World History And Geography Part I

World History and Geography

WORLD HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Prepared by Manuelito S. Uy (BSED – Social Studies)

I. HISTORY a. Definition - From Latin historia which means “inquiry” - It is the study of human past. - History, in its broadest sense, is the totality of all past events, although a more realistic definition would limit it to the known past (Microsoft Encarta). b. Historiography - Herodotus – (5th c. Greek historian) is considered as the Father of History. - Historiography - is the written record of what is known of human lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted to understand them. II. THEORIES CONCERNING THE BEGINNING OF HUMANS a. Creation myths – creation stories based on particular cultural groups. b. Creationism 1. Supernatural - miraculous 2. Theistic – belief on God 3. Mythological – mythical stories c. The Book of Genesis – the first book of the Old Testament which tells about the biblical story of Creation (6 days). d. Fossils – remains and traces of prehistoric plants and animals buried across time. e. Diluvial Theory – scientific theory based on the evidences of fossil remains. III. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE a. Primordial materials – 80% hydrogen, 15% helium & 5% heavy elements such as carbon and nitrogen. b. Nebular Hypothesis – considered today as the scientific model on the creation of the solar system. Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

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c. Emmanuel Swedenborg – author of the Nebular Theory (1734). d. Planetesimal Theory – authored by Viktor Safronov. e. Big Bang Theory – the explosion of a single extremely dense mass of mater that started the universe. It was authored by Georges Lemaitre and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz. f. Steady State Theory – (constant universe) a theory that the universe has always existed at a uniform density that is maintained because new matter is created continuously as the universe expands. g. Geological Time Scale 1. Pre-Cambrian Era 1. Origin of Earth 2. First one-celled organisms 3. First multi-celled organisms 2. Paleozoic Era (known as Age of Invertebrates, Fishes and Amphibians) 1. First fishes, trilobites dominant, first organisms of shells 2. First fossils, land plants, fishes dominant 3. Amphibians abundant, large coal swamps 3. Mesozoic Era (known also as the Age of Reptiles) 1. First flowing plants 2. First birds 3. Dinosaurs dominant 4. Cenozoic Era 1. Humans develop 2. Age of Mammals 3. Extinction of dinosaurs and many other species GEOGRAPHY – from the Greek word geo (earth) and graphein (to write, to describe) a. Eratosthenes – the first person to use the word geography and is the Father of Geography. b. Continental Drift – authored by Sir Alfred Wegener. A theory that explains the formation, alteration, and extremely

World History and Geography slow movement of the continents across the Earth's crust. The continents are thought to have been formed from one large landmass that split, drifted apart, and in places collided again. c. Pangaea – the supercontinent d. The Seven Continents 1. Asia (largest continent, Cradle of Early Civilizations, most populous and known as continent of contrasts) 1. Mount Everest – tallest mountain in the world 2. Mariana Trench – the deepest depth in the world known also as the Challenger Deep. 3. Tigris and Euphrates – the two river systems in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) 4. Indus River – the major river system in Indian subcontinent 5. Huang Ho (Yellow River) and Yangtze River – in China 6. Caspian Sea – largest lake 7. Dead Sea – lowest point of the earth 8. Bosporus Strait – the narrowest strait in the world (800 meters wide) 2. Africa (Cradle of Life/Humankind known to Europeans as the Black Continent, numerous countries) 1. Nile River – the longest river in the world 2. Sahara Desert – the largest desert in the world 3. North America 4. South America 1. Andes – longest mountain chain/range in the world 2. Salto de Angel (Angel Falls) – tallest waterfall Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

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5. Europe (Continent of the Western Civilization) 6. Australia & Oceania (discovered by Cap. James Cook) 1. Pacific Ocean – the largest ocean 2. Pacific Ring of Fire – region of the earth where volcanic and seismic events are active 7. Antarctica (Coldest continent) e. Prime Meridian – 0-degree longitude point connecting the North and the South poles and is set in Greenwich, England. f. Equator – an imaginary parallel line that divides the earth into two poles set in 0-degree. g. Tropic of Cancer – 23.5-degrees point of Northern Hemisphere h. Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5-degrees point of Southern Hemisphere i. Climates of the World 1. Polar – Arctic regions like North Pole and Antarctica 2. Temperate – experienced the Four Seasons 3. Arid – desert regions like Sahara 4. Tropical – rainforest, coral reef & mangrove swamp, regions near the equator 5. Mediterranean – Italy, Greece, Northern Africa, Southern Europe 6. Cold Tundra – Russia, Canada, Greenland, Iceland THE EARLY ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD a. Early Neolithic Settlements 1. Jericho – a walled city founded 7,000 B.C.E. 2. Catal Huyuk – a Neolithic city located in the present-day Anatolia, Turkey. b. Sumerian Civilization 1. Mesopotamia – from the Greek words “meso” (middle) and “potamos” river. A land between two rivers.

