStajctaeawGudk tao;pdwf xyfrH&Sif;jyzdk@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk OD;ae0if;u !$ef=um;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmifacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@taeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@vuf&dStajctaeawGudk qufvuf xdef; odrf;oGm;zdk@ b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OD;aqmif+yD; ppfwyfutm%modrf;zdk@/ tm%m odrf;ppfaumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OuUX/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifOD; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;AdkvfrSL;}uD;)wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf }uD;oef;a&$ tygt0if umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;u xdyfydkif;AdkvfcsKyfwcsdK@eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk tm%modrf; ppfaumifp tzGJ@0ifawGtjzpfeJ@ xnfhoGif;wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg; tygt0if a&G;aumufyGJawG tjrefqHk; usif;y jyKvkyfay;zdk@ qdkwJh OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yfudkyg tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm OD;ae0if;u csrSwfay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ppftpdk;&&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJzdk@eJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfawGudk aemufuG,fu xdef;a=umif;ay;oGm;zdk@twGufvnf; a'gufwmarmifarmif acgif;aqmifwJh yJhudkifaumfrwDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;tyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufudkvnf; tJ'Dtpnf;ta0; rSmyJ vufa&;rleJ@a&;om;cJh+yD; qufoG,fa&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;oef@ (aemif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;) eJ@ ppf axmufvSrf;a&; 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL; 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;xGef; (aemif b¾ma&;eJ@tcGef0ef}uD;Xme 'k0ef}uD;) wdk@u tJ'Dae@nae (4)em&DrSm jrefrmhtoHudkoGm;a&muf+yD; 'Da=unmcsufudk xkwfv$ifhcdkif;cJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m ueOD;rSm e0wppfaumifpDtwGif; omref tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;taeeJ@om rxifr&Sm; yg0ifcGifh &&dScJh+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh ay:vpDydkif;qdkif&mudpPawGudkvnf; udkifwG,faqmif&GufcGifh r&&dScJhygbl;? 1989ckESpf arv(23)&uf ae@rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh e,fpyfa'oESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_taumiftxnfaz:a&;A[dktzGJ@rSm om OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m cyfxHkxHk trlt&m&dSwJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: olcdkif;or#vkyfrJholtjzpf&_jrif+yD; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftxd wm0ef}uD;awGudkay;tyfcJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSm bm a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: oabmxm;ajymif;vJoGm;&ovJ qdkwmudkawmh OD;ae0if;uvGJ+yD; b,folrS twdtus odEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: tjrifr=unf jzpfvmwm[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$ wdk@t=um;u jy\ema=umifh rjzpfEdkifbJ OD;ae0if;&J@orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL;cifpENm0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsK yfoef;a&$&J@ ZeD; a':r}udKif/ orD;awGjzpf=u wJh cif+yHK;a&$/ =unf=unfa&$/ at;at;opfa&$/ a'0ga&$/ oEWma&$ wdk@t=um;u +ydKifqdkifr_awGeJ@ remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG a=umifh jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmfwcsdK@u oHk;oyfajymqdkcJh=uygw,f? 2008 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm OD;ae0if;&J@ rqvtpdk;&vufu EdkifiHawmftm%mudk wyfrawmfu odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkayrJh AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ ae@pOfvdkvdk 0if xGufoGm;vmaewmawG@&+yD; OD;ae0if;xH tpD&ifcHwifjywmawG/ OD;ae0if;&J@=o0g'udk cH,lwmawG/ qufvuf jyKvkyfcJh =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

11

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@ aetdrfudkvnf; cgwdkif;vdk vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhwyfzGJ@awG tjynfht0 csxm;ay;cJhygw,f? 1989 ckESpf rwfv(27)&uf wyfrawmfae@(zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@) npmpm;yGJrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0wfpHkudk 0wfqif+yD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD0ifawG&J@ pm;yGJxdyfrSm cef@cef@}uD;ae&m,lxm;wJh OD;ae0if;udk e0w owif;rD'D,mawGu wcrf;wem;az:jyay;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif e0wppfaumifpDOuUX&Hk;tygt0if tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmvnf; Adkvf csKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ "gwfyHkawGudk qufvuf csdwfqGJxm;cJh=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1990 ckESpftwGif; 'nif;ukef;wyfrawmfa*gufuGif;rSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif/ AdkvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcspfaqGwdk@ a*guf&dkufupm;aepOf OD;ae0if; &kwfw&ufa&muf&dSvmwJhtwGuf upm;wmudk acwW&yfem;+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk tav;jyK}udKqdkE_wfqufcJhwJhtjyif olwm0ef,lvkyfaqmifae wJh a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;tajctaeawGudk wifjytpD&ifcHcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefu pvdk@ OD;ae0if;tay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ qufqHa&;tajctaeawG[m vHk;0 ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk ADvrf;&dS umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaetdrfu qif;cdkif;cJhwJhtwGuf OD;ae0if;[m ol@orD;}uD; cif pENm0if;&J@aetdrfudk ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@ teD;uyfvHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@u t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyf wyfom; tm;vHk;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk jyefydk@cJh+yD;/ AD vrf;t0eJ@ a':cifpENm0if; tdrfw0dkuf rSmom trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;u wyfcGJ(1)cGJudk qufvuf csxm;ay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmcsdwfqGJxm;wJh OD;ae0if;&J@"gwfyHkawGudk jyefvnfjzKwfodrf;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u zdtm;ay;cJhwJhtwGuf 1992 ckESpf arv(4) &ufae@xkwf e0wppftpdk;&owif;pmawG&J@ rsufESmzHk;rSm OD;ae 0if;&J@ rnDrnmvufa&;eJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh arwWm&yfcHpmwpfapmifudk awG@=u&ygw,f? “t+idrf;pm;orRw ae0if;. oufqdkifolrsm;tm; arwWm&yfcHcsuf” vdk@ acgif;pOfwyfxm;wJh 'Da=ujimcsufwdkav;rSm “tpdk;&e,fbuf/ ppfbuf &Hk;rsm;/ Xmersm;wGif u|efawmf."gwfyHkrsm; csdwfqGJxm;jcif;udk y,fzsuf=uyg&efESifh aemifwGifvnf; rcsdef=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?” qdk+yD; a&;om;az:jyxm;ygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if;&J@+cH0if;twGif;rSm oD;jcm;tdrfi,fwpfvHk; aqmuf vkyfaexdkifc&Jh +yD; bmoma&;tvkyfawGudkom tm&HkpdkufvkyfudkifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ u a':cifpENm0if;&J@ aetdrfw0dkufu vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhawGudkyg jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m a':cifpENm0if;udk ydk+yD; rsufrkef;usdK;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif e0wOuUX jzpf pOfu a':cifpENm0if;wdk@rdom;pkudk csay;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhawGudk ol@vufxufrSm jyefvnfxdef;csKyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@trdef@t& GSM rdkbdkif;w,fvDzkef; wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wpfOD;wnf; rlydkiftjzpf a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ rdom;pkudk csay;cJhwJh qufoG,fa&;pmwdkufeJ@a=u;eef;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf0if;wif udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf arv(10)&ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wdkuf&dkuf }uD;=uyfzdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;udk wm0efay;cJhygw,f? GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;zdk@udpPrSm t&if;tESD; a':vmoef;(200)avmuf vdktyfwJhtwGuf a':cif pENm0if; u AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@tultnDeJ@ typf&yf UWSA tzGJ@udk &S,f,m(80)&mcdkifE_ef; a&mif;pm;xm;cJhwJhtjyif w,fvDzkef;awGudkvnf; }udKwifa&mif;csxm;cJhwma=umifh 'DudpPawGtwGuf oyGwftlvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ wdk@t=um;rSm wif;rmr_awG ydkrdkjzpfay:cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Daemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif !Gef@&J@ =oZmtm%mudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;wdk@u wajz;ajz; csKyfudkifvm=uwm a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@ a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ rdom;pktay: oHa,mZOf&dSayrJh ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifwm r&dS oavmuf enf;oGm;cJh&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ orD;(4)OD;[m EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerSm twGif;0ef&mxl;awGudk &,lxm;=uwJh twGuf OD;ae0if; EdkifiHjcm;udk aq;ukoxGufwJhtcg oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawGrSm&dSwJh jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;awGeJ@ oH&Hk;t&m&dS awGu OD;ae0if;udk EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJvdk orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if; udk (First Lady) vdk oabmxm;+yD; jymjym ovJ oGm;a&muf}udKqdk {nfhcaH e=uwmudk remvdkr&_pdwfjzpf+yD; zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk wpdwfwtdwf =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

12

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

13

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

14

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

15

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

16

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

17

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(5)” AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m 1991 ESpfukefydkif;avmufup+yD; pdwfa0'emcHpm;vm&wJhtwGuf 'k-OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh e0wtzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck odrf; ,lcJh=uygw,f? 1991 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0ef,lxm;wJh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; wm0efawGudk OD;tHk;a*smfudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 1992ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(22)&ufae@rSm um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkyg v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(23)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk usef;rma&; ta=umif;jy tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; e0wOuUX&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(24)&ufae@rSm e0wppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkyg wygwnf; v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m txufuay;wJhtrdef@twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufcJhwJh ppfom; wpfOD;om jzpfygw,f? ol@rSm tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyfudkifxm;vdkwJhqENeJ@ }uD;rm;wJhEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf r&dSbl;qdkwm olajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awGeJ@ ol@vkyf&yfwcsdK@rSm txift&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJ wpf &yf usif;yjyKvkyfay;+yD;&if wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefr,fvdk@ ajymcJhbl;ovdk/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya' a&;qGJzdk@qdkwm 'kd@tvkyf r[kwfbl;/ ordkif;w&m;cH tjzpfrcHEdkifbl;vdk@vnf; vlod&Sif=um; ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? wu,f vnf; 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#watmif usif;yjyKvkyfay;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tjywftowf tEdkif&&dSoGm;wJhtcg tm%mudkvufrv$wf csif=uwJh e0wAdkvfcsKyfawGu AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk 0dkif;0ef;uef@uGuf zdtm;ay;vm=uygw,f? ppfom;yDyD udk,fajymcJhwJh pum;/ udk,fay;cJhwJhuwdudk rzsufcsifwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m tJ'Dtcsdefupvdk@ ab;usyfeH usyfjzpf+yD; pdwfzdpD;r_a0'emudk cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ol@&J@pdwfa0'emudk ydkrdkqdk;0g;apwmuawmh 1990 ckESpf =o*kwfv(27)&ufae@rSm rEWav;+rdK@&dS oHComr*~D tzGJ@csKyfuOD;aqmif+yD; e0wppfAdkvfcsKyfawGtygt0if tm%mydkifawGtm;vHk;udk “ywWeduUKZ…e” uHaqmif oydwf arSmufcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? rEWav;upvdkufwJh 'DuHaqmifoydwfwdkufyGJ[m ppfudkif;/ rHk&GmeJ@ &efukef+rdK@awG tygt0if wjynfvHk;udk awmrD;vdk csufcsif;jyef@ESef@oGm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif tygt0if e0wppftkyfpkwpfckvHk;udk txl;wkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;rSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Sifvl awGudk um,uHajrmuf owfjzwfcJh=u&wJh wyfrawmf&J@atmufajcydkif;udk pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& ydkrdkxdcdkufapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif taeeJ@ 'DudpPudk odrfodrfarG@arG@eJ@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkwJhqEN&dSayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;u tm%mpufeJ@ cyfjywfjywfudkifwG,fzdk@ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkvm wma=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkESdrfeif;r_awG jyKvkyfcJh&wJhtay:rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ pdwfa0'em[m ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$uawmh EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mawGtm;vHk; ol@vufxJudk a&muf&dSvmwJhtcsdefup+yD; Akdvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0efcHvkyfaqmifcJhwJh vkyfief;rSefor# oleJ@bmrSrqdkifovdk oabmxm;cJhygw,f? ol@v ufxJu tm%mudk t"du+cdrf;ajcmufoljzpfvmwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudkvnf; b,fawmhrS tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ qHk; jzwfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efudk v$Jajymif;,lwJhae@rSmbJ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJzdk@ trsdK;om;nDvmcHac:,lwhJ a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if e0w ppfaumifpD0if(19)OD;vHk;[m rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if; udk,f wdkif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;xm;cJholawG jzpfygw,f? rqv ppftpdk;&acwfrSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol& ausmfxif jzpf+yD; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifjzpfayrJh wu,fawmh olwdk@(2)a,mufvHk;

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

18

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

19

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

20

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(6)”

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

21

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

22

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

23

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

24

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(7)” e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf wckvHk;udk ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@toufu (64) ESpf &dSaeyg+yD? 1956 wyfrawmftufOya't&qdk&if touf(60)ausmfwmeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm b,folrS wm0ef qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;udk jyef=unf@r,fqdk&ifvnf; *ENDpmcsKyft& 1945 ckESpf pufwbFm(7)&ufae@rSm jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhwJh tcsdefup+yD; 'Duae@txd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaygif; (7)OD;&dScJhwJhteuf vuf&dS wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvGJvdk@ b,folrS touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd 'D&mxl; udk qufvufzufwG,fxm;wmrsdK; rawG@cJh&ygbl;? ,kwfpGtqHk; acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;rSm yxrqHk; ppftm %m&Si}f uD;jzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;awmif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd xrf; aqmifjcif; rjyKcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh touf(75) ESpft&G,fudka&mufaewmawmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk vufrv$wfao;bJ zufwG,fxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ yxrqHk;umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh u&ifvlrsdK; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (BC-5106) qdk&ifvnf; wm0efuz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh 1949 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm touf(60) rjynf@ao; wm awG@&ygw,f? ol@ae&mudkqufcHcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;(BC-3502) qdk&ifvnf; 1962ckESpfrSm ppfwyfeJ@tm%m odrf;cJhol jzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhwdkifvufrv$wfyJ qufvufqkwfudkifoGm; r,fqdk&if aumif;aumif;}uD; &EdkifayrJh 1972ckESpf {+yDv(20)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl; udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k(BC-3569)udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (145-1911) jzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf(60)jynf@wJhtcsdefrSm ppfpnf;urf;udk av;pm;vdkufema=umif;jywJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@ &mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k (arG;ouU&mZf 3-3-1918) uvnf; touf(60)rjynf@ cif 1974 ckESpf {+yDv(26)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; (BC-3651) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ av;pm;cspfcifr_udkcHcJh&wJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifawGupdk;&drf+yD; 1976ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkufwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (12-3-1927) jzpfwma=umifh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol@touf[m (50)awmif rjynf@ao;wmudk awG@Edkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@&mxl;udk qufcHcJhwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&ausmfxif (BC5332) uvnf; (1924) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJholjzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf( 60)jynf@wJh 1985 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (BC-6187) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wu,fawmh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@q&mjzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifvufa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;avmuf owWda&m/ t&nftcsif;yg r&dSygbl;? oltm%m&vmwm ESpf(20)eD;yg;&dS+yD; toufuvnf; (75)ESpft&G,f a&mufaewmawmif/ ol@&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk atmufvlawGxH ,Hk=unfpdwfcspGmeJ@ v$J ajymif; ray;&Jao;wmudk=unf@&if 'Dtcsufudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m aumufuspf,kwfrmwJhae&mrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xuf ydk+yD;tpGrf;xufwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ol@touf (60) ausmfvmwJhwdkifatmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk rpGef@v$wfcsifao;wma=umifh 1997 ckESpfrSm e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD; oleJ@toufr&G,f rwdrf;r,drf; vkyfaz:udkifzuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; w'gZifausmfudk wyf rawmftwGif;uae jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;vif;ypfcJhygw,f? topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh etz ppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@xJrSm ol@wynf@ trsm;tjym;udk xdk;xnf@ ae&may;cJh+yD; oluawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;tygt0if xdyf

