Zukunft An Sich
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L_dkltl_im[ebdm\Zg\ki³NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b”, 2006, 6, 105-117. ________________________________________________________ ________________ :GH<BNJ:GP;J?GL:GHA:;T>?S?LH G:NBEHKHNBYL: ³NbehkhnbylZ _ ^bkpbiebgZ dhylh ih\_q_ hl \kydZ ^jm]Z g_ij_dtkgZlh j_ne_dlbjZ \tjom k\hy ij_^f_l b g_]h\bl_ i_jki_dlb\b´ Ijh^Zgh\ 11). Lh\Z kjZ\gy\Zg_ gZ ^\Z l_dklZ ktk klh b ljbgZ^_k_l ]h^brgh hlklhygb_ ihf_`^m bf - gh h[kt`^Zsb k _^gZd\Z aZ]jb`_ghkl _^gZ b ktsZ l_fZ [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ ihk\_l_gh b gZ r_kl^_k_l]h^brgbgZlZ gZ
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gZklhys_lh gZrbyl ^hf b gb_ kZfbl_ fZdZj b hlg_k_gb dtf k\hbl_jh^bl_ebdtf\j_f_lh NjZgp;j_glZgh G_]h\byl ^hdeZ^-ihe_fbdZ kj_sm j_dlhjZ :^hen ?dkg_j ³k_klj_fb^ZihdZ`_dhedhg_h[hkgh\Zgh_fg_gb_lhgZhg_ab dhblh \ gZrb ^gb k_ ktfgy\Zl \ [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ b \ qZklghkl c hldZa\Zl \tafh`ghkllZ k mki_o ^Z ij_g_k_ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgby gZqbg gZ bake_^\Zg_ \ h[eZkllZ gZ ^moZ´ (Brentano 1929: 3) Ij_^b \kbqdh k_ hkihj\Zl ^\_ dhgklZlZpbb nbehkhnbylZ _ g_sh gZitegh hl`b\yeh ³ly _ aZ]m[beZ k\h_lh]hkih^kl\hbg_c_hklZgZeZgbdZd\ZgZ^_`^Zhlgh\h^Z ]h ihemqb Fh`_ ^Z klZ\Z ^mfZ hs_ kZfh aZlh\Z dhc ljy[\Z ^Z klZg_ gZke_^gbd gZ hijZag_gby ljhg´ Brentano 1929: 8); (2) hlo\tjeyg_lh gZ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ f_lh^b \ h[eZkllZ gZ omfZgblZjgbl_ b khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdb gZmdb \ lq b nbehkhnbylZ
bkboZkl \ k\hy iti b ^Z k_ h[tjg_ dtf ijh[e_fgbl_ kblmZpbb ^g_k b \ i_jki_dlb\Z´ Ijh^Zgh\ k mlhqg_gb_lh q_ fbgZehlh gZ nbehkhnbylZ \ gbdZdt\ kemqZc g_ [b\Z ^Z k_ aZq_jd\Z ltc dZlh \tafh`gbl_ j_r_gby gZ j_^bpZ ³ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb^g_kb\i_jki_dlb\Z´kZ\_q_blhhl^Z\gZih^jh[gh h[kt`^Zgb IjbqbgZlZ aZ lh\Z _ q_ nbehkhnbylZ _ klte[ ³bg\ZjbZgl´ gZ pyeZlZ ^moh\gZ kn_jZ \dexq\ZsZ dZdlh dmelmjZlZlZdZbgZmdZlZ–_^gZjheydhylh\fbgZehlh_b]jZeZ Z\gydhbhlghr_gbyb^h^g_kb]jZ_j_eb]bylZ ³DjZylgZnbehkhnbylZ´_lhqgh lZdt\lbiijh[e_fdhclh kihj_^ ;j_glZgh ³ihagZ\Zf_ hl ba`b\yghlh b \tietl_gh [blb_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh rbjhdh jZaijhkljZg_gh fg_gb_ b kf_ k_ ijbfbjbeb k g_]h´ Brentano 1929: 8 kj\ k Ijh^Zgh\ -19). ³OZjZdl_jgh aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ kZ i_jbh^bqgbl_ l\tj^_gby aZ kftjllZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ beb hl^_egb g_cgb qZklb _ibkl_fheh]by _kl_lbdZ _lbdZ iheblbq_kdZ nbehkhnby b ij ³DjZyl´ b ³kftjllZ´ gZ nbehkhnbylZ h[Zq_ g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Zl Z ly ijhklh k_ ljZgknhjfbjZ \ gh\b \ZjbZglb´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2 ³< k\h_lh jZa\blb_ nbehkhnbylZ k_ oZjZdl_jbabjZ k i_jbh^b gZ g_ij_dtkgZlhkl b ij_dtkgZlhkl Ij_dtkgZlhkllZ _ k\tjaZgZ k lhlZegb hljbpZgby b k\h_h[jZagZ dhgljZnbehkhnkdZ l_g^_gpby ij_^eZ]ZsZ Zj]mf_glb aZ ZdlmZegZlZ beb ihl_gpbZegZ g_bklbgghkl gZ \kydh nbehkhnkdh
³Ljb ³djZy gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ \ gZr_ \j_f_ ³ihablb\bkldbyl ZgZeblbqgbyl ³djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ “balbdZgZ hl gZmdZlZ b hklZgZeZ [_a ki_pbnbq_g ih^oh^ b ijh[e_fb´ ³ihklfh^_jgbkldbyl djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ dZlh ³djZc gZ ]he_fbl_ gZjZlb\b´ \dexqbl_egh gZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh lZdt\ lbi gZjZlb\´ djZyl gZ nbehkhnbylZ gZ g_hijZ]fZlbklbl_ dhblh ³jZa]e_`^Zl bklbgZlZ dZlh lh\Z \ dh_lh _ [eZ]hijbylgh^Zk_\yj\Z´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2
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agZgb_´ Ijh^Zgh\ : 18)3 < ih^h[gh ko\ZsZg_ fh`_f ^Z hldjb_f ba\_kl_g hl]eZk hl \ta]e_^bl_ gZ LhfZk Dmg aZ ³iZjZ^b]fb´ b ³j_\hexpbb´ \ gZmdZlZ4 fZdZj lhab Z\lhj bajbqgh^Zg_e ihkhq_gBfiebpblghnbehkhnbylZk_fbkebih fh^_eZ gZ gZmdbl_ b lh gZc-\_q_ gZ l_ab aZ ijbjh^ZlZ b lh\Z kjh^y\Z ih^oh^Z k lhab gZ ;j_glZgh dhclh ij_gZky \t\ nbehkhnbylZ itd l_ogbl_ f_lh^b \ ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl gZ R_ebg] O_]_e >belZc pblbjZgb \ lh\Z hlghr_gb_ hl ihke_^gby Brentano 1929: 8, 9). AZ ^Z hijh\_j]Zyl l\tj^_gbylZ aZ djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ b ^\ZfZlZZ\lhjbk_ihah\Z\ZlgZrbjhdhlhcjZaijhkljZg_gb_< Ijh^Zgh\_ihk\_lbegZlhab\tijhkihke_^gZlZk_^fZ]eZ\ZgZ k\hylZ jZ[hlZ ³KlZ\Z eb nbehkhnbylZ ih-ijbeh`gZ"´ -146), h[o\ZsZsZ lhqdbl_ ³JZa\blb_ gZ ijbeh`gZlZ nbehkhnby´ ³JZa\blb_ gZ nbehkhnkdhlh dhgkmelbjZg_´ ³FZkh\baZpbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ AZ ;j_glZgh “nbehkhnkdbyl bgl_j_k gb gZcfZedhg__gZfZeyenbehkhnkdhlhh[jZah\Zgb_^Z`_j_rbl_egh k_ _ m\_ebqbeh” (Brentano 1929:14) b k_ ihah\Z\Z gZ ihy\ZlZ gZ fgh`_kl\h_lbq_kdbkibjblbq_kdbbij^jm`_kl\Zh[kt`^Zsb ijbeh`gb nbehkhnkdb \tijhkb dZdlh b gZ \]jZ`^Zg_lh gZ ih^h[gZ ijh[e_fZlbdZ \ ebl_jZlmjgb r_^vh\jb – Lheklhc =vhl_ B[k_g