World History and Geography 2. Fertile Crescent – an arc shaped fertiled land stretching from Persian Gulf and ends at the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 3. Silt – fertile mud 4. Tigris and Euphrates – two main river systems located in the Mesopotamian region. 5. Uruk – considered as one of the early cities in the ancient world. 6. Sumerians – pastoral-nomadic people that has an advanced life and technology 7. Sumer – the land in Mesopotamia 8. Lugal – the term called by the Mesopotamians to their king 9. Sumerian city-states 1. Eridu 2. Kish 3. Lagash 4. Uruk 5. Ur 6. Nippu 10. Zigurrat – ancient temple-city of the Sumerians 11. Contributions of the Sumerians 1. Cuneiform – system of writing 2. Stylus – made from reed 3. Clay tablet 4. Invention of wheel 5. Concept of Zero 6. Epic of Gilgamesh – the oldest epic in the world 7. Sexagesimal – concept of 60 12. Other Civilizations and Empires in the Mesopotamian Region: 1. Akkadian (2340-2100 B.C.E.) – established the first empire in the world 1. Sargon I – first Akkadian emperor Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

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2. Akkad or Agade – capital city of the Akkadian Empire 3. Naram-Sin – the last great leader of the Akkadian empire. Babylonian (1792-1595 B.C.E.) – ruled by the famous leader Hammurabi 1. Code of Hammurabi – was said to be the earliest code in the world Hittites – known as the first to use iron ore Hebrews 1. Monotheism – belief in one God 2. Mosaic Law – The Ten Commandments given by God to Moses Phoenecian – known as the traders of antiquity 1. purple dye 2. Phoenician Alphabet Lydians – first to use coins in trading Assyrian (1813-605 B.C.E.) 1. Ashur – capital of Assyria 2. Ashurbanipal – known as the great ruler of Assyria, he also founded the earliest library in the world. Chaldean (612-539 B.C.E.) – was known as the New Babylonians 1. Chaldea – the capital of the new Babylon. 2. Nebuchadnezzar II – the ruler of Chaldea 3. Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of the greatest wonders of the Ancient World built by

World History and Geography Nebuchadnezzar II for her wife, Queen Amytis. 9. Persian (539-330 B.C.E.) – established the largest empire known as Achaemenid. 1. Cyrus the Great – liberator of the Jews. 2. Darius the Great – extended the Persian Empire up to India. 3. Satrapy – Persian province 4. Satrap – Persian provincial governor 5. Zoroaster – founded of Zoroatrianism 6. Alexander the Great – the one who conquered the Persian Empire. c. Indus Civilization (2700 B.C.E.) 1. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – the two early cities existed near Indus Valley 2. Indus – the major river in India 3. Dravidians – the early settlers of India who founded the Indus civilization 4. Contributions of the Indus Civilization 1. Sewage system 2. Pictogram – system of writing 3. Urban or city planning 4. Decimal system 5. Concept of pi 5. Development of Indian Civilization 1. Vedic Period (1500-500 B.C.E) 1. Aryan – people who came from Europe and settled India. They drove away the Dravidians to the southern India. 2. Sanskrit – Indian classical language Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

3. Arya – meaning venerable 4. Vedas – India’s sacred books, a collection of hymns, rituals, stories and sayings divided into four: a. Rig Veda – contains sacred hymns b. Sama Veda – songs about wisdom c. Yajur Veda - prose d. Atharva Veda – procedures for everyday life 5. Caste System – a rigid social stratification a. Brahmin - priests b. Kshatriya - warriors c. Vaishya – traders, artisans, peasants d. Sudra - slaves 6. Untouchables – not belong (outcasts) to the society of Caste System 2. INDIAN EMPIRE AND KINGDOM (500 B.C.E. – 500 C.E.) 1. Magadha – one of the great kingdoms existed in India 2. Bimbisara – great ruler of Magadha 3. Mauryan Empire (322 B.C.E.) a. Chandragupta Maurya – first ruler of Mauryan Empire b. Pataliputra – the capital of Mauryan Empire

World History and Geography c. Arthasastra – a book or treatise written by Kautilya (King Chandragupta adviser) about governance and political strategies. d. Ahoka – greatest ruler of Mauryan Empire 4. Mogul Empire – the last Indian Empire 5. Contributions of Indian Empires a. Kalidasa – known as the greatest writer and poet of India b. Taj Mahal – a monumental structure built by Shah Jahan for her deceased wife c. Mahabharata – the longest epic in the world d. Panchatantra – Indian fables e. Ayurveda (science of life) – the traditional Indian medicine f. Introduction of Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. d. Chinese Civilization (1250 B.C.E.-1570 B.C.E.) 1. Huang Ho (Yellow River) – was said to be China’s Sorrow and Cradle of Chinese civilization 2. Xia or Hsia – the early dynasty of China 3. Zhongguo – Middle Kingdom