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

25

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

qHk;u vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udk qufvuf&,l xdrf;csKyfxm;cJhygw,f? ol@wynf@awGu ol@udk ruvefEdkifatmif vkyfwJhtaeeJ@vnf; ae&mopfawGeJ@ &mxl;opfawG trsm;tjym;udk wDxGifzefwD;+yD; cGJa0ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? rlv e0wppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@(2)om xm;&dScJh&mu topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufwJh etzppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)qdkwJh ae&mopfwckudk xyfrHwDxGifzefwD;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (BC-8809)udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdk vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh[m etztzGJ@rSm (5)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dS qHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfvm+yD; 1988 ckESpfupvdk@ twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) &mxl;awGudk&,lxm;cJh=uwJh 'kwd, Adkvf csKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@&J@ vkyfydkifc Gifhtm%meJ@ =oZmt&dSeft0gawGudkvnf; av#mhenf;usqif; oGm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(11)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpf vmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfa&;csKyf tjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&dSygv#ufeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m 1997 ckESpf etzacwfrSm wyfrawmfa&;&m 0ef}uD;Xme qdkwmudk wDxGifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@wOD;jzpfwJh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvS (BC-8752) udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif aemufwESpft=um 1998 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl; udkyg yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvSudk etztzGJ@rSm (6)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfvm apcJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS [mvnf; 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;uwufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(22)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpf rSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh etz ppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)OD;txd cef@tyfp&mrvdkbJ wOD;wnf;eJ@wif vHkavmuf w,fqdkwmudk 'Duae@ wOD;wnf;aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; u ouf aojyaeygw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;awG azgif;yGaewm[m ol@wynf@ukd,hfwynf@awGudk ae&may;zdk@eJ@ tcsif;csif; tm%mcsdefcGifv$mxdrf;!dSzdk@twGuf &nf&G,fjyKvkyfae=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ae&mudk (2)ESpfeD;yg;=umatmif vpfvyfxm;cJh+yD;rS 2003ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkawmfwOD;jzpfwJh ava=umif;&ef umuG,fa&;XmecsKyfrSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if; udk tJ'Dwm0ef yl;wGJay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh vmbfpm;r_ pGJcsufawGeJ@ 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh twGif;a&;rSL;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if; jrifh &J@ ae&mudkawmh tcktcsdefxd tpm;xdk;cef@tyfjcif;rjyKawmhyJ jyefvnfzsufodrf;vdkufwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufqdk&if wu,frvdktyfyJeJ@ wyfrawmfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ awG&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkawGudk wdk;vdkufav#mhvdkufeJ@ ol vkyfcsifovdkvkyfcJhwJhom"uawG trsm;tjym;&dScJhygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm e0w uae etztjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wpkudk ,m,DESpfodrf@zdk@}udK;pm;wJhtaeeJ@ “t}uHay;tzGJ@”qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhayrJh (7)vrjynf@cif tJ'DtzGJ@udk jyefvnfzsuf odrf;ypfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvm;wl 0ef}uD;tzGJ@rSmvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGudk (3)OD;txdxm;vdkuf aemufjyef zsufvdkuf/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdk+yD; ckzGJ@vdkuf aemufzsufvdkuf/ etzOuUX&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ qdkwmawGudkvnf; 2OD;pD/ 3OD;pD cef@xm;vdkuf jyefzsufypfvdkufeJ@ jzpf§ysuf oHo&m vnf aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m (de facto) tpdk;&jzpfwJh etzppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; &,lxm;cJh ayrJh oludk,fwdkif EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@qufqH&rSmudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@aewma=umifh 1997 ckESpf e0wu etz trnfudk ajymif;vJcJhwJhtcsdefrSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef; wdk@udk wef;+yD;jzKwfrypfao;bJ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ol@atmufrSm cef@tyf wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif aemufwESpft=umrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS udkyg 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ cef@tyf wm0ef =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

26

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

ay;cJhwma=umifh 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf (3)OD;txd&dScJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf(3)OD;vHk;udk 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm etz wGif;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifheJ@twl wokwfwnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; ypfcJh+yD; aemuf ydkif;rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwm wa,mufrSr&dSawmhovdk/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdkwmvnf; wcgwnf; =uuf aysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; vufrv$wf&J/ xrf;aqmif&zdk@vnf; 0efav;aewJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m 2003 ckESpf 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJ}uD;t+yD;rSm EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&rSmudk ydkrdka=umufvef@vmwma=umifh 'Dwm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@xH ycHk;v$Jay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? wcsufckwfESpfcsufjywfoabmeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udkvnf; ppf &Hk;csKyfu t+yD;tydkif armif;xkwfypfzdk@ }uHpnfcJh=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;&J@ wm0ef}uD;av;r_awGudk ta=umif;jy+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ rlv&mxl;awGjzpfwJh uu§vSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,Hkwynf@&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfzdk@/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udkawmh twGif;a&;rSL;(2)jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf }uD;pdk;0if; vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk zdtm;ay;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ taeeJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udk vufv$wfEdkifayrJh uu§vSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk vufv$wfvdkuf&r,fqdk&if wyfeJ@tquf jywf+yD; “arsmufopfudkif;vGwf”ovdk jzpfoGm;r,fqdkwm }udKwifodjrifaewma=umifh uu§vSrf; &mxl;udkawmh v$J ray;Edkifbl;vdk@ tjywfajymcJhwJhtwGuf wif;rmr_awG jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m oludk,fwdkif aemufuG,fu uGyfuJaqmif&GufcJhwJh 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJudpP a=umifh EdkifiHwumzdtm;awG tqrwefjrifhwufaecsdefrdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ tay;t,lvkyfaps;qpfaezdk@ tcsdefr& cJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk r,Hk=unf/ rauseyfayrJh ol@&J@0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv(25) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;xuf ydktm%m&dSwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &mxl;udkawmh b,fol@udkrSv$Jray;bJ oludk,fwdkif qufvufqkwfudkifxm;cJhwma=umifh etz0ef}uD;tzGJ@&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHk [m “bk&m;uatmuf/ arsmufutxuf” qdkwmvdk uarmufurawGjzpfaewm awG@Edkifygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@uvnf; ol@udk,fol yGJxkwfzdk@}udK; pm;wJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@r[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xmeu jyKpka&;qGJwifjyxm;wJh etz&J@EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHk (Road Map) (7)csufudk ol0ef}uD;jzpfwJhae@rSm oludk,fwdkif zwf=um;toHv$ifhzdk@ pDpOfcJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ u wm;jrpfcJhwJh twGuf =o*kwfv(30)&ufae@a&mufrS xkwfjyefcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ ta&; ygwJh etztwGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udk ol@vl,Hk wynf@&if;wOD;jzpfwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2)ylylaEG;aEG; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;0if; udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJh+yD; twGif;a&;rSL;(2)&mxl;udkawmh aemufxyfvl,Hkwynf@&if;wOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh ta&;ygwJhae&mrSefor# ol@vlawGeJ@tpm;xdk;+yD; xdrf;csKyf xm;cJha=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

27

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(8)” AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m EdkifiHawmftm%mtm;vHk; ol@vufxJudk pwifa&muf&dSvmwJhae@up+yD; AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD; apmarmif vufxufu a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhwJh rl0g'awGeJ@ uwdu0wfawGtay: wm0efrcHawmh bJ ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? ol@udk vrf;azgufwHwm;aqmuf vkyfief;awGrSm ab;z,fxm;cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD; apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ OD;aqmifa&;qGJcJhwJh rl0g'(ay:vpD)awGrdk@ ol@taeeJ@ vufvnf;rcHEdkifbl;/ wm0ef vnf; r,lbl;qdkwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUX jzpfrvmcifuwnf;u 1990 taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrSmtEdkif&cJhwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@ta&;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@ uGufcJhol jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& NLD ygwD acgif;aqmifwcsdK@xHu “ppfwyfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyf& r,f/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;eJ@txuf wyfrawmft&m&dStm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&r,f/ ppf&mZ0wfr_awGudk usL;vGefcJhwJh xdyfydkif; ppfacgif;aqmifwcsdK@udk “EsL&ifbwf” vdk EdkifiHwumppfcHk&Hk;rSmwif+yD; ao'%fay;&r,f?” pwJh pum;oHawG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ acgif;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;twGuf NLD ygwDudk tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ axmufjyp&mtuGuf aumif;awG jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'DudpPrSm e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;(1)vnf;jzpf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ udk,f wdkifu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ &yfwnfcsufudkaxmufcHcJh+yD;/ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& v$ wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ wm0ef[m tpdk;&wpf&yfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifzdk@r[kwfbJ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wpf&yf a&;qGJzdk@omjzpfw,fqdkwJh vrf; a=umif;udkajymif;vJypfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhygw,f? “EsL&ifbwf” ppfcHk&Hk;eJ@ Oyrmay;ajymqdkcJhwJh tzGJ@csKyf,m,DOuUX OD; =unfarmifudkvnf; a'gow}uD;eJ@ jyif;jyif;xefxef acsyajymqdkcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufu a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&; pwJh rl0g'awGtm;vHk;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&mrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya' t& w&m;0ifjzpfvmatmif jyKvkyfa&;/ ppfwyfydkif tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifa&;/ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGudk wajz;ajz;aysmufuG,foGm;atmif pepfwus acsr_ef;ypfa&;/ ppftif tm;udk (5) odef;txd wdk;jr‡ifhzGJ@pnf;a&;/ acwfrSD+yD; tiftm;awmifhwif;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfvmatmif wnfaqmufa&;/ tEkjrLvufeuftygt0if zsufqD;r_pGrf;tm;jrifhrm;wJh acwfrSDvufeufawG xkwfvkyfwyfqifEdkifa&;/ typf&yftzGJ@awG udk vufeufjzKwf+yD; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ0ifqJ olykeftzG J@tpnf;awGudkawmh tjywfacsr_ef;ypfa&;/ EdkifiHwumqufqH a&;eJ@ oHwrefa&;u¾rSm w&kwf/ tdENd,/ tmqD,H pwJhEdkifiHawGeJ@ qufqHa&;wdk;jr‡ifh+yD; ukvor*~eJ@ taemufEdkifiH awGudkawmh Offensive Diplomacy Strategy ac: xdk;ppftoGifaqmifwJh oHwrefa&;r[mAsL[mwpf&yf csrSwf aqmif&Gufa&;/ pwJh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awGudk jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? taemufEdkifiHawGeJ@ ukvor*~wdk@&J@ zdtm;ay;r_awGa=umifh w&kwfEdkifiHwpfckwnf;tay: vHk;0 rDScdk&yfwnfae &wmrsdK; rjzpf&atmif tdENd,EdkifiH tmqD,HEdkifiHawGeJ@ ydkrdkeD;uyfpGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifrJh enf;vrf;awG&SmazGzdk@ twGuf uu§ vSrf; ppfr[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xme Xme}uD;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfodef;eJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerS OD;at; (aemif =opaw;vsESifh uae'gEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;) wdk@udk oDoef@ wm0efay;tyfcJhygw,f? tdrfeD; csif; tdENd,tpdk;& tqufquf[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHawGbufu wav#mufvHk; &yfwnfay;cJhayrJh 1992 ckESpf tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyf &m*spf*END vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&+yD;aemufydkif;upvdk@ rl0g'tajymif;tvJawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? 'Dtajymif;tvJudk xdxda&mufa&muf toHk;csEdkifzdk@twGuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfodef;eJ@ OD;at;wdk@ acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@ [m tdENd,EdkifiHudk csOf;uyfcJh&mrSm atmifjrifr_awG &&dScJhygw,f? tvm;wl xdkif;EdkifiHtygt0if tmqD,HEdkifiHawGudk csOf;uyfcJh&mrSmvnf; atmifjrifr_awG &&dScJh=uygw,f? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