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?dkg_j h[y\y\Zcdb nbehkhnbylZ aZ ba`b\yeZ \j_f_lh kb fgh]hdjZlgh aZky]Z g_cgb \tijhkb beb pblbjZ nbehkhnb (Brentano 1929: 17-19). B ^\ZfZlZ Z\lhjb – ;j_glZgh b Ijh^Zgh\ - kfylZl q_ nbehkhnkdhlh h[jZah\Zgb_ k_ jZarbjy\Z ³BklbgZ _ q_ ij_iteg_gbl_ lh]Z\Z Zm^blhjbb ^g_k kZ fgh]hdjZlgh ih-ijZagb H[Zq_ l_ g_ kZ ijZagb aZlh\Z aZshlh k_]Z kts_kl\m\Z ih-fZetd bgl_j_k Z aZlh\Z aZshlh k_ ojZgb ih-fZedZ gZ^_`^Z lmd bgl_j_ktl ^Z gZf_jb m^h\e_l\hj_gb_” (Brentano 1929: 14). < Ijh^Zgh\ ijb\_`^Z ^Zggb aZ jZarbjy\Zg_ gZ h[jZah\Zgb_lh dZdlh\;te]Zjby k lZdZb\k\_lh\_gfZsZ[ -38). J_rZ\Zs^h\h^aZhlo\tjeyg_gZobihl_aZlZaZhlfbjZg_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ m\_ebqZ\Zg_lh gZ dhebq_kl\hlh b dZq_kl\hlh gZ nbehkhnkdZlZ ijh^mdpby Ijh^Zgh\ Brentano 1929: 11-14). Kihj_^ Ijh^Zgh\ nbehkhnkdhlh bake_^\Zg_ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ bgkibjbjZ g_ lhedh\Z ³hl Z[kljZdlgby nbehkhnkdb ijh[e_f dZdlh_^bkdmlbjZg\_q_\kts_kl\m\ZsZlZebl_jZlmjZ´ Zij_^b \kbqdh hl ³j_Zegbl_ ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb´ Ijh^Zgh\ Hs_ ih-bgl_j_kgh _ q_ \ ^_[ZlZ hl ij_^b ih\_q_ hl klhe_lb_ – kihjtl_g_^Zeb^Zk_ihl_]ebhl³j_ZegZijh[e_fgZkblmZpby´– ih lh\Z hihg_glbl_ kydZr gyfZl jZagh]eZkby - Z dhb kZ lZdb\Z ijZdlbq_kdbl_ gZij ³ihke_^kl\bylZ hl ^ZgtdZ \tjom dZn_lh´ %UHQWDQR beb l_ab hl l_hj_lbq_g bgl_j_k gZij ³\_qgbyl ijbjh^_g aZdhg´ (S. 23) beb ³ki_dljZegbyl ZgZeba´ gZ ³^Ze_qgb g_[_kgb l_eZ´ (S. 22) Ihabpbbl_ gZ ;j_glZgh b Ijh^Zgh\ hlgh\h fh]Zl ^Z k_ hdZq_kl\yl dZlh koh^gb ³nbehkhnkdbl_ agZgby g_ kZ gblh kZfh nmg^Zf_glZegb gblh kZfh ijbeh`gb´ Ijh^Zgh\ ke_^\Z ^Z k_ h[jtsZ ihkdhjh _^gZd\h \gbfZgb_ hl _^gZ kljZgZ gZ ³l_hj_lbqgby bgl_j_k´ b gZ ³hgh\Z _kl_kl\_gh babkd\Zg_ aZ bklbgZ dh_lh aZ \bkhdbl_\tijhkbgZgZrZlZgZmdZ_gZc-`b\hlj_ilyshlh´Zhl 5
^jm]Z gZ lh\Z q_ ³^Z`_ hl qbklh ijZdlbq_kdZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ nbehkhnbylZs_k_\taijb_fZ\bgZ]bb\k_hlgh\hbhlgh\hdZlh gZeh`bl_egZ ihlj_[ghkl hl gZc-rbjhdbl_ djt]h\_´ %UHQWDQR 1929: 25). Ba\_klgh jZaebqb_ bfZ \t\ nZdlZ q_ Ijh^Zgh\ ih-kdhjh ijhlb\hihklZ\y gZmdbl_ b nbehkhnbylZ \ lh\Z hlghr_gb_ ³jZaebqb_lh f_`^m nmg^Zf_glZegh b ijbeh`gh dZd\hlh k_ jZa]jtsZ \ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb g_ _ \Zeb^gh ih ktsby gZqbg aZ khpbZegbl_ b omfZgblZjgbl_ gZmdb Z hs_ ih-fZedh aZ nbehkhnbylZ´ Ijh^Zgh\ ?^bg ^hitegbl_e_g \tijhk dhclh fh`_ ^Z k_ ihklZ\b _ dZd\Z _ ijh^te`bl_eghkllZ gZ hg_ab ³j_Zegb ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb´ hl dhblh ke_^\Z ^Z ljt]\Z nbehkhnbylZ" >hk_]Z baeh`_ghlhih^kdZa\Z–ke_^dZlh;j_glZghbIjh^Zgh\ihl_]eyl hl l\tj^_ koh^gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby - q_ \ jZfdbl_ gZ klh b ljbgZ^_k_l ]h^bgb Z \_jhylgh b ih-^te]h ijh^te`Z\Z _^gZ b ktsZ³ijh[e_fgZkblmZpby´aZnbehkhnbylZ Hs_\kZfhlhgZqZehgZ³;blb_b\j_f_´OZc^_]_jbaltd\Z q_ ltdfh jZajZ[hldZlZ gZ _^bg \tijhk lhab aZ ³kfbkteZ gZ [blb_lh´ ke_^h\Zl_egh g_ \ g_]h\by hl]h\hj _ p_elZ gZ ke_^\ZsZlZ gZ^hem jZ[hlZ <j_f_lh _ ohjbahgltl gZ \k_db \tafh`_g hl]h\hj gZ g_]h Heidegger 1993: 1) ?^\Z eb s_ k_ hl^Ze_qbfij_dZe_ghfgh]hhlOZc^_]_jZdhaZy\bfq_qh\_dtl ij_[b\Z\Z ihklhyggh \ ijh[e_fgZlZ kblmZpby gZ k\h_lh kts_kl\m\Zg_ b ltdfh lZab hldjblhkl dtf g_y ]h hij_^_ey ij_^klZ\ey\Zcdb jZal\hj_ghkllZ g_kdjblhkllZ bklbgZlZ DMOKYTHLD. >Zeb fh`_f gZij \ ³ihke_^kl\bylZ hl ^ZgtdZ \tjom dZn_lh´ b ³\t\ \_qgby ijbjh^_g aZdhg´ ^Z \b^bf \ _^gZd\Z kl_i_glZabbagZqZegZijh[e_fgZkblmZpbygZqh\_dZ" Hk\_g lh\Z dZd ^Z jZaebqbf ki_pbnbqgh nbehkhnkdbl_ ijh[e_fbb^be_fbaZdhblhgZklhy\Z<Ijh^Zgh\³jZaebqgbhl l_ab gZ hklZgZebl_ gZmdb´ k " G_ _ eb djbl_jbyl aZ lh\Z 6
bf_gghhlg_k_ghkllZdtflZabihklhyggZijh[e_fgZkblmZpby\ dhylh ij_[b\Z\Z qh\_dtl b dhylh k_ jZadjb\Z _^bgkl\_gh \ bklhjbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ" Fh`_ eb nbehkhnbylZ ^Z bfZ kh[kl\_gh [t^_s_ ih ^jm] gZqbg hk\_g \ ^bZeh] ktk k\h_lh fbgZeh" < Ijh^Zgh\ hij_^_ey djbl_jby aZ nbehkhnbqghkl gZ _^gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby ltdfh lZdZ ³\kydZ bg^b\b^mZegZ b j_ZegZ dhe_dlb\gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby _ \bgZ]b dhfie_dkgZ babkd\ZsZ hl]h\hjb gZ \kbqdb jZ\gbsZ hl jZaebqgb ^bkpbiebgb qj_a jZaebqgb ih^oh^b gh kt^tj`Z \ k_[_ kb b [Zabkgb \tijhkb dhblh kZ aZgbfZgb_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ Ijh^Zgh\ G_y\gh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ij_^iheh`b q_ ³[Zabkgbl_\tijhkb´kZmklhcqb\bbihjZ^blh\Z\_q_gZebqgb\ fbgZehlh Sh k_ hlgZky ^h \lhjby \tijhk ^Zeb f_lh^bl_ gZ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb fh]Zl ^Z k_ ij_g_kZl \ omfZgblZjgbl_ b \t\ nbehkhnbylZ < Ijh^Zgh\ ]h hklZ\y gZkljZgZ ³:a s_ hklZ\y \ kemqZy gZkljZgZ f_lh^bl_ gh lh\Z hl dh_lh baoh`^Zf _ q_ nbehkhnbylZ bfZ k\hb ki_pbnbqgb ijh[e_fb b ^be_fb jZaebqgb hl l_ab gZ hklZgZebl_ gZmdb´ Ijh^Zgh\ Ke_^h\Zl_egh \ kh[kl\_gZlZ fm deZkbnbdZpby gZ nbehkhnkdbl_ gZijZ\e_gby ih gZebqb_ hlktkl\b_ gZ kh[kl\_gZ ijh[e_fgZ kn_jZkh[kl\_gbf_lh^bg_]h\ZlZihabpbyh[o\ZsZ\ZjbZglbl_ \ b ] Ijh^Zgh\ - dZd\Zlh ihabpby \ gydZd\Z kl_i_gh[_^bgy\Z³IhitjbgZlmjZebklbqgZlZljZ^bpbyhlDmZcg gZkZf´ k ³]heyfZ qZkl hl dhglbg_glZegZlZ nbehkhnkdZ ljZ^bpby´ K lh\Z k_ ^h[eb`Z\Zl \ta]e_^bl_ gZ hihg_glZ gZ ;j_glZgh – :^hen ?dkg_j dhclh babkd\Z ³oZjfhgby´ gZ ³k\_lh]e_^bl_gZe_dZjyb^moh\gbdZ´bqb_lhijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ kihj_^ ;j_glZgh _ \tijhktl ³^Zeb l_batf beb fZl_jbZebatf´ (Brentano 1929: 27). Ihabpbbl_ gZ ;j_glZgh b ?dkg_j \t\ \jtadZ k ijbeh`bfhkllZ gZ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ f_lh^b \ omfZgblZjgbl_ 7
gZmdbb nbehkhnbylZ (Brentano 1929: 31)kZl\tj^_bgl_j_kgb b ZdlmZegbb^g_kLyogZlZktsghkl_q_j_dlhjtlijhlb\hihklZ\y _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ b khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdb f_lh^b dh_lh _ hl]eZk hl ^h[j_ba\_klghlh jZa]jZgbq_gb_ f_`^m b^bh]jZnbqgb b ghfhl_lbqgb gZmdb gZij