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4. Longshan – the location of the first civilization of China 5. The Dynasties of China 1. Han Dynasty (1766 – 1028B.C.E.) 1. The civilization who used bronze 2. Oracle bones – a form of divination used to foretell prophecy and message 3. Terracotta – baked earth, ceramics made from mud 2. Zhou or Chou Dynasty (1122-225 B.C.E.) 1. Mandate of Heaven – an idea that there can be a legitimate ruler of China and had the blessing from the gods. 2. Son of Heaven – a title reserved to the ruler or emperor 3. Confucius (551-479) – the great Philosopher of China. He introduced to the world his Five Classics and Four Books. 4. Lao Tzu (604-517) – Chinese philosopher who introduced the philosophy of Taoism (the Way). Author of Tao Te-ching where he wrote many of his teachings. 5. Mencius (372-289) – author of the Doctrine of the Mean. 3. Ch’in Dynasty (246-206 B.C.E.) 1. Sh’ih Huang-Ti – founder of the Ch’in dynasty. He started to expand the territory of Chin. He named China after the name of

World History and Geography the present dynasty. He was the first emperor of China. 2. Great Wall of China – It was built under the leadership of Emperor Sh’ih Huang-Ti in order to protect the empire against barbaric invaders. It spans of about 2,500 km starting Hopei and ends in Kansu. 4. Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 219 C.E.) 1. The revival of classical knowledge. 2. The time when many Chinese writers and historians flourished. 3. Pan-chao – the first woman historian of China. 4. Diamond Sutra – the first lexicon or dictionary in the world. 5. The first paper was invented. 6. Civil service examination. 7. Introduction of Buddhism to China. 5. T’an Dynasty (618-906) 1. The woodblock printing press was invented. 2. First book was made through woodblock press. 3. Peking Gazette – the first and the oldest newspaper in the world. 4. Li Po – greatest poet. 5. Golden Age of China 6. Sung Dynasty (960-1367 CE)

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1. Strengthened the Chinese literature, arts and education. 2. Development in trade. 3. The Chinese started trading with its neighboring nations in Southeast Asia like Borneo and Philippines. 4. Chinese junks 7. Yuan Dynasty (1280-1367 CE) 1. This period, China was under by the rule of Mongolian empire. 2. Kublai Khan – the Mongolian emperor of China. 3. Marco Polo – an Italian merchant, explorer and writer who wrote the book The Tales of Marco Polo which is all about the glories and riches of Asia (i.e. China). Through his book, many Europeans were inspired to look new trade routes going East. 4. Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) 8. Ming Dynasty (1368-1643 CE) 1. Development of arts, trade and industry. 2. Mass production of Chinese porcelains and ceramics which became their main products in trading. 3. Improved the art of Chinese painting. Most of the subjects are nature, about mountains, trees, etc. 4. The Golden Age of Chinese Culture.

World History and Geography 9. Ching or Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911 CE) 1. Manchus – natives of Manchuria in Northern China. 2. The last dynasty of China. e. Egyptian Civilization 1. Egypt – The Gift of the Nile 2. Nile – the longest river in the world. 3. Upper Egypt – southern portion 4. Lower Egypt – northern portion 5. King Menes – united the two kingdoms in 2900 BCE through wearing the white and red crowns. He founded his new capital in Memphis. 6. Kingdoms of Egypt 1. Old Kingdom 1. King Menes – He extended his territory and controlled the irrigation. 2. Djoser – built the Step Pyramid, a spiral-like pyramidical shape. 3. Khufu or Cheops – Built the biggest and the tallest pyramid in Egypt history known as the Pyramid of Giza in 2500 BCE. 2. Middle Kingdom 1. Amenemhet I – He founded Thebes as his center of political government. 2. Amenemhet III – He built the canal that connects the Nile River and Red Sea which resulted the development of trade to her neighboring nations. 3. He also built the faiyum – a large water reservoir. 3. New Kingdom Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

1. Ahmose I – Conquered the Hyksos invaders. 2. Hatshepsut – the first female Pharaoh of Egypt. She was known as one of the ablest women leader in world history. She built the Valley of the Kings. 3. Thutmose III – Expanded the territory of Egypt. He was known as one of the greatest general of Egypt. He built many monuments like the Temple of Karnak. He was called as the Alexander the Great of Egypt. 4. Amenhotep I – the good and great pharaoh of Egypt. He introduced the monotheistic religion, the worship of a single god named Aton (sun disc). He changed his name from Akhenaton to Iknaton. 5. Nefertiti – Wife of Akhenaton who helped him to spread the monotheistic belief. 6. Rameses II – During his reign, he campaigned the return of the lost territories of Egypt. He lost the battle from the Hittites which made him a pact with Hattusilis III. Thus, was the world’s first treaty. 7. Cleopatra – the last Pharaoh and Ptolemaic Queen of Egypt. She tried to retrieved the Egypt’s glory and made an alliance with Julius Caesar.