28

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif vufxufu csrSwfxm;cJhwJh typftcwf&yfpJa&;rl0g'awGudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@acgif;rm*dk%f;u jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&mrSmawmh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; wdk@t=um; oabm xm; uGJvGJr_awG t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:cJh=uygw,f? 1948 ckESpf jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; a&mifpHk vufeufudkifolykeftzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tjyKwfwdkufvdk@r&cJhovdk/ tºuGif;rJhvufeufcszdk@ }udK;yrf;r_awGvnf; ratmif jrifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufrSm vufeufcszdk@/ Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufzdk@/ qdkwJh wpfzufeJ@ wpfzuf oHo,jzpfaprJhpum;awGudk wwfEdkifor#a&Smif+yD; a'ozGH@+zdK;r_awGudkvufwGJvkyfaqmif&if; ,Hk=unfr_wnf aqmuf=uzdk@/ aemufydkif;usrS EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk EdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Sm=uzdk@ qdkwJh rl0g'awGudk ajymif;vJcsrSwfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufrSm csrSwfcJhwJh e0w&J@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&mrl0g'awGxJrSm e0w&J@ 'dk@wm0efta&;(3)yg;udk oabmwlrwl ar;jref;zdk@/ oabmwl&if ESpfzuftypf&yf+yD; a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm vuf wGJaqmif &Guf=uzdk@/ ESpfzufvufeufudkifwyfawGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;e,fajrawG owfrSwfay;xm;+yD; wyfv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wpfzufeJ@wpfzuf Contact Point awGuwqifh !dSEd_if;vkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf; awGudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfudkifcGifhay;zdk@/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr_awGudk aemufydkif;rSm ay:ayguf vmrJh 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&vufxufrSm EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;=uzdk@ qdkwJhtcsufawG yg0ifcJhw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? 'Drl0g'awGeJ@tnD AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@uOD;aqmif+yD; 1989 ckESpftwGif; AuyxHu cGJxGufcJh=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@awGudk csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;cJh=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifvufxuf 1988 ckESpf uae 1992 ckESpftwGif; 'Drl0g'udkvufcH+yD; typftcwf&yfpJa&;jyKvkyfcJh=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@aygif; (9)zGJ@txd &dScJhygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@awGuawmh udk;uef@tzGJ@/ 0tzGJ@/ Auy wyfr[m (768)eJ@ (815) ppfa'o &Srf;§tcg wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@/ SSA tzGJ@/ pckefwdef@,drf; acgif;aqmifwJh Auy(101)ppfa'o ucsiftrsdK;om;tzGJ@/ OD;rxkaemf acgif;aqmifwJh KIA wyfr[m(4) ucsiftrsdK;om;tzGJ@/ OD;atmifcrf;xD acgif;aqmifwJh PNO ytdk@0f trsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf/ OD;tdkufrkef; acgif;aqmifwJh yavmifwdkif;&if;om; PSLP tzGJ@eJ@ a*b,fvfysH OD;aqmifwJh KNG u,ef;trsdK;om;tzGJ@wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 1992 ckESpf {+yDvaemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ tm%modrf; vdkufwJhtcsdefupvdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGtm;vHk; tºuGif;rJhvufeufcsa&;/ vuf&dStajctaerSm vufeufrcsEdkifao;&ifawmif vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudkpGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufygw,fqdkwJh uwd pum;udk &atmif,lxm;a&;/ qdkwJh rl0g'udk ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhygw,f? typf&yfonfjzpfap/ typfr&yfonfjzpfap/ &efol[m&efolyjJ zpfvdk@ tcktcsdefrSm rwdkufao;vnf; aemufwcsdefrSmwdkuf&rSmbJqdk+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ppfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ (4)vywftpnf;ta0;awGrSm t+rJvdkvdk owday; xnfhoGif;ajymqdkavh&dS a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; typftcwf&yfpJa&;vkyfief;awGudk t"du wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u tjyif;txefuef@uGufcJhayrJh oabmxm;wif;rmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; wdk@tjyif ppfwdkif;rSL;trsm;pkuyg &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m bmrSrwwfEdkifbJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ &J@ trdef@twdkif; vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ rl0g'opfatmufrSm 1993 ckESpfuae 1995 ckESpftwGif; typftcwf&yfpJzdk@oabmwlcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@ pkpkaygif;(6)zGJ@&dScJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@awGuawmh ucsiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (KIO)/ u&ifeD vlrsdK;aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&; wyfOD; (uvvw)/ u,ef;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (KNLP)/ &Srf;jynfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (&v vz)/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)eJ@ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 'DtzGJ@awG[m umvwpfcktxd vufeufqufudkifxm;cGifh &&dScJh=uayrJh vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufzdk@ oabmwlygw,fqdkwJhuwdudkawmh ay;cJh=u&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

29

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

30

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

31

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(9)” ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;w,fqdkwm[m vufeufudkifwyfawG&J@tiftm;udktoHk;jyK+yD; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk +cdrf;ajcmufvk,l odrf;ydkuf&wmrsdK;rdk@ vufeufudkifwyfawGudk wdkuf&dkuftrdef@ay;uGyfuJcGifh&dSol ppfAdkvfcsKyftrsm;pk&J@ axmufcHr_udk&&dSzdk@ txl;vdktyfwmawG@&ygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;eJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifvGif(E_wfcrf;arG;)wdk@uOD;aqmif+yD; usdwfvkyfcJhwmqdkayrJh tm%modrf;a=umif; a=unm+yD; ppfaumifpDzGJ@pnf;wJhtcgrSmawmh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if xdyfydkif;wyfrSL;}uD;awG udkyg tzGJ@0iftjzpf xnfhoGif;az:jycJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm trnfxnfhoGif;az:jycHcJh=u&wJh AdkvfcsKyf/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; trsm;pk[m tm%modrf;yGJ rSm yg0ifzdk@aeaeomom }udKwif+yD;awmhvnf; rodcJh=ubl;vdk@qdkygw,f? 1962 tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if wyfrSL;}uD; trsm;pk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufawGeJ@ ol@=oZmudkrvGefqef&JwJh qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh Adkvfae0if;u olwdk@udkrwdkifyifyJ tm%modrf;cJhwJhtjyif tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSmvnf; olwdk@ &J@trnfawGudk xnfhoGif;cJhayrJh apm'urwuf&Jvdk@ +idrfaecJh=uwmjzpfEdkifovdk/ udk,fwdkif bmrSvkyfp&mrvdkyJ tm %m&SifawGjzpfvm&wJh twGuf usdwf0rf;om+yD; rdSef;aecJh=uwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? 1958 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ol@ aemufvdkufwpfpku EdkifiHawmftm%mudk yxrqHk;t}udrf tEk=urf;pD;cJhpOfu awmifydkif;wdkif;rSL; AkdvfcsKyfbvdwf wpfOD;omv#if yGifhyGifhvif;vif;qef@usif+yD; wyfrawmfu E_wfxGufoGm;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf[m rdrd&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf &mxl;eJ@pnf;pdrfudk pGef@v$wf&JwJh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ppfom; aumif;wpfOD;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyfbvdwfvdk ppfom;aumif;awG wpfa,mufrSay:xGuv f mwm rawG@cJh&ygbl;? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&uf e0w ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrS mvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m etz twGif;a&;rSL;(1)vnf;jzpf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@aygif;+yD; e0w ppftkyfpktwGif;u ol@&J@t"du+ydKifzufawGudk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf jzKwfxkwf&Sif; vkyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 1962 Adkvf ae0if; tm%modrf;cJhpOfu 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif}uD;udk,fwdkifawmif }udKwifod&dScJhjcif; r&dSbl;vdk@ =um;bl;ygw,f? tck 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; }udKwif od&dScJh&J@vm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@aygif;+yD; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;ypfcJhwJh e0w ppfaumifpD0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmfxJrSm trsm;pk [m Adkvfarmifat;udk 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmatmif qGJwifay;cJhwJh vkyfaz:udkifzufawGjzpfae=uwma=umifh jzpfygw,f? 1997 tm%mvk etzppfacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$/ Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@+yD;&if pwkwWeJ@ yOPr tm%mt&dSqHk; yk*~dKvfawGuawmh etzwGif;(2)vnf;jzpf ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) vnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@ etzwGif;(3)vnf;jzpf ppfa&;csKyfvnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifh wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@ 0if;jrifh wdk@[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJhwynfh&if;awGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dtm%mvk y[ GJ m 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJxuf ydk+yD;tEW&m,f}uD;w,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 1962 ckESpf tm %modrf;yGJ[m t&yfom; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xHutm%mudk ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufcJhwmjzpf+yD; 1997 tm%mvkyGJuawmh wpfa,mufajcvSrf; wpfa,muf t+rJapmifh=unfhae=uwJh ppftm%m&Siftcsif;csif;=um;rSm jyKvkyfcJh&vdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;(12)OD;udk }udKwifwdkifyif today;jcif;&dSr&dS pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygw,f? e0w ppftkyfpktwGif;u jzKwfxkwf&Sif;cHvdkuf&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmf[m tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpfae=urJh olwdk@tm;vHk;[m ol@acwfol@tcgu wyfrawmfxJrSm =oZmtm%mxufcJholawG jzpf=u =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

32

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

33

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvmcJhwJhtjyif 1981 ckESpf rqvygwD&J@ pwkwWt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumfrwD0ifyg jzpfvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? q&mjzpfol 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk u 1981 ckESpf pufwbFm(19)&ufae@rSm oufjynfhyifpifeJ@ wyfrawmf wm0efawGu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqv A[dkaumfrwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrftpnf;ta0;eJ@ wwd,t}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;awGrSm rqvygwD&J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiH awmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&+yD; =oZmtm%mt&dSeft0g ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? q&mu wyfr awmfxJrSm r&dSawmhayrJh ygwDvdkif;rSm taumif}uD;jzpfvmwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; 1983 ckeSpfup+yD; ewc wdkif;rSL;/ a'oygwDOuUX/ 1985 Edk0ifbmvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 1988 ZlvdkifvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;eJ@ rqvA[dktvkyftr_ aqmifaumfrwD0if pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSvmwm awG@&ygw,f? etzwGif;(2)eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; [mvnf; Adkvfat;udk &J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk 'kcsKyftjzpf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;[m uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL; wifOD;[mvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfat;udk&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef u Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae&wJhtwGuf Adkvfat;udk/ Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m wpf&Hk;wnf;/ wpfÏmewnf;rSm q&mwynfhawGtjzpfeJ@ twlvufwGJcJh=ubl;wm awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m 1977 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;udk cr&(106)udk wyf&if;rSL;wm0efeJ@ acwWajymif;a&$@jy cdkif;cJh+yD; 1979 ckESpfuae ol 'kwyfcsKyfwm0ef u z,fay;cJh&wJh 1981 ckESpftxd 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;udk uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf wav#mufvHk; ac:,lxm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG(zsmyHk)eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk(usHKaysmf) wdk@[m {&m0wD wdkif;om;awGjzpfayrJh i,fpOfuwnf; wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; +ydKifbufawGjzpfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk eJ@ Adkvf wifhaqG wdk@[m 1943 ckESpfrSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk 0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm (10)wef; atmifxm;wJhtwGuf r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ *syefppfwuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; 1948 ckESpfrSm jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS jzpfvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udkuawmh usHKaysmf ae&Sife,ftrsdK;om;ausmif;rSm (10) wef;txdom ynmoif=um;cJhbl;wJhtwGuf jznfhwif;a&;eJ@o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyf&if;rSm wyfom;tqifheJ@ pwif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&+yD; aemufydkif;rSm ol@&J@yg;eyfxufjrufr_a=umifh t&mcHAdkvfuav;tqifhtxd cef@tyfcHcJh&yg w,f? 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; AdkvfwifhaqG u *syefjynfrSm ppfynmoifaecJh+yD; Adkvfat; udk u o&ufc&dkif a&S@wef;ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfeJ@ wdkif;(1) yJEG,fukef;pcef;awGrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk xrf; aqmifaecJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m *syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1946 ckESpfrSm xyfrH 0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? jynf+rdK@&dS Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh oeu(4)rSm wyfom;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1952 ckESpf usrS Adkvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)udk wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&dSjzpfvmcJhol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu 1962 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (ewc)rSm 'kwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif aepOf Adkvfat;udkuvnf; ewcrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef; (G-1) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ wyfwpfckwnf;rSmvnf; txufatmufwm0efawGudk twlwuG xrf; aqmifcJh&olawG jzpfc=Jh ubl;ayrJh Adkvfat;udk [m yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;oljzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwdkif;rSL; Adkvf rSL;}uD;wifhaqG tay:rSm rvdkrkef;wD;r_awG &dScJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;wdk@&J@q&m&if; Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufyDyD pdwfo abmxm; ao;odrf&kwfnHhwJ@ae&mrSm ol@q&m}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;xufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkEdkifw,fvdk@ oleJ@ twl wm0efuscJholawGu rSwfcsufjyK=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; at;udk[m wyfr(88)rSm 'kwyfrrSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfr(88)&J@ wyfrrSL;[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;wifeJ@ Adkvfat;udk wdk@t=um;rSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; rwnfhcJ=h ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfat;udk&J@ aemuf =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

34

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

ausm"m;eJ@xdk;wwfwt Jh usiafh =umifh ol@txuft&m&dSrSefor# ol@udk t+rJowdxm; qufqH=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif &yc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@oGm;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvm cJhygw,f? yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk[m wdkif;rSL;a[mif; aexdkifoGm;cJhwJhaetdrfeJ@ wdkif;rSL; a[mif; pD;oGm;wJhum;awGudk qufroHk;yJ/ ol@twGuf tdrfopfaqmuf/ um;opf0,f+yD; toHk;jyKcJha=umif;vnf; od&dS& ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;ud[ k m rqvygwD&J@ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf &GmrSm ol@twGufaqmufvkyfaewJw h dkuftdrfudk aqmuf+yD;umrS yHkpHr}udKufvdk@qdk+yD; jyefzsufaqmufcdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS &ygw,f? ,QK tus,fcsKyfcsrSwfcHae&wJh tzGJ@csKyf'kOuUX/ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ pwkwˆajrmuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf a[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpfrSm &mxl;jyKwf+yD; wyfrawmfuxkwfy,fcH&atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ uvdefuuspf vkyfcJh=u&mrSmvnf; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ vefbm; wifOD; (rsufrSef wifOD;) eJ@twl &ef ukef wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf oufwrf; 1974 ckESpfuae 1976 ckESpftwGif; &efukefrSmjzpfyGm;cJhwJh qENjyyGJwcsdK@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; u ypfcwfacsr_ef;zdk@ cGifhrjyKcJhwJhtay: vefbm;wifOD;eJ@ wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSl;}uD;at;udk wdk@u rausreyfjzpfcJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;udk tjypf&Smvdk@r&wJhtwGuf ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwmwifrdk;a0 [m vl}uD;rdom;pk vdkufem& rJhpnf;urf;awGudk csdK;azgufcJhw,fvdk@pGyfpGJ+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm twif;tusyf E_wfxGufcdkif;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (Adkvfat;udk&J@ wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifOD;tay: tcktcsdeftxd t+idKw}uD;jzpfaewm[mvnf; ol@q&mqDu&&dScJhwJh pdwf"gwfawGa=umifh jzpfEkdifygw,f?) 'Dvdk pdwfaeoabmxm;&dSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@q&m[m 1976 ckESpfrSm 'kwyfcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? rqvygwD OuUX}uD; OD;ae0if;uvnf; ol@ajc&meif;rJhwynfhqdk+yD; Adkvfat;udk udk jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wpfcgrS ray;bl;ao;wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkwJh&mxl;udk ay;tyf+yD; csD;jr‡ifhajr‡mufpm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m “q&mqdk;wynfh” jzpf ayrJh ae&maumif;awGudkawmh &cJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udk aumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[mvnf; wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pwJh tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck &&dScJhygw,f? 1981ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm Adkvfat;ud[ k m touf (60)jynfhvdk@ 'kwyfcsKyftjzpfu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh =oZmtm%mydk}uD;rm;vSwJh ygwDtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; &mxl;awGudk &&dScJhjyefwJhtwGuf ol@wynfh}uD;udkvnf; ewc wdkif; rSL;/ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;/ pwJh &mxl;}uD;awG &&dSonftxd qGJwifay;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG wyfr(77) wyfrrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf Adkvf}uD;cif!Gef@ u wyfrrSL;&J@ udk,fa&; t&m&dS (PSO) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwifah qG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@vufOD;q&m jzpfcJh ygw,f? (Adkvcf sKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@rdom;pktm;vHk; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawGcsrSwfcHae&csdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ajr;/ &JEdkif0if;&J@om;i,fwpfOD;udk AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGu ac:,larG;pm;+yD; ausmif;xm;ay;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f) AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG[m &wc wdkif;rSL;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD; Xme0ef}uD;/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmif/ pwJh &mxl;awGudk&&dScJhayrJh 'kwyfcsKyf &mxl;udkawmh r&&dScJhygbl;? um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; vufxufrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGudk cef@tyfzdk@qEN&dScJhayrJh OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG&J@ vufa tmuft&m&dSjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf ol&ausmf xif udkom cef@tyfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGeJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf ol&ausmfxifwdk@[m pdwfoabmxm; jynfh0ol awGyDyD wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; tjyeftvSef wav;wpm;qufqHcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxif wyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSmvnf; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfat;udk udk 'kwyfcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? q&m}uD;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh Akdvfat;udkeJ@ AdkvfwifhaqG wdk@&J@ ausmif;awmfu &efpawGudk wynfh&if;awGjzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@u vufqifhurf; o,faqmifvm+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ [oFmudk;aomif; tcef;quf Zmwfawmf}uD;udk qufvufujy/ toHk;awmfcHcJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ? ***************************** =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