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³bgl_jgZebkldb´ ih^oh^dtfnbehkhnbylZ Ijh^Zgh\ 5 b \t\ nbehkhnkdhlh bake_^\Zg_6 nbehkhnbylZ dZlh ³^\m]eZ\ km[_dl dZlh \kydZ hl g_]h\bl_ ]eZ\b ij_^klZ\ey\Z Z \bkrZ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ gZmdZlZ [ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ dmelmjZlZ k \kbqdbl_ c p_gghklb” Ijh^Zgh\ 7 nbehkhntl kt^b aZ ³IhgylbylZ aZ bgl_jgZebatf b _dkl_jgZebatf [boZ fh]eb ^Z [t^Zl ihe_agb aZ ZgZeba gZ i_jki_dlb\bl_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ hl ^\_ jZaebqgb ]e_^gb lhqdb gZ kh[kl\_gh jZa\blb_ gZ ijh[e_fbl_ ihgylbylZ dhgp_ipbbl_dZlhbgl_e_dlmZe_gijhp_kktkkZfhklhyl_egZeh]bdZb gZ aZ\bkbfhkllZhl\tgrgbl_khpbZegbnZdlhjbaZlh\ZjZa\blb_´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2005: 16). “Itj\h Bgl_jgZebkldb ih]e_^ \tjom jZa\blb_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ KlZ\Z ^mfZ aZ l_g^_gpbb \t\ nbehkhnkdhlh ihagZgb_ dZlh Z\lhghfgZ kljmdlmjZ Baoh`^Z k_ hl ij_^ihklZ\dZlZ q_ kt\dmighkllZ hl ijh[e_fgb hjb_glZpbb b bgl_jij_lZpbb \t\ nbehkhnbylZ ijbl_`Z\Z hij_^_e_gZbg_jlghklkt^tj`Z\k_[_kb\tlj_r_gihl_gpbZeaZjZa\blb_ \ hij_^_e_gZ ihkhdZ ^Z\Zs \tafh`ghkl ^Z ij_p_gbf dZd\b kZ g_cgbl_ i_jki_dlb\b´ Ijh^Zgh\ ³jm]ZlZ _ q_ nbehkhnbylZ g_ [b fh]eZ ^Z k_ jZa\b\Z mki_rgh Zdh g_ _ j_Zdpby gZ \tgrgb ij_^ba\bdZl_ekl\Z gZ dhgdj_lgb bklhjbq_kdb ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb ij_^ qh\_dZh[s_kl\hlhihagZgb_lh´ Ijh^Zgh\ 7 ³F_lZnhjbqghly [nbehkhnbylZ]_^\m]eZ\km[_dldZlh\kydZhlg_]h\bl_ ³]eZ\b´ ij_^klZ\ey\Z kthl\_lgh Z \bkrZ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ gZmdZlZ 5
9
k\_lZ dZlh \tgr_g gZ[ex^Zl_e b kihj_^ ij_^klZ\bl_ kb aZ `_eZghlh ^te`bfhlh b^_Zeghlh8 nbehkhnby b gZmdZ9; nmg^Zf_glZeghbijbeh`gh10. ij_\jtsZsZ nbehkhnbylZ \ gZc-]hj_g _lZ` gZ gZmqghlh ihagZgb_ b ba]jZ`^ZsZ y dZlh gZmdZ k\tja\ZsZ y k g_cgbl_ klZg^Zjlb [ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ dmelmjZlZ k \kbqdbl_ c p_gghklb ij_^klZ\ysZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh \bkr _lZ` gZ k\_lh]e_^Z b^_heh]bylZ p_gghklbl_ b ba]jZ`^ZsZ y ih fh^_eZ gZ dmelmjZlZ´ Ijh^Zgh\ ³?^gZlZ hl lyok_mkfbo\ZgZmq_gbl_^jm]ZlZgZomfZgblZjgZlZbgl_eb]_gpbyL_ab ^\_ ]eZ\b fh`_ ^Z kts_kl\m\Zl fbjgh b \ ^bZeh] \ _^gh beb ^jm]h ktqbg_gb_ beb gZijZ\e_gb_ gh fh`_ b \aZbfgh ^Z k_ hljbqZl b ly ^Z hklZ\ZkZfhk_^gZlZhllyo´ Ijh^Zgh\ ³LZab^\hcgkl\_ghklgZ jZaebqgbl_ nbehkhnbb ktq_lZ\Zg_lh \ lyo gZ ^\Z dhgnebdlbjZsb b^_Zegb lbiZ ijb dh_lh _^bgbyl fh`_ bah[sh ^Z baq_ag_ g_ _ lbibqgZ kZfh aZ nbehkhnbylZ Ly _ oZjZdl_jgZ b aZ \kbqdb h[s_kl\_gb b omfZgblZjgb gZmdb
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nbehkhnbylZ^Zk_aZdjb_:dhfh`_^Zk_aZdjb__^gZ^tj`Z\Z lh b nbehkhnbylZ lh]Z\Z fh`_ ^Z k_ aZdjb_ AZshlh ^hjb b ^Z gyfZ ^tj`Z\Z ohjZ s_ bfZ – agZqb Zdh fh`_ qZd qh\_q_kl\hlh ^Z k_ aZdjb_ lh lh]Z\Z fh`_ b nbehkhnbylZ ?lh aZsh nbehkhnbylZ^ZaZdjb_gbdhcg_fh`_B^hjbhiblbl_aZlh\ZkZ h]emiy\Zg_bbklhjbq_kdhdtkh]e_^kl\h´ I_gq_\ < j_eb]bhagZlZ nbehkhnby [b\Zl jZa]jZgbqZ\Zgb \_jlbdZegh dh_lh _ \tgrgh aZ k\_lZ b ohjbahglZegh \j_f_ dh_lh_\k\_lZ kj\gZijLbeebo Dhj[_g -20). Hl_^gZlZdZ\Z]e_^gZlhqdZdhgp_ipbylZgZOZc^_]_jaZ\j_f_lh fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\b dZlh ktq_lZ\Zg_ gZ \_jlbdZeghlh b ohjbahglZeghlh\j_f_ijblh\Z\jZfdbl_gZohjbahglZeghlhb ke_^h\Zl_egh gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh b _dabkl_gpbZeghlh kj\ k B]gZlh\ G_hqZd\ZghZgZeh]bq_gih^oh^k_hldjb\Zb \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \j_f_lh bfZ _^gh \lhjh baf_j_gb_ gZ ijhf_geb\h dZdlh [t^_s_ lZdZ b fbgZeh Fbdjhh[_dltl \k_ _^gh ijhoh`^Z pyehlh \tafh`gh [t^_s_ aZ_^gh k pyehlh \tafh`ghfbgZehaZ^Zhldjb_k\h_lhgZklhys_dZlhk\h_[jZagZ bajZ\gy\ZsZdZedmeZpbyf_`^mfbgZehb[t^_s_11. IhktsbygZqbgnbehkhnbylZihjZ^bk\hylZlhlZeghklihkdhjh_ijbgm^_gZg_ij_dtkgZlh^Zj_ne_dlbjZpyehlh\tafh`gh [t^_s_bpyehlh\tafh`ghfbgZehihke_^ghlh^Z^_gh\k\hbl_ kts_kl\_gboZjZdl_jbklbdb\kZfZlZg_cgZbklhjby aZ^Zfh`_ ^Z hldjb_ k\h_lh fyklh \ gZklhys_lh Lh\Z g_cgh fyklh ke_^h\Zl_egh _ kblmbjZgh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ lhlZeghkllZ gZ [t^_s_lhbgZfbgZehlhagZqbgZ\j_f_lhb_hlktsghkllZkb bklhjbqgh ;t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ bklhjbqgh ltdfh aZshlhkZfhlh[t^_s__bklhjbqgh BfZk_ij_^\b^fgh]hk\_lh\ZlZbgl_jij_lZpbygZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ ij_^ijb_lZhlOx?\_j_lIII b^j DeWitt 1968; 1970; Jammer 1974: 507521). 11
18
LZdZ OZc^_]_j ke_^ dZlh h[h[sZ\Z nbehkhnbylZ ^h gZrb ^gbdZlhieZlhgbq_kdZbf_lZnbabq_kdZhlb\ZgZij_^dZlhk_ \jtsZgZaZ^Zbf_gghij_^bIeZlhgdtfij_^khdjZlbpbl_ GZ hldjblhkllZ gZ [t^_s_lh kthl\_lkl\m\Z hldjblhkllZ gZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ fbgZehlh Ltedm\Zcdb bklhjbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ b k lh\Z ba[bjZcdb baf_`^m \tafh`ghlh fbgZeh _^gh dZlh ^_ckl\bl_eghlh – Z ^_ckl\bl_egh fbgZeh s_ j_q_ fbgZehlh [b\Zsh beb kts_kl\m\Zsh \ _lh lh\Z gZklhys_ das Da) – k_ ba[bjZ _^gh [t^_s_ B h[jZlghlh ba[bjZcdb _^gh [t^_s_ k lh\Z g_fbgm_fh k_ ba[bjZ ^hjb b dh]Zlh hklZ\Z g_y\gZ_^gZbgl_jij_lZpbygZbklhjbylZgZnbehkhnbylZ Ktshlh _ \Zeb^gh b aZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ kZfZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby Ltedm\Zcdb nZdlbl_ \ lq mlhqgy\Zcdb ]b hljbqZcdb ]b beb ^h[Z\ycdb ]b Z ihgydh]Z aZ kt`Ze_gb_ b nZerbnbpbjZcdb]b k_ba[bjZ[t^_s_bebiheblbdZgZkhq_gZ dtf g_]h\hlh j_ZebabjZg_ Lh\Z _ \b^gh gZijbf_j k bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ i_jbh^Z - ] hl [te]ZjkdZlZ bklhjby\lqbhliheblbq_kdbl_kbeb Ltdfh lZdZ \_q_ fh`_f ^Z kt]e_^Zf_ hkh[_gby kfbkte gZ bklhjbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh bgkljmf_gl aZ p_e_iheZ]Zg_ ?n_dlb\ghkllZ\lh\Zhlghr_gb_Zlh\Zs_j_q_hldjblhkllZaZ p_e_iheZ]Zsb[t^_s_bgl_jij_lZpbb_djbl_jbyl^Zk_ijb[_j_ _^bg nbehkhnkdb dtk \ ktdjh\bsgbpZlZ Fgh]hbgl_jij_lZlb\ghkllZ gZ l_ab kdtihp_ggb dZftgb hagZqZ\Z q_ l_ kZ kbf\heb12 hl dhblh djbklZebabjZl \h^_sbl_ ihgylby–nZjh\_gZkhq\Zsb\[t^_s_lh