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7. Contributions of Egyptian Civilization to the World: 1. Hieroglyphics – the oldest system of writing in the world. 2. Calendar of 365 days, divided into 12 months and consisted of 30 days each month. 3. Trilogy of writing – paper, ink and plume. 4. Papyrus 5. Concept of geometry 6. Pyramids of Giza 7. Sphinxes 8. Book of the Dead – book of ancients rituals, chants and incantations of Egypt. 9. Make up 10. Mummification – process of embalming the dead Mesoamerican and South American Civilization 1. Mesoamerica – meso (middle). The cradle of American civilization. Today the present Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Western Honduras. 1. The Farming Communities (2000-1500 BCE) 1. A settlements of farmers. 2. They cultivated corn and other root crops in the fertile region of the Yucatan Peninsula. 3. Between 2000 and 900 BCE – the people started to organized their political and social systems. 2. The Olmecs (1500-500 BCE) 1. Was said to be the first civilization flourished in America.

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2. Olmec meaning rubber people. They are the firsts to use and cultivate the rubber trees. 3. They settled in the region of Gulf Coast in Southern Mexico. 4. They also invented calendar and their system of writing called hieroglyphics. 5. Pok-a-tok – a ritual game similar to basketball. 6. They believed in jaguar. 7. San Lorenzo and La Venta – centers of Olmec civilization. 3. Teotihuacan (200-750 CE) 1. Teotihuacan – great city of Olmec (God’s dwelling) 2. Pyramids, monuments and temple was constructed in this period. 3. They produced cacao, rubber, feathers and obsidian. 4. Quetzalcoatl – the Feathered Serpent God, their principal god. 4. Mayan Civilization (1000-900 CE) 1. They settled in the region of Yucatan Peninsula, the southern part of Mexico and Guatemala. 2. Uaxactun, Tikal, El Mirador and Copan were the early Mayan communities. 3. Halach Uinic – true men leaders and rulers of urban centers. 4. Their trading products are corn, salt, beef, dried fish, honey, timber and animal skin. They

World History and Geography also cultivate squash, beans, avocado, pepper, pineapple and cacao. 5. Principal cities: Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Edzna, and Copan. 5. The Toltecs (1000-1300) 1. Tula – the principal city of the Toltec empire. 2. Nahuatl – the language spoken by the Toltecs. 3. Chalchiuh Tlatonac – the first king and founder of Tula. 6. Aztec Civilization (1325-1521) 1. Aztec means “one that originated from Aztlan” – a mythical place in Northern Mexico. 2. Chinampas – artificial islands also called as floating gardens in the middle of Lake Texcoco. 3. They cultivate corn (staple food), beans, squash, avocado, pepper and tomato. They also domesticated peacock, dog, duck and geese. 4. Huitzilopochtli – their Sun god, the principal god of the Aztecs. 5. Tlatoc – the rain god. 6. They also built aqueducts, dams, system of irrigations, and market places. 7. Hernando Cortes – the conqueror of Mexico. 8. Montezuma II – the last Aztec king. 7. Inca Civilization (1400-1534)

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1. Amazon River – largest river known for its canopy of rainforests. 2. Andes Mountains – longest mountain chain. 3. First settlements: Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. 4. Inca – meaning empire 5. Manco Capac – he organized small city-states. 6. Cusi Inca Yupanqui or Pachakuti – improved the Incan society through establishing centralized state. 7. Topa Yupanqui – he expanded the empire until Argentina, part of Bolivia and Chile. 8. Chimor or Chimu – great enemies of the Incas. 9. Huayna Capac – he conquered Ecuador. 10. Cuzco – principal city of the Inca empire. 11. Tupac Amaru – the last ruler of Inca. 12. Francisco Pizarro – Conqueror of Inca. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS a. Minoan Civilization 1. This civilization was flourished in the island of Crete. It was named after King Minos, the ruler of the island. According to a myth, Minos was the son of Zeus (principal god of the Greeks) and Europa (a native of Syria).

World History and Geography 2. The ancestors of the people of Crete were came from Anatolia and Syria. They arrived in Crete from about 4000 to 3000 BCE. 3. City of Knossos – the city in the island of Crete. It was an ancient city in Greece according to Homer on his Iliad and Odyssey, 4. Sir Arthur Evans – an English archaeologist who excavated the city in 1899. 5. Other important places: Phaestos, Gournia, Mallia and Hagia Triadha. 6. Linear A – system of writing of the Minoans. 7. Linear B – system of writing of the Mycenaen. 8. Bull dancing - a ritual dance where young males and females rides at the back of the bull based on the Minotaur’s Myth. 9. Minoan Arts: double axe, figure-of-eight-shield, and trident. 10. Fresco ceilings. b. Mycenaean Civilization 1. In 1400 BCE, they conquered the cities near Knossos and Crete. 2. Achaean – Homer’s description of the Mycenaeans. 3. Mycenae – this big city can found near the valley of Argos. 4. Agamemnon – King of Mycenae 5. Heinrich Schliemann- A German archaeologist who pioneered the excavation of the site in Mycenae in 1870. 6. Troy – a city in Turkey near Hellespont. It is situated in the shores of Mediterranean Sea. Troy became famous because of its location, thus it controlled the trade route between Aegean Sea and Black Sea. 7. Iliad – written by Homer. According to the story, the Mycenaean contrasted a giant wooden horse and they left it outside the gates of Troy. The Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

wooden horse was a gift by the Mycenaean to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and strategic battle. 8. Culture of the Mycenaean: Masks, jewelries and ornaments, golden weapons. 9. Beliefs: Zeus, principal of gods and goddesses. 10. Fall of Mycenae – 13th BCE. VII.