35

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(10)” Adkvfoef;a&$[m 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm tajcydkcdkifvmcJhovdk ol@&J@ wefcdk;=oZmt&dSeft0g [m vnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? tm%mvkyGJrSm ol@bufu axmufcH&yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudkvnf; vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mawG ydkay;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f? wdkif;rSL;awGudk oufqdkif&mppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif; ppfbufqdkif&mudpP awGomru EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;&J@ pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudkyg w&m;0ifay;tyfcJh wJhtwGuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awG[m oufqdkif&mppfa'oawG&J@ ppfbk&ifi,fawG jzpfvm=uygw,f? 1997 tm%mvk etz ppfaumifpDrSm aemufaygufwJ@a&$=umyiftjzpf wefcdk;xGm; wGifus,fvmoluawmh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (=unf;§8809) jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvf0if;jrifh udk etz wGif;(3)tjzpf wm0efcef@tyf ay;cJhwJhtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$ udk,fwdkif em,u(OuUX)}uD;vkyf+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhwJh }uH@zGH@toif;}uD;rSmvnf; 'kOuUXtjzpf cef@tyfcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvf0if;jrifh[m wdkif;jynf&J@ tjrwf tpGef;trsm;qHk; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;wJh ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhOD;ydkifvDrdwuf&J@ OuUX }uD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m ol@wynfh&if;jzpfwJh Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfbufqdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkomru EdkifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkyg pk+yHKay;tyfcJhwJhoabm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh [m 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif; axmuf}uH@rSmtajcpdkufwJh wyf r (11)&J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJh+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjycJh=uwJh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;jynfolawGudk t=urf;zufypfcwf owf jzwfacsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJholwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; jyKvkyfcJhwJh ppfqif a&;awGrSmvnf; u&ifjynfolawGeJ@ tpPvmrfbmom0ifawGudk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJholwpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS &ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG[m olwdk@&J@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ &efukef+rdK@awmf teD;w0dkufrSm tajcpdkufxm;wJh wyfr(11)/ wyfr(77) wdk@&J@ t}uD;tuJwyfrSL;awGtjzpf olwdk@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olawGudkrS a&G;cs,fcef@xm;avh&dSwm awG@&ygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; vufpGrf;jyEdkifcJhwJh wyfr (11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m ol@q&mAdkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUX&mxl;udk odr;f ydkufcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm eyc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfolaumif;jyKwmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1995 ckESpfrSm Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfa&;csKyf &mxl; ay;tyf+yD; ol@teD;rSmac:,lxm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? tm%mvk ppfaumifpDtzGJ@xJrSm yg0ifcGifhr&ayrJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ ae&may;r_a=umifh Adkvf0if;jrifheJ@twl ppf&Hk; csKyfrSm wGifus,fvmolwpfOD;uawmh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS(=unf;§8752) jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHkumvrSm qENjyolawGudk &uf&ufpufpufypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwJh bm;tHtajcpdkuf wyfr(22) &J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJhygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;r[kwfcJhayrJh ol@&J@trdef@emcHr_/ opPm&dSr_awGudk oabmuswma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUXjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm ewc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfolaumif;jyKcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@tem;udk ac:,lxm;wmudkcHc&Jh ol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m (18)&ufomcHwJh rqvOuUXeJ@ orRw}uD; OD;pdefvGifeJ@ trsdK;awmfpyfwma=umifh etz tm%mvk ppfaumifpDrSm tzGJ@0iftjzpf ae&may;zdk@twGufawmh Adkvfoef;a&$u wGef@qkwfaecJh[ef&dSygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m etz ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if rjzpfcJhayrJh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;&J@ OuUX/ wyfrawmfa&;&m 0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf pwJh ae&maumif;awGudk &&dScJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u ol@wynfh vufr&GH@vlowform;awGudk teD;rSmac:+yD; olaumif;jyK ae&may;vmwJhtay: etz xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifawGxJrSm rausvnfr_awG jzpfay:vmcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? e*dkvfxJurS wGif;(1) Adkvf cif!Gef@eJ@ wGif;(2) AdkvfwifOD;wdk@t=um; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; t+ydKiftqdkifjzpfaewmudk Adkvf oef;a&$u wGif;(3)qdk+yD; Adkvf0if;jrifhudkyg xyf+yD;xdk;xnfhay;vdkufwJhtwGuf wGif;(1/ 2/ 3) wdk@t=um; twGif;usdwf pm;cGufvkyGJ[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfcif!Gef@uawmh yg;eyfolyDyD Adkvfoef;a&$ wynfh&if;awG&J@ ajcvSrf;trSm; =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

36

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

udkapmifh+yD; tjywfcszdk@ jyifqifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk wpfOD;ajcvSrf; wpfOD;=unfh+yD; OD;olpm;wrf;/ vnfolpm;wrf; ,Ofaus; r_udk usifhoHk;aewJh etz tm%mvk ppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm pv,f0ifzifrrJcif xif&Sm;wJh tufa=umif;awGeJ@ tuGJ t+yJawG ay:aygufvmcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? tm%mvkppfaumifpDxJu yxrqHk; t&SifxGuf xGufcJh&oluawmh &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif (=unf; §11509) jzpfygw,f? AIDS a&m*ga=umifh 2000jynf@ESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm tem;ay;cHcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ol@ ae&mudk u&c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif(=unf;§ 11716)udk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ u&c wdkif;rSL;wm0efudk wyfr(88) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (=unf;§12125)eJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'kwd,eJ@ wwd, taoxGuf xGufcJh&ol(2)OD;uawmh etz wGif;(2)vnf;jzpf/ txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL;vnf;jzpf/ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) vnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; (=unf;§8182) eJ@ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@ reufapmapmrSm u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@teD; oHvGifjrpfxJudk xdk;usysufpD;oGm;cJhwJh &k&Sm;vkyf MI-17 &[wf,mOfeJ@twlygoGm;+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@[m azaz:0g&Dv(16)&ufae@uwnf;u weoFm&Dwdkif;eJ@ rGefjynf e,ftwGif;rSm&dSwJh wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk vSnfhvnfppfaq;aecJhwmjzpfygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv(18)&ufae@rSm armfv+rdKif &wc ppfXmecsKyfrSm ntdyf&yfem;+yD; aemufwpfae@reufapmapmrSm u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@udktoGm; tckvdk &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m tJ'Dtcsdefu Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfarmifat; wdk@+yD; &if jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJrSm wwd,=oZmtm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfygw,f? aoqHk;csed frSm touf(67)ESpf &dSae+yDjzpfyg w,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;[m rqvacwfrSmuwnf;u ppf&Hk;csKyf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ppfqifa&;awGudk wav#mufvHk; uGyfuJvmcJholjzpfwma=umifh e0w/ etzacwfrSmvnf; wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;wdk@udk,fpm; wpf jynfvHk;rSm&dSwJhwyfawGudk ppf&Hk;csKyfuae ae@pOf uGyfuJ!$ef=um;ae&ol jzpfygw,f? oleJ@twl aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh Adkvf ppfarmif uawmh ol&/ oD[ol& qdkwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ ol&owWdqdkif&m tjrifhqHk;qkwHqdyfawGudk &&dSxm;wJhtjyif olaoqHk;wJhtcsdefrSm toufu (50ESpf)om &dSao;wJhtwGuf tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf avmif;tjzpf owfrSwfvsmxm;cH&olwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 'D&[wf,mOfysufusr_[m &moDOwkqdk;0g;vGef;wma=umifh ysufuscJh&wmjzpfw,fvdk@ etzu tJ'Dae@nae rSmyJ csufcsif; owif;xkwfjyefa=unmcJhayrJh 'D&[wf,mOfysufusr_tay: wyfwGif;wyfjyifrSm }uD;rm;wJh oHo,jzpfr_ awG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ t"du+ydKifbufwpfOD;jzpfcJhwJhtjyif AdkvfwifOD;udk ypfrSwfxm;cJhwJh AHk;cGJvkyf}uHr_awG qufwdkufay:aygufcJhwJhom"uawGa=umifhvnf; tckvdk oHo,jzpfr_awG ay:aygufc&Jh wmjzpfEdkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;[m (OTS-22) ausmif;qif;jzpf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u (OTS-25) ausmif;qif; jzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@xufydk+yD; pDeD,musol jzpfygw,f? 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxk ta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif; AdkvfrSL; }uD;cif!Gef@u ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk OD;pD;uGyfuJ+yD; wefjyeftzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;awGeJ@ vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk twGif;u+zdKcGJzdk@ }udK;yrf;aecsdefrSm ppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD; wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;u wdkufcdkuf a&;wyfawGudk pDrHcef@cGJ!$ef=um;+yD; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk tiftm;oHk; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJEdkifzdk@ }udK;yrf;cJholjzpfygw,f? olwdk@(2)OD;&J@tultnDeJ@ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf e0wxJrSm olwdk@ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@ (2)tjzpf ta&;ygwJhae&mawGrSm cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? olwkd@ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m tJ'DtcsdefxJupwif+yD; t+ydKiftqdkif jzpfcJhyHk&ygw,f? 1992 ckESpfaemufydkif; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ ol@&J@wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf/ txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL;qdkwJh wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifae&wJh AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m Adkvfcif!Gef@xufpm&if wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; ydk&if;ESD;Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ r&dSawmh&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm Adkvfarmifat;u wyfcsKyf}uD;/ AdkvfwifOD;u 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmzdk@ aocsmoavmuf &dSygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m ppfom;yDyD vrf;wckckudka&G;+yD;&if wHk;wdkufwdkuf usm;udkufudkuf vkyfcsifpdwf&dSwJhtwGuf Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifeJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ a0hvnfvnf r&Sif;rvif; vkyfaqmifr_rsdK;awGudk oabmruscJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;wdk@udk EdkifiHa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif; em;r =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

37

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

38

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

39

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

40

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

41

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

42

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

43

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

44

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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csif;yg rausrvnfjzpfcJh=uwma=umifh 'DudpPudk twGif;ususodae=uolwcsdK@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$tay:rSmvnf; oHo,&dScJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;eJ@twl aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol& ppfarmifuvnf; tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf Tip ajy;aeoljzpfwJhtwGuf ol@tay:remvdkwJh +ydKifbuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGvnf; trsm; tjym;&dSaeEdkifygw,f? 'ghtjyif AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m ol@pdwfxJrSm r[kwfbl;/ rrSefbl;vdk@xif&if txufvl}uD; awGudkawmif wpfcGef;rcH jyefajymwwfwJhtwGufvnf; vl}uD;wcsdK@&J@ tjrifuwfr_udkyg cHcJh&oljzpfa=umif; od&dS& yg w,f? 1979 ck ESpfrSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh wyfrawmfae@ppfa&;jyyGJ}uD;twGuf tprf;avhusifhr_awGjyKaepOf ppfa&;jyrSL;}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdefatmif u ppfa=umif;wyfcGJrSL;wpfOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfrSL;oD[ol& ol&ppfarmif&J@ ppf0wfpHk0wfqifr_udk wrif tjypf&Sm+yD; “'Davmufawmif toHk;ruswJhaumifu b,fvdkvkyf+yD; oD[ol&bGJ@udk &cJhwmvJ” vdk@ ESdrfcsajymqdk qufqHcJhwt Jh wGuf AdkvfrSL;ppfarmifu owdqGJxm;&if; &ifaumh+yD; “ppfwdkufvdk@ &wmayghAs” vdk@ vl@a&S@ol@a&S@rSm jyef yufcJhbl;a=umif; tJ'Dppfa&;jyyGJrSm ppfa&;jywyfa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh&wJh ausmif;om;wyfrawmf&J@ avhusifha&; enf;jycsKyf tbat;jrifh ('kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; at;jrifh =unf;§8563) u ajymjycJhwmudk rSwfom;cJh&bl;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m toufi,fi,f&G,f&G,feJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ tjrifhqHk;ol&Jaumif;qkawGudk &&dScJholjzpf wJhtjyif urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (u&c)udkyg pwifzGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ol jzpfcJhwma=umifh enf;enf; b0ifjrifhvm +yD; wZGwfxdk;vkyfwwfwJhtay:rSmvnf; ol@udk tjrifuwfolawG ydkrsm;vmygw,f? 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (24)&ufae@ u u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif udk,fwdkifvdkufygvmwJh jynfwGif;ava=umif;ydkif az:um F-27 av,mOf XYAET [m c&D;onf(44)OD;eJ@twl xm;0,f-+rdwf c&D;pOfudk ysHoef;vmpOf +rdwfav,mOfuGif;rSm rdk;awGt}uD; tus,f&GmoGef;ae+yD; qif;oufvdk@r&wma=umifh jyefvSnfhzdk@ av,mOfrSL;u qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif u tvkyfudpPta=umif;jy+yD; rjzpfjzpfatmifqif;zdk@ twif;tusyf trdef@ay;cJhwma=umifh av,mOf[m vrf;acsmf ysufpD;oGm;cJhygw,f? c&D;onf(8)OD; aoqHk;cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif tygt0if (10)OD; '%f&m&&dSoGm;cJha=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@tygt0if uu§=unf;rS t&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@u Adkvcf sKyf ppfarmif&J@ r[kwfrcHpdwf"gwfudk oabmusayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@tkyfpkuawmh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmiftay: wajz;ajz; tjrifuwfvma=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dvdkvl&J@ vufxJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl; v$Jtyfay;&zdk@ta&; awG;+yD; pdk;&drfvm=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'ghtjyif wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm w[kefxdk; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf vmEdkifwJh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrudk rsufpdus/ oGm;&nf,dkvmwJh etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG vnf; trsm;tjym;&dScJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'DvdktajctaeawGa=umifh 2000 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm (10)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk tem;ay;z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; ol@ae&m rSm AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifudk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuG udk ajymif;a&$@ wm 0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv av,mOfysuf&mrSm uHaumif;vdk@raocJhayrJh 2001 ckESpf azaz: 0g&Dv &[wf,mOfysufus&mrSmawmh uHraumif;EdkifawmhyJ aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif aoqHk;cJh&r_[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@vlawGtwGuf tcGifhta&;aumif;wpfck jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ &wc wdkif; rSL;ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@ZeD;eJ@ aqGrsdK;eD;pyfawmfw,fqdkwJh wyfr(11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG (=unf; §12629) (DSA -15) udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSm ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhaqGudk &wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@rSm (6)vomaecdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ wcsufvGwftrdef@t& tJ'DESpf Edk0if bm (15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ csufcsif;ac:,lvdkufwm awG@&ygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ +ydKifbufw pfOD;jzpfwJh taemufawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; (=unf;§11534) (DSA-11) udk tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkuf+yD; 2001 Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm =unf;§a&§av yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (!d‡ uGyf) qdkwJh &mxl;opfudk wDxGifzefwD;um &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfudk ac:,lxm;vdkufjyefygw,f? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