19
Kts_kl\m\Z bglbfgZ \jtadZ f_`^m fbke_g_lh b \j_f_lh Qh\_rdhlh fbke_g_ dh_lh hlebqZ\Z homo sapiens sapiens hl ^jm]bl_ [bheh]bqgb \b^h\_ fh`_ ^Z gb k_ ij_^klZ\b dZlh aZ\hx\Zg_ gZ \j_f_lh Lhc \ kjZ\g_gb_ k \kbqdh ^jm]h dhgljhebjZgZc-rbjhd\j_f_\bohjbahglbijblh\Z\k_ih\_q_ b _dkihg_gpbZegh jZarbjy\Zs k_ Bgkljmf_gltl gZ lhab dhgljhe_ltdfhfbke_g_lh\ fhjZeghiheblbq_kdZlZ h[eZkl@ d Z d l h \ t \ \ k y d Z h [ e Z k l g Z q h \ _ r d h l h i h a g Z g b _ ´ dZa\Z lhc gZ klj ³k_ b^\Z ^h dZmaZegb \jtadb dhblh k_ ihagZ\Zl kZfh i h k j _ ^ k l \ h f f _ l h ^ b q g h g Z [ e x ^ _ g b _ gZ ^_ckl\bl_eghlh kt[blb_ _^gh gZ[ex^_gb_ dhblh gZbklbgZ \ lZab h[eZkl bfZ k\hylZ hkh[_gZ ljm^ghkl [beh ihjZ^b k\jtok_lb\ghkllZ gZ h[_dlZ [beh ihjZ^b g_\tafh`ghkllZ y\e_gbylZ ^Z k_ bahebjZl qj_a _dki_jbf_gl [behihjZ^b^Ze_qghlhhlklhygb_lhf_`^mijbqbgZbke_^kl\b_´ Dhcijb\tj`_gbdgZgZr_lhgZijZ\e_gb_g_[bk_ih^ibkZelmd ih^\kydZ^mfZ"´ Brentano 1929: 46). Ke_^h\Zl_egh^\ZfZlZhihg_glbgyfZljZagh]eZkb_ihlh\Z q_ ktsghkllZ gZ gZmdZlZ _ ^Z hldjb\Z dZmaZegbl_ \jtadb KtsghkllZ gZ g_sh – \ kemqZy gZ gZmdZlZ – ijhbalbqZ hl hlghr_gb_lh fm dtf \j_f_lh H[Zq_ ihagZgb_lh gZ \j_f_lh ^Ze_q ^Ze_q g_ k_ baq_ji\Z k ijbqbggbl_ hlghr_gby Z kZfh
20
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22
Hl dZd\h lh]Z\Z aZ\bkb [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ \ ;te]Zjby"G_hlg_cgZlZl_dmsZkhpbheh]bybbdhghfbdZdhylh _dZlh^t`^ihibjZfb^bl_bdhedhlhg_]hfh`_^ZgZ\j_^bZhl lh\Z ^hdhedh kZfbl_ nbehkhnb - b qj_a lh\Z nbehkhnbylZ – kZ Z^_d\Zlgb gZ k\h_lh gZagZq_gb_ b agZqb gZ k\hylZ kt^[Z AZ ^Z [t^_ \j_f_lh gh\ZlZ l_jblhjby gZ nbehkhnbylZ b qh\_q_kl\hlh [t^_s_lh b fbgZehlh ljy[\Z ^Z [t^Zl gZgh\h k\tjaZgb b ke_^h\Zl_egh [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ k g_cgZlZ bklhjby :dh nbehkhnkdbl_ bake_^\Zgby b fbgZehlh gZ nbehkhnbylZ Zdh Bgklblmltl aZ nbehkhnkdb bake_^\Zgby b dZl_^jZ ³Bklhjby gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ g_ kb ih^Z^Zl jtdZ lh [t^_s_ aZ nbehkhnbylZ \ ;te]ZjbygyfZ^ZbfZ GZdjZy [bo bkdZe ^Z dZ`Z gydhedh ^mfb aZ nbehkhnkdhlh ihagZgb_gZ[t^_s_lhAZ^Zk_fbkeyl\j_f_lh[blb_lhbqh\_dZ aZ_^gh _ g_h[oh^bfZ h[_^bgbl_egZlZ dZl_]hjby gZ ba[hjZ [t^_s_lhgZ\j_f_lh_\tafh`gbylfh^mkgZ[blb_lhdZlh[blb_ ij_^b ba[hjZ fbgZehlh gZ \j_f_lh _ ^_ckl\bl_egbyl fh^mk gZ [blb_lh dZlh [blb_ ke_^ ba[hjZ gZklhys_lh gZ \j_f_lh _ g_h[oh^bfbylfh^mkgZ[blb_lhdZlh[blb_gZba[hjZJbdvhjgb ijbdZg\Z ^Z h[fbkebf ³ke_^ghlh nmg^Zf_glZegh badZa\Zg_ ij_^\b`^Zg_lhjZarbjy\Zba[hjZ´ Jbdvhj AgZgb_lhaZ[t^_s_lh kj\k Rxlp _kZfhagZgb_aZ \tafh`ghlh lh _ _^gZ ³l_hjby gZ ij_^f_lZ´ \ kfbkteZ gZ FZcghg] bk_ijb[eb`Z\Zihk\hyoZjZdl_jbktsghkl^h fZl_fZlbq_kdhlh ihagZgb_13 dZlh lZdh\Z aZ g_ijhlb\hj_qb\b \tafh`ghklb j_ki jZaebqgb ihke_^h\Zl_egb itlbsZ kt^[b Ke_^h\Zl_egh lh ijbl_`Z\Z Zki_dl b gZ obihl_lbqgZ ^_ckl\bl_eghkl ijb dh_lh _^gZ hl Zel_jgZlb\bl_ ijb_lZ aZ < ahjZlZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ ijb ij_^khdjZlbpbl_ kZ gZebp_ ^\_ l_g^_gpbb qbkeh\ZlZ IblZ]hj b keh\_kgZlZ O_jZdebl JZa\blb_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZhklZ\ykZfhkeh\_kgZlZH[Zq_eh]hktlljy[\Z^Zk_fbkebb dZlhqbkehbdZlhkeh\h 13
23
^_ckl\bl_egZ g_h[oh^bfh baf_j\Z hklZgZebl_ dZlh \tafh`gb ?^bgkl\hlhgZobihl_lbqghbj_Zegh^_ckl\bl_eghlhk_jZadjb\Z \ ihgylb_lh aZ bgnhjfZpby \ dhebq_kl\_gh hlghr_gb_ b bgl_jij_lZpby \ dZq_kl\_gh hlghr_gb_ AZ jZaebdZ hl ^_ckl\bl_eghkllZ gZ fbgZehlh dh_lh _ ij_fbgZeh ij_a g_h[oh^bfhkllZgZgZklhys_lh[t^_s_lhkts_kl\m\ZkZfhdZlh bgnhjfZpby-bgl_jij_lZpby14 dZdt\lh Zki_dl h[Zq_ bfZ b fbgZehlh15 _^gZ hl Zel_jgZlb\bl_ bgl_jij_lbjZ hklZgZebl_ ³
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baitegy\Z ^hdjZc Bf_ggh \ ktjp_\bgZlZ gZ ijhqblZ h[ykg_gb_ b bgl_jij_lZpby k_ ijhlb\hihklZ\yl b ihfbjy\Zl ^h [_adjZcghkl´ Jbdvhj K lh\Z jZa[bjZg_lh gZ [t^_s_lh dZlh \kydh jZa[bjZg_ ³_ bklhjbq_kdb nhjfbjZgh´ b ³\k_db Zdl gZ jZa[bjZg_ kt^tj`Z ^_ckl\b_lh gZ bklhjbylZ \ b qj_ajZa[bjZg_lh´ Palmer 1969: 228). “O_jf_g_\lbqgbylhibl_ \tlj_rgh bklhjbq_g”, “\tlj_rgh ebg]\bklbq_g”, “^bZe_dlbq_g”, “hglheh]bq_g” (Palmer 2004: 242). IhagZgb_lh gZ [t^_s_lh bfZ q_jlbl_ gZ bgl_jij_lbjm_fZ kljmdlmjZ fZdZj b ly ^Z _ keh\_kgh bajZa_gZ lh _ ih^h[gh gZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ fZl_fZlbq_kdb nhjfZebatf >Z \a_f_f ijhqmlby ijbf_j ³_^gZ \_ebdZ bfi_jby s_ aZ]bg_´ - \ hl]h\hj gZ \tijhkZ gZ pZjy dZd\h s_ klZg_ Zdh gZiZ^g_ ktk_^Z Keh\_kgh bajZa_ghlh ijhjhq_kl\h _ bg\ZjbZgltl Z qh\_rdbl_ ^_ckl\bys_j_rZldhyhl^\_l_bfi_jbbs_k_hdZ`_aZ]bgZeZlZ LZdZ [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ kZfhlh [t^_s_ ke_^h\Zl_eghg_cghlhfbgZehbkZfhlhfbgZeh\djZcgZkf_ldZ –\j_f_lh ;t^_s_lhgZnbehkhnbylZ_kZfhlh[t^_s_ EBL?J:LMJ: ;hamdh\BDj_Zlb\ghlh[_akbeb_gZijh_dlgbyijbgpbi\ gZmdZlZ–< Hglheh]bdh-_ibkl_fheh]bqgbhilbdb\kt[blb_lh gZkt\j_f_gghkllZK Virtual Center, 221-230.`hglZgDhetjDjbklbg;jmd-JhmaK ³GZmdZ bbadmkl\h´-61.