THE GREEK CIVILIZATION: The Glory that was Greece a. Geography of Greece 1. Greece is situated in the southern region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. 2. Greece is mountainous and hilly. Greece is comprised of various city-states which are independent to each other. 3. Greeks cultivate grapes, olive, wheat and barley. The Greeks went to fishing and sea trading. 4. The Greeks also imports products from Egypt and Italy, fruits and purple dye from Phoenicia and Sicily, copper from Cyprus, glassware from Egypt, and ivory from Africa. b. Hellenic Period (800-338 BCE) 1. Greeks sometimes called as Hellenes from the word Hellas which refers to the whole territory of Ancient Greece. 2. Olympics – a competition as a tribute to Zeus. It began in 776 BCE in the city-state of Olympia. It is held every four years. Majority of the participants were male-delegates from various city-states of Greece. The games were marathon, boxing, wrestling, javelin throw, and discus throwing. The participants were naked representing the celebration of their body. Winners are given the crown of olives. The Olympic Games was started in the year 1896 in Athens, Greece. 3. Polis – city-state.

World History and Geography 1. Acropolis – capital cities like Athens and Sparta 2. Metropolis – important city-states like Corinth, Delphi, etc. 3. Necropolis (city of the dead) – cemetery sites mostly farmers and peasants lived. 4. Agora – market site or center of the city. 5. Athens (The Democratic Polis) – the center of trade and culture of Greece. It was also the birthplace of democracy. 1. Helot – workers of the fields. 2. Oligarchy – a government of few. 3. Democracy – this type of government or political ideology began in 594 BCE. Proponents were Solon, Pisistratus, Cleisthenes and Pericles. 4. Solon – created the Council of 400 comprised of 100 set of representative from four major tribes of Athens. 5. Cleisthenes – started the system of ostracism. 6. Ostracism – temporary banishment through a popular vote. 7. Assembly – a council which includes men of age 18 above. 8. Pericles – greatest statesman of Greece. He was called “the first citizen of Athens”. 6. Sparta (Militaristic Polis) – it was the center of military and naval forces of Greece. 1. Oligarchy was the system of Spartan government. 2. Objective was to produce military men. 3. As early as the age of 7, young boys were brought to military camps for training.

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4. At age 20, men were given freedom to raised family but still obligated to stay in military camps. 7. The Graeco-Persian War (499-479 BCE) 1. Causes: 1. Persia desires to extend its territory in the west. In 546 BCE, Cyrus the Great occupied Lydia in Asia Minor. 2. In 494, Greece was lost the fight with Persia in the Battle of Miletus. 3. Greece started to develop their war fleets as preparation for the Persian invasion. 2. Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) 1. Persia crossed the Aegean Sea and embarked in Marathon. The 10,000 Greeks won the battle against the 25,000 Persian army. According to the historian Plutarch, a Greek soldier and army, Pheidippides ran at approx. 25 miles going straight to Athens to report their victory. 3. Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) 1. Xerxes, of Darius I continued the Persian invasion to Athens. Under the command of Leonidas with 7,000 Greeks (3,000 were Spartans) they fought the large forces of Xerxes. The battle took three days however, a certain Greek told the Persians the secret passageway going to the Greek camp. Thus, the Greeks were

World History and Geography lost the battle and the Persians occupied Athens. 4. Battle of Salamis 1. Themistocles brought the battle to the shores of the island of Salamis, a difficult passage. The large warships of Persia lost the battle against the small boats of the Greeks. 5. Battle of Plataea (479 BCE) 1. The last naval/sea battle between the Greeks and the Persians. 8. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) 1. Pericles organized the federation called Delian League whose members were city-states of Greece. Each city-states contributes ships, money and army for their defense. 2. After the Graeco-Persian War, Athens become an empire by using the funds of the league. 3. Thus, the city-states met in Peloponnesus to establish the Peloponnesian League. Members were Sparta, Argos, Coritn, Delphi, Thebes and Chaeronea. They chose Sparta to led the war against Athens. 4. Athens was finally invaded by Sparta in 404 BCE. 5. The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece which led to its fall to the strong Macedonians. 9. Macedonian Empire (336-263 BCE) 1. Philip – King of Macedonia, the father of Alexander the Great.