45

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u tJ'Dae@rSmyJ ol@vlawGjzpfwJh erc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;0if; (=unf;§11715) (DSA 12) udk ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ w*c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef (=unf;§11252) (DSA-9) udk ppfa&;csKyf/ &rc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; (=unf; §11701) (DSA-12) udk ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf wifat; (=unf;§11236) (DSA-9) udk umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ vycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§ 10310) (OTS-30) udk trSwf(1)ppfqifa&; txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ eyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG; (=unf;§9752) (OTS-29) udk trSwf(2)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; (=unf;§ 10320) (OTS-31) udk trSwf(3) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk (=unf;§10337) (OTS31) udk trSwf (4)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ toD;oD; wm0efawG cGJa0ay;tyfcJh+yD; ol@teD;rSm ac:,l 0ef;&H xm;cJhwm awG@&a=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

46

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(13)” 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@wynfh pDeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf&Hk;csKyfudkac:,l vdkuf+yD; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawG toD;oD;cGJa0ay;cJha=umif; ,Qiftywfu wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? ewcppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;udk ay;tyfcJhwJh yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (=unf;/ a&/ av) Joint Chief of Staff (Army-Navy-Air Force) qdkwJh&mxl;[m t&ifu jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wcgrS r&dScJhygbl;? 'D&mxl;[m &[wf ,mOfysufusaoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ Chief of Staff (Army) qdkwJh&mxl; udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; 'D&mxl;xufydkjrifhwJh &mxl;topfwpfckudk wDxGifzefwD;ay;tyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@tm;vHk;&J@ ae@pOf ppfqifa&;qdkif&muGyfuJr_tm;vHk;udk Adkvfc sKyfa&$ref; vufxJ xdk;tyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh 'Dvkyf&yf[m =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@awG&J@ ppfqifa&;udpPawGudk ae@w"l0 wdkuf&dkufudkif wG,f uGyfuJ!$ef=um;ae&wJh 'kwd, wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;) AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat; &J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGudk wzufvSnfheJ@av#mhcszdk@ }udK;pm;vdkufwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@zGJ@pnf;yHkudk (W.E/ War Establishment) eJ@tnD zGJ@pnf;&r,fqdkwJh pnf;urf;csrSwfxm; ayrJh ppftm%m&SifawGvufxufrSmawmh W.E qdkwm olwdk@}udKufwJhtcsdefrSm }udKufovdkjyifqifvdk@&wJh t&mwpfck omjzpfa=umif; awG@&ygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ trdef@pD;qif;r_ vrf;a=umif;awGeJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkvnf; xyfrHuef@owfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJhvuQ%mawGu dk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'guawmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGt=um;rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@(upx)rSL; (BSO/ Bureau of Special Operation) (4)OD;udk cef@xm;+yD; ppfwdkif;tm;vHk;udk upxrSL;awGvufxJ cGJa0ay; vdkufwJhvkyf&yf jzpfygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm upxrSL; qdkwJh&mxl;[m ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;vufxuf 1978 ckESpfavmufrSm pwifay:aygufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf(NDC) ausmif;tkyf}uD; jzpfaewJh &ycwdkif;rSL;a[mif; AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;&D(eydkvD,H)udk wdkufcdkufa&;wm0efjyefay;zdk@ OD;ae0if;u !$ef=um;wJht wGuf rlvppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mudkvnf; jyefay;vdk@r&/ ppf&Hk;csKyfrSmvnf; ol@udkay;zdk@ae&mr&dS jzpfaewma=umifh wdkif;rSL;awG xufjrifhwJh upxrSL; qdkwJh&mxl;opfwpfckudk pwifwDxGif+yD; ay;tyfcJh&wmvdk@ tqdk&dSygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;vufxufrSm upx awGudk trSwf(1) trSwf(2) qdk+yD; wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJhwm awG@& ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;(9)ckom&dSwJhtwGuf upx(1) uGyfuJr_atmufrSm ryc/ erc/ &yc/ &rc? upx(2) uGyfuJr_atmufrSm vyc/ eyc/ ewc/ &wc wdk@udk cGJa0ay;cJh+yD; &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkawmh uu§ =unf; u wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? trSwf(1) upxrSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ AdkvfrSK;csKyfxGef;&D (=unf;§5869)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSOD; (=unf;§ 6214)eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefatmif (=unf;§6740)/ wdk@udk wm0efay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ovdk/ trSwf(2) upxrSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ AdkvfrSK;csKyfwifpdef (=unf;§6181)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifausmf (=unf;§6333)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvGif (=unf;§6608) eJ@ AdkvfrSL; csKyfcspfaqG (=unf;§6463) wdk@udk wm0efay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm ppfwdkif;(12)cktxd &dSvmcJhayrJh upx(1)rSL;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; (=unf;§ 8182) eJ@ upx(2)rSL;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfarmifvS (=unf;§8199) wdk@udk cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? olwdk@ (2) OD;vHk;[m (OTS-22) Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif; t&m&dSawG jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 1995 ckESpfaemufydik f;rSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifvSudk vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;ESifhjynfol@tiftm;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@ ypfcJh+yD; ol@&J@ upx(2) rSL;&mxl;udkvnf; b,fol@udkrS xyfrHcef@tyfjcif; rjyKawmhygbl;? upx(1)rSL;jzpfwJh 'kAdk vfcsKyf }uD;wifOD; wpfOD;wnf;omv#if ol &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk;cJhwJhtcsdeftxd 'Dwm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifoGm; cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

47

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

48

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

49

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

50

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

51

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

52

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

53

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(15)” 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf tm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(13)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf udk ac:,lwm0efay;cJha=umif; tywfpOf(14)rSm wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? ,QKwpfywfrSmawmh vpfvyfoGm;wJh tJ'D ppf wdkif;rSL;awGae&mudk wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg w,f? rqv/ e0w acwfwpfav#mufrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfavh&dSayrJh 1997 ckESpf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wyfrrSL; (Division Commander) awGudkomru pucvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfrSL; (MOC-Military Operation Commander) awGeJ@ 'upvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh a'ouGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrSL; (ROC-Regional Operation Commander) awGudkyg wm0efay;cef@tyfvmwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m 1991 ck ESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; wpfjynfvHk;rSm pucawGudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufcJhwm tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if puc trSwf(1)uae (21) txd pucaygif; (20)udk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? (puc-11 udkrl wyfr-11 ESifh a&maxG;Edkifojzifh rzGJ@pnf;yJ csefvSyfxm;cJha=umif; od&dS&onf) puc wpfck&J@atmufrSm wyf&if;(10)ckpD&dS+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& puc wpfckudk tiftm;(9 ,000)pDeJ@pkzGJ@zdk@ &nfrSef; xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pucawGeJ@ wyfrawG[m zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tiftm;rSmomru &mxl;tqifhawGrSmvnf; wlnD =uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGeJ@ pucrSL;awG[m AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh&dSolawG jzpf=u&ygw,f? uGyfuJr_ yHkpH rSm vnf; pucawGudk wyfrawGvdk uu§=unf;uae wdkuf&dkufudkifwG,fuGyfuJwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftkyfpkvufxufrSm wyfrawGudk wyfr(11)rS wyfr(101)txd (10)ckomxm;+yD; puc trnf eJ@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhwm[m olwdk@&J@wyftiftm; tvGeftu|Hwdk;csJ@aer_udk jynfwGif;jynfyu tvG,fwul rod&dSEdkif atmif vsdK@0SufzHk;uG,fxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfEdkifygw,f? pucawGudkomru e,fajrus,f0ef;wJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyf wcsdK@&J@ atmufrSmvnf; 'up ac: a'oqdkif&muGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyf (ROC-Regional Operation Command) (7)ckudk cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'upawGudkawmh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm xm;&dSwmawG@&ygw,f? 2001 Edk0ifbmv (19)&ufae@rSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mawGrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm; xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;(12)ck&dSwJhteuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGwdk@udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSmuwnf;u cef@tyfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf usefwJh ppfwdkif;(10)ck twGufudkom xyfrHa&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dSwJh wyfrrSL;(10)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;udkudk (=unf;§14235) (DSA-19) wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif (=unf;§13970) (DSA-18) wyfr(22) wyfrrSL;/ Adkvf rSL;csKyf cifaZmf (=unf;§13242) (OTS-49) wyfr(33) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;EG,f (=unf;§14268) (DSA-19) wyfr(44) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif (=unf;§12297) (DSA-14) wyfr(55) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; rif;atmifvd_if (=unf;§14232) (DSA-19) wyfr(66) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG (=unf;§12829) (OTS-47) wyfr (77) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhvd_if (=unf;§13875) (DSA-19) wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD; (=unf;§ 12133) (DSA-19) wyfr(99) wyfrrSL;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§121607) (DSA-19) wyfr(101) wyfrrSL;/ wdk@jzpf=uygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGvdkyJ ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dS=uwJh pucrSL; (15)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;aX; (=unf;§12 -020) (DSA-13) puc(1)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;vGif (=unf;§12127) (OTS-43) puc(2)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif jrifh (=unf;§12875) (Tayza-1) puc(3)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvSrif; (=unf;§12630) (DSA-15) puc(4)rSL;/

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

54

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

AdkvfrSL;csKyf =unfodef; (=unf;§12080) (DSA-13) puc(5)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;aqG (=unf;§12027) (DSA-13) puc (6)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&pdefaomif; (=unf;§13273) (OTS-49) puc(7)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD; (=unf;§ 12039) (DSA-13) puc(8)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSjrifh (=unf;§12034) (DSA-13) puc(9)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf[efwifh (=unf;§ 12671) (DSA-15) puc(10)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmifpdk; (=unf;§12610) (DSA-15) puc(12)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSjrifh (=unf;§13068) (DSA-16) puc(13)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;xGef; (=unf;§13133) (DSA-16) puc(14)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif (=unf;§ 13853) (DSA-17) puc(15)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat; (=unf;§12933) (Tayza-1) puc(16)rSL;/ wdk@ jzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm wyfrawmfppf&mxl;cef@csKyf(uu§xl;) eJ@ M.S Board tzGJ@qdkwm&dSayrJh wdkif; rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; tqifhawGudk cef@tyf&mrSmawmh ppftm%m&Si fawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$udk,fwdkif twnfjyKrSom cef@tyfcGifh/ ajymif;a&$@cGifheJ@ E_wfxGufcGifh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1993 ckE Spf rwfv twGif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; &mxl;awGtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf armifat;u trnfpm&if;jyKpk+yD; wifjyay;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ OTS Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tvkyf oifAdkvfoifwef;(awZwyfcGJ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tajccHynmtxufwef; atmifjrifxm;wJhtjyif uef@owfxm; wJh touft&G,ftwGif;&dSwJh wyf=uyf}uD;pma&;eJ@ wyf=uyftqifhawGuae Adkvfoifwef;wuf+yD; jzpfvmwJh t&m&dS tqifheJ@ (Other Ranks) vdk@ac:wJh tjcm;tqifhuae tqifhqifh&mxl;wuf+yD;jzpfvmwJh t&m&dSqdk+yD; jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS (5)rsdK;(5)pm; &dSaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjcm;tqifhuae t&m&dSjzpfvmoltrsm;pku tjrifhqHk; Adkvf}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;b0avmufeJ@ *dwfqHk;avh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;/ &mxl;awGtxd wufvSrf;Edkifjcif; r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;ae&mawGudk OTS eJ@ DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGuom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; &,lxm; =uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1988 ckESpfrwdkifciftxd jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGu v$rf;rdk; xm;cJh=uayrJh DSA tywfpOf(1)ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawG wajz;ajz; ae&m,lvmwm awG@&ygw,f? “DSA ausmif;qif; t&m&dSawG[m tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJawGjzpf&r,f” qdkwJh 1959 ckESpf ZGefv(1)&ufae@ DSA tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;yGJrSm wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmudk pdwfxJrSm oHrd_eJ@pGJxm;ovdk taorSwfxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u oludk,fwdkif 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm 'Dpum;udk t aumiftxnfaz:zdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJah =umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1996-97 ckESpfavmufup+yD; 'kwyfcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;u ppfwdkif;rSL;avmif;awG&J@ trnfpm&if;awGudk jyKpkwifjycJh&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (OTS tywfpOf 47) wpfOD;wnf;uvGJ+yD; usefwJholtm;vHk;[m DSA ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGcsnf; jzpfaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif;qdk&if 'kwyfcsKyfudk,fwdkif jyKpk wifjywJhtrnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkifutwnfjyKay;zdk@ (90)&mcdkifE_ef;avmuftxd aocsma=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwyfcsKyfwifjycJhwJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ ppfbuf vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u oabmruswma=umifh jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfcJh=uyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u (OTS) ausmif;qif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;u tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif; qif;awG jzpfaewma=umifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;eJ@ ol@&J@ (DSA) tkyfpkawG =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmrSmudk pdk;&drf vGef+yD; jyifqifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;xJu (DSA)ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL; trsm;tjym; udk wyfcsKyf}uD;trdef@eJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&olawGxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf odef;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;jrifheJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifodef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh trnf pm&if;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u (2)}udrfwdwd y,fcscJhbl;a=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'D