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B]gZlh\: :gljhiheh]bq_kdZnbehkhnbygZbklhjbylZ AZ _^gZ nbehkhnby gZ bklhjbylZ \ ihklhfh^_jgZlZ _ihoZ K N:D?E Ba_j<H[o\ZltlgZbgl_jij_lZpbylZK ³L´ Dhj[_g : Bklhjby gZ bkeyfkdZlZ nbehkhnby K FZmeZgZ>`ZeZem^^bgJmfb Dhwg I L_hjby fgh`_kl\ b dhglbgmmf-]bihl_aZ. Fhkd\Z ³Fbj´ Dmg L KljmdlmjZlZ gZ gZmqgbl_ j_\hexpbb K BD ³I_ltj;_jhg´ Ehk_\ : Ijh[e_fZ kbf\heZ bj_Zebklbq_kdh_ bkdmkkl\h. Fhkd\Z Bkdmkkl\h FZcghg]:Hlghkghl_hjbylZgZij_^f_lZ– Nbehkhnkdb Zel_jgZlb\b , 3, 4. I_gq_\ < ³Gb_ ^moh\ZlZ fmabdZ´ Gb_ nbehkhnbl_ – NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b, 3-4, 117-131. I_gq_\ < Ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_ bklhjbq_kdb bake_^\Zgby – < Bklhjbq_kdZlZgZmdZ\;te]Zjby–ktklhygb_bi_jki_dlb\b. K BgklblmlihbklhjbygZ;:G-113. Ijh^Zgh\<;t^_s_lhgZnbehkhnbylZK ³NZ[_j´ KijZ\hqgZy dgb]Z ih fZl_fZlbq_kdhc eh]bd_ QZkl I. 1982. L_hjbyfh^_e_cFhkd\Z GZmdZ JbdvhjI BklhjbybbklbgZK ³:j]_k´ Jbdvhj I Hl l_dklZ dtf ^_ckl\b_lh O_jf_g_\lbqgb hiblbLK ³GZmdZbbadmkl\h´ Lbeebo I Kbkl_fZlbq_kdZy l_heh]by L Fhkd\ZKZgdlI_l_j[mj] Mgb\_jkbl_lkdZydgb]Z Rxlp : Lbj_abc beb gZr_lh ihagZgb_ aZ [t^_sb kt[blby– ktsZ\l Qm`^_g_ptlBa[jZgbklm^bb.EBD 209.
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Brentano, F. 1929. Über die Zukunft der Philosophie. Hamburg: Verlag von Felix Meiner. Jammer, M. 1974. The philosophy of quantum mechanics. New York/ London/ Sydney/ Toronto: John Wiley&Sons. Palmer, R. 1969. Hermeneutics. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Wiener, N. 1949. Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: John Wiley & Sons. DeWitt, B. 1968. The Everett-Wheeler Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. – In: Battelle Rencontres. 1967. Lectures in mathematics and physics. (eds. C. DeWitt, J. Wheeler). New York/ Amsterdam: W.A.Benjamin. DeWitt, B. 1970. Quantum mechanics and reality. – Physics Today, September, 32-35. Heidegger, M. 1993. Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
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gZklhys_lh gZrbyl ^hf b gb_ kZfbl_ fZdZj b hlg_k_gb dtf k\hbl_jh^bl_ebdtf\j_f_lh NjZgp;j_glZgh G_]h\byl ^hdeZ^-ihe_fbdZ kj_sm j_dlhjZ :^hen ?dkg_j ³k_klj_fb^ZihdZ`_dhedhg_h[hkgh\Zgh_fg_gb_lhgZhg_ab dhblh \ gZrb ^gb k_ ktfgy\Zl \ [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ b \ qZklghkl c hldZa\Zl \tafh`ghkllZ k mki_o ^Z ij_g_k_ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgby gZqbg gZ bake_^\Zg_ \ h[eZkllZ gZ ^moZ´ (Brentano 1929: 3) Ij_^b \kbqdh k_ hkihj\Zl ^\_ dhgklZlZpbb nbehkhnbylZ _ g_sh gZitegh hl`b\yeh ³ly _ aZ]m[beZ k\h_lh]hkih^kl\hbg_c_hklZgZeZgbdZd\ZgZ^_`^Zhlgh\h^Z ]h ihemqb Fh`_ ^Z klZ\Z ^mfZ hs_ kZfh aZlh\Z dhc ljy[\Z ^Z klZg_ gZke_^gbd gZ hijZag_gby ljhg´ Brentano 1929: 8); (2) hlo\tjeyg_lh gZ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ f_lh^b \ h[eZkllZ gZ omfZgblZjgbl_ b khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdb gZmdb \ lq b nbehkhnbylZ
bkboZkl \ k\hy iti b ^Z k_ h[tjg_ dtf ijh[e_fgbl_ kblmZpbb ^g_k b \ i_jki_dlb\Z´ Ijh^Zgh\ k mlhqg_gb_lh q_ fbgZehlh gZ nbehkhnbylZ \ gbdZdt\ kemqZc g_ [b\Z ^Z k_ aZq_jd\Z ltc dZlh \tafh`gbl_ j_r_gby gZ j_^bpZ ³ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb^g_kb\i_jki_dlb\Z´kZ\_q_blhhl^Z\gZih^jh[gh h[kt`^Zgb IjbqbgZlZ aZ lh\Z _ q_ nbehkhnbylZ _ klte[ ³bg\ZjbZgl´ gZ pyeZlZ ^moh\gZ kn_jZ \dexq\ZsZ dZdlh dmelmjZlZlZdZbgZmdZlZ–_^gZjheydhylh\fbgZehlh_b]jZeZ Z\gydhbhlghr_gbyb^h^g_kb]jZ_j_eb]bylZ ³DjZylgZnbehkhnbylZ´_lhqgh lZdt\lbiijh[e_fdhclh kihj_^ ;j_glZgh ³ihagZ\Zf_ hl ba`b\yghlh b \tietl_gh [blb_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh rbjhdh jZaijhkljZg_gh fg_gb_ b kf_ k_ ijbfbjbeb k g_]h´ Brentano 1929: 8 kj\ k Ijh^Zgh\ -19). ³OZjZdl_jgh aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ kZ i_jbh^bqgbl_ l\tj^_gby aZ kftjllZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ beb hl^_egb g_cgb qZklb _ibkl_fheh]by _kl_lbdZ _lbdZ iheblbq_kdZ nbehkhnby b ij ³DjZyl´ b ³kftjllZ´ gZ nbehkhnbylZ h[Zq_ g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Zl Z ly ijhklh k_ ljZgknhjfbjZ \ gh\b \ZjbZglb´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2 ³< k\h_lh jZa\blb_ nbehkhnbylZ k_ oZjZdl_jbabjZ k i_jbh^b gZ g_ij_dtkgZlhkl b ij_dtkgZlhkl Ij_dtkgZlhkllZ _ k\tjaZgZ k lhlZegb hljbpZgby b k\h_h[jZagZ dhgljZnbehkhnkdZ l_g^_gpby ij_^eZ]ZsZ Zj]mf_glb aZ ZdlmZegZlZ beb ihl_gpbZegZ g_bklbgghkl gZ \kydh nbehkhnkdh
³Ljb ³djZy gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ \ gZr_ \j_f_ ³ihablb\bkldbyl ZgZeblbqgbyl ³djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ “balbdZgZ hl gZmdZlZ b hklZgZeZ [_a ki_pbnbq_g ih^oh^ b ijh[e_fb´ ³ihklfh^_jgbkldbyl djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ dZlh ³djZc gZ ]he_fbl_ gZjZlb\b´ \dexqbl_egh gZ nbehkhnbylZ dZlh lZdt\ lbi gZjZlb\´ djZyl gZ nbehkhnbylZ gZ g_hijZ]fZlbklbl_ dhblh ³jZa]e_`^Zl bklbgZlZ dZlh lh\Z \ dh_lh _ [eZ]hijbylgh^Zk_\yj\Z´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2
3