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2. In 338 BCE, he invaded Thebes and Athens. 3. Alexander the Great – the great military general of the Macedonians. 1. He was tutored by Aristotle when he was a young boy. 2. He was taught to love culture and wisdom. 3. He became the King of Macedon after the death of his father, at the age of 21. 4. He expanded the territory and conquered Persia and Egypt. He also founded the first largest empire in the world stretching across Western Asia, Egypt and as far as northern India. 5. He died at the age of 32 in Babylon. c. Contributions of the Greek Civilization to the World: 1. Hellenistic – the name of the Greek culture. 2. Greek Mythology 1. Zeus – principal of all gods. 2. Hera – wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage. 3. Hestia – goddess of hearth (household/family) 4. Hephaestus – god of fire 5. Hades – god of the underworld and of the dead. 6. Poseidon – god of the sea. 7. Phoebus – god of the sun. 8. Aphrodite – goddess of love 9. Ares – god of war 10. Artemis – moon goddess, hunting and fertility.

World History and Geography 11. Athena – goddess of wisdom and victory of war. 12. Demeter – goddess of wheat and harvest. 13. Dionysus – god of wine and grapes. 14. Hermes – messenger of the Gods. 3. Greek Architecture 1. Parthenon built from 447 BCE to 432 BCE 2. Greek columns a. Doric (simple and no base) b. Ionic (capital and scroll) c. Corinthian (acanthus leaves) 3. Greek theatres, public baths, stadium and market places. 4. Sculpture 1. Phidias – known Greek sculpture. He sculpted the giant statue of Athena in Parthenon. 2. Discobolus or Discuss thrown – by Myron 3. Venus de Milo – beautiful model of a woman. 4. Colossus of Rhodes – built by Chares. 5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus – built by Scopas for the tomb of King Mausoleus which originated the word mausoleum, 5. Painting

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1. Greek painters were: Apelles, Zeuxis, Polygnotus, Parrhasius. 2. Most of the paintings can be found in their potteries. Theatre and Literature 1. Drama – attributed to Dionysus. a. Tragedy 1. Homer – a Greek poet whom most of his epics are based on tragedy. Author of Iliad and Odyssey. 2. Aeschylus – known writer of tragic plays. He was also the author of Agamemnon. 3. Sophocles – author of Antigone. 4. Euripides – author of the Trojan War. b. Comedy 2. Aristophanes – writer on comic plays. Poetry 1. Hesiod – a poet, author of Work and Days, a poem about rural life. 2. Pindar – great writer on lyrical poem. 3. Sappho – greatest Woman poet of Greece. Oratory and Speech 1. Demosthenes – prince of all Greek orators. Author of Philippics. Philosophy 1. Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

World History and Geography a. Socrates – Socratic Method of Inquiry. b. Plato – student of Socrates author of The Republic. c. Aristotle – most intelligent student of Plato. Author of Politics. 10. History

a. Famous Greek historians: 1. Herodutus -Father of History. 2. Thucydides – wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War. 11. Science and Medicine 1. Hippocrates – Father of Medicine. 2. Herophilus – discovered the blood circulation and Father of Anatomy. 3. Aristotle – pioneered the study of biology. 4. Eratosthenes – Father of Geography. He was the first to drawn the maps of Asia, Europe and Africa. 5. Euclid – Father of Geometry 6. Aristarchus – discovered that the earth revolved around the sun and the earth rotates on its own axis. 7. Erasistratus – Father of Physiology.

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8. Democritus – introduced the concept of atom. VIII.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION: The Grandeur that was Rome. a. Geography of Rome 1. Italy – came from the Latin italus which means boot-shaped land. The legendary king of Oenotrians. 2. Five principal rivers: Arno, Po, Tiber, Liri at Volturno. 3. Tiber River – the birthplace of Roman civilization. 4. Rome was founded in the middle of 2nd BC. 5. Latin – the language spoken in Rome. b. Origin of Rome 1. According to legend, Rome was founded by twin brothers named Romulus and Remus. They were sons of Rhea Silvia (the vestal virgin) and claimed that Mars was the father. 2. She-Wolf – the animal who rescued the twins in the Tiber river. 3. Etruscans – ancestors of the Romans. c. Foundation of the Republic 1. Patrician – from Latin “patres” meaning father. Nobilities of Rome. 2. Plebian – Lower class. 3. Roman Senate – comprised of 300 members. 4. Assembly of Centuries – most important assembly of Rome. They decide whether Rome will go out for a war. 5. Imperium – highest power. 6. Consul – protects and manages the treasury of the government. 7. Praetor – serves as the judiciary. 8. Censor – surveys the Roman populace. 9. Twelve Tables – the Roman laws where it was carved. d. Rome as Mistress of the Mediterranean Sea