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

55

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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*****************************

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

56

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

57

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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awmh AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhuae AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tqifhtxd yg0ifygw,f? (Adkvf)tqifh t&m&dStm;vHk; wyfrawmf (=unf;) wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif;awGudk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifh t&m&dSawGuawmh OD;pD;wuUodkvf udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifhuae (csKyf)tqifhudk wufvSrf;rJholawGtwGufuawmh EdkifiHawmfumuG,f a&;wuUodkvf (NDC / National Defence College) udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;awGtygt0if xdyfydkif;ppfbuf&mxl;}uD;awG rSm wm0efay;zdk@&nfrSef;xm;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awGudka&G;cs,f+yD; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfrSm wufa&mufcdkif;avh &dSygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfwckvHk;rSm ,leDazgif;rc|wfao;wJh 0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;wcsdK@eJ@ e,fbuft&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@ tyg t0if AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS pkpkaygif; (320)avmuf&dSygw,f? 'DtxJu ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&rJh toufi,f&G,fol awGeJ@ vmbfrsm;rsm;xdk;EdkifolawGudkom a&G;cs,f+yD; wufcdkif;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? vuf&dS EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&m vrf;!$eftzGJ@rSm e,u}uD;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ OuUX}uD;u 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rSL;u umuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;/ tzGJ@0if(8)OD;u !dS uGyf(=unf;/ a&/ av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyfwdk@ yg0if=uwmawG@ &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcsifwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awG[m 'DtzGJ@rSmyg0ifwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk olwdk@&J@ uawmfawG/ ra[oDawGxHuwqifh vufaqmiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ csOf;uyf=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfavmif;wOD;jzpfzdk@ twGuaf wmif wyfrawmfAdkvfa&G;tzGJ@udk odef;eJ@csD vmbfxdk;cJh&wmrdk@ wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;avmif; / wdkif;rSL;avmif;/ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJavmif;jzpfrJh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcGifh&&dSzdk@ta&;rSmvnf; rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@udk usyfaiGoef;csD vmbfxdk;=u&wm[m rqef;vSbl;vdk@qdkEdkifygw,f? vmbfpm;olawGbufu usm;}uD;vdk@ ajc&mvnf; }uD;vmwJo h abm jzpfovdk/ vmbfxdk;olawGbufuvnf; bDvD,Hjrifvdk@ rDvD,HpGef@wJhoabmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? ausmif;wufcGifh&&dSjyefawmhvnf; trSwfaumif;aumif;&rSom wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;awG jzpfrSmrdk@ wuUodkvfu ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;awGudk vmbfxdk;=u&jyefygw,f? wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGuf um uG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@u oef;eJ@csDvmbfpm;aewmudk zrf;qD;az:xkwf ta&;,lwmrsdK; r=um; cJhbl;ayrJh odef;*%ef;tqifhavmufom vmbfpm;&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;wcsdK@uawmh 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmudk cHcJh=u&ygw,f? ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;/ 'kwd,ausmif; tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;armifeJ@ XmerSL;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;&JxGef;0if;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;0if;EdkifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;!Gef@a0 wdk@udk vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,l z,f&Sm;ypfcJhwm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;[m (DSA)trSwfpOf(10)ujzpf+yD; pmtoiftjyeJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_aumif;rGefwJhtwGuf Axl; wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyftjzpfuae EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif; a&$@ wm0efay;tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? 1994 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay; cHcJh&wJh 'k-wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf ppfOD;pD;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfOm%f0if; (DSA-18) qdk&if vnf; vmbfpm;&mrSmeHrnf}uD;olwOD;jzpfayrJh txufudktzm;aumif;wJhtwGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;ay;cHcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfudk EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;wJhay:vpDawGeJ@tnD t*~r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf (Grand Strategy) awGudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifzdk@twGuf tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifawG ay:xGef;vmatmif avh usifhay;zdk@ zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhwmqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifzdk@twGuf pdwfcs&wJh vl,Hkwynf@&if;awGudk pDppfa&G;cs,favhusifhay;wJhausmif;om jzpfygw,f? 'Dae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh oD[ol& wifatmif jrifOD;/ armifbdk/ ausmf0if;eJ@ tkef;jrifhwdk@[m 1994 ckESpf rwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;awGjzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqG/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@ u 1996 Edk0ifbmvrSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(2) oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh cif armifoef;/ jrifhvd_ifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfawGjzpf=uwJ armifarmifaqG/ pdk;Edkif/ cifarmifjrifh/ cifaZmf/ wdk@u 1998 =o*kwfv =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

58

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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rSmzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(3) oifwef;qif;awGjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh omat;/ jrwf[def;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf§ AdkvfrSL;csKyfawG jzpf=uwJh rif;atmifvd_if/ Om%f0if;/ a0vGif/ wifEdkifodef;/ cif&D wdk@u 2000 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrSm pwif zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(4)oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf§AdkvfrSL;csKyfawGjzpf=uwJh aomif;at;/ vSaX;0if;/ atmifoef;xGÉf/ cifaZmfOD;/ oufEdkif0if;/ vSrif; wdk@u 2002 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(5) oif wef;qif;awG jzpfwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f? etzppftpdk;&[m 1994 ckESpfup+yD; 2006 ckESpftwGif; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf oifwef;(7)ckudk zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS (351)OD;udk avhusifhyHkoGif;ay;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&m&dSawG tm;vHk; wyfrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawG jzpfvmjcif;awmhr&dSygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif}uD; awG ,Hk =unftm;udk;wJh wcsdK@avmufom wyfrrSL; pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yD; trsm;pkuawmh oHtrwfawG/ ppfoH rSL;awGeJ@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGtjzpf acsmifxdk;cH&/ e,fESifcHcJh=u&ygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yfjynf@pHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ/ “awmf (3)awmf”xJrSm tygt0ifjzpfwJh “tzm;awmf”zdk@/ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGeJ@ “aqGrsdK;awmf” zdk@vnf; ta&;}uD;a=umif; udk aemufwywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? ?

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

59

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(17)” jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf jynfhpHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ “awmf (3) awmf” qdkwJh “yifudk,fawmf” / “aqGrsdK;awmf”/ “tzm;awmf” zdk@vnf; vdktyfw,fvdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; rSm ajymprSwfjyKavh&ydS gw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm “yifudk,fawmf” olawG trsm;tjym; &dSygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfol trsm;pk [m wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSavhr&dSbJ ppfwuUodkvf/ ppfausmif;awGrSm aemufqHk;ydwftqifhu atmifcJh=uolawGuom wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqk;H &mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSvm=uwmawG@&ygw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmhwyfr awmf&J@ OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ 'kOD;pD;csKyfawGqdk&if Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm oifwef;qif;cJhpOfu olwdk@aemuf rSm qdkif;bkwfyJ usefawmhw,fvdk@ qdkprSwfjyKcHcJh&olawG jzpfygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf” wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,f qdw k mudk tcdkiftrmoufaojyEdkifwJh om"uawG trsm;tjym;&dSygw,f? 'Dom"uawGteuf trsm;jrifomrJh OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ etzppftpdk;& ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme&J@ 0ef}uD;OD;aomif; &J@ b0jzpfpOfwcsdK@udk xkwfE_wfEd_if; ,SOf wifjyvdkygw,f? 'Duae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol&J@ oufawmf&Snf0ef}uD;awGxJrSm wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfaewJh 0ef}uD; OD;aomif;qdkol[m 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? ol[m vuf&dS etz'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kAdkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; tjyif 1997 ckESpf bvufcfEdk0ifbmrSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; xGe f;=unf/ wdk@eJ@twl DSA tywfpOf(1) ausmif;qif;t&m&dSwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? Adkvfavmif;armifaomif;[m yifudk,fawmfolwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm taumif;qHk;Adkvf avmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfarmifaomif;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7856) jzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfxGef;=unf &J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7864)/ 'kAdkvfarmifat;&J@ udk,fydkifeH ygwfu (=unf;§7875) jzpfygw,f? yifudk,fawmfwJh Adkvfarmifaomif;udk tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaewJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;u ol@&J@ PSO tjzpf “awmf”aumufcJhayrJh Adkvfarmifaomif; wpfa ,muf “uH”raumif;cJhygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@&J@ 1963 ckESpf tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; u jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;cH&+yD; Adkvfarmifaomif; u acsmifxdk;cHcJh=u&ygw,f? Adkvfarmifaomif; [m yifudk,fawmfwmrSefayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu zm;wJhae&mrSmawmh “av#mf” cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifyg w,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh b,fol tm%mt&dSqHk;vJ/ b,fol@udk ydkzm;&rvJ/ qdkwmudk ra&G;cs,fEdkifcJhvdk@ jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifaomif;[m rzm;wwfwJholawmh [kwf[efrwlygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ol@&J@ t&Sifocifudk zm;wJhtaeeJ@ 1971 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJhwJh ol@&J@om;OD;udk atmif}uD; ac: atmif=unf vdk@ trnfay;cJhwm=unfh&if odEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ol@udk tm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if;u wyfuxGufcdkif;cJh+yD; owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeatmufu “b"&” ac: blrdaA'eJ@ "gwfowWK&SmazGa&;OD;pD;XmerSm txl;t&m&dStjzpfcef@tyfum awmawmifawGxJukd e,fESif '%fay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfwJh OD;aomif;[m rqvacwfukefumeD;rSm b"& &J@ !$efcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpfrSm rif;ajymif;rif;v$Jjzpfawmh OD;aomif;twGuf uHZmwm wufvmcJhygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh OD;aomif;eJ@ ausmufqnfwe,fxJom; &yfaqG&yfrsdK;awmfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm twl ausmif;wufcJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;awGw+yHKwr}uD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm ygvmcJhwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsdef up+yD; OD;aomif;[m “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGudk }uHzef+yD; “aqGrsdK;awmf” wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvmcJhyHk &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;aomif;[m enf;AsL [majymif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf wdk@tdrfawGudk acsmif;aygufrwwf 0ifxGuf oGm;vmr_awG jyKvkyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@ZeD;jzpfwJh a':ar=unfpdef udkvnf; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD; awmfawGxH ae@pOf tcpm;0ifcdkif;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

60

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

tJ'Dvdk tzm;awmfr_awGa=umifh OD;aomif;[m 1996 ckESpfrSm tar&duefoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyf cHcJh&ygw,f?? 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJawGt+yD;rSm ppftm%m&SifvufopfjzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef; a&$u “udkaomif;a& Oo#pfoD;t&G,favmufyJjzpfjzpf tEkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;avmufawmh &atmifvkyfAsm” qdkwJh wpf csufvGwftrdef@eJ@twl 1998 ckESpfrSm topfay:aygufvmcJhwJh “ody`HESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme”rSm 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@ tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; OD;aomif;[m =oZmt&dSeft0g}uD;wJh oufawmf&Snf trwf}uD; wpfyg; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol&SmazG&&dSor#xJu wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;udk yHkrSefqufa=u;ay;avh&dSwJh OD;aomif;udk wyfcsKyf}uD; (2)OD;vHk;u oabmus+yD; pm;aygufacsmifwJh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_aumfr&Sif(MIC) rSmyg OuUXtjzpfeJ@ yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etztzGJ@xJrSmvnf; 'Dae&mudkvdkcsifolawG trsm;tjym;&dSaewma=umifh ol@xufydk+yD; vmbfxdk; EdkifwJ@ arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifodrf;udk 1997 ckESpfrSm 'Dwm0efudk wyfcsKyf}uD; u v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? (aemufydkif;tcGifh}uHKv#if oufawmf&Snftrwf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;aomif;ESifh OD;atmifaomif;wdk@. ta=umif; rsm;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf?) jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf”+yD; ppftm%m&SifawGudk “zm;”zdk@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf”zdk@/ tvGef0efav;wJh rsdK;cspf jynfcspw f yfrawmfom;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 1976 ckESpfrSm rqvppftm%m&Sif}uD; awGudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; wyfrawmfeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk u,fwifzdk@}udK;pm;&if; ao'%fay;cHcJh&wJh Adkvf}uD; tkef; ausmfjrifh qdk&if OTS tywfpOf(29)rSm taumif;qHk; Adkvfavmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifh tr_eJ@ wyfxJuxkwfy,fcHcJh&+yD; 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxkta&;awmfyHkeJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ csKyfrSm wufºuGpGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifh tcktcsdeftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcHae&wJh Adkvf}uD;0if;xdef qdk&ifvnf; 1963 ckESpf DSA tywfpOf(5) oifwef;qif; (Best Cadet) wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtr_eJ@ qufEG,f +yD; ta&;,lcHcJh &wJh Adkvf}uD;pdefaomif; qdk&ifvnf; OTS tywfpOf(30)&J@ (Best Cadet) wpfOD; jzpfcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? rqv/ e0w/ etz ppftm%m&SifacwfawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygv#uf rjzpfbJ acsmifxdk;/ z,f&Sm;cHvdkuf &wJh pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dScJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? 'Dt&m&dSawG[m pDeD,mus&Hk omru yifukd,ft&nftcsif;eJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwfr_tydkif;rSmvnf; xl;c|efxufjruf=uayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk zm;wJhae&mrSm !HhwJhtwGuf e,fpm;y,fpm; ppfbk&ifi,fawGvdk tm%m&dSwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf ae&may; cef@tyf rcH=u&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yDqdk&if wdkif;rSL;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf ppftm%m &Sif}uD;awGudk ol@xufig t+ydKiftqdkif zm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? etzwyfwGif;u jzKwf/ xkwf/ ajymif;a&$@yGJawGudk av;vywftpnf;ta0; yGJawGt+yD;rSm vkyfavh&dSwma=umifh ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk irf;irf;wuf vdkcsifae=uwJh wyfrrSL; eJ@ pucrSL;awG[m wpfESpfudk (3)}udrfusif;ywJh av;vywftpnf;ta0;awGudk oGm;wufwJhtcgwdkif;rSm usyfaiGoef; csDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 2005 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh av;vywftpnf;ta0;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;&wJh yJcl;tajcpdkuf wyfr (77)&J@ wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh&J@ vufaqmifypPnf;pm&if;udk avhvm=unf@r,fqdk&if ppfwdkif;rSL;wOD;jzpfzdk@ twGuf t&if;tESD; b,favmuf}uD;w,fqdkwmudk cef@rSef;od&dSEdkifygvdrR,f? wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; wdk@twGuf usyf wpf odef;pDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;/ =unf;/ a&/ av !dS§uGyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ZeD;/ ava=umif;&efumuG,f a&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefeJ@ZeD;/ wdk@twGuf usyfav;aomif;pDwef vufaqmifypPnf;/ upxrSL;awGjzpf=uwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifaxG;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; cifarmifoef;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf }uD;armifbdkeJ@ZeD;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifatmifjrifOD;eJ@ZeD;/ uu§ xkwf vdk@ac:wJh umuG,fypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifat;eJ@ZeD;/ wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmf0if;eJ@ZeD; wdk@ twGuf usyfoHk;aomif;pD wefzdk;&dSwJh vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;? uu§a& 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;odef;eJ@ZeD;/ uu§av 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrwf[def;eJ@ZeD;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf jrifhaqG eJ@ZeD;/ (uua&;) AdkvfcsKyfvSa&$eJ@ZeD;/ (uuaxmuf) AdkvfcsKyfxifatmifausmfeJ@ZeD;/ (uuO) AdkvfcsKyfpdk;armifeJ@ZeD;/ =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