agZgb_´ Ijh^Zgh\ : 18)3 < ih^h[gh ko\ZsZg_ fh`_f ^Z hldjb_f ba\_kl_g hl]eZk hl \ta]e_^bl_ gZ LhfZk Dmg aZ ³iZjZ^b]fb´ b ³j_\hexpbb´ \ gZmdZlZ4 fZdZj lhab Z\lhj bajbqgh^Zg_e ihkhq_gBfiebpblghnbehkhnbylZk_fbkebih fh^_eZ gZ gZmdbl_ b lh gZc-\_q_ gZ l_ab aZ ijbjh^ZlZ b lh\Z kjh^y\Z ih^oh^Z k lhab gZ ;j_glZgh dhclh ij_gZky \t\ nbehkhnbylZ itd l_ogbl_ f_lh^b \ ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl gZ R_ebg] O_]_e >belZc pblbjZgb \ lh\Z hlghr_gb_ hl ihke_^gby Brentano 1929: 8, 9). AZ ^Z hijh\_j]Zyl l\tj^_gbylZ aZ djZc gZ nbehkhnbylZ b ^\ZfZlZZ\lhjbk_ihah\Z\ZlgZrbjhdhlhcjZaijhkljZg_gb_< Ijh^Zgh\_ihk\_lbegZlhab\tijhkihke_^gZlZk_^fZ]eZ\ZgZ k\hylZ jZ[hlZ ³KlZ\Z eb nbehkhnbylZ ih-ijbeh`gZ"´ -146), h[o\ZsZsZ lhqdbl_ ³JZa\blb_ gZ ijbeh`gZlZ nbehkhnby´ ³JZa\blb_ gZ nbehkhnkdhlh dhgkmelbjZg_´ ³FZkh\baZpbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ AZ ;j_glZgh “nbehkhnkdbyl bgl_j_k gb gZcfZedhg__gZfZeyenbehkhnkdhlhh[jZah\Zgb_^Z`_j_rbl_egh k_ _ m\_ebqbeh” (Brentano 1929:14) b k_ ihah\Z\Z gZ ihy\ZlZ gZ fgh`_kl\h_lbq_kdbkibjblbq_kdbbij^jm`_kl\Zh[kt`^Zsb ijbeh`gb nbehkhnkdb \tijhkb dZdlh b gZ \]jZ`^Zg_lh gZ ih^h[gZ ijh[e_fZlbdZ \ ebl_jZlmjgb r_^vh\jb – Lheklhc =vhl_ B[k_g
4
?dkg_j h[y\y\Zcdb nbehkhnbylZ aZ ba`b\yeZ \j_f_lh kb fgh]hdjZlgh aZky]Z g_cgb \tijhkb beb pblbjZ nbehkhnb (Brentano 1929: 17-19). B ^\ZfZlZ Z\lhjb – ;j_glZgh b Ijh^Zgh\ - kfylZl q_ nbehkhnkdhlh h[jZah\Zgb_ k_ jZarbjy\Z ³BklbgZ _ q_ ij_iteg_gbl_ lh]Z\Z Zm^blhjbb ^g_k kZ fgh]hdjZlgh ih-ijZagb H[Zq_ l_ g_ kZ ijZagb aZlh\Z aZshlh k_]Z kts_kl\m\Z ih-fZetd bgl_j_k Z aZlh\Z aZshlh k_ ojZgb ih-fZedZ gZ^_`^Z lmd bgl_j_ktl ^Z gZf_jb m^h\e_l\hj_gb_” (Brentano 1929: 14). < Ijh^Zgh\ ijb\_`^Z ^Zggb aZ jZarbjy\Zg_ gZ h[jZah\Zgb_lh dZdlh\;te]Zjby k lZdZb\k\_lh\_gfZsZ[ -38). J_rZ\Zs^h\h^aZhlo\tjeyg_gZobihl_aZlZaZhlfbjZg_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ m\_ebqZ\Zg_lh gZ dhebq_kl\hlh b dZq_kl\hlh gZ nbehkhnkdZlZ ijh^mdpby Ijh^Zgh\ Brentano 1929: 11-14). Kihj_^ Ijh^Zgh\ nbehkhnkdhlh bake_^\Zg_ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ bgkibjbjZ g_ lhedh\Z ³hl Z[kljZdlgby nbehkhnkdb ijh[e_f dZdlh_^bkdmlbjZg\_q_\kts_kl\m\ZsZlZebl_jZlmjZ´ Zij_^b \kbqdh hl ³j_Zegbl_ ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb´ Ijh^Zgh\ Hs_ ih-bgl_j_kgh _ q_ \ ^_[ZlZ hl ij_^b ih\_q_ hl klhe_lb_ – kihjtl_g_^Zeb^Zk_ihl_]ebhl³j_ZegZijh[e_fgZkblmZpby´– ih lh\Z hihg_glbl_ kydZr gyfZl jZagh]eZkby - Z dhb kZ lZdb\Z ijZdlbq_kdbl_ gZij ³ihke_^kl\bylZ hl ^ZgtdZ \tjom dZn_lh´ %UHQWDQR beb l_ab hl l_hj_lbq_g bgl_j_k gZij ³\_qgbyl ijbjh^_g aZdhg´ (S. 23) beb ³ki_dljZegbyl ZgZeba´ gZ ³^Ze_qgb g_[_kgb l_eZ´ (S. 22) Ihabpbbl_ gZ ;j_glZgh b Ijh^Zgh\ hlgh\h fh]Zl ^Z k_ hdZq_kl\yl dZlh koh^gb ³nbehkhnkdbl_ agZgby g_ kZ gblh kZfh nmg^Zf_glZegb gblh kZfh ijbeh`gb´ Ijh^Zgh\ ke_^\Z ^Z k_ h[jtsZ ihkdhjh _^gZd\h \gbfZgb_ hl _^gZ kljZgZ gZ ³l_hj_lbqgby bgl_j_k´ b gZ ³hgh\Z _kl_kl\_gh babkd\Zg_ aZ bklbgZ dh_lh aZ \bkhdbl_\tijhkbgZgZrZlZgZmdZ_gZc-`b\hlj_ilyshlh´Zhl 5
^jm]Z gZ lh\Z q_ ³^Z`_ hl qbklh ijZdlbq_kdZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ nbehkhnbylZs_k_\taijb_fZ\bgZ]bb\k_hlgh\hbhlgh\hdZlh gZeh`bl_egZ ihlj_[ghkl hl gZc-rbjhdbl_ djt]h\_´ %UHQWDQR 1929: 25). Ba\_klgh jZaebqb_ bfZ \t\ nZdlZ q_ Ijh^Zgh\ ih-kdhjh ijhlb\hihklZ\y gZmdbl_ b nbehkhnbylZ \ lh\Z hlghr_gb_ ³jZaebqb_lh f_`^m nmg^Zf_glZegh b ijbeh`gh dZd\hlh k_ jZa]jtsZ \ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb g_ _ \Zeb^gh ih ktsby gZqbg aZ khpbZegbl_ b omfZgblZjgbl_ gZmdb Z hs_ ih-fZedh aZ nbehkhnbylZ´ Ijh^Zgh\ ?^bg ^hitegbl_e_g \tijhk dhclh fh`_ ^Z k_ ihklZ\b _ dZd\Z _ ijh^te`bl_eghkllZ gZ hg_ab ³j_Zegb ijh[e_fgb kblmZpbb´ hl dhblh ke_^\Z ^Z ljt]\Z nbehkhnbylZ" >hk_]Z baeh`_ghlhih^kdZa\Z–ke_^dZlh;j_glZghbIjh^Zgh\ihl_]eyl hl l\tj^_ koh^gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby - q_ \ jZfdbl_ gZ klh b ljbgZ^_k_l ]h^bgb Z \_jhylgh b ih-^te]h ijh^te`Z\Z _^gZ b ktsZ³ijh[e_fgZkblmZpby´aZnbehkhnbylZ Hs_\kZfhlhgZqZehgZ³;blb_b\j_f_´OZc^_]_jbaltd\Z q_ ltdfh jZajZ[hldZlZ gZ _^bg \tijhk lhab aZ ³kfbkteZ gZ [blb_lh´ ke_^h\Zl_egh g_ \ g_]h\by hl]h\hj _ p_elZ gZ ke_^\ZsZlZ gZ^hem jZ[hlZ <j_f_lh _ ohjbahgltl gZ \k_db \tafh`_g hl]h\hj gZ g_]h Heidegger 1993: 1) ?^\Z eb s_ k_ hl^Ze_qbfij_dZe_ghfgh]hhlOZc^_]_jZdhaZy\bfq_qh\_dtl ij_[b\Z\Z ihklhyggh \ ijh[e_fgZlZ kblmZpby gZ k\h_lh kts_kl\m\Zg_ b ltdfh lZab hldjblhkl dtf g_y ]h hij_^_ey ij_^klZ\ey\Zcdb jZal\hj_ghkllZ g_kdjblhkllZ bklbgZlZ DMOKYTHLD. >Zeb fh`_f gZij \ ³ihke_^kl\bylZ hl ^ZgtdZ \tjom dZn_lh´ b ³\t\ \_qgby ijbjh^_g aZdhg´ ^Z \b^bf \ _^gZd\Z kl_i_glZabbagZqZegZijh[e_fgZkblmZpbygZqh\_dZ" Hk\_g lh\Z dZd ^Z jZaebqbf ki_pbnbqgh nbehkhnkdbl_ ijh[e_fbb^be_fbaZdhblhgZklhy\Z<Ijh^Zgh\³jZaebqgbhl l_ab gZ hklZgZebl_ gZmdb´ k " G_ _ eb djbl_jbyl aZ lh\Z 6
bf_gghhlg_k_ghkllZdtflZabihklhyggZijh[e_fgZkblmZpby\ dhylh ij_[b\Z\Z qh\_dtl b dhylh k_ jZadjb\Z _^bgkl\_gh \ bklhjbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ" Fh`_ eb nbehkhnbylZ ^Z bfZ kh[kl\_gh [t^_s_ ih ^jm] gZqbg hk\_g \ ^bZeh] ktk k\h_lh fbgZeh" < Ijh^Zgh\ hij_^_ey djbl_jby aZ nbehkhnbqghkl gZ _^gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby ltdfh lZdZ ³\kydZ bg^b\b^mZegZ b j_ZegZ dhe_dlb\gZ ijh[e_fgZ kblmZpby _ \bgZ]b dhfie_dkgZ babkd\ZsZ hl]h\hjb gZ \kbqdb jZ\gbsZ hl jZaebqgb ^bkpbiebgb qj_a jZaebqgb ih^oh^b gh kt^tj`Z \ k_[_ kb b [Zabkgb \tijhkb dhblh kZ aZgbfZgb_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ´ Ijh^Zgh\ G_y\gh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ij_^iheh`b q_ ³[Zabkgbl_\tijhkb´kZmklhcqb\bbihjZ^blh\Z\_q_gZebqgb\ fbgZehlh Sh k_ hlgZky ^h \lhjby \tijhk ^Zeb f_lh^bl_ gZ ijbjh^gbl_ gZmdb fh]Zl ^Z k_ ij_g_kZl \ omfZgblZjgbl_ b \t\ nbehkhnbylZ < Ijh^Zgh\ ]h hklZ\y gZkljZgZ ³:a s_ hklZ\y \ kemqZy gZkljZgZ f_lh^bl_ gh lh\Z hl dh_lh baoh`^Zf _ q_ nbehkhnbylZ bfZ k\hb ki_pbnbqgb ijh[e_fb b ^be_fb jZaebqgb hl l_ab gZ hklZgZebl_ gZmdb´ Ijh^Zgh\ Ke_^h\Zl_egh \ kh[kl\_gZlZ fm deZkbnbdZpby gZ nbehkhnkdbl_ gZijZ\e_gby ih gZebqb_ hlktkl\b_ gZ kh[kl\_gZ ijh[e_fgZ kn_jZkh[kl\_gbf_lh^bg_]h\ZlZihabpbyh[o\ZsZ\ZjbZglbl_ \ b ] Ijh^Zgh\ - dZd\Zlh ihabpby \ gydZd\Z kl_i_gh[_^bgy\Z³IhitjbgZlmjZebklbqgZlZljZ^bpbyhlDmZcg gZkZf´ k ³]heyfZ qZkl hl dhglbg_glZegZlZ nbehkhnkdZ ljZ^bpby´ K lh\Z k_ ^h[eb`Z\Zl \ta]e_^bl_ gZ hihg_glZ gZ ;j_glZgh – :^hen ?dkg_j dhclh babkd\Z ³oZjfhgby´ gZ ³k\_lh]e_^bl_gZe_dZjyb^moh\gbdZ´bqb_lhijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ kihj_^ ;j_glZgh _ \tijhktl ³^Zeb l_batf beb fZl_jbZebatf´ (Brentano 1929: 27). Ihabpbbl_ gZ ;j_glZgh b ?dkg_j \t\ \jtadZ k ijbeh`bfhkllZ gZ _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ f_lh^b \ omfZgblZjgbl_ 7
