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‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ /‬ﺩﻋﺎء ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‪،‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،raw facts‬ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ‪ Data‬ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ‪ Knowledge‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺒﺘﻜﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻴﺌ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻌﺩل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬‫ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‪.‬‬‫ﻓﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻤﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺩﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻭﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀﻩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺫ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﻻﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺂﻻﺘﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪operational level :‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ‪knowledge level‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪management level‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ‪strategic level‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ)ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬

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