61

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

(uuppf) AdkvfcsKyfodef;xdkufeJ@ZeD;/ (uuxl;) AdkvfcsKyfqef;qifheJ@ZeD;/ (uu,m) AdkvfcsKyfxifxGef;eJ@ZeD;/ ppfbuf vufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ZeD;/ (euw) AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;eJ@ZeD;/ wyc AdkvfcsKyfudkudkeJ@ZeD;/ vyc AdkvfcsKyf&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/ (uutif) AdkvfcsKyf aiGodef;ESifhZeD;/ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSaX;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ uuaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif xGef;ESifhZeD;/ (uuaq;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;atmifESifhZeD;/ udk,fa&;t&m&dS AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;&dSef wdk@twGuf usyfESpfaomif;pD wef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;? u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifheJ@ZeD;/ wocwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmfeJ@ZeD;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifjrifheJ@ ZeD;/ ewcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;EdkifeJ@ZeD;/ ercwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfomat;eJ@ZeD;/ &rcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhvd_ifESifh ZeD;/ ryc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifaqGeJ@ZeD;/ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&jrifhatmifeJ@ZeD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf rif;atmif vd_ifeJ@ZeD;/ (uuv#yf) AdkvfcsKyfat;jrifhESifhZeD;/ (uuquf) AdkvfcsKyfodef;xGef;ESifhZeD;/ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf ol& jrifhatmifESifhZeD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_ifeJ@ZeD; wdk@twGuf usyfwpfaomif;ig;axmifpDwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;? uu=unf;(pq&) awGjzpf=uwJh 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmifoef;eJ@ 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; armifarmifat;/ uuxl; rS 'kAdkvfrSL; }uD; ausmfEdkifOD;/ uu=unf;(wm0ef)rS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifqef;cspf/ &uwrS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; ndKapm/ &uw (ppfbufa&;&m)rS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifqef;/ 'kwyfcsKyf&Hk;rS AdkvfrSL;ausmfpGmvif;wdk@twGuf usyfig;axmifpDwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;? 'up(wEdkif;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat;/ 'up(avmufudkif) AdkvfrSL;}uD;xGef;aevif;/ 'up(vGdKifaumf) AdkvfrSL; }uD; vSjrifha&$/ 'up(ppfawG) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;xGef;atmif/ 'up(uav;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfOD;vGif/ 'up(jynf) AdkvfrSL; csKyfvSrif;/ wrc(22) AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfaqG/ wrc(33) AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifxGef;atmif/ wyfrc(44) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufEdkif0if;/ wrc(55) Adkvf rSL;csKyfoufOD;/ wyfrc(66) AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifaZmfOD;/ wyfrc(88) AdkvfrSL;}uD; xGef;xGef;OD;/ wrc(99) (ysufuGuf)/ wyfrc(101) AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmiftkef;/ puc(1) AdkvfrSL;}uD; pHjrifhOD;/ puc(2)rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf aomif; at;/ puc(3)rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifh [def;/ puc(4) AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhaemif/ puc(5) AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhpdk;/ puc(6) AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifaiG/ puc(7) AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;at;/ puc(8) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfatmif/ puc(9) AdkvfrSL;}uD;&mjynfh/ puc(10) AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if;/ puc(12) AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmif&dSef/ puc(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufOD;armif/ puc(14) AdkvfrSL;csKyf wif,k/ puc(15) AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifEdkif/ puc(16) AdkvfrSL;csKyf pdk;OD;/ puc(17) AdkvfrSL;csKyf!Gef@vd_ if/ puc(18) AdkvfrSL;csKyf 0if;atmif/ puc(19) AdkvfrSL;csKyfcsdKxGef;atmif/ puc(20) AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmf+zdK;/ puc(21) AdkvfrSL;csKyf pdk;EG,f wdk@udk usyf oHk;axmifwef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;? uu=unf; (pq&)rS AdkvfrSL;ausmfausmf[ef/ Adkvf}uD;oef;xdkuf/ &uw(pq&) AdkvfrSL;atmifydkifOD;/ Adkvf}uD; atmif aZmfrif;/ Adkvf}uD;pdk;jrwfxGÉf / 'kwyfcsKyf&Hk; Adkvf}uD;udkudkOD; wdk@twGuf usyf wpfaxmifig;&mwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;? ponfjzifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uae ppf&Hk;csKyf taygufapmifht&m&dStqifhtxd vufaqmifypPnf;awG ay;&wmudk wG@Edkifw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf av;vywftpnf;ta0; wpf}udrfwufwdkif; vmbfxdk;zdk@ usyf(1)oef;(2)odef;(1) aomif;(5)axmifzdk;wefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;awGudk um;tjynfhwif+yD; ,loGm;&wmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? av;vywf tpnf;ta0;udk wpfESpfoHk;}udrf jyKvkyfavh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf wpfESpfpm vmbfxdk;&wJhaiG[m usyf(4) oef;eD;yg;&dSwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;&J@vpm[m 'Davmufay;urf;Edkifatmifvnf; rrsm;wmudk vnf; vlwdkif; odEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvdkvmbfxdk;&wJhtwGuf wyfr(77)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh tcsD;ESD;rjzpfcJhygbl;? 2008 ZGefvrSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? av;vywftpnf;ta0; oGm;wuf=u&wJh wdkif;rSL;awG/ wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awG/ 'up rSL;awGtm;vHk;u 'Dvdk/ 'Dxuf/ rsm;wJhvufaqmifawGudk yHkrSef,loGm;+yD; vmbfxdk;aeusqdk&if AdkvfcsKyfrSL;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkolawGtwGuf wpfESpfrSm wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGuay;wJh vufaqmifqdkwJh vmbfaiGwefzdk;awGuwif ESpfpOf b,f avmuftxd &dSEdkifrvJqdkwm ocsFmaygif;pufeJ@ cswGuf=unfhEdkifygw,f? wjcm;ae&mtoD;oD;u&wJh vufaqmifawG =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

62

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

63

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

64

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

65

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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BANK Name : (OCBC) BANK Adress :



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AUNG THOUNG 501-110357-201 (USD) No. 6, DAFU LANE4 SINGAPORE 539410 OVERSEA CHINESE BANKING CORPORTION LTD. OCBC CENTRE 65, CHULIA STREET, SINGAPORE 049513

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

66

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

67

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

68

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

69

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

70

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

tif;awmf&Jpcef;rSm tr_zGifhzrf;qD;+yD; jynfxJa&;eJ@ uu§vSrf;udk csufcsif; ta=umif;=um;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh rl;,pf aq;0g;awGeJ@twl tzrf;cH&wJh &eftm;[kef ac: usifha0vGif ac: udk=unf0if; qdkol[m etzu umuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;xm;wJh bdef;bk&ifa[mif; AdkvfcGefqm&J@ nmvuf&Hk;wOD;jzpfae+yD; bdef;jzLawGeJ@twl tzrf;cHcJh&wJh yg*sJ&dk; um; [mvnf; &efukef r*Fvm'Hk ysOf;ryifrSm AdkvfcGefqmrdom;pku [efjyzGifhvSpfxm;wJh "Morning Light Co; Ltd. ydkif armfawmf,mOfjzpfaewma=umifh uu§vSrf;&J@ trdef@t& w&m;cHawGeJ@ bdef;jzLawG/ vufeufawGudk armf awmfum;eJ@twl csufcsif;jyefv$wfay;cJh&+yD; tr_udkyg ydwfay;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'D &eftm;[kef qdkoludk bdef;jzLawGeJ@twl tif;awmf+rdK@e,ftwGif;rSm aemufw}udrf xyfrHzrf;qD;&rdcJhao;ayrJh uu§vSrf;trdef@t& jyefv$wfay;cJh&ygw,f? 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(5)&ufae@rSmvnf; &eftm;[kef udk w&kwfEdkifiH &Sef[J+rdK@rSm w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&; tzGJ@u zrf;qD;&rdcJhygw,f? 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh &eftm;[kef udk u,fwifay;rJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; r&dSawmh+yDrdk@ etzudk,fpm; jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@u &eftm;[kefudk jyefv$wfay;zdk@ w&kwfaxmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk toem;cH wifjycJh&ygw,f? etz&J@ arwWm&yfcHcsuft& w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&;u azaz:0g&Dv (23)&ufae@rSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@ 'kwd,&JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;aZmf0if; udk ulrif;udkac:,l+yD; &eftm;[kefudk w&m;0if v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh &eftm;[kef&J@ uH=urRm b,fvdk&dSrvJqdkwmudkawmh twdtus rod&ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfcJhpOfu AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;/ AdkvfcsKyf pdk;0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m bdef;bk&ifawGudk tdrfay:ac:wif+yD; tumtuG,fay;xm;cJhw,f vdk@ tykwfcsajymqdkr_awG jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh olwdk@udk,fwdkif rl;,pfaq;vkyfief;awGrSm xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufae=uyg+yD? jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif&D uawmh “rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ywfoufvm&if wnfqJOya'awGt& Oya' abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvmwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGtygt0if b,ftzGJ@tpnf;/ b,fyk*~dKvfudkrS csefvSyfpOf;pm;rSm r[kwfbJ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@wpfenf;wpfzHk yg0ifywfoufaeoltm;vHk; Oya'&J@tqHk;tjzwfudk cH,l=u&r,f” qdk+yD; 2006 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(17)&ufae@u &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; vJcsm;+rdK@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (5§ 2006) rSm av}uD;rdk;}uD; ajymqkdoGm;cJhwma=umifh ,QKtr_tygt0if etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@om;orD;awG/ xdyfwef; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;awG yg0ifywfoufaewJh rl;,pfaq;0g;r_awGudk &JcsKyf}uD; b,fvdk udkifwG,fta&;,lrvJqdkwm jynfwGif;jynfyu pdwf0ifwpm; apmifh=unf@ae=ua=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

71

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(20)”

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

72

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

73

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

74

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

75

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

76

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

77

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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}uD;awGtygt0if ppfwdkif;rSL;awG/ 0ef}uD;awGtm;vHk;udk rdwWLjzef@a0xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? (rdrdwdk@XmewGif 4if;. pmrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;ygonf?) ol@ukr`%DawG zsufodrf;cH&wm[m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@ rnD!Gwfa=umif;/ 'DudpPudk AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif (jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr_yfESHr_aumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL;/ etz OuUX&Hk;0ef}uD;) u udk,fa&;udk,fwm remvdkjzpf+yD; tm%moHk; vkyfcJhwmjzpfa=umif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifvkyf&yfa=umifh jynfolawG rausreyf/ rwnfr+idrfjzpfvm&if olwm0efr,l Edkifbl;vdk@vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufa&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? 'DpmxJrSmawmh ol AGDtdkat owif;XmeeJ@ tifwmAsL ;&m rSm xnf@oGif;ajymqdkcJhovdk vlxktpdk;&w&yf az:aqmifay;zdk@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@qdkwm wvHk; wavawmif rawG@&ygbl;? MYANMAR KYONE YEOM GROUP CO. , LTD.