gZmdbb nbehkhnbylZ (Brentano 1929: 31)kZl\tj^_bgl_j_kgb b ZdlmZegbb^g_kLyogZlZktsghkl_q_j_dlhjtlijhlb\hihklZ\y _kl_kl\_ghgZmqgbl_ b khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdb f_lh^b dh_lh _ hl]eZk hl ^h[j_ba\_klghlh jZa]jZgbq_gb_ f_`^m b^bh]jZnbqgb b ghfhl_lbqgb gZmdb gZij
8
³bgl_jgZebkldb´ ih^oh^dtfnbehkhnbylZ Ijh^Zgh\ 5 b \t\ nbehkhnkdhlh bake_^\Zg_6 nbehkhnbylZ dZlh ³^\m]eZ\ km[_dl dZlh \kydZ hl g_]h\bl_ ]eZ\b ij_^klZ\ey\Z Z \bkrZ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ gZmdZlZ [ kZfhj_ne_dkby gZ dmelmjZlZ k \kbqdbl_ c p_gghklb” Ijh^Zgh\ 7 nbehkhntl kt^b aZ ³IhgylbylZ aZ bgl_jgZebatf b _dkl_jgZebatf [boZ fh]eb ^Z [t^Zl ihe_agb aZ ZgZeba gZ i_jki_dlb\bl_ gZ nbehkhnbylZ hl ^\_ jZaebqgb ]e_^gb lhqdb gZ kh[kl\_gh jZa\blb_ gZ ijh[e_fbl_ ihgylbylZ dhgp_ipbbl_dZlhbgl_e_dlmZe_gijhp_kktkkZfhklhyl_egZeh]bdZb gZ aZ\bkbfhkllZhl\tgrgbl_khpbZegbnZdlhjbaZlh\ZjZa\blb_´ Ijh^Zgh\ 2005: 16). “Itj\h Bgl_jgZebkldb ih]e_^ \tjom jZa\blb_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ KlZ\Z ^mfZ aZ l_g^_gpbb \t\ nbehkhnkdhlh ihagZgb_ dZlh Z\lhghfgZ kljmdlmjZ Baoh`^Z k_ hl ij_^ihklZ\dZlZ q_ kt\dmighkllZ hl ijh[e_fgb hjb_glZpbb b bgl_jij_lZpbb \t\ nbehkhnbylZ ijbl_`Z\Z hij_^_e_gZbg_jlghklkt^tj`Z\k_[_kb\tlj_r_gihl_gpbZeaZjZa\blb_ \ hij_^_e_gZ ihkhdZ ^Z\Zs \tafh`ghkl ^Z ij_p_gbf dZd\b kZ g_cgbl_ i_jki_dlb\b´ Ijh^Zgh\ ³
9
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kblmZpbb´ k ³Ijb lh\Z [tjah b jyadh k_ m\_ebqZ\Z f_`^m^bkpbiebgZjghkllZdZlhoZjZdl_jbklbdZgZ nbehkhnbylZ´ k ³Mkdhjy\ZsZ k_ ^bgZfbdZ b \bkhdZ kl_i_g gZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl gZ \kbqdb ijhp_kb s_ aZkbe\Z mk_sZg_lh aZ ³hldjblhkl´ gZ khpbZegZlZ j_Zeghkl aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl gZ bg^b\b^mZegbl_ b dhe_dlb\gb nhjfb gZ [t^_s_´ k b ³hl nbehkhnbl_ ktsh s_ aZ\bkb gZdt^_ b dZd \tj\yl l_´ k GZjZkl\Zg_lhgZ[jhygZ`b\__sbl_\]jZ^h\_l_bh[jZah\Zgbl__ ij_^ihklZ\dZlZ aZ lZab hldjblhkl b ³aZ aZkbe\Zg_ gZ bgl_j_kZ dtfnbehkhnkdbl_ijh[e_fb´ k Dhedhlh b ^Z _ iZjZ^hdkZegh b g_hqZd\Zgh fZdZj b [_a ki_pbZegh ihah\Z\Zg_ lh\Z _ \ ktsghkllZ kb _^gh oZc^_]_jbZgkdhh[hkgh\Z\Zg_gZ[t^_s_lhgZnbehkhnbylZ ly_ klte[tl ^tj`_cdb k_ aZ dhclh qh\_dtl \ hldjblhkl fh`_ ^Z k_ hkfbkeb dZlh lZdt\ b hl kh[kl\_gZlZ kb ktsghkl ^Z gZfbjZ j_r_gb_gZijh[e_fgbl_kblmZpbb\dhblhk_hdZa\Z-\_ihoZlZ gZ ³[etkgZeZlZ´ ]h \t\ \kydh]Zr ijbktsZlZ fm hldjblhkl ³l_ogbdZ´ AZ gZk hkh[_g bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\ey\Z itj\hlh baj_q_gb_ hl itj\Z ]eZ\Z dh_lh Zdh g_ k_ kfylZl m\h^gbl_ ^mfb _ b itj\h baj_q_gb_ gZ kZfZlZ dgb]Z b dh_lh [_r_ ba\_^_gh dZlh fhlh gZ gZklhysZlZjZ[hlZ ³NbehkhnbylZ_^bkpbiebgZdhylhih\_q_hl \kydZ ^jm]Z g_ij_dtkgZlh j_ne_dlbjZ \tjom k\hy ij_^f_l b g_]h\bl_ i_jki_dlb\b´ Ijh^Zgh\ DZlh lj_lZ ihj_^ ijbqbgZ aZ lh\Z kZ ihkhq_gb ³keh`gbl_ c \aZbfhhlghr_gby k gZmdZlZ ijb dhblh gZ jZaebqgb _lZib gZ jZa\blb_ gZ gZmqghlh ihagZgb_ ly k_ hdZa\Z ij_^ba\bd\ZgZ b h[\bgy\ZgZ beb \ [_akfbkeb_ gZ ijh[e_fZlbdZlZ c beb aZ lh\Z q_ dZlh pyeh _ klZgZeZ ij_^f_l gZ jZaebqgb gZmdb ijb dh_lh aZ g_y g_ hklZ\Z ihqlbgbsh´ Ijh^Zgh\ Ke_^h\Zl_egh gZmdZlZ ihklhyggh ijbgm`^Z\Z b ^hjb baleZkd\Z nbehkhnbylZ ^Z hkfbkey [t^_s_lh b bah[sh \j_f_lh 12
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Gh^Zebs_mki__f^Zk_\taihea\Zf_hll_ab\tafh`ghklb beb s_ ]b ijhibe__f aZ\bkb hl lh\Z ^hdhedh kf_ mk\hbeb mjhpbl_ gZ bklhjbylZ GZijbf_j lhab hl jZap_i\Zg_lh gZ [te]ZjkdZlZ ^tj`Z\Z ij_^ gZ^\bkgZeZlZ hlhfZgkdZ hiZkghkl \ djZygZXIV \_d ;t^_s_lhkZfhihk_[_kbbnbehkhnbylZ: ³NbehkhnbylZ _ ^bkpbiebgZ dhylh ih\_q_ hl \kydZ ^jm]Z g_ij_dtkgZlh j_ne_dlbjZ \tjom k\hy ij_^f_l b g_]h\bl_ i_jki_dlb\b´ Ijh^Zgh\ Dtflh\Zfh`_^Zk_^h[Z\b q_ ly - ih\_q_ hl \kydZ ^jm]Z b ^hjb \ ih-]heyfZ kl_i_g hldhedhlh kijyfh k\h_lh [t^_s_ - j_ne_dlbjZ \tjom k\h_lh fbgZeh GyfZ ^jm]Z ^bkpbiebgZ \ dhylh g_cgZlZ bklhjby ^Z _ gZc-fZedhlh jZ\ghihklZ\_gZ ktk kZfZlZ g_y GZijbf_j ih hlghr_gb_ gZ fZl_fZlbdZlZ bklhjbylZ gZ fZl_fZlbdZlZ _ kihfZ]Zl_egZ lj_lhkl_i_ggZ ^bkpbiebgZ jZa\b\ZgZ b ij_ih^Z\ZgZ g_ hl fZl_fZlbpb gZc-q_klh hl nbehkhnb beb bklhjbpb gZ gZmdZlZ Ke_^h\Zl_egh bklhjbylZ gZ fZl_fZlbdZlZ g_ _ fZl_fZlbq_kdZ ^bkpbiebgZ b kthl\_lghlh ZgZeh]bqgh l\tj^_gb_ _ \Zeb^gh aZ \kydZ ^jm]Z bklhjby gZ ^Z^_gZ gZmdZ ^hdZlh bklhjbylZ gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ par excellence nbehkhnkdZ ^bkpbiebgZ Ltdfh aZshlh nbehkhnbylZ g_ij_dtkgZlh j_ne_dlbjZ \tjom k\h_lh fbgZeh ly \ ih^h[gZ kl_i_g j_ne_dlbjZ b \tjom k\h_lh[t^_s_G_shih\_q_bklhjbylZgZnbehkhnbylZgbmqb q_ j_ne_dkbylZ \tjom kh[kl\_ghlh c [t^_s_ klZ\Z hkh[_gh hlq_leb\Z _^\Z \ Gh\hlh \j_f_ FhylZ jZ[hlZ ³Gb_ ^moh\ZlZ fmabdZ´ Gb_ nbehkhnbl_´ dt^_lh ktsh lZdZ k_ hiblZo ^Z h[hkgh\Z[t^_s_aZnbehkhnbylZaZ\tjr\Zr_k_^gZijhkljZggZ j_ljhki_dpbyij_aO_]_e>_dZjl;h_pbc:jbklhl_e^hIeZlhg Ltdfh \ g_cghlh fbgZeh fh`Zo ^Z \b^y aZeh]Z aZ g_cghlh [t^_s_ ³Nbehkhnby bfZ hldZdlh k\yl k\_lm\Z b g_y gbdhc g_ fh`_ ^Z y aZdjb_ B ^hjb hl]hj_ ih-ljm^gh _ lh ^tj`Z\Z 17