World History and Geography 1. Latin League – alliance of all neighboring tribes of Rome. 2. Magna Graecia or Greater Greece – refers to the southern portion of Greek country. 3. In 270 BCE, Rome became the most powerful city in all Mediterranean. e. Punic Wars 1. Punic from the word Phoenicia. Punic was a trade center of Phoenicians. 2. Carthage – was founded by the Phoenicians in 814 BC. 3. First Punic War (264-241 BC) 1. Rome won the battle against Carthage. Invaded the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. 4. Second Punic War (218-202 BC) 1. Hannibal – general of Carthage, invade Saguntum, Spain which was an allied of Rome. From Spain, he crossed the south of France together with his 4,000 men. They crossed the mountainous region of the Alps and fought the huge Roman army at Cannae. 2. Scipio Africanus, a Roman general, attacked the northern region of Africa in order to stop the invasion of Hannibal to Italy. 3. Hannibal lost the battle in Zama. 5. Third Punic War (149-146 BC) 1. Marcus Porcius Cato – a Roman leader and writer who persuaded the Senate to end the city of Carthage. f. Victory in the East 1. After the Punic Wars, Rome invaded Macedonia and became its colony in 146 BC. 2. In 10 BC., Rome became the Mare Nostrum or the one who controlled the Mediterranean Sea. Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

g. Contribution of the Roman Civilization to the World: 1. Roman Mythology 1. Jupiter – principal of all Roman gods. 2. Mars – god of war 3. Minerva – goddess of wisdom 4. Venus – goddess of beauty and love 5. Diana – Moon goddess 6. Mercury – messenger of the Gods 7. Apollo – sun god, music and prophecy 2. Law 1. Twelve Tables – basis of the modern constitution. 3. Philosophy and Literature 1. Livius Adronicus – translated the Homer’s Odyssey into Latin. 2. Marcus Plautus & Terence – writers of comedy. 3. Roman writers: Lucretius and Catullus. 4. Cicero – greatest Roman orator. 5. Tacitus – greatest Roman historian wrote the Germania and Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. 6. Seneca – was killed by his co-student Nero. 7. Marcus Aurelius – author of the Meditations. 8. Virgil – wrote Aenid. 9. Horace – author of Oda. 10. Ovid – poet of love. 4. Architecture 1. Stucco 2. Arch 3. Aqueduct 4. Basilica 5. Pantheon 6. Roman forum 7. Colosseum

World History and Geography 5. Clothing 1. Toga, tunic and stola & palla IX.

DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OF ROME a. Republic – type of government of the Roman Empire. b. Julius Caesar – proclaimed himself as dictator and the first Republican Emperor. c. First Triumvirate: 1. Julius Caesar 2. Pompey 3. Marcus Licinius Crassus d. Ides of March – On March 14, 44 BC., Julius Caesar was assassinated by Marcus Brutus (close friend of Caesar) and Gaius Cassius. e. Second Triumvirate: 1. Octavius (Rome) 2. Mark Antony (Egypt and the East) 3. Marcus Lepidus (Spain) f. Cleopatra – the last queen of Egypt. g. Battle of Actium – a clash between Mark Anthony-Cleopatra and Octavius in 31 BC. h. Octavius – was declared himself Imperator while the Senate gave him the title Augustus. i. Contributions to the World: 1. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) – period when Roman literature flourished. 2. Aenid – Virgil 3. Metamorphoses – Ovid 4. Natural History – Pliny the Elder 5. Histories and Annals – Tacitus 6. From the Founding of the City – Livy j. Emperors of Rome 1. Augustus Caesar 2. Julian 3. Tiberius (14-37 BCE) – during his reign, Christ was crucified in Judea which was a Roman province.

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4. Caligula (37-41 CE) 5. Claudius (41-54 CE) 6. Nero – the cruel emperor who persecuted many Christians. 7. Flavian 8. Vespasian (69-79 CE) 9. Titus (79-81 CE) – during his reign Mt. Vesuvius erupted which buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 10. Domitian (81-96 CE) – cruel emperor like Nero. k. The Five Good Roman Emperors 1. Nerva (96-98 CE) – He ruled for about 16 months. His reign was called the “era of Good Feelings” because of his good relations to the Roman communities. 2. Trajan (98-117 CE) – He extended the territory of Rome from the borders of the Danube River, Rhine River and to the deserts of Sahara and Tigris River. 3. Hadrian (117-138 CE) – During his reign, he initiated the construction of the longest wall stretching across England. 4. Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) – He was known as the just emperor. He limited the power of the Patricians and abolished slavery. 5. Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE) – He was called the Stoic Emperor. Author of the book Meditations. X.

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (Roman Empire in the East) a. In 330 A.D., Emperor Constantine transferred the capital of Rome to the East which he named Constantinople. b. When Rome was fallen to the barbarians in 476 AD, Constantinople continued to flourished until it was invaded by the Mongols and Turks. c. Byzantium – also named Constantinople, today the present Istanbul, Turkey.