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

78

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

79

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

80

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(22)” “2005 ckESpfrukefcif 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk; +rdK@awmfopfudk t+yD;ajymif;a&$@&r,f” qdkwJh EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ qdkol&J@ wcsufv$wftrdef@t& etz0ef}uD;&Hk;awGeJ@ Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;awG[m 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(6)&ufae@ reufapmapmydkif;up+yD; ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfqDudk ppfarmfawmf,mOfwef;eJ@twl tokwfvdkuf pwif ajymif;a&$@cJh=u&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGtwGuf acwfrSD tdrf,mtaqmuftOD;awG wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;aeayrJh atmuf ajc tpdk;&0efxrf;awGtwGuf tdrf,mawG tjynf@tpHk raqmufvkyf&ao;wJhtjyif a&/ rD; awGvnf; tjynf@tpHk r wwfqif&ao;wma=umifh zkwfylrD;wdkuf ajymif;a&$@vmcJh=u&wJh 0efxrf;awG[m tcuftcJrsdK;pHkeJ@ &ifqdkifcJh=u&yg w,f? 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ =uyfajy;udk rajymif;a&$@&if tvkyjf zKwfypfwmudk cH&rJhtjyif aemufxyfvnf; b,fvdk tpdk; &0efxrf;tvkyfrsdK;udkrS vkyfcGifhrjyKawmhbl;qdkwJh etz&J@ +cdrf;ajcmuf tuswfudkifr_awGa=umifh 0efxrf;awG[m raus reyfeJ@ vdkufygvmcJh=u&wm jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&u =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u vsdK@0Suf+yD;wnfaqmufaecJhwm jzpfygw,f? =uyf ajy;+rdK@awmfopfaqmufvyk fa&;pDrHudef;rSm at&Sm;a0:vf/ xl;/ ,kZe/ wufcrf;/ wufvrf;/ ACE / '*Hktifwmae &Sife,f/ rufpfjrefrm/ 'rf;udk; pwJhukrR%DawGtjyif w&kwfEdkifiHydkifukrR%DawGvnf; yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@rdom;pkeJ@ txl;&if;ESD;ol acwfysufolaX;av; udkawZydkifwJh “xl;” aqmufvkyfa&; ukrR%DeJ@ w&kwfukrR%DawGu ppfwyftwGuf vsdK@0SuftaqmuftOD;awGudk aqmufvkyfay;cJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? w&kwfeJ@ ajrmufudk&D;,m; ppftif*sifeD,mawG&J@ tultnDeJ@ etzppf&Hk;csKyftygt0if ppfwyftaqmuftOD;awGudk AHk;'%fcHEdkifatmif aqmufvkyfcJh=uwJhtjyif awmifapmif;awGrSmvnf; vd_%facgif;awGwl;+yD; trdef@ay; uGyfuJa&; &Hk;cef;awGeJ@ AHk;cdkusif;awGudk pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[efeJ@ om;jzpfol pwDzifavm wdk@ydkifwJh at&Sm;a0gvf ukrR%Duawmh vrf;r}uD; awGazgufvkyfzdk@ uefx&dkuf&&dScJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopf wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;[m tvGef}uD;rm; vGef;wma=umifh a':vmoef; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudktoHk;jyK+yD; q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lwnfaqmuf&vdrR,f vdk@ qdkygw,f? +rdK@awmfopfwnfaqmufzdk@twGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;a'oawGudk &[wf ,mOfeJ@ vSnf@vnf=unf@&_+yD;rS ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;a'orSm wnfaqmufzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f? wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m }uD;rm;us,fjyef@rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf tcsdefrwdkifcif owif;ayguf=um;r_awGrjzpfyGm;&atmif aumv[ vowif;awG }udKwifxkwfv$ifhxm;zdk@udkvnf; etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu pepfwus pDpOfcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk wyfawmfpk(2)cktjzpf jyifqifzGJ@pnf;+yD; wckudk &efukefrSm tajcjyKr,f/ usefwckudk ysOf;rem;rSm tajcjyKr,f/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;udk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jrSifhay;+yD; ysOf;rem;rSmtajcjyKrJh wyfawmfpkudk uGyfuJcdkif;vdrR,f/ &efukefrSmtajcjyKrJh wyfawmfpkudkawmh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;u uGyfuJ vdrR,fqdk+yD; owif;awG v$ifhcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiH}uD;wcsdK@uawmh ppftpdk;&&J@ajcvSrf;awGudk }udKwifod&dSae=urSm aocsmygw,f? etzu um uG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmetygt0if 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;udk 2005 ckESpfrukefcif =uyfajy;a'oudk ajymif;a&$@tajcjyKzdk@ pDpOf ae+yDqdkwJhowif;udk (Clive Parker & Yeni) qdkwJh owif;axmuf(2)OD;u tJ'DESpf ZGefv(14)&ufae@rSmuwnf; u xkwfaz:a&;om;cJh=uwm awG@&ygw,f? olwdk@u etzt&m&dS}uD;wOD;xHu &&dSwJhowif;udktajccH+yD; xkwfaz:a&;om;cJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? etzu ZGefv(13)&ufae@rSm XmewGif; vsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufwapmifudk xkwfjyefcJha=umif;/ tJ'D vsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufxJrSm =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

81

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

2005 ckESpfrukefrSD 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk; +rdK@awmfopfudk t+yD;ajymif;a&$@Edkifatmif toifhjyifqifxm;=uzdk@/ 0ef}uD;&Hk; awGeJ@twl oufqdkif&m0efxrf;awGvnf; ajymif;a&$hvdkufyg&rSmjzpfvdkh rajymif;a&$hcsifolawGudk tvkyjf zKwfypfzdk@/ xnfh oGif;az:jyxm;a=umif; owif;axmuf(2)OD;u zGifhcsa&;om;cJh=uygw,f? (Clive Parker & Yeni) qdkwJh owif;axmuf(2)OD;&J@ a&;om;csuf[m b,favmuftxd wdusrSef uefr_&dSovJqdk&if =uyfajy;rSm v,form;awG&J@ v,f,m+cHajr O,smOfawGudk twif;t"rRodrf;ydku+f yD; ukwif (1000)qef@ aq;&Hk}uD;eJ@ {vm av,mOfuGif;awGudkyg wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;ae+yDjzpfvdk@ ,QKtcg ppf&Hk;csKyfudk v#dK@0SufpGm pwifajymif;a&$@aea=umif;/ pGrf;tif0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xmevnf; r=umcif ajymif;a&$@awmhrSmjzpfa=umif;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm&dSwJh pme,fZif;XmeawGeJ@ jrefrmhtoH/ jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um; pwJhXmeawG vnf; =uyfajy;udk ajymif;a&$@=u&rSmjzpfayrJh ppfwyfydkif jr0wD&kyfoHv$ifhXmeuawmh csufcsif;ajymif;a&$@OD;rSm r[kwfao; a=umif;/ tJ'Daqmif;yg;rSm twdtus xnf@oGif;a&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? etzu tJ'v D sdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufudk xkwfjyefcJhwJh&uf[m etz0ef}uD;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk &Hk;wifw&m;pGJwJh&ufeJ@ wdkufqdkifaewm awG@&ygw,f? 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (19)&ufae@nrSm zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk etz ppftm%mydkifawGu 2005 ckESpf ZGefv(13)&ufae@rSm &Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr_awG pwifjyKvkyfae+yDvdk@ AFP owif;Xmeu a&;om;az:jycJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etzuawmh =uyfajy;udk ajymif;a&$@ajy;zdk@ jyifqifaewJhowif;udka&m/ Adkvfc sKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk w&m;pGJ qdkwJh owif;awGudka&m tJ'Dtcsdeftxd aAsmifvdrfzdk@}udK;pm;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ZGefv(12)&ufae@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh etz&J@owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk ol@&J@aetdrfrSm tus,fcsKyfcsxm;&muae tif;pdefaxmifudk a&$@vdkuf+yDqdkwJhowif;[m rSefuefygovm;vdk@ owif;axmufwOD;u ar;jref;cJh&mrSm jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u 'Dowif;awG[m tajctjrpfr&dSbl;qdk+yD; jiif;qdkoGm;cJhyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk w&m;pGJqdkzdk@ tpDtpOf&dSr&dS owif;axmufwOD;u xyfrHar;jref;wJhtcgrSmvnf; jynfxJ a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD; u “ajymzdk@ apmvGef;ygao;w,f” qdk +yD; a0hvnfa=umifywf ajzqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DESpf =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@rSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh etz&J@ (6§2005) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSmvnf; AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmfqef;/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;eJ@ &JcsKyfcif&D wdk@ OD;aqmifwJh etzowif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@u tvm;wl a0a00g;0g; ajzqdk oGm;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? trsdK;orD;owif;axmufwOD;u “ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ysOf;rem;udk ajymif;a&$@zdk@pDpOfaewm rSefyg ovm;” qdk+yD; ar;jref;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u “tck tcsdeftxd w&m;0if!$ef=um;csuf r&ao;ygbl;” qdk+yD; ar;cGef;udkwdkuf&dkufrajzbJ auG@ywfajz=um;oGm;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? wu,fawmh etzAdkvfcsKyfawGu b,fvdkyJ a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyf+yD; ajz=um;ae=uayrJh etzu =uyfajy; rSm bmawGvkyfaeovJqdkwmudk omreft&yfom;awG tvG,fwul tcrJh =unf@&E_ dkifwJh maps.google.com qdkwJh 0bfqdkufudk wuf=unf@&ifawmif tm;vHk;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifawG@Edkifygw,f? tJ'D0bfqdkufrSm =uyfajy;+rdK@awmf&dS &Hk;awG taqmuftOD;awGudkomru rdwWDvm &Srf;wJ avwyfpcef;/ erf@pef/ +rdwf/ awmifil/ jrpf}uD;em;eJ@ &efukef r*Fvm'HkeJ@arSmfbDu (501)/ (502) avwyf pcef;awGudkomru ajrjyif ay:rSm wef;pD&yfxm;wJh &k&Sm;eJ@ w&kwfvkyf *sufwdkufav,mOfawGuadk wmif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHtygt0if acwfrSDEdkifiH}uD;awGu urBmywfvrf;a=umif;twGif; v$wfwifxm;wJh ppfbuf axmufvSrf;a&;+*dKvfwkawG qdk&ifawmh ausmufcwfvlom;awGtjzpf =uyfajy;aejynfawmfrSm *latmif;zdk@ }uHpnf ae=uwJh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGuydk g teD;uyfjrifawG@&rSm aocsmygw,f? ?

*****************************

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

82

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yf awmfyHk trSwf(23)” etzppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu bma=umifh &efukef+rdK@awmfudkpGef@cGm+yD; =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk ajymif;a&$@tajc cszdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uovJ/ qdkwJhar;cGef;eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmolawGu &_a'gifhtrsdK;rsdK;uae oHk;oyfajymqdkcJh=uygw,f? oHk;oyfoltrsm;pkuawmh ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGrSm pGJuyfaewJh Xenophobia ac: vlrsdK;jcm;a=umuf wwfwJh pdwfa&m*geJ@ Superstition ac: t,loD;r_awGtay: tajccH+yD; oHk;oyfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu tar&dueftygt0if taemufEdkifiHawGudk &p&mr&dSatmif trsdK;rsdK;a0bef&H_@cs ajym qdkavh&dSwJhtjyif tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHkwyfawGu yifv,fjyifeJ@ xdkif;EdkifiHbufuwqifh usL;ausmf0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufvmcJh&if olwdk@a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;wJh jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[meJ@ b,fvdkb,fyHk jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;oGm;atmif acsr_ef; ypfvdkufr,fqdk+yD; “ykqdk;+cHKxJuvufoD;jy” vkyfcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tar&duef =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@awG trSef wu,f jrefrmEdkifiHteD;w0dkufudk a&mufvmwJhtcgrsdK;awGrSmawmh jrefrmppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG pdk;&drf a=umufvef@+yD; pm;r0iftdyfraysmf jzpfavh&dSygw,f? 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJumv pufwbFm(12)&ufae@rSm tar&duef trSwf(7)a&wyfzGJ@u av,mOfwifoabFmwpD; tygt0if ppfoabFm(5)pif;[m &efukef+rdK@awmf&J@awmifbuf a&rdkif (190)cef@tuGm (ajrmufvwWDwG'f 14 'D*&D 57 rdepf) eJ@ (ta&S@avmif*sDwG'f 96 'D*&D 33 rdepf )rSm a&muf&dSaea=umif;/ =u,fig;yGifh aumfydka&;&Sif;ydkif tif;0oabFmu owif;ydk@cJhwJhtwGuf ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGtm;vHk; ta=umuf vGef+yD; aep&mae&mr&dS jzpfcJh&bl;ygw,f? 1988 tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif;rSmvnf; udkudk;u|ef;a&wyfpcef;u olwdk@u|ef;teD;rSm trsdK;trnfrod av ,mOfi,fawGeJ@ oabFmwcsdK@ r=umc% vl;vmacgufwkef@ ysHoef; ckwfarmif;ae=uwmudkawG@&a=umif;/ owif; ydk@avh&dSwJhtwGufvnf; ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG &wufrat; jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHk wyfzGJ@awGu xdkif;EdkifiHrSm ESpfpOfusif;yjyKvkyfavh&dSwJh "Cobra Gold" ac: ppfa&;avhusifhr_awG p+yDqdk&ifvnf; e0w/ etz ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG aoG;aygifcsdefwufavh&dSygw,f? tar&duefeJ@ +AdwdefwyfzGJ@awGu 2003 ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm tD&wfEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf+yD; ppf tm%m&Sif q'ef[lpdeu f dk zrf;qD;ta&;,lcJhwJhtcsufuvnf; jrefrmppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG&J@ pd k;&drfxdyfvef@r_udk txGËf txdyaf &mufapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvdkvdkae&if; a=umufaeygw,fqdkrS xyf+yD;+zJajcmufzdk@ }udK;pm;cJholuawmh a[mvD;0k'fu udkvHbD,m &kyf&Sifukr`%D jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dukr`%Du pwJhvfo-f 2005 (Stealth-2005) trnf&dS tuf&Sifum;wckudk a':vmoef;(110)ausmf tukeftuscH &dkuful;xkwfvkyf+yD; 2005 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif; wurBm vHk;rSm w+ydKifeuf &HkwifjyocJhygw,f? toHxuf 4 qjref+yD; a&'gawGzrf;vdk@r&atmif wnfaqmufxm;wJh (Stealth) ac: udk,faysmuf tar&d uef AHk;}uJav,mOf}uD; (4)pif;u zdvpfydkifu|ef;pkteD;&dS av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;ay:uae (15)rdepftwGif; jrefrm jynfudk ta&mufysHoef;+yD; &efukefeJ@ysOf;rem;rSm&dSwJh etzppf&Hk;csKyfawGudk AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufum ppftm%m&Sifwpkudk okwfoifacsr_ef;cJhyHkawGudk &dkuful;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? etz AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifaqmufvkyfaewmjzpfayrJh wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;awG t+yD;rowfao;cif 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;rSm tv#ifpvdk pwifa&$@ajymif;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh& wm[m (Stealth-2005) &kyf&Sifum;&J@ ya&m*awGvnf; yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHka&wyfzGJ@awGu b*Fvm;yifv,fjyifuwqifh urf;wufwdkufcdkufr,fqdk&if tcsdefwdktwGif; &efukef+rdK@ usqHk;oGm;Edkifw,fqdk+yD; awG;a=umufaewJh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu &efukef+rdK@&J@ ajrmuf

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

83

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

84

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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*****************************

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

85

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

86

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

Background e,fajrjzpfzdk@ odyfta&;}uD;w,f? Political Problem, Logical Problem, Logistical Problem awG r&dSwJhae&mudk a&G;cs,fEdkifzdk@ ydkta&;}uD;w,f?” qdk+yD; ol@&J@tajrmftjrif}uD;yHkawGudk &Sif;jycJhygw,f?

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

87

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

88

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

89

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

90

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

91

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

92

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

93

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk-------------

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Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )

94