nbehkhnbylZ^Zk_aZdjb_:dhfh`_^Zk_aZdjb__^gZ^tj`Z\Z lh b nbehkhnbylZ lh]Z\Z fh`_ ^Z k_ aZdjb_ AZshlh ^hjb b ^Z gyfZ ^tj`Z\Z ohjZ s_ bfZ – agZqb Zdh fh`_ qZd qh\_q_kl\hlh ^Z k_ aZdjb_ lh lh]Z\Z fh`_ b nbehkhnbylZ ?lh aZsh nbehkhnbylZ^ZaZdjb_gbdhcg_fh`_B^hjbhiblbl_aZlh\ZkZ h]emiy\Zg_bbklhjbq_kdhdtkh]e_^kl\h´ I_gq_\ < j_eb]bhagZlZ nbehkhnby [b\Zl jZa]jZgbqZ\Zgb \_jlbdZegh dh_lh _ \tgrgh aZ k\_lZ b ohjbahglZegh \j_f_ dh_lh_\k\_lZ kj\gZijLbeebo Dhj[_g -20). Hl_^gZlZdZ\Z]e_^gZlhqdZdhgp_ipbylZgZOZc^_]_jaZ\j_f_lh fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\b dZlh ktq_lZ\Zg_ gZ \_jlbdZeghlh b ohjbahglZeghlh\j_f_ijblh\Z\jZfdbl_gZohjbahglZeghlhb ke_^h\Zl_egh gZ bklhjbq_kdhlh b _dabkl_gpbZeghlh kj\ k B]gZlh\ G_hqZd\ZghZgZeh]bq_gih^oh^k_hldjb\Zb \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \j_f_lh bfZ _^gh \lhjh baf_j_gb_ gZ ijhf_geb\h dZdlh [t^_s_ lZdZ b fbgZeh Fbdjhh[_dltl \k_ _^gh ijhoh`^Z pyehlh \tafh`gh [t^_s_ aZ_^gh k pyehlh \tafh`ghfbgZehaZ^Zhldjb_k\h_lhgZklhys_dZlhk\h_[jZagZ bajZ\gy\ZsZdZedmeZpbyf_`^mfbgZehb[t^_s_11. IhktsbygZqbgnbehkhnbylZihjZ^bk\hylZlhlZeghklihkdhjh_ijbgm^_gZg_ij_dtkgZlh^Zj_ne_dlbjZpyehlh\tafh`gh [t^_s_bpyehlh\tafh`ghfbgZehihke_^ghlh^Z^_gh\k\hbl_ kts_kl\_gboZjZdl_jbklbdb\kZfZlZg_cgZbklhjby aZ^Zfh`_ ^Z hldjb_ k\h_lh fyklh \ gZklhys_lh Lh\Z g_cgh fyklh ke_^h\Zl_egh _ kblmbjZgh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ lhlZeghkllZ gZ [t^_s_lhbgZfbgZehlhagZqbgZ\j_f_lhb_hlktsghkllZkb bklhjbqgh ;t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ bklhjbqgh ltdfh aZshlhkZfhlh[t^_s__bklhjbqgh BfZk_ij_^\b^fgh]hk\_lh\ZlZbgl_jij_lZpbygZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ ij_^ijb_lZhlOx?\_j_lIII b^j DeWitt 1968; 1970; Jammer 1974: 507521). 11
18
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^_ckl\bl_egZ g_h[oh^bfh baf_j\Z hklZgZebl_ dZlh \tafh`gb ?^bgkl\hlhgZobihl_lbqghbj_Zegh^_ckl\bl_eghlhk_jZadjb\Z \ ihgylb_lh aZ bgnhjfZpby \ dhebq_kl\_gh hlghr_gb_ b bgl_jij_lZpby \ dZq_kl\_gh hlghr_gb_ AZ jZaebdZ hl ^_ckl\bl_eghkllZ gZ fbgZehlh dh_lh _ ij_fbgZeh ij_a g_h[oh^bfhkllZgZgZklhys_lh[t^_s_lhkts_kl\m\ZkZfhdZlh bgnhjfZpby-bgl_jij_lZpby14 dZdt\lh Zki_dl h[Zq_ bfZ b fbgZehlh15 _^gZ hl Zel_jgZlb\bl_ bgl_jij_lbjZ hklZgZebl_ ³
24
baitegy\Z ^hdjZc Bf_ggh \ ktjp_\bgZlZ gZ ijhqblZ h[ykg_gb_ b bgl_jij_lZpby k_ ijhlb\hihklZ\yl b ihfbjy\Zl ^h [_adjZcghkl´ Jbdvhj K lh\Z jZa[bjZg_lh gZ [t^_s_lh dZlh \kydh jZa[bjZg_ ³_ bklhjbq_kdb nhjfbjZgh´ b ³\k_db Zdl gZ jZa[bjZg_ kt^tj`Z ^_ckl\b_lh gZ bklhjbylZ \ b qj_ajZa[bjZg_lh´ Palmer 1969: 228). “O_jf_g_\lbqgbylhibl_ \tlj_rgh bklhjbq_g”, “\tlj_rgh ebg]\bklbq_g”, “^bZe_dlbq_g”, “hglheh]bq_g” (Palmer 2004: 242). IhagZgb_lh gZ [t^_s_lh bfZ q_jlbl_ gZ bgl_jij_lbjm_fZ kljmdlmjZ fZdZj b ly ^Z _ keh\_kgh bajZa_gZ lh _ ih^h[gh gZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ gZ fZl_fZlbq_kdb nhjfZebatf >Z \a_f_f ijhqmlby ijbf_j ³_^gZ \_ebdZ bfi_jby s_ aZ]bg_´ - \ hl]h\hj gZ \tijhkZ gZ pZjy dZd\h s_ klZg_ Zdh gZiZ^g_ ktk_^Z Keh\_kgh bajZa_ghlh ijhjhq_kl\h _ bg\ZjbZgltl Z qh\_rdbl_ ^_ckl\bys_j_rZldhyhl^\_l_bfi_jbbs_k_hdZ`_aZ]bgZeZlZ LZdZ [t^_s_lh gZ nbehkhnbylZ _ kZfhlh [t^_s_ ke_^h\Zl_eghg_cghlhfbgZehbkZfhlhfbgZeh\djZcgZkf_ldZ –\j_f_lh ;t^_s_lhgZnbehkhnbylZ_kZfhlh[t^_s_ EBL?J:LMJ: ;hamdh\BDj_Zlb\ghlh[_akbeb_gZijh_dlgbyijbgpbi\ gZmdZlZ–< Hglheh]bdh-_ibkl_fheh]bqgbhilbdb\kt[blb_lh gZkt\j_f_gghkllZK Virtual Center, 221-230.
25
B]gZlh\: :gljhiheh]bq_kdZnbehkhnbygZbklhjbylZ AZ _^gZ nbehkhnby gZ bklhjbylZ \ ihklhfh^_jgZlZ _ihoZ K N:D?E Ba_j<H[o\ZltlgZbgl_jij_lZpbylZK ³L´ Dhj[_g : Bklhjby gZ bkeyfkdZlZ nbehkhnby K FZmeZgZ>`ZeZem^^bgJmfb Dhwg I L_hjby fgh`_kl\ b dhglbgmmf-]bihl_aZ. Fhkd\Z ³Fbj´ Dmg L KljmdlmjZlZ gZ gZmqgbl_ j_\hexpbb K BD ³I_ltj;_jhg´ Ehk_\ : Ijh[e_fZ kbf\heZ bj_Zebklbq_kdh_ bkdmkkl\h. Fhkd\Z Bkdmkkl\h FZcghg]:Hlghkghl_hjbylZgZij_^f_lZ– Nbehkhnkdb Zel_jgZlb\b , 3, 4. I_gq_\ < ³Gb_ ^moh\ZlZ fmabdZ´ Gb_ nbehkhnbl_ – NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b, 3-4, 117-131. I_gq_\ < Ijhlb\hnZdlh\bl_ bklhjbq_kdb bake_^\Zgby – < Bklhjbq_kdZlZgZmdZ\;te]Zjby–ktklhygb_bi_jki_dlb\b. K BgklblmlihbklhjbygZ;:G-113. Ijh^Zgh\<;t^_s_lhgZnbehkhnbylZK ³NZ[_j´ KijZ\hqgZy dgb]Z ih fZl_fZlbq_kdhc eh]bd_ QZkl I. 1982. L_hjbyfh^_e_cFhkd\Z GZmdZ JbdvhjI BklhjbybbklbgZK ³:j]_k´ Jbdvhj I Hl l_dklZ dtf ^_ckl\b_lh O_jf_g_\lbqgb hiblbLK ³GZmdZbbadmkl\h´ Lbeebo I Kbkl_fZlbq_kdZy l_heh]by L Fhkd\ZKZgdlI_l_j[mj] Mgb\_jkbl_lkdZydgb]Z Rxlp : Lbj_abc beb gZr_lh ihagZgb_ aZ [t^_sb kt[blby– ktsZ\l Qm`^_g_ptlBa[jZgbklm^bb.EBD 209.
26
Brentano, F. 1929. Über die Zukunft der Philosophie. Hamburg: Verlag von Felix Meiner. Jammer, M. 1974. The philosophy of quantum mechanics. New York/ London/ Sydney/ Toronto: John Wiley&Sons. Palmer, R. 1969. Hermeneutics. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Wiener, N. 1949. Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: John Wiley & Sons. DeWitt, B. 1968. The Everett-Wheeler Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. – In: Battelle Rencontres. 1967. Lectures in mathematics and physics. (eds. C. DeWitt, J. Wheeler). New York/ Amsterdam: W.A.Benjamin. DeWitt, B. 1970. Quantum mechanics and reality. – Physics Today, September, 32-35. Heidegger, M. 1993. Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
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