World History and Geography d. Justinian I (527-565 AD) – was the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. e. Theodora I – wife of Justinian I – she became his royal advisor. f. Iconoclastic Controversy – a struggle between Christians of the West (Romans) and the East (Orthodox) on the venerations of icons and paintings. 1. In 726 AD, Emperor Leo III ordered the destructions of icons in all churches and monasteries. He was excommunicated by the Pope of Rome. g. The Great Schism – In 1054 AD., the Christendom was official divided into the Church of Constantinople (Orthodox) and the Roman Catholic Church (Western Christianity). h. Contributions of the Byzantine Empire to the World: 1. Architecture 1. The Church of Hagia Sophia (The Church of Holy Wisdom) – built by Justinian I in 537 AD. It was constructed of about 10,000 persons in seven years. 2. Started the construction of dome, pillar made of marble. 2. Art 1. Revival of Classical Greek art. 2. Byzantine mosaic art. 3. Enamel art. 4. Silk, linen, cotton, etc. 3. Religion 1. The Eastern Orthodox with Patriarch as the Supreme Religious leader. 2. St. Cyril – missionary who Christianized Greece, Bulgaria and Russia. 4. Law and Politics 1. Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Code) – was created by Emperor Justinian which

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served as the Civil Law of the Byzantine Empire. 1. Codex – Basic laws 2. Digest – compendium of Roman laws 3. Institutes – reforms basically on education 4. Novellae – new constitutions. XI.

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS IN AFRICA AND IN THE ISLANDS OF PACIFIC a. AFRICA 1. Geography of Africa 1. It was called by the Europeans as the Dark Continent until 19th century. 2. Africa is located in the equator; its climate is tropical. There are also regions of oasis, deserts and savanna. 2. Trans-Saharan Trade 1. The early trade contact started from about 3000 BC. 2. Muslim caravans were group of traders who engaged in this activity. 3. The Coming of Islam in Western Africa 1. Berber – Missionaries and traders who propagated Islam faith in North Africa. They are buyers of gold, copper, sword, silk, pots, etc. 4. Axum – the Kingdom of Axum was the center of trade in 50 AD. They trade with elephants, ivories, rhinoceros, spices, etc. to the people of Mediterranean. In 395 AD, Christianity became its official religion. 5. The Ghana Empire 1. Ghana – first state founded in Western Africa.

World History and Geography 2. Ghana Market: ivory, ostrich, feather, ebony, and gold. 3. In 10th century AD, Ghana’s greatest height. 4. Kumbu – capital city of Ghana empire. 6. The Mali Empire 1. Mali – successor of Ghana. 2. Kangaba – was once a trade outpost of Ghana Empire. 3. In 1240 AD, the Mali Empire started to flourish. 4. Mansa Musa – He ruled in 1312 and expanded the empire. In 1325, he established the trading capitals: Walata, Djenne, Timbuktu, at Gao. He claimed to be the richest person who lived on earth. During his pilgrimage to Mecca, he gave his gold to the poor he met along the route. 5. Timbuktu – trade capital 7. The Songhai Empire 1. In 1010 AD, Dia Kossoi received the Islam faith. 2. Sunni Ali – founder of Songhai Empire. 8. Other African City-States 1. Kilwa – According to Ibn Battuta, was the most beautiful city in Africa. 2. Zimbabwe – It was founded in 11th century AD by the Shonas and Bantu. They started trading with Portuguese in 1450. 3. Kanem-Bornu – Founded in 800 AD situated in the eastern portion of Lake Chad. King Saif was the first king. 4. Hausa – Situated north of Nigeria. Its greatest size began in the 19th century but was later colonized the Europeans. Prepared by: Manuelito S. Uy

b. PACIFIC – divided into three regions: 1. Polynesia (many islands) – situated South of Pacific Ocean. 1. Comprises the islands of New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, American Samoa, Samoa, Tonga, Tokelau, Niue, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Austral Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu, Marquesas, at Pitcairn. 2. Mana (strength) – animistic belief. 3. Tapu – violation of rules. 4. Huge stone faces – Easter Island 2. Micronesia (small islands) – mostly Atoll islands found north of Melanesia. 1. Comprises the islands of: Caroline Islands, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati) and Nauru. 2. Seashells – means of exchange by the Palaus and Yaps. 3. Stone money – Palau 4. Animism is their religion. 3. Melanesia (Black Islands) – located north and eastern portion of Australia. 1. Comprised the islands of New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji Islands. 2. Pidgin English – the lingua franca of the people with about 1,200 native dialects. 3. Papuan – termed also to the Melanesians. XII.

THE AMERICAN INDIANS

World History and Geography a. When Christopher Columbus arrived in Bahamas in the Caribbean Island, he called the people Indian referring to the Asian Indies. b. The Eskimos – they were natives who settled in the Arctic regions in Alaska, Siberia and Greenland. c. North Pacific Indian – They were the inhabitants of South Alaska, in Washington and in North Pacific Coast. 1. Totem pole – spirit guardians 2. Beaver 3. Potlach – ceremonial about the first hunting d. Iroquois League (Five Nations) 1. Seneca 2. Cayuga 3. Onondaga 4. Oneida 5. Mohawk e. Pueblo Indian (Spanish pueblo meaning villages) – they settled in the north of Rio Grande in southwest United States. 1. Their houses are made of adobe with many stories. 2. Hopi and Zuni – pueblo Indians. 3. Animistic people